The Philippine resistance movement against the Japanese occupation during the

second world war is power fueled by large units of underground fighters called guerillas.

An estimated 250,000 Filipinos led resistance together with the American forces during

this time (Merina, 2018). According to Decker (2020), guerilla fighter is a term used to

describe non-traditional fighters. They exist to reimburse military insufficiency. Guerilla

units in general are instrumental to the liberation of the Philippines during the second

world war yet they are left unnoticed and barely recognized. Guerilla units in the

Philippines is formed by the combination of men, women, and the minority of indigenous

people (Salinas, 2019). Filipina guerillas in particular are considered the minorities that

makes up the underground resistance movement. They are generally known to

participate in nonmilitary works during the war. The records reveals that they are more

involved in participating to military industries such as domestic fronts or as nurses. The

Philippine resistance movement is very distinct as numerous females were seen to lead

during the Japanese occupation. They were able to break gender stereotypes by

forming their own units. The importance of male guerillas is tantamount to that of

female guerillas. According to Cura (2019), the Filipinos during the Japanese

occupation are determined. Refuses to wait for the signal of the Americans to continue

resistance. Instead, they actively arranged and participated to guerilla movements. At

least one in ten guerillas who fought during WWII was a female according to the

historians. Some warriors are even non-combatant in nature such as medical aides and

nurses. That’s why the numbers of Filipina guerillas can be more than the estimated.

The formation of guerilla units started to solidify when a common desire to

overthrow the losses that occurred during the raid of Japan on Pearl Harbor. This was
further reinforced during the Bataan Death March urging many Filipinos to join and

participate in the fight for freedom (Decker, 2020). The withdrawal of the U.S forces also

left the fight against the Japanese occupation mostly to Filipinos (Medina, 2018). In the

plight of war where abuses and human rights violation were prevalent, the role of the

guerillas are highly important, yet they are not given the proper recognition. The

guerillas that participated in the wartime are overshadowed by the existence of

sociopolitical dominating legacies such as MaCArthur. Even the veterans who fought

during the World War II who are still alive today are aiming to be recognized and

properly compensated. Additionally, during WWII, women abuses were one of the

salient issues that is prevalent then and even up to the present time. During that time,

Filipinas are forced to be what the Japanese referred as “comfort women” wherein they

are forced to have sexual intercourse (McCarthy, 2020). Many Filipina guerillas are one

who stood up against these inhumane practices of the Japanese. Fueled by

nationalism, heroism and humanity, many Filipinas opted to become guerillas for them

to stand up and protect not only their fellow Filipinas but their fellow Filipinos as well.

Aside from the forefront issues on human rights and inequality, there are also other

underlying issues that these freedom fighters must overcome for survival. According to

Decker (2020), this includes malnourishment as they lack the food supplies and lack of

equipment and weapons.

In this paper, Nieves Fernandez, and Ana Omega, two female Filipina guerillas,

are examined on how they led their own troops towards fighting against the Japanese

conquerors for the Philippine liberation. The purpose of this research paper is to explore

the life of these women as a Filipina guerilla in terms of nationalism, heroism, and
humanity. In addition, it intends to give light to their gallantry acts and specific works

that embodied nationalism, heroism, and humanity. In the display of their courageous

acts. This paper will show how contributory their nationalism is and how they can be

recognized and celebrated as hero in the Philippines. This study will also explain how

they differ from one another, as well as how they cope with life following the Philippines'

invasion.

This study focuses on the life of Nieves Fernandez and Ana Omega on how they

embody nationalism, heroism, and humanity. Specifically, the researchers aim to

answer the following questions:

1. What are the works that Nieves Fernandez and Ana Omega demonstrated

nationalism, heroism, and humanity?

2. What similarities and differences did Nieves Fernandez and Ana Omega

exhibited in terms of nationalism, heroism, and humanity?

3. What are the issues that Nieves Fernandez and Ana Omega experienced

during WWII in their life as Filipina Guerillas?

Nieves Fernandez

According to Sunio (2019), Nieves Fernandez was a guerilla leader who started

out as a teacher. Her bolo, which she uses to assassinate Japanese troops stealthily, is

her most well-known skill. Captain Fernandez, as she was known, was a skilled knife-

wielder who was able to knock down her foe and kill him quietly. Fernandez could

construct homemade firearms out of gas pipes, known as the 'paltik' or crackshot, and

was excellent in hand-to-hand combat with the bolo. With just their bolos and
homemade firearms, she led a squad of 110 rebels to triumph over more than 200

Japanese soldiers.

Moreover, Fratus (2020) explained that, Nieves Fernandez, a former school

educator, was a witness to the abuse and unjust prosecution of the Filipino population in

the Japanese-occupied Visayas who had lived in complete terror. In an effort to please

company owners and Tacloban residents, the Japanese would expose them to

scalding-hot or ice-cold baths. Fernandez had had enough and persuaded local men to

assist her in her crusade. For their employment of homemade weapons such as

shotguns made out of gas pipes and filled with a combination of gunpowder and nails,

the Waray insurgents, as they were known to the American soldiers in the region, were

frequently referred to as "The Gas Pipe Gang".

Ana Omega

According to Corpus (2020), Ana Omega worked for the Katipunan as a teacher,

secretary, spy, and utility girl before joining the guerrillas in Western Leyte. She created

her guerilla group and served as an intelligence officer against the Japanese Imperial

Forces. Ana was a teacher in the San Isidro municipality when the Japanese invaded

Leyte in May 1942 and ordered the reopening of public schools. On October 23, 1942,

her men descended to the municipality and hoisted the American flag in the town plaza.

Ana became a vital intelligence source for Ralph Posoncuy's guerillas in Northern Leyte.

She divulged information regarding the enemy's movements and strength in Ormoc.

When the Americans arrived, and the liberation concluded, she was not put on the list of

recognized guerillas.
 Moreover, according to Cura (2019), the government's rejection to acknowledge

Omega and other female guerrillas echoes the experience of women revolutionaries

such as Espiridiona Dionisio, the sister of Andres Bonifacio and Teodoro Plata's wife.

Dionisio was never eligible for government help or pensions, either as a dependant of

Revolutionary War warriors or as a revolutionary herself. 

Filipina Guerillas

Generally, guerillas are underground fighters. Rodriguez (2017) defined guerillas

as a member of an irregular military group that engages in small-scale, limited actions

against conventional military forces as part of a larger political-military strategy. The

Philippine resistance movement consists of male and female guerillas. One of the

unique characteristics of the Philippine resistance movement is the presence of Filipina

guerillas because the are not only actively participating in frontline aiding duties, but

some of them are also actually present in the battlefield and displays their combatant

skills to fight during the Japanese occupation. According to Cula (2019) one out of ten

guerillas is a female. Some of them are actively forming their own guerilla units and are

combatant in nature.

Embodiment

The act of embodiment pertains to the actions of human that were able manifest

certain ideas or feelings. According to its vocabulary definition, it is a state wherein a

certain idea, feeling and quality becomes tangible or visible. This definition was further

emphasized by Albu (2019), where it he stated that the act of embodiment is the
manifestation of comprehensible idea and concept reflected towards a physical

representation.

Nationalism

Nationalism is most often linked to the discussion of one’s nation defined by its

dominant identity. It can be defined from a broad-spectrum as it often interprets actions

to actions. It covers a wide range of meaning that varies from the perspective of a

person defining it. The typical definition of nationalism can be described as the beliefs

which aim to give emphasis on loyalty, devotion and allegiance to one’s nation or

nation-state (Kohn, 2020). This definition of simply gives the understanding that one’s

nationalism is often measured with actions. These actions are often implied by its nation

which then benefits the state. 

. Furthermore, Nationalism or nation-state ideology, refers to a people's sense of

belonging in terms of ethnic, religious, linguistic, territorial, and other relations as stated

by Madan (2001). Reevaluating this definition will lead into its relative meaning to

patriotism as both refer to the relationship of an individual to community.  The only clear

difference is that nationalism is deeply rooted from one’s culture while patriotism is

founded on love accompanied by existing values and beliefs (Yontar, 2019).

Heroism

The events such as the Spaniard colonization led to the birth of many national heroes

whose bravery contributed to the reacquisition of independence. This concept of

bravery is often described as heroism. However, heroism in this context is more than
just the definition of a noble individual saving a person at risk just like what is typically

shown in movies. Although these national heroes also risk their lives, their intention is

not only rooted for the sake of doing good deeds or because they have the

superpowers, but its foundation is also significantly based on their love for their country

as well as their fellowmen. 

Consequently, heroism in this sense can be directly attributed to nationalism or

patriotism but not the other way around. To simply put, a hero has the tendencies to be

patriotic because their action of bravery and courage is fueled by their love for the

nation, but a patriotic individual cannot be automatically attributed as a hero just by the

mere act of supporting its country. According to the definition of Merriam Webster,

heroism is an act being done to fulfill the high intentions or to achieve noble end.

Analyzing its definition can lead into thinking that these characteristics can easily be

done by anyone who has the desire to help and to be good. One argument that can

arise from this is to identify what sets a national hero apart from an ordinary heroine. 

Subsequently, Allison (2016) also emphasized that heroism is the pinnacle of

human action, and it should be recognized. Heroes are those who commit the most

noble acts that a person is capable of, and heroes are those who live the most

remarkable lives that a human being is capable to lead. Heroism is not just the peak of

human behavior, but it also holds a crucial position in human experience.

In the concept of a national hero, according to the National Heroes Project, a national

hero can be defined as an individual with great representation of a society who created

a meaningful and positive contributions to the development of the nation. While the

historian, Esteban de Ocampo defined a national hero as “a hero as a prominent figure

who accomplished an admirable feat in any significant action or event, and who is

honored after death due to his or her service to the nation”.

Moreover, Mallorca (2017) discussed that in the Philippines, the definition of a

National Hero is identified based on certain criteria indicated in Executive Order No. 75

issued on March 28, 1993, former president Fidel Ramos created the National Heroes

Commission. It enumerates that a national hero has a sense of nation and strive for the

country's liberation. Second, these noble individuals have help to define and contribute

to a nation's system of freedom and order.  Lastly, they were able to effectively

contribute to a nation's quality of life and destiny.

From these, an understanding is formed that national heroes are not just ordinary

heroes who changed the life of another individual. They are historical figures who paved

the way to create a significant and meaningful change in the system. A lot of them

offered not only their lives but also their intelligence and strategical way of fighting.

Humanity

Humanity is a broad topic that includes different definitions depending on the

situation. However, it is often linked with the words of kindness and compassion

towards other individuals. It also entails assisting others at times when they are most in

need. It is critical because it allows them to put their interests aside when others require

their assistance. In addition, humanity encompasses not only humans but also the

environment and all living things.

As stated by Chhatwani (2014), humanity usually entails concern and assisting

other people, when and wherever it is necessary. Humanity entails assisting others
when they are most in need of it, and it also entails putting our interests aside when

others require our assistance. Extending unconditional love to all living things on the

planet is what humanity entails

According to Sheikh (2017), humanity is a characteristic of an individual that is

bestowed to him by essence and by which he distinguishes himself from other

individuals. Humanity is a quality that takes notice of what an individual does for

individuals who provide in return for a favor they have given. Humanity entails assisting

others when they are most in need of it, and it also entails putting your own interests

aside when others need assistance. Extending unconditional love to all living things on

the planet is what humanity entails.

From the given definitions above, a great example of an individual that shows

humanity is the National Heroes. The National heroes have made a significant

contribution to their country that has made changes. Most heroes have shown great

humanity for other individuals and their country. They have established groups that

fought with the different colonizers of the country. Although, all individuals can show

humanity by respecting one another. No matter the gender, age, skin color, or social

status they, should respect people. Moreover, how they treat one another is crucial to

their humanity since it allows them to act on and own their humanity.
 METHODOLOGY

To identify if Nieves Fernandez and Ana Omega embodied nationalism, heroism, and

humanity and describe their similarities as Filipina Guerillas, the researchers used qualitative

research methods. Qualitative approach, according to Rhodes (2014), focuses on describing a

phenomenon in a much deeper manner. Qualitative research is also defined by Busetto (2020)

as the study of the nature of phenomena where the quality, various demonstration, in the

conditions where they emerge as well as the perspective from which they can be perceived. It

was also further explained that through qualitative research, there will be a range and

frequencies that can be identified objectively. This research method objectively presents the

similarities and differences between Ana Omega and Nieves Fernandez as Filipina guerillas in

terms of their nationalism, heroism, and humanity. Using the qualitative approach would allow

the researchers to have a valuable understanding of the two individuals regarding the

significance of their gallantry acts during the World War II by an objective investigation.

The first step that was conducted by the researchers was brainstorming which allowed

them to come up with two female heroes that to be compared and analyzed. A title was then

created so that there can be a specific focus for the research. After the heroes were selected,

the researchers began to delegate different tasks to each member that allowed them to work on

these said tasks to complete the initial part of the research. Lastly, they studied gathered

credible sources that will help in effectively demonstrating the answers to their research

questions.
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1. Acts of Nationalism, Heroism and Humanity

Nieves Fernandez Ana Omega

Nationalism  She is the only notorious  She organized a guerrilla

female guerrilla leader organization with two other

known to have battled men. Her siblings, family,

opposing the Japanese and previous pupils had

invasion of the Philippines provided them with enough

during World War II. rifles and ammo for their

 During World War II, she squad.

commanded a group of 110  She was chastised for her

native men from the south indirect remarks against

of Tacloban in guerilla the Japanese.

resistance to the Japanese.  She stood firm in her

 Her guerrilla organizations refusal to take President

and American soldiers Manuel L. Quezon's

collaborated to free the photograph down from her

island of Leyte from the classroom.

Imperial of Japan in the  Her military units decided

Philippines. to fly to the municipality on

 the night of October 23,

1942, and raised the

American flag to the

square.

Heroism  She and her guerilla force  She became a significant

were ultimately responsible source of intelligence for

for the deaths of 200 the Northern Leyte

Japanese troops. guerillas led by Ralph

 Toward the end of World Posoncuy.

War II and when the  She even relayed all of her

Americans arrived on Leyte first-hand knowledge of the

in 1944, Fernandez and her enemy's whereabouts and

guerrilla forces had already strength.

liberated many villages from

the Japanese and freed

dozens of comfort women.

 She suited up for war and

earned the title "The Silent

Killer," as she slaughtered

soldiers using only her

home-built shotgun, which

she constructed out of a

gas pipe, and her trusty

 bolo knife, dressed in all-

black and camouflaging

herself in the darkness of

the jungle.

 She and her fierce

companions sabotaged

Japanese supplies and

carried out hundreds of

raids on the Japanese

Imperial Army in the

Philippines throughout the

war.

 She is remembered for her

unwavering bravery,

aggressiveness, and

fearlessness that freed their

country.

Humanity  She and her guerilla troops  When the Japanese invaded

rescued communities and in Leyte in May 1942 and

Prisoners of Wars, disrupted ordered the reopening of

Japanese supplies, carried public schools, she was a

out hundreds of raids, and teacher in the municipality of

even released scores of San Isidro. She permitted her

 comfort women imprisoned kids to sing the national

in rape camps. anthems of the Philippines

 She was very protective to and the United States of

her students. When the America in class.

Japanese threatened to

slaughter her students, her

fierce motherly instincts

sprang in. She went from

being a motherly

schoolteacher to a stealthy

lone assassin as a result of

this.

 She shared her skills in

making improvised

weapons.

The findings reveal that Nieves Fernandez and Ana Omega are both Filipina

guerillas that were residing at the province of Leyte. Before joining the guerillas to fight

the Japanese conquerors, they were also both schoolteachers in their province. Both

Nieves and Ana have commanded their respective groups in combat against the

Japanese and have guided them to victory. One difference that was evident is in their

combatant methods. Nieves used three rifles, improvised grenades and guns made

from gas pipes that she taught to her troops or stole Japanese weapons. While Omega
used firearms and ammunition given to her by her siblings, relatives, and former

students.

The apparent rise of Filipino guerilla units happened during the Japanese

occupation. More so when the Bataan Death March occurred on April 9, 1942, where

over ten thousand men died. Over thousands of Filipino and American soldiers including

the guerillas were formed including female guerillas. Reevaluating nationalism, it

defines an individual’s alliance to the state which in turn benefits the nation. In this

sense Nieves was able to embody nationalism when they went to Leyte together with

her own unit and save them from the Japanese troops. Gervacio (2016) stated that

Nieves Fernandez was the only female guerrilla leader known to have battled opposing

the Japanese invasion of the Philippines during World War II. To reclaim their territory,

she led her warriors into difficult circumstances and fought with them. While Ana Omega

embodied nationalism when she formed her own guerilla force and fought the Japanese

Imperial Forces as an intelligent officer. Her troops swooped down to the municipality on

the night of October 23rd, 1942 and raised the American flag to the square. Ana

became a significant source of information for the Northern Leyte guerillas because of

this. This initiative of Nieves and Ana also supports the idea of Madan (2001) that

nationalism refers to the sense of belongingness in terms of territorial and other

relations. It can be noted how this action is rooted from the sufferings of their fellow

Filipinos. Their willingness as well as their acts of volunteering also reflects nationalism.

In this case, the country is abused and conquered by foreign country during a world war

which put the lives of the many at risk. Their initiatives to act and be part of the

resistance movement has not only contributed to success, but they also became a key
factor of why people were able to live. They were able to embody nationalism because

as previously defined, they were able to put to life the qualities that makes up a

nationalism.

One similarity that can be noted in their sense of nationalism is that they both

had the initiatives to form their own guerilla units to partake in the movement of

resistance. While they differ in their ways they exhibited it. As for Nieves, she used her

skills in making weapons and kills the Japanese which earned her the title “Silent Killer”.

Ana on the other hand was an intelligent officer.

Subsequently, Nieves embodied heroism the moment she used his combatant

skills to fight against the Japanese. She was also able to partake in saving young

women who were raped by the Japanese. Furthermore, she also willingly killed about

200 Japanese troops. It can also be seen in the findings that Ana Omega exhibited

heroism when she relied on her first-hand information to her unit regarding the

Japanese which is vitally important. Additionally, it is very evident in their actions that

they were able to show heroism because they chose to risk their lives that will also

benefit the safety of other people. Relating it to the claims of Allison (2016) that heroism

is the greatest height of human action as they subscribe to most noble acts by

maximizing their capabilities as well as their ability to live. Based on this definition, it can

be realized how the act of Nieves forming and leading her own guerilla unit with the

aim to save people was able to embody heroism. While Ana’s initiatives with her

siblings to join the movement also perfectly defines the essence of being a hero. As

Zimbardo (2007) claimed, a hero is a protector and a defender. Literally, these two

women were able to stand up and protect for the live of Filipino as Filipina warriors.
Their noble intentions matched with their gallantry acts signified what it means to be a

hero that is deserving of recognition.

Humanity also became evident in their actions when they immediately lend a

hand to the people in need during the war. As for Nieves, she embodied her sense of

humanity when they rescued the communities and prisoners of wars. It was found that

she is also known as a protective teacher to her students who were threatened by the

Japanese. Ana on the other hand was able to act out of humanity when she joined the

guerilla units in order to protect the people. These acts describe how their values

entails kindness and concern for their fellow Filipinos. It supports the idea of Chhatwani

(2014), that humanity encompasses concern and assisting people whenever it is

needed. Nieves is known as the captain of the unit and engages in leading her team in

forming alternative weapon. The schoolteacher turned warrior has chosen a path in

which she can directly save lives.

As for Ana Omega’s contribution as an intelligence officer which has great

significance to the victory of liberation. It can be presumed that it is also heroic and

nationalistic in nature because just like Nieves’ acts, she was able to exhibit allegiance

that will eventually benefit the people or the nation. It is perceived as heroic as it

perpetuates the lives that is under great risks and abuses during Japanese occupation.

The findings on Nieves Fernandez’ act of leadership by forming her own guerilla

unit can be viewed as both heroic and nationalistic. It supports the claims of Kohn

(2020), that nationalism is measured on one’s allegiance to the nation as well as the

nation-state. It is heroic as it exemplifies the idea to fulfill noble intention.

 Relatively, the perspective of nationalism in terms of the fight for freedom is

considered contributory to these guerillas motivation in deciding to act as one.

Reed(2016) argued that nationalism transforms a society’s power to protect itself from

invasion by substantially enhancing its ability to use guerilla warfare to resist conquest.

As seen the two main subjects, Nieves and Ana, were both transformative in a sense

that their actions greatly contributed to success of liberation. The motivation that has

driven the guerilla fighters throughout history is nationalism (Boot, 2013). Nationalism

stays as a great force in the society, as perceived by scholars, it has long recognized

shaped and is shaped by wars (Tilly 1995; Hutchison 2009).

Evidently, the fruits of their nationalism, heroism and humanity have always been

contributory to the success of attaining liberation. Although they are not the main

source, they are the driving force that made victory an absolute possibility. Colin (2019)

stated that the implied methods and techniques are the important key drivers for

success of Filipino resistance movements. Guerilla-style warfare has been the most

notable techniques that has been utilized. Undoubtedly, the role of Nieves Fernandez

and Ana omega in forming their own guerilla force has been instrumental in partaking

into this success. The landing of the allied forces formed by McArthur on October 20,

1944 at Leyte Island was able to liberate the Philippines from the Japanese conquerors

(Cal, 2018). This resulted to the greatest naval battle of World War II. In 1945, Japan

suffered defeat by the combined battles of Leyte Gulf by destroying Imperial Japanese

Navy (Naval History and Heritage Command). According to Fratus (2020), experienced

fighters – military leaders who are hand-picked to train and equip a much bigger army in

unconventional warfare. Generally, lead resistance forces formed in an instant as a

method of fighting oppression. Nieves Fernandez lacked experience, but she

screenshots this possessed grit.

Table 2. Issues Encountered as Filipina Guerillas

Nieves Fernandez Ana Omega

Issues Encountered as  After the Japanese  Struggled to find a

Filipina Guerilla discovered about job after the

the operations of liberation.

Nieves, a bounty  Was not included in

worth 10,000 in her the roster of

head in the hopes guerillas after the

of capturing her liberation and was

considered

forgotten.

Table 2 shows the issues faced by Nieves and Ana in their life as Filipina

guerillas. Their journey as Filipina fighters as well as the struggles that comes with it

further highlights their sacrifices. It shows their sincerity of expressing their love for the

country and their fellowmen. Aside from their personal issues, guerillas in general have

also dealt with various issues. According to Cura (2019), the warriors of during the war

struggled with survival and coping issues. Moreover, the also experience

malnourishment as they lack the food supplies and lack of equipment and weapons

(Decker, 2020). Nieves and Ana’s skills in creating improvised weapons were able

contribute to the problem. These facts show how courageous the war fighters in order to
attain freedom and liberation from the Japanese occupation. They embodied

nationalism, heroism, and humanity through every way possible even if it means that

their life will be at risk or their future will be the cost of it.

CONCLUSION

Based on all the results found in this study, the researchers concludes that these

two Filipina guerillas were able to embody the definition of nationalism, heroism, and

humanity in their own way. Their courage, initiatives, skills as well as capacity to lead

were able to demonstrate nationalism, heroism, and humanity through their bravery.

They mainly embodied the essence of nationalism by being an alliance against the fight

of Japanese occupation. They have done this by choosing to be a Filipina guerilla while

also overcoming the struggles that comes with becoming one. Second, they were able

to embody heroism because of their actions and intentions of helping the people whose

right is abused and violated during the time of the war. Lastly, humanity for they were

able to integrate the power of belongness as well as cooperativeness in painting the

success of liberation. Through their initiatives, they were able to encourage other to join

the underground fight. Overall, this also shows that they were able to fight for what they

believed is right and were very determined to be victorious against the said conquerors.
On the other hand, the differences that is most noticeable is in terms of their roles and

combatant methods, fueled by the same desire to win.

It was also seen through this research that Filipina guerillas are worth the

recognition to be introduced as hero or “bayani”. Through rekindling the life of Nieves

Fernandez and Ana Omega, the struggles of the Filipina guerillas were further

understood allowing the present generation to appreciate their efforts. They are worthy

to be proclaimed and celebrated because of their gallantry acts as well as their courage

to fight against the conquerors. Moreso, during their time where women experience

great abuses and violation, it is worthy to mention how the bravery of these women to

stand up and protect their fellow Filipino has made a significant change to the system as

well as to the lives of those who were saved. Hence, they must be properly recognized

and introduced as individuals who reclaimed liberation from the Japanese occupation.

Recommendations

Since this study focused on the two unsung heroes of the Philippines considering

their specific works that embodied nationalism, heroism, and humanity, a

recommendation for the future researchers to focus on one specific topic among the

three in order to have a more extensive and deeper understanding regarding that

ideology. It is also recommended to dwell on a specific issue encountered by the

guerillas before and after the World War II so that their struggles as well as their

sacrifices will be more regarded and recognized.

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