OLONGAPO WESLEY SCHOOL, INC.

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

S.Y. 2021-2022
_____________________________________________________________________

UNIT LEARNING MODULE IN

UNDERSTANDING
CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND
POLITICS
MODULE 1.1
INTRODUCTION TO UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND
POLITICS

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Grade & Section: _______________________________________

UCSP LEARNING MODULE WEEK 1 1 OF 52

 Contact Number: _______________________________________
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UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

INTRODUCTION TO UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND
POLITICS

Welcome to the study of culture, society, and politics. As you move forward in
the discussions, you will begin to understand that your daily experiences are
connected with the realities and phenomena that define our society.
The events that have defined your lives up to the present are a product of the
processes and interactions within our society. Social, cultural, and political
issues go beyond the news and classroom discussions. As you learn the
concepts, theories, and views that shaped and defined how we view and
examine the various aspects of Philippine culture, society, and politics, you
will realize that these topics have been closely intertwined with our
experiences. To study them is to take a closer and more meaningful look into
our own lives and the larger forces that shape our community and nation.
At the end of the chapter, the students will be able to;
1. define the concept of identity and relate it to society and culture;
2. define the social sciences and describe its various fields of study,
3. discuss how each social science contributes to understanding society,
culture, and politics;
4. describe how social backgrounds shape views about society and the
world;
5. analyze social, political, and cultural change, and give examples of
each;
6. relate their observations on social differences, social change, and
identities, and discuss their interrelatedness; and,

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7. demonstrate an interest and willingness to explore the origins and
dynamics of culture, society, and politics.

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UNIT OVERVIEW

CHAPTER 1

Introduction to Culture, Society, and Politics introduces the fundamental

concepts in studying the course. The concept of identity is discussed as a
significant influence on individual and group behavior, and the chapter
relates it to culture, society, and change.
Essential to understanding Philippine society and culture are the views,
theories, and ideas taken from the social sciences, particularly
Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science.

CHAPTER 2

Understanding Culture and Society takes a closer look at society and gives an
overview of its development. Culture, its characteristics, and various aspects
are discussed together with related concepts.
The three disciplines of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science are
discussed, focusing on their views regarding the study of society and culture.

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 INTRODUCTION TO CULTURE, SOCIETY,
AND POLITICS

IDENTITY, CULTURE, AND SOCIETY

Wave migration theory - the Philippines

The Wave Migration Theory is arguably the most widely known of the
prehistoric theories of population development in the Philippines.

Created by Henry Otley Beyer,

founder of the Anthropology
Department of the University of the
Philippines, the theory draws on his
expertise of the history of the
archipelago and has gone on to
influence the theories of a new
generation of anthropologists. As a
result, Beyer is considered by many to
be the leader in this field.

Beyer’s popular theory suggests that

the ancestors of modern Filipinos traveled to the archipelago in different
“waves of migration”. These included the following waves:

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250,000 years ago - “Dawn Man”, a cave-man type human who was related
to Java Man, Peking Man, and other Asian Homo erectus specimens, was
present in the Philippines.
30,000 years ago - The Negritos, an aboriginal group of hunters and gatherers,
arrived in the archipelago via land bridges.
6,000 years ago - A group from Indonesia called Indones, capable of traveling
across the sea and wielding tools became the first immigrants to reach the
Philippines using the ocean.
3,000 years ago - The Civilised and seafaring Malays brought Iron Age
culture to the Philippines and became the dominant group ahead of the arrival
of the Spanish in the pre-colonial period.
Unfortunately, Beyer has been unable to find definitive evidence that supports
his theory. Additionally, as general theories of anthropology and evolution
develop, it has begun to look increasingly outdated. One particular issue is its
reliance on the theory of progressive evolution, which suggests that species all
innately develop towards a particular goal.
In addition, many have argued that the theory’s suggestion that the original
settlers of the lowland regions of the Philippines - and the dominant force
behind modern Filipino culture - was the Malays seems unlikely due to the
lack of evidence to suggest as much. Meanwhile, modern evidence also
suggests that there was no land bridge that would have allowed the Negritos to
travel over to the Philippines, and no evidence to support the theory of a
“Dawn Man”.

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In spite of this, Beyer has arguably gone on to influence a number of theorists,
including Willhelm Solheim, and remains a prominent figure in the world of
Filipino history and anthropology.
Jocano’s Theory

Renowned Filipino anthropologist Felipe Landa

Jocano disputes Beyer’s belief that Filipinos
descended from Negritoes and Malays who migrated
to the Philippines thousands of years ago. According
to Jocano, it is difficult to prove that Negritoes were
the first inhabitants of this country. The only thing
that can positively conclude from fossil evidence, he
says is that the first men who came to the Philippines
also went to New Guinea, Java, Borneo, and
Australia.

In 1962, a skullcap and a portion of a jaw presumed

to be of human origin were found in the Tabon Caves of Palawan by
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archaeologists Robert Fox and Manuel Santiago, who both worked for the
National Museum. Carbon dating placed their age at 21,000 to 22,000 years.
This proves Jocano argues, that man came earlier to the Philippines than to the
Malay Peninsula; therefore, the first inhabitants of our islands could not have
come from the region. The “Tabon Man” is said to resemble Java Man and
Peking Man. He gathered fruits, leaves, and plants for his food. He hunted with
weapons made of stone. Although further research is still being done on his life
and culture, evidence shows that he was already capable of using his brain in
order to survive and keep himself safe.

Instead of the Migration Theory, Jocano

advances the Evolution Theory, as a better
explanation of how our country was first
inhabited by human beings, Jocano believes
that the first people of Southeast Asia were
products of a long process of evolution and
migration. His research indicates that they
shared more or less the same culture, beliefs,
practices, and even similar tools and
implements. These people eventually went
their separate ways; some migrated to the
Philippines, the others to New Guinea, Java,
and Borneo. Proof, Jocano says, can be found
in the fossils discovered in different parts of
Southeast Asia, as well as the recorded migrations
of other peoples from the Asian mainland when
history began to unfold. Continue to Spanish
Expeditions to the Philippines. Also, see "About
the Philippines".

A less rigid version of the earlier wave migration

theory is the Core Population Theory first
proposed by anthropologist Felipe Landa Jocano
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of the University of the Philippines. This theory holds that there weren't clear
discrete waves of migration. Instead, it suggests early inhabitants of Southeast
Asia were of the same ethnic group with a similar culture, but through a
gradual process over time driven by environmental factors, differentiated
themselves from one another.

Jocano contends that what fossil evidence of ancient men shows is that they
not only migrated to the Philippines, but also to New Guinea, Borneo, and
Australia. He says that there is no way of determining if they were Negritos at
all. However, what is sure is that there is evidence the Philippines was
inhabited tens of thousands of years ago. In 1962, a skull cap and a portion of a
jaw, presumed to be those of a human being, were found in Tabon Cave in
Palawan.

The nearby charcoal from cooking fires has been dated to c. 22,000 years ago.
While Palawan was connected directly to Sundaland during the last ice age
(and separated from the rest of the Philippines by the Mindoro Strait), Callao
Man's still-older remains (c. 67,000 B.P.) were discovered in northern Luzon.
Some have argued that this may show settlement of the Philippines earlier than
that of the Malay Peninsula.

Jocano further believes that the present Filipinos are products of the long
process of cultural evolution and movement of people. This not only holds true
for Filipinos but for the Indonesians and the Malays of Malaysia, as well. No
group among the three is culturally or genetically dominant. Hence, Jocano
says that it is not correct to attribute the Filipino culture as being Malayan in
orientation.

According to Jocano's findings, the people of the prehistoric islands of

Southeast Asia were of the same population as the combination of human
evolution that occurred in the islands of Southeast Asia about 1.9 million years
ago. The claimed evidence for this is fossil material found in different parts of
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the region and the movements of other people from the Asian mainland during
historic times. He states that these ancient men cannot be categorized under
any of the historically identified ethnic groups (Malays, Indonesians, and
Filipinos) of today.

Other prominent anthropologists like Robert Bradford Fox, Alfredo E.

Evangelista, Jesus Peralta, Zeus A. Salazar, and Ponciano L. Bennagen agreed
with Jocano. Some still preferred Beyer's theory as the more acceptable model,
including anthropologist E. Arsenio Manuel.

Modern theories

Modern theories of the peopling of the Philippines islands are interpreted

against the backdrop of the migrations of the wider Austronesian peoples.
They comprise two major schools of thought, the "Out of Sundaland" models
and the "Out of Taiwan" model. Of the two, however, the most widely
accepted hypothesis is the Out-of-Taiwan model, which largely corresponds to
linguistic, genetic, archaeological, and cultural evidence.

It has since been strengthened by genetic and archaeological studies that

broadly agree with the timeline of the Austronesian expansion.

Out of Sundaland
The various "Out of Sundaland" hypotheses, posited by a minority of modern
authors and differing slightly in the details, are similar to F. Landa Jocano's
"Core Population" hypothesis. However, instead of the Philippines, they
assume the origin of the Austronesian peoples as being the now sunken
Sundaland landmass (modern Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and the Malay
Peninsula). These models have been criticized as relying only on mtDNA
genetic data without accounting for admixture events, thus having results that
mistakenly combine the much older Paleolithic Negrito populations with the
newer Neolithic Austronesian peoples.

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The Austronesian Migration

Mainland Origin Theory (Peter Bellwood)

The larger Austronesian migration had its stimulus with the beginning of
agriculture in Central China about 9000 years ago.
They moved to Taiwan either by raft or canoes and as the movement began
and as it spread, they developed better techniques for acquiring food from the
sea and building boats and so they spread further.
They went to the Philippines moving rapidly by boats. Then Indonesia, Pacific,
and Madagascar

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Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network
A notable model among the "Out of Sundaland" hypothesis is Wilhelm
Solheim II's "Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network". It
posited an alternative model based on the maritime movement of people over
different directions and routes. It suggests that people with distant origins from
50,000 years ago in the area of present-day coastal eastern Vietnam and
Southern China had moved to the area of the Bismarck Islands south and east
of Mindanao and developed into the Austronesian cultures. They supposedly
later spread among seafarers from the area to the rest of Island Southeast Asia
and areas along the South China Sea. In support of this idea, Solheim notes
there is little or no indication that Pre- or Proto Malayo-Polynesian was present
in Taiwan. According to Solheim, "The one thing I feel confident in saying is
that all native Southeast Asians are closely related culturally, genetically and to
a lesser degree linguistically."

Out of Taiwan
The most widely accepted hypothesis today is the "Out of Taiwan" model, first
proposed by Peter Bellwood. Although originally largely based on linguistic
evidence, it has corresponded to archaeological, cultural, and genetic findings
later on; including whole-genome sequencing data, rather than the mtDNA
sequencing relied upon by "Out of Sundaland" proponents.
In this hypothesis, the first Austronesians reached the Philippines at around
2200 BC from Taiwan, settling the Batanes Islands and northern Luzon. From
there, they rapidly spread downwards to the rest of the islands of the
Philippines and Southeast Asia, as well as voyaging further east to reach the
Northern Mariana Islands by around 1500 BC. They assimilated the earlier
Negrito groups which arrived during the Paleolithic, resulting in the modern
Filipino ethnic groups which all display various ratios of genetic admixture
between Austronesian and Negrito groups.
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A 2021 genetic study, which examined representatives of 115 indigenous
communities, found evidence of at least five independent waves of early
human migration. Negrito groups, divided between those in Luzon and those in
Mindanao, may come from a single wave and diverge subsequently, or through
two separate waves.
This likely occurred sometime after 46,000 years ago. Another Negrito
migration entered Mindanao sometime after 25,000 years ago. Two early East
Asian waves (Austroasiatic and possible Austric) were detected, one most
strongly evidenced among the Manobo people who live in inland Mindanao,
and the other in the Sama-Bajau and related people of the Sulu archipelago,
Zamboanga Peninsula, and Palawan. The admixture found in the Sama people
indicates a relationship with the Lua and Mlabri people of mainland Southeast
Asia and reflects a similar genetic signal found in western Indonesia. These
happened sometime after 15,000 years ago and 12,000 years ago respectively,
around the time the last glacial period was coming to an end.
Austronesians, either from Southern China or Taiwan, were found to have
come in at least two distinct waves. The first, occurring perhaps between
10,000 and 7,000 years ago, brought the ancestors of indigenous groups that
today live around the Cordillera Central mountain range. Later migrations
brought other Austronesian groups, along with agriculture, and the languages
of these recent Austronesian migrants effectively replaced those existing
populations. In all cases, new immigrants appear to have mixed to some degree
with existing populations. The integration of Southeast Asia into Indian Ocean
trading networks around 2,000 years ago also shows some impact, with South
Asian genetic signals present within some Sama-Bajau communities.

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Chinese
Studies suggest that pre-colonial Filipinos were actively trading with the
Chinese and other southeast Asian countries. Until now there are lots of
Chinese in the country that dominate lots of industries.
Filipino and Chinese cultures indeed fused together as they married and raised
their families under both cultural influences. As a result, a lot of Chinese
traditions and beliefs like Chinese New Year, Feng Shui, and other
superstitions are widely practiced in the Philippines. Another major influence
of the Chinese on the Philippines is on food. A lot of food that Filipinos eat
like rice noodles (pansit), siopao, siomai, and other stir-fries are heavily
Chinese influenced.
Spanish
Three hundred years under the Spanish influence definitely left a big imprint
on our culture -- first and foremost in religion. The Spaniards were the ones
who introduced Christianity to the Philippines. Hence, fiestas or feasts
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celebrate patron saints and other religious celebrations that are still widely
practiced in the Philippines. Needless to say, Filipino cuisine also has lots of
Spanish touches to it like hamonado, longanisa, empanadas, etc...
And oh, if you ask a Filipino what his family name is, chances are you will get
a Spanish name for an answer -- Delos Santos, Dela Cruz, Alcantara, Garcia,
Reyes... yup! All of these are Filipino surnames. There are also lots of Filipino
words that are taken from Spanish like kutsara (spoon), chicharon (pork rinds),
banyo (bathroom), trabaho (work/labor), kalye (street), among others.

American
After the independence from the Spaniards, the Philippines was also under the
Americans after the Treaty of Paris (1899) ended the Spanish American War,
until 1941 when the Japanese invaded the Philippines. Gen. Douglas Mac
Arthur returned and led to liberate the Philippines and it was finally given
independence as a republic in 1946.

Those close to fifty years definitely majorly influenced the Philippines -- let's
talk about fast food: hamburgers, hotdogs, and french fries; then clothing,
education system, and of course the English language. Even the jeepney, which
is a symbol of Philippine transportation was originally made from US Military
jeeps from World War II.
There are lots of English terms that do not have direct Filipino translation like
cake (keyk), ballpen (bolpen), computer (kompyuter), among others.
What About the Indigenous Filipinos?

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There are still some parts of the Philippines where the ethnic Filipino tribes are
living - mostly in the
mountains or far-flung
areas that the colonizers
were not able to
penetrate. They were able
to keep their own cultural
identities and live in their
own ancestral lands. I
have found this
interesting article
discussing the different
indigenous tribes of the
Philippines if soever you
are interested.
Somehow, the Filipinos lost most of their "identity" due to hundreds of years
of colonization but it could also be treated as a source of their strengths. They
are very adaptable, resilient, and strong people. You can find them in almost
every corner of the globe and manage to succeed. Not even the strongest
typhoon can dampen their spirits.
A Guide to the Indigenous Tribes of the Philippines

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Some elderly Ifugaos, Banaue, Philippines | © rweisswald / Shutterstock
With over 7,600 islands in the Philippines and three major island groups, it’s
no wonder that different cultural practices, traditions, and groups are present in
the country. Among the archipelago’s existing communities, there are
indigenous tribes who have managed to keep their cultural identity, despite the
non-recognition and marginalization they’re facing.
Although there are quite a number of indigenous tribes or ethnic groups in the
country, they remain some of the most poor, least privileged, and impeded
members of society. They mostly reside in the mountains, and hence were not
affected by Spanish or American colonization, which is the primary reason
they were able to retain their customs and traditions.
There are two main ethnic groups comprising several upland and lowland
indigenous tribes living within the Philippines – from the northern and
southern parts of the Philippines. The indigenous people living in the northern
part of the country are called the Igorots, whereas those non-Muslim
indigenous tribes living in the south are referred to as Lumad.
Igorot Tribes from the Northern Philippines
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The Igorots, which comprises numerous tribes in the northern part of the
country, are mostly residing in the mountain ranges of the Cordillera Region.
They are popularly known for being rice cultivators. An assortment of the
group called the Ifugaos built the Banaue Rice Terraces – frequently called
the ‘eighth wonder of the world’. The ancestors of this indigenous tribe
carved a system of irrigated rice terraces in the mountains of Ifugao more than
2,000 years ago.

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 https://zenrooms.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/banaue.jpg

The Igorot tribe also includes the Bontoc, Ibaloi, Isneg, Kalinga, Kankanaey
and Tinguian groups. Other tribes living in the north are Isnag from Apayao,
Gaddang (found between Kalinga and Isabela provinces), and the Ilongots
living within the east mountains of Luzon called the Sierra Madre and the
Caraballo Mountains. The Ilongots are known for their intense aggressiveness
and cultural conservatism.

Lumad Tribes from the Southern Philippines

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Meanwhile, in the southern part of the country, indigenous tribes are mostly
found in Mindanao and Western Visayas. In Mindanao, these existing non-
Muslim indigenous groups are collectively known as the Lumad – a Cebuano
term that means ‘native’ or ‘indigenous’. There Lumad tribes comprise about
13 ethnic groups which are the Blaan, Bukidnon, Higaonon, Mamanwa,
Mandaya, Manobo, Mansaka, Sangir, Subanen, Tagabawa, Tagakaulo,
Tasaday, and T’boli. Their tribe is generally known for tribal music produced
by musical instruments they’ve created.
Among those mentioned above, the Manobo tribe includes further big ethnic
groups such as the Ata-Manobo, Agusan-Manobo, and Dulangan-Manobo to
name a few. The total population of the Manobo group is unknown as they
occupy core areas in the main provinces of the Mindanao Region.
Other major tribes in the country
Apart from the two main indigenous groups mentioned above, the following
tribes have also kept their customs and traditions.

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Badjaos

Cagayan de Oro city pier | © RaksyBH / Shutterstock

Originally from the islands of Sulu in Mindanao, they’re known as the sea
tribes living on houseboats. They try to make ends meet by depending on the
sea as divers, fishermen, and navigators. Because of conflicts in the region, the
majority of them has migrated to neighboring countries such as Malaysia and
Indonesia, whereas those who stayed in the Philippines moved to some areas
in Luzon.

Ati and TumandokOne of the few clans in Visayas, the Ati and Tumandok
tribes of Panay Island are the first to call the island their home. Genetically
related to other indigenous groups in the country, they mostly resemble the
Aetas or Negritos who are characterised by their dark skin. While some
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adopted Western religions, they still carry some animistic beliefs and rituals
passed down by their ancestors.

Palawan Tribes
Palawan is also home to various tribes such as the Batak, Palaweño, Palawano,
and the Tagbanwa. Mostly living in mountains or lowland dwellings, some of
these groups have also been included in the large Manobo tribe of the South.
They have not totally embraced urban living, with the majority living in more
rural settings.
Mangyan

The Mangyans of Mindoro are well-known clans in the Philippines because

they have the biggest populace. Comprising eight different Mangyan groups,
they have a peaceful reputation, unlike the headhunting tribes of the North and
warrior tribes from the South. While some have already converted to
Christianity, there’s still a large percentage of those who practice animistic
religious beliefs.
Aetas or Negritos

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The Aetas (or Agta or Ayta) are one of the earliest known inhabitnats of the
Philippines who are now living in scattered mountainous areas of the country.
They were called by the Spanish colonizers as the ‘Negritos’ because of their
dark to dark-brown skin. They are nomadic but are very skilled in weaving and
plaiting, and Aeta women are considered experts in herbal medicine.
Today, the indigenous groups in the country remain in their original ancestral
lands as they preserve their cultural practices and traditions. And while the
Philippine government passed the Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act of 1997,
there are still issues left unsolved, including their right for inclusion.

Identity is the distinctive characteristic that defines an individual or is shared

by those belonging to a particular group. People may have multiple identities
depending on the groups to which they belong.
In a family, for instance, one's identity can be that of a daughter, son, brother,
or sister. In school, a person may be a member of the student council, a club, or

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an organization. He or she may also be known as a football player, music
enthusiast, and performance artist.
Identity can also be influenced by other factors such as sexual orientation and
gender (male, female, transgenders, transexuals, intersex, genderqueers) and
nationality (Filipino, Japanese, French, etc.)
Identity can also change over the course of a person's lifetime. It is
continuously shaped and reshaped through the passage of time as well as the
overall context of one's life cycle, including his or her activities within the
society and interaction with other people. Young people, for example, identify
themselves as sons or daughters but would eventually become fathers and
mothers when they start their own families. Likewise, when an individual
graduates from school. his or her Identity changes from being a student into
that of a professional doctor, teacher, or police officer.
One can also be a member of the Roman Catholic faith but may convert to a
non-Catholic Christian group or another religious group in the future.
Identities are important
because they shape both
individual and group
behavior as well as
people's views about
other people and
society. Learning about
one's sell, culture, and
society entails
knowledge about
various identities and
how these shape peoples' views and behavior. Reflecting on this enables a
person to appreciate what makes him or her similar to and different from other
people.

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(Festival and gatherings are ways of expressing collective and individual
identities)
It also helps a person to understand that identities are relational and contextual,
thereby avoiding the common pitfall of having misguided notions or prejudices
of other people that are solely based on one's subjective views. One of the food
taboos among Muslims, for instance, is the eating of pork.
A keen sense of other people or groups' identities enables a person to
understand this aspect of Muslim culture, and not regard Muslims as "weird"
for observing this practice. Another case in point is neighborhood tambays.
They are usually regarded as unruly and are often suspected of theft and other
misdemeanors, However, many of them are people who have difficulty in
finding jobs because of inadequate employment opportunities in the
Philippines. If there
are enough factories
or offices to hire
them, they would not
want to be istambays
forever.
Holistic knowledge
and understanding of
the characteristics and
overall identities of one's self, of other people, and of different groups in
society can lead to a better world. One concrete way of achieving this is
through constant dialogue and interaction with each other,
Culture, which is loosely defined as a society's way of life, provides the basis
for forging identities. It allows people to understand themselves in relation to
others and provides them a lens through which they base what is considered
the "right way" of doing things. There are material and nonmaterial aspects
associated with culture. Clothes, music, and food are examples of material
things that comprise one's culture for example. Interpretations of others'
behavior, especially the basis of what we regard as "right" or "wrong" are
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examples of nonmaterial dimensions of culture. Aside from what is generally
regarded as Filipino culture, there are other subcultures that exist in the
Philippines, depending on geographical origin, religion, and class, among
others. All societies have some form of subcultures. The term "society" refers
to a group of people living in a community. According to MacIver and Page,
"it is a web of social relationships, which is always changing."
Social, Cultural, and Political Change
The concept of identity is related to social, cultural, and political change.
People's individual and collective identities have oftentimes transformed social
order and paved the way for lasting change.
For instance, when Filipinos first held elections in the 1900s, only Filipino
males could vote and participate in politics. However, when Filipino women
became more educated either in the Philippines or abroad, they were
enlightened about their rights, particularly suffrage or the right to vote.
Consequently, the campaign for women's suffrage gained ground in the 1930s.
The framers of the 1935 Constitution allowed women to vote by virtue of a law
that was passed by the National Assembly.
The law mandated a plebiscite on the question of Filipino women's suffrage,
which required at least 300,000 votes to grant women the right to vote. The
results of the plebiscite, held in 1937, yielded more than 400,000 votes in favor
of women's suffrage. The outcome forever changed the way women are
regarded in society. Before attaining the right to vote, women were merely
perceived as nurturers of their families with a limited role in the public sphere.
The suffragist movement is said to be the precursor of current rights that
Filipino women enjoy. It is also a good example of how political and social
changes have transformed Filipino women's identities.
Rapidly advancing technology also has profound implications for socio-
cultural and political change. Because people know more about what is
happening elsewhere in the world, trends in clothing, hairstyle, fashion style,
and food choices, among others have also been transformed. Now, people

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across the world are becoming more similar in tastes than they were fifty years
ago.
The phenomenon of international migration has also changed Filipino
identities and beliefs. It is said that 10 percent of the Philippine population is
now abroad either as temporary migrants or permanent immigrants. With this,
Filipinos have grown accustomed to families with members whose identities
are not entirely Filipino. Some families, for instance, may have children of
mixed races as a result of marriages to foreigners. Filipino emigrants have also
assimilated with other cultures abroad. When they return to the Philippines,
they tend to see the Philippines in the context of what they saw and
experienced abroad. Some aspects of their beliefs and values may have also
changed. Because of the perceived success of Filipino emigrants, there is a
high societal expectation for those who return from abroad.

Their relatives and neighbors expect them to bring home pasalubong. They are
also regarded as "modern-day heroes" by both the government and their
families for sacrificing to leave their families and country to earn a better
living abroad. Meanwhile, there is also an increasing number of transnational
families, with members living in different parts of the world. As a result,
members of the family, most especially children, no longer identify with a
household whose members live in the same house. Members of transnational
families primarily interact with each other through the Internet and other social
media platforms.
This is not to say that Filipinos abroad do not have an impact on their countries
of destination. In the United States, particularly in California, Filipino
restaurants and groceries abound. Filipino nurses are also known abroad
because their kindness and care for their patients, particularly, the elderly-
which is a revered Filipino trait. These examples manifest that international
migration is creating social, cultural, and political changes both here and
abroad.

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HUMAN CULTURAL VARIATION
Cultural variation refers to the rich diversity in social practices that different
cultures exhibit around the world. Cuisine and art all change from one culture
to the next, but so do gender roles, economic systems, and social hierarchy
among any number of other humanly organized behaviors.
An example of human variation can be found with a cline. A cline is a genetic
variation between populations of species that are isolated in their reproduction
(such as skin color variation in humans). Human skin color variation is a
selective adaptation that relates to the populations' proximity to the equator.
Social Differences: The differences among individuals on the basis of social
characteristics and qualities.
CULTURAL VARIATION
 Religion
 Ethnicity
 Nationality

RELIGION
 ‘religare’ a Latin word – ‘to bind together
 It is a system of beliefs and practices, as well as systems of actions directed
toward entities that are above men
 It is an organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere or the
supernatural
CULTURAL VARIATION
 Religion

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 Ethnicity
 Nationality
ETHNICITY
It is the expression of the set of cultural ideas held by distinct ethics or
indigenous group.
NATIONALITY
 It is the legal relationship that binds a person and a country.
 It allows the state to protect and have jurisdiction over a person.
SOCIAL DIFFERENCES
 Gender
 Socio-economic
 Status
 Exceptionality
GENDER
 It is the socially-constructed characteristics of being male of female.
 Serve as a guide on how males and females think and act about
themselves.

Gender vs Sex
 LGBTQi (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer/Questioning,
Intersex)
GENDER
 One's sense of self as masculine or feminine regardless of external
genitalia.
 Socially constructed characteristics
 Personality characteristics
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SEX
 It is biological
 It refers to a person based on their anatomy
 Bodies
LGBTQi
Lesbian - A woman who is emotionally, romantically, or sexually attracted to
other women.
Gay - Men who are attracted emotionally, romantically, and/or sexually to
men.
Bisexual - A person who is attracted to two sexes or two genders, but not
necessarily simultaneously or equally.

Transgender
Transgender (sometimes shortened to trans or TG) people are those whose
psychological self ("gender identity") differs from the social expectations for
the physical sex they were born with.
Queer/Questioning - a person who is attracted to multiple genders
Intersex - Intersexuality is a set of medical conditions that feature congenital
anomalies of the reproductive and sexual system.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS
It refers to the category of persons who have more or less the same socio-
economic privileges.
 Upper class
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  Middle class
 Lower class
EXCEPTIONALITY
It refers to the state of being intellectually gifted and/or having physically or
mentally challenged conditions
 Personality/ behavior
 Communication (learning disability, speech impairment, and hearing
problems)
 Intellect (mild intellectual & mental development disabilities)
 Physical appearance (blind-low vision)
 Or a combination of more than one specific exceptionality/disability.

CULTURAL VARIATION BETWEEN CULTURES

If human cultures modify the natural environment, it is also true that the
natural environment initially shaped, and still shapes to some extent, the
culture of society.
Variation Between Cultures
The Japanese diet consists largely of fish, seafood, and vegetables because
Japan is an archipelago and the sea provided consistent sources of food and,
with one-twentieth of the surface of the United States, there is no room for
grazing land for raising beef cattle. Similarly, climate, soil, and geography
affect cultural aspects.
VARIATION WITHIN CULTURES
SUBCULTURES - A segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of
mores, folkways, and values which differ from the pattern of the larger society.

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It is a culture within a culture. - These are groups that have specific cultural
traits that set them apart from the dominant culture.
Example of Subculture (Activities done during December in the United States
of America)
HANUKKAH - a lesser Jewish festival,
lasting eight days from the 25th day of Kislev
(in December) and commemorating the
rededication of the Temple in 165 BC by the
Maccabees after its desecration by the
Syrians. It is marked by the successive
kindling of eight lights.
MENORAH - a candelabrum used in Jewish
worship, especially one with eight branches and a
central socket used at Hanukkah.
KWANZAA - a secular festival observed by
many African Americans from December 26 to
January 1 as a celebration of their cultural
heritage and traditional values.
Example of Subculture
(Activities done during December in the United
States of America) WINTER SOLSTICE - the
solstice that marks the onset of winter, at the time
of the shortest day, about December 22 in the
northern hemisphere and June 21 in the southern hemisphere.

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COUNTER CULTURE
It is a group whose values and norms place it at odds with mainstream society
or a group that actively rejects dominant cultural values and norms. In most
Western countries, the 1960s saw the rise of different countercultural groups
and social movements that sought to dismantle the different inequalities that
were then parts of the dominant culture, such as racism (Civil Rights
movement), sexism (modern Feminist movement), and homophobia (Gay
rights movement).
 More recently, paramilitary groups, militias, and survivalist groups
constitute countercultures as they reject the social changes that came
out of the 1960s and became part of the mainstream.
 A paramilitary is a semi- militarized force whose organizational
structure, tactics, training, subculture, and (often) function are similar
to those of a professional military, and which is not included as part of
a state's formal armed forces. MILITIA - a military force that engages
in rebel or terrorist activities, typically in opposition to a regular army.
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Falun Gong - a spiritual movement active in China The Chinese government
has banned this movement. Its practitioners are regularly imprisoned for
advocating superstition and spreading social disorder. In a country where
religion is outlawed, a spiritual sect (there is debate as to whether Falun Gong
is merely a spiritual movement or a cult) constitutes a countercultural
movement, seen as challenging established norms.
HIGH CULTURE / POPULAR CULTURE • "High culture" is a term now
used in a number of different ways in academic discourse, whose most
common meaning is the set of cultural products, mainly in the arts, held in the
highest esteem by a culture.
POPULAR CULTURE - a culture based on the tastes of ordinary people
rather than an educated elite.
DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF ANTHROPOLOGY
Anthropology is derived from two Greek words Anthropos and logos, which
intensively studies humans and the respective cultures where they were born and
actively belong to
Anthropology is considered the father or even grandfather of all social and behavioral
sciences like sociology, economics, and psychology, to name a few. The discipline
had its humble beginnings with early European explore ers and their accounts which
produced initial impressions about the native peoples they encountered in their
explorations.

The shift to the New World or North America raised

the discipline to a higher level when some European
migrant scholars hailing from England and Germany
brought their expertise and knowledge in primarily
focusing on new settlements and ethnic minorities
including native American Indian tribes. The father of
American anthropology Franz Boas, who initially
obtained a college degree in physics, strongly believed
that the same method and strategy could be applied in

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measuring culture and human behavior while conducting research among humans
including the uniqueness of their cultures.
The study of indigenous people led Boas to a discovery that was revolutionary at the
time. Many Western scientists at the time held the view that Western culture was
inherently superior to other cultures. Based on this belief and his studies among the
First Nations people, Boas made a discovery.
He found that all people believe the culture they occupy is superior to others. This led
him to define the theory of cultural relativism, which says that the only culture an
individual truly knows is that individual's own culture. This
theory made the prevailing Western thought make sense, but it
also elevated other cultures in the eyes of those in the West
because they understood their bias.
Cultural relativism is the ability to understand a culture on its
own terms and not to make judgments using the standards of
one’s own culture. The goal of this is to promote an
understanding of cultural practices that are not typically part of one’s own culture.
Using the perspective of cultural relativism leads to the view that no one culture is
superior to another culture when compared to systems of morality, law, politics, etc.
Two early American anthropologists Alfred Kroeber and Lewis
Henry Morgan, became prominent in the field since their
specialization included the
championing of indigenous rights
like traditional cultural
preservation and ancestral
domain of the American Indian
tribes they intensively studied.

Historical Beginnings
American anthropology gradually generated social and cultural interests in the
fields of folklore and native sexual practices. One anthropologist was Ruth
Benedict who was a student of Franz Boas, the founder of American
Anthropology Ruth Benedict became a specialist in anthropology and folklore
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and authored one of the three famous books utilized in the academic scene for
reference purposes known as Patterns of Culture. She was a colleague of
Margaret Mead who was very much described in the academic circle as
"controversial" for intensively studying the sexual practices among native
populations. Such views gave rise to a relatively new liberal view on sex and
sexual practices in the United States at a time when most Americans were still
labeled as conventional and conservative.
In any case, the field of anthropology offers several topics for relevant research
and discussion in various academic fields since its distinct way of data
gathering from their respondents applies participant observation which is
central to ethnography or the ethnographic approach. The founding father of
this strategy was Bronislaw Malinowski. Since common data gathering
techniques, from people as respondents, simply involved unstructured
interviews and surveys for their units of analysis.
THE STUDY OF THE SOCIAL WORLD: SOCIOLOGY
LAUNCH!
What Is Sociology?
People make many decisions, both mundane and serious, in the course of their
daily living. We decide what dish to cook, where to buy shirts, what name to
give our child, when to get married, how to best discipline children and others.
We take it for granted that when asked who decides in these matters, we
readily say, "Of course, I did! We like to think of ourselves as independent-
minded and that we behave according to choices we make out of our own free
will.
Sociology makes us aware that when we make decisions, such as those
mentioned above, it is within the context of our family, peers, school, nation,
and other groups that form our social world. Just as the seasons affect the
clothes we wear and the kind of activities we engage in our social world guide
our life choices.
Does this make sense? Think about it. Even when you think you are making
your own choices, is it not that you are only picking from a fairly limited range
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of options? For example, during lunchtime in school, you probably would
choose rice and adobo and you would say, "My personal favorite." Try to think
beyond the idea that your food preference is your own personal favorite. Is it
not that your being a Filipino is a large part of the reason why adobo is your
favorite, and in the Philippines, adobo is available in most restaurants? Thus,
your race has played a part in your choice of food.
Let us move on to a more serious matter. Consider dating. The decisions of
whether to date, whom to date, and when to date are very personal. However, a
closer look reveals that they are not. Dating decisions follow certain rules.
For example, in the Philippines, you can only date at a certain age, and your
parents have to know and permit it. Your family places more restrictions you
should date someone who comes from good family background, preferably of
the same religion. There are no laws that dictate that family rules must pervade
but try violating them, and you will experience serious consequences. Now,
you wonder why everyone cares so much about whom you date.
Congratulations, in doing so, you are already using sociology!

Sociology and the Sociological Perspective

Sociology is the study of society, social institutions, and social relationships,
Sociology is interested in describing and explaining human behavior,
especially as it occurs within a social context (Merriam-Webster). It is less
interested in the individuals than in the group of which they are apart.
Studying sociology is prao tical and useful. As social beings, we gain an
understanding of how the social world operates and of our place in it. C.
Wright Mills (1959) calls it the sociological imagination which he defined as
the vivid awareness of the relationship between private experience and the
wider society.

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The sociological imagination is the ability to see things socially and how they
interact and influence each other. To have a sociological imagination, a person
must be able to pull away from the situation and think from an alternative point
of view.
The most common example of the sociological imagination pertains to
unemployment. An individual facing unemployment might feel defeated,
depleted, and discouraged. That person is likely to look in the mirror and say,
"You didn't work hard enough. You didn't try hard enough…" You, you, you.

Sociology's point of view is distinct from other sciences. Peter Berger explains
that the perspective of sociology enables us to see "general patterns in
particular events (Macionis, 2010). This means finding general patterns in
particular events. The first systematic study on suicide provides a good
example. Emile Durkheim's pioneering study on suicide in the 1800s revealed
that there are categories of people who are more likely to commit suicide.
In France and Central Europe, the suicide rate was higher for the males,
Protestants, wealthy, and the unmarried compared to the females, Catholics,
Jews, the poor, and they married. In general, the more socially integrated

UCSP LEARNING MODULE WEEK 1 38 OF 52

people (formed by ties of affection and obligation) are less likely to end their
lives.
Sociology also enables us to see the strange in the familiar. This means
detaching ourselves from common explanations by taking a new look at
society. Human behavior is not simply a matter of what people decide to do;
society shapes our thoughts and deeds.
For example, how does sociology look at cult members who strongly believe in
the magical powers of their leader? W.I. Thomas, an American sociologist,
formulated a theorem in 1928 which states: "if people define situations as real,
they are real in their consequences." Hence, if cult members consider their
leader powerful, then he can perform magic.
History of Sociology as a Science
Coincidentally, sociology emerged with two of the most significant social and
political revolutions in history. The French Revolution of 1789, along with the
Industrial Revolution in England during the eighteenth century, tremendously
changed people's lives
The Industrial Revolution was brought about largely by the invention of the
steam engine. Many countryside folks were pushed into the towns as their land
was taken away by the landlords to give way to a factory-based economy.
Likewise, the French Revolution from the 1970s to the 1780s, which was
influenced by new political ideas spreading in France and America, created
strong negative sentiments against the monarchy. It eventually resulted in a
shift from monarchy to democracy. On a positive note, Europe saw the
beginning of the industrial economy, the growth of cities, and the emergence
of different political ideas which in turn transformed social life. However,
problems such as massive unemployment, increasing crime rate, widespread
poverty, etc. also emerged.
Thinkers began to ponder about how to address these difficult problems. The
basic concern is how to solve society's ills. Some of the early thinkers and their
ideas are discussed below.
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Auguste Comte (1798-1857) is the person who "invented" sociology in 1842,
by bringing together the Greek word socius or "companion" and the Latin word
logy or "study." He grew up in the wake of the French Revolution and the
Industrial Revolution. He proposed that to understand society, it should be
analyzed as it really was unlike the early philosophers and theologians who
looked at society in its ideal state. He further favored positivism, an approach
to understanding the world based on science. He believed that society operates
according to certain laws, just as the physical world operates according to
gravity and other laws of nature.
Karl Marx (1818-1883) is the forerunner of the conflict theory, one of the
most important sociological theories. Marx, a native of Germany, wrote The
Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels in 1847. This book focused on the
misery of the lower classes caused by the existing social order. He reiterated
that the political revolution was vital in the evolutionary process of society, the
only means to achieve improvement of social conditions. He felt that conflict,
revolution, and the overthrow of capitalism were inevitable. He predicted that
the bourgeoisie (middle class and owners of factories) would be overthrown by
the proletariat (the factory workers) because they could no longer contain their
frustration over the treatment that the former inflict on them. Although his
predictions did not come true, sociologists still study his insights regarding
class conflict, economic determinism, social stratification, and social change.
Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) is associated with the birth of sociology in his
native England. He likened society to an organism with a life and vitality of its
own He first used the phrase survival of the fittest when he proposed the policy
of noninterference in human affairs and society, believing that doing
something to help the weak, poor, and needy would interfere with the natural
selection process Hence, governments should not rescue the needy because this
would disturb ongoing natural processes. In this way. society gets better as
time passes. His ideas justified the enslavement of Blacks. However, his

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inhuman philosophy, later on, met with strong resistance, eventually leading to
its demise
Emile Durkheim (1858-19171) is the first French sociologist. Durkheim put
forward the idea that individuals are more the products rather than the creators
of society, the society itself is external to the individual. In his book Suicide.
Durkheim proved that social forces strongly impact people's lives and that a
seemingly personal event is not personal after all,
Max Weber (1864-1920) is the most important proponent of interpretive
sociology. Weber believed that a sympathetic understanding, verstehen, of the
mind of others" was essential to understanding the behavior of others The
qualitative, subjective methods as well as objective, quantitative methods
should be used in the study of social actions. His works The Protestant Ethic
and the Spirit of Capitalism, The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism, and
Theory of Social and Economic Organization among others dwelt on the
significance of subjective meanings people give to their interactions with
others. Weber asserted that religion is very influential in the actions and
thoughts of people.
Verstehen is a German word meaning to 'understand in a deep way' that also
refers to an approach within sociology. In this approach, when a researcher
aims to understand another person's experience, he can try to put himself in the
other person's shoes. He can do this by learning from the other person, through
conversations and interactions that give the researcher greater insight.
The Development of Sociology in the Philippines
In general, sociology in the Philippines developed in three phases (Pano- pio
and Rolda, 2002). In the first phase, sociology was looked upon as a social
philosophy. This orientation started with the inclusion of sociology in college
and university offerings and was taught as a social philosophy. It was
introduced by Fr. Valentin Marin when he initiated a course on criminology at
the University of Santo Tomas. There was little emphasis on the scientific
nature of sociology.

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The second phase was when sociology was viewed as a problem or welfare-
oriented discipline. Sociology was seen as a field in which the focus is on
analyzing poverty, crime, unemployment, and other problems that plague
society. This view was put forward by Serafin Macaraig, the first Filipino to
acquire a doctorate in sociology and the first to write a sociology textbook in
An Introduction to Sociology published in 1938. Very little social research was
done.
The third stage is when sociology started to take the scientific orientation. This
started with the increased number of educational exchange program grantees,
the establishment of social science research centers and councils, the growing
frequency of conferences, and the publication of professional journals. Public
and private agencies became increasingly aware of the significance of social
facts in the decision-making process. The data collected for the government by
pioneer Filipino sociologist Benicio Catapusan on the rural Philippines became
the benchmark for the distribution of economic aid to the different regions.
Presently, the mainstreaming of sociology is evident as sociologists appear in
mass media, particularly in public affairs programs. Prof. Randy David,
arguably the most prominent Filipino sociologist, writes for the Philippine
Daily Inquirer. His column, Public Lives, appears every Sunday.
Definition of Politics
In general, defining politics depends on one's perspective. A person's principle
may affect his view on politics. But generally, politics is associated with how
power is gained and employed to develop authority and influence on social
affairs. It can also be used to promulgate guiding rules to govern the state. It is
also a tactic for upholding collaboration among members of a community,
whether from civil or political organizations. Thus, politics is the virtuosity of
governance.
Concept of Politics
Politics is allied with the government which is considered as the ultimate
authority. It is the primary role of the government to rule society by
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 stimulating and transmitting the basic laws that will supervise the freedom of
its people. Each form of government possesses the power to attain order that
should lead to social justice.
To understand the concept of politics is to recognize power, order, and justice.
Power is giving someone the authority to lead and influence others. Order is
attained through obedience to the rules set by leaders. Justice is felt in a society
with order.
The process being exercised by the government in the implementation of its
duty is what we call politics.

POWER

IS THE ABILITY TO INFLUENCE

OTHERS IT GIVES AUTHORITY TO
LEAD.

ORDER

IS ATTAINED THROUGH
OBEDIENCE ON THE RULES SET BY
LEADERS

ORDER

IS ATTAINED THROUGH OBEDIENCE

ON THE RULES SET BY LEADERS

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Politics as an Art
When we talk of art, we look at the style, character, behavior, preference,
language, and culture. In considering these, politics is an art. Politics is played
with a style depending on the character and behavior of the leader, The
constituents choose their leader based on their preference. Leaders use their
charisma in influencing the people

Politics as a Science
Science is commonly defined as the knowledge derived from experiments and
observations systematically done. Policy-making and government decisions are
done through research, investigation, analysis, validation, planning, execution,
and evaluation. Thus, politics is a science
Furthermore, in studying politics, we systematically study the state and the
government known as political science, Political science works with other
fields of social sciences, including sociology and anthropology, in
understanding how government performs and how politics and governance
work.

D. Convergence of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science: A Focus on

Society, Culture, and Politics
Similarities
Anthropology, sociology, and political science share a common interest, particularly
on the subject matter of society of which we are a part of societies have forms of
governments and are founded on cultural processes. Hence, culture, society, and
politics co-exist. One does not or cannot exist without the others.

When politics is exercised in art and science, politics is at its best

practice.
UCSPDannug
LEARNING
andMODULE 1 44 OF
WEEK2004.
Campanilla, 5252
Culture and society may have some common elements but they also have
differences. The essential difference is that society is composed of interacting
people while culture consists of knowledge, ideas, customs, traditions,
folkways, mores, beliefs, skills, institutions, organizations, and art. facts that
societies create.
Culture plays a vital role in shaping and influencing politics. As a shared set of
traditions, belief systems, and behaviors, culture is shaped by his. tory,
religion, ethnic identity, language, and nationality. In all of these, politics plays
a vital role.
Lesson 2: Theoretical Foundations of Culture, Society, and Politics

Humans seek explanations about why things happen Each person has ideas
about the nature of existence, motion, and relationships. Our ideas come from
everywhere—from experiences, conversations, materials we read mass media
we access, advertisements we are exposed to, our teachers, family, friends, and
foes—all these are sources of our ideas
For example, you have observed that your classmate who is an avid K- pop
fanatic can sing K-pop songs really well but when you asked what the lyrics
mean, she tells you, "I don't actually know. Does it matter? I just like K-pop."
This intrigues you and you try to find out how someone could like something
he or she cannot understand. Could it be that the lyrics are secondary to the
beat or melody? Trying to go beyond what common sense tells you is a good
thing! When you're seeking explanations, you are starting to theorize.

A. What Is a Theory?
Our own personal theories about our existence, our society, our world, etc.
stem from our beliefs and assumptions, which may or may not have some
factual basis.

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Instead of theory, some academicians use the phrase school of thought or
paradigm. A theory is a wide-ranging set of explanations of an important
feature of nature that is backed up by facts When we formulate a theory, we
are making predictions about a phenomenon that is yet to happen.
Theories are crucial to science because they provide a logical framework for
making sense of scientific observations. An example of a theory is the theory
of evolution. Without this theory, biologists would simply compare and
contrast the organisms. The lack of a plausible explanation would make us
question their findings.
What about theories in the social sciences? Certainly, formulating theories
about people is trickier because we can easily change our minds or mask our
feelings. Hence, we may not be truthful in our answers.

B. Theoretical Paradigms
Studying the Social World

LAUNCH!

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Just Pure Luck or.?
Ethan, an engineering student woke up late. He rushed to the bath room to take a
quick shower, then wore his uniform and ate his breakfast of rice, eggs, and hotdog
in a flash. Grabbing his backpack, it took him just five minutes to catch a jeepney.
He arrived just in time for his class to start.
Ethan knows that he has made it a habit to always rush every morning for his classes
but so far, he has been lucky. "I am seldom late" he said.
Think About This!
Is it luck, or is there a system that actually works making it possible for people to be
able to go about their lives?

In the example above, how would you explain Ethan's situation? Is it pure
luck or is there something else operating that enables him to be prompt?
Trying to formulate explanations means you are beginning to theorize In
sociology, a theory is a set of general assumptions about the nature of
society. It is a set of fundamental assumptions about society that guides
sociological thinking and research which allows us to analyze effectively
any dimension of society.
Macro versus Micro View
Sociologists may study human society by focusing on the large social
phenomena or the big picture," such as social institutions and inequality
to see how it operates. This is the macro view. They can also zero in on the
immediate social situations where people interact with one another by
looking at the situational patterns of social interaction. This is the micro
view,

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Core Subject Title: Understanding Culture, Society and Politics Quarter: 1st
Content: Starting points for the understanding of culture, society, and politics
Learning Competency 1: Articulate observations on human cultural variation, social
differences, social change and political identities through an introspective learning
activity

ACTIVITY 1
Directions:

1. Get one whole sheet of paper.

UCSP LEARNING MODULE WEEK 1 48 OF 52
 2. Write your name inside the circle.
3. Draw figure 1 on the sheet of paper.

Write the following information of yourself in the 4 spaces:

a. gender
b. socio-economic class
c. ethnicity
d. religion

ACTIVITY 2
Directions: The teacher will group the students into 4. Each group will choose
a leader and a secretary to consolidate their answers on a table similar to what
is shown below.

UCSP LEARNING MODULE WEEK 1 49 OF 52

ACTIVITY 3
Directions: Based on the output from the previous activity, the teacher will ask
the students to discuss their observations based on the following questions:

1. What are the similarities and differences of every individual?

2. Do these similarities and differences affect the life of the whole
community? Why?
The teacher will give each group a time frame of 2 minutes to present their
answers group outputs. Processing of answers shall follow.

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UCSP LEARNING MODULE WEEK 1 51 OF 52
REFERENCES:
WAVES OF MIGRATION THEORY-PHILIPPINES
https://historylearning.com/history-of-the-philippines/pre-history/
population-theories/wave-migration-theory/

Philippines: What Sub-Cultures Exist in My Country? [Cross Culture

Question]
https://peakd.com/hive-181017/@arrliinn/philippines-what-sub-cultures-
exist-in-my-country-cross-culture-question
A Guide to the Indigenous Tribes of the Philippines
https://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/a-guide-to-the-
indigenous-tribes-of-the-philippines/

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