Unit 3

1. INTRODUCTION TO PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT

“Production management is the process of effectively planning and regulating
the operations of that part of an enterprise which is responsible for actual
transformation of materials into finished products”.
 Production management techniques are used in both manufacturing and
service industries
 Production management responsibilities include the traditional “five
M's”: men and women, machines, methods, materials, and money.
 Managers are expected to maintain an efficient production process with
a workforce that can readily adapt to new equipment and schedules
 They may use industrial engineering methods, such as time-and-motion
studies, to design efficient work methods. They are responsible for
managing both physical (raw) materials and information materials
(paperwork or electronic documentation). Of their duties involving
money, inventory control is the most important. This involves tracking
all component parts, work in process, finished goods, packaging
materials, and general supplies.

EMERGING TRENDS IN PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT

 Supply Chain Management

 Total Quality Management (TQM)
 Lean Production

WHAT IS LEAN PRODUCTION?

Lean production has its roots in Toyota Automobile Co. of Japan, where waste was
to be avoided at all cost the excluding part included

1. The waste in time

2. The waste of investment
3. The waste of having ideal workers
The core idea is to maximise CUSTOMER VALUE while minimising waste.

ABOUT LEAN PRODUCTION

 The ultimate goal is to provide perfect value to the customer through perfect
value creation process that has ZERO waste.
  Lean production has its key element that is -JIT (Just –In-Time) &
Autorotation ( Smart Automation)

JIT (JUST-IN-TIME)
“JIT is an approach that seeks to eliminate all sources of waste in production
activities by providing the right part at the right place at the right time.”
It is known by different names: -
1. The Toyota system. –
2. Zero Inventory.
3. Kan –Ban system.

AUTONOMATION

If an abnormal situation arises then the machine stops and the worker will stop
the production line.
It is a quality control process that applies the following four principles: - --
Detect the abnormality.
- Stop.
- Fix or correct the immediate condition.
- Investigate the root cause and install a countermeasure.

BENEFITS OF LEAN PRODUCTION

o Inventory levels are drastically reduced.
o Product quality is improved elimination of unpleasant suppliers .
o Reduction in customer related problems.
o Improvements in employees morale.

TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM)

core definition of (TQM) describes a management approach to long–term
success through customer satisfaction. In a TQM effort, all members of an
organization participate in improving processes, products, services, and the
culture in which they work.

TQM
Total quality management can be summarized as a management system for a
customer-focused organization that involves all employees in continual
improvement. It uses strategy, data, and effective communications to integrate the
quality discipline into the culture and activities of the organizationTQM

BENEFITS OF TQM
Improved customer focus and satisfaction

Higher profitability 

Reduced costs and better cost management 

Enhanced market image 

Higher productivity 

Strengthened competitive position 

SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

Communicator of customer demand from point of sale to supplier

Physical flow process that engineers the movement of goods

BENEFITS OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

Lower inventory, transportation, warehousing, and packaging costs

Greater supply chain flexibility

Improved customer service

Higher revenues

Increased performance and profitability

KEY PROCESSES OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

o Returns management
o Product development and commercialization 
o Supplier relationship management
o Manufacturing flow management 
o Order fulfilment  Demand management 
 o Customer service management 
o Customer relationship management 

What is Export Marketing

Globalization and e-commerce have all contributed to a recent influx in international trade. What
used to only be attainable by large-scale businesses is now accessible to small companies and
those in the business of resale. Products and services are often performed internationally at greatly
reduced costs, making international expansion and production outsourcing a suitable option for
businesses. But many people still don’t understand the benefits of global business in their industry, and
even for those who do, they struggle to find where to start.

What most companies are looking for is a guide for international business, otherwise referred to
as export marketing.

Definition of Export Marketing

Export marketing is the practice by which a company sells products or services to a foreign country.
Products are produced or distributed from the company’s home country to buyers in international
locations. But there is a difference between products that are available to foreign countries and
products that are specifically marketed to foreign customers. This where the importance of an export
marketing plan comes in.

Why Do I Need Export Marketing?

Businesses today are often doubling or tripling products by expanding to product sales on an
international level. But you can’t assume that foreign markets will be as interested in your product as
local customers. Cultural differences, shipping costs and transit time, politics, and international trade
policies all contribute to a marketing communication barrier between suppliers and foreign buyers.

So why do you need export marketing? Simply put: Google translate is not enough. You need to
know the buying behaviors, interests, and needs of your foreign customers. All of this can be
addressed in an export marketing plan. An export marketing plan is created to address a specific
strategy that can be utilized to make product both available and enticing to international buyers.

How to Build an Export Marketing Plan

The only difference between an export marketing plan and a regular marketing plan is the location in
interest. The same type of market research performed for locating an optimal domestic market must
be completed on an international scale. Here is how an export marketing plan should be built.
Foreign Country Selection

The first and most obvious step in building an export marketing plan is selection of a country. While
this is the “simplest” step, it is also the most crucial. Start by focusing on continents. Although every
country is different, many cultural differences and buying behaviors can be attributed to continents as
a whole. After selecting a continent, do some research on the top 3 locations of your preference. This
should give you more insight into what country you should sell to.

Natural Conditions Research (Optional)

The relevance of this factor will depend greatly on the product you are selling. Information such as the
weather, land size, environment, ease of mobility (mountains, roads, etc.), and various other factors
will all contribute to the success of your international expansion. For example, selling perishable goods
to mountainous regions where transport is difficult may mean your products will expire before they are
sold.

Socioeconomic Research

This should go without saying, but your products must fit the socioeconomic demographics of the
region you plan on selling to. Fashion clothing may be too expensive for certain countries in Africa or
Asia. The quality of materials you build your product with may have to change in an international
market in order to accommodate the benchmark prices and quality of goods in the foreign location.

Define first what class of consumers you plan on selling to. Lower-class, middle-class, upper-class, and
businesses will all have different price point and quality expectations, and these may not reflect those
of U.S. standards.

Competitor Landscape

This is the one place in which competition is good. International business and trade has existed for
hundreds of years – any profitable international business endeavor that has a promising return has
already been done. Thus, you can use the density of competition in a foreign country to disseminate
whether or not it is a profitable industry to be in.

Make sure that your competition density research comprises research on local companies in the foreign
country as well as international businesses. Just because there is a market for, say, tires in China
doesn’t mean that there is a profitable market for foreign tire manufacturers to sell there. See if any
companies in your home country are selling the same type of product or service in the country of
question.

Policy Control Function (PCF)

Overview
 Configuring PCF APIs
The Oracle Communications Policy Management solution is enhanced to add Policy
Control Function that extends the functionality of PCRF as part of 5G core network. The
Policy Control Function is a functional element for policy control decision and flows
based charging control functionalities. The PCF provides the following functions:

• Policy rules for application and service data flow detection, gating, QoS, and flow
based charging to the SMF.

• Access and Mobility Management related policies to the AMF.

1. Click onPCF on the left Navigation pane. The Global Configurations, Diameter
Configurations Service Configurations, Policy Configurations and Session
Viewer appear underneath.

2. To edit or update above mentioned and APIs and related parameters, select specific
parameters and update it on the right pane.

3. Choose Save to update the changes.

Policy Control Management

Also called policy management; policy control is a technology that enables the
definition and application of business and operational rules in organizations.

In today’s IT information systems, security policies are static and local to each of the
security devices. Furthermore, in 99,99% of the cases, heterogeneous devices
including “security devices” are unable to communicate information about their
events to each other. Most of the hackers know this gap and use it to their advantage.
As a result, we need to fix it as soon as possible before it’s too late.

SECNOLOGY enables you to collect a huge number of events directly from your
devices, registry or files in real time, on event or on demand. Store data centrally
and/or remotely, archive and secure the data according to policy, and more generally
automatically manage the whole data life cycle, including availability, accessibility,
integrity, confidentiality, segregation, period retention and purging, in accordance
with your policies.
How to implement good practice in policy control management with SECNOLOGY?

SECNOLOGY allows you to create best practice information security policies that are
leveraged throughout the software to support all aspects of your IT security
program. Accurate policy control is possible thanks to the unique architecture of
Secnology. The control is managed via a flexible user interface, where policies can be
defined intuitively based on applications, users, and other contexts available. Manage
activation and security of your application with a single rule base for all security
operations. This critical simplification and dynamic security updates reduce the
workload of administrators while improving your overall security. Secnology allows
organizations to have a security policy:

Agricultural Law in India:

The Q&A gives a high level overview of agricultural law, including acquiring
agricultural companies and co-operatives, competition law, land ownership and
usage rights, pricing and tender processes, tax and financing, crop seed
business, importing crop seeds, commercial crop production and distribution,
plant variety right protection, GM crops, GM foods, importing animals, gene
patents, and product liability.

Agricultural Policy
 World Trade Organization (WTO). India has been a member of the WTO since
1 January 1995.
 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). India has
been a member of the FAO since 16 October 1945 and was one of its founding
members.
 International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC). India signed the IPPC on
30 April 1952 and ratified it on 9 June 1952.
 Office International des Epizooties (OIE)/World Animal Health
Organisation. India has been a member of the OIE since 30 May 1924.
The latest national agricultural policy of India was announced on 28 July 2000. Its core
goal is equitable inclusive growth and sustainability in terms of efficient use of
resources. Its objectives also include scientific and technological advancement to
compete globally. The policy encourages the use of biotechnology for growing plants
that:
 Consume less water.
 Are drought-resistant.
 Are pest-resistant.
 Are more nutritious.
 Provide higher yields.
 Are environmentally safe.
The policy places an emphasis on the conservation of bioresources through ex situ
preservation in gene banks and in-situ preservation in their natural habitat (for example,
biodiversity parks). Biomass, organic and inorganic fertilisers, pesticides and pest
management are also promoted. The policy encourages the application of frontier
sciences, for example:
 Biotechnology.
 Remote sensing technology.
 Pre-harvest and post-harvest technology.
 Energy-saving technology.
The policy also promotes environmental protection technology through public research
and proprietary research.
The Agricultural Export Policy 2018 seeks to boost India's agricultural exports to
USD60 billion by 2022. As part of the COVID-19 (Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan) relief
measures, various reforms are contemplated in the agriculture sector to make India the
"food basket" of the world, such as:
 The creation of an agri-infra fund of about USD15 billion (post-harvest
infrastructure).
 A scheme of 10,000 farmer producer organisations aimed at providing a platform
to assist farmers.
 Developing a digital agri-stack enabling online marketplaces and smart
agriculture.

Subsidies
Agriculture remains a highly regulated sector in India, with various government
agencies having supervisory powers. Regulatory controls are imposed by both
central and state governments. Schemes for supporting agriculture are provided
at both the central and state level through subsidies for:
 Fertilisers.
 Irrigation water.
 Power (electricity) used for irrigation and other agricultural purposes.
 Seeds.
 Credit.
 Export.
 Crop insurance.
Additionally, agricultural income benefits from tax concessions and the indirect
taxation of farm products is nil or low.
Environmental Issues
India has the largest land area under irrigation (about 48%) and diverse agro-climate
conditions that support the cultivation of different crops. However, Indian agriculture
continues to be fundamentally dependent on rainfall/weather conditions.
The link between agriculture and the environment is slowly gaining recognition.
Government policies, schemes and reforms have started promoting environmental
sustainability, with a focus on climate-resilient agriculture and appropriate adaptation
strategies. For example, the National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture, one of the
eight missions under India's National Action Plan on Climate Change, seeks to address
sustainable agriculture in the context of risks associated with climate change by devising
appropriate adaptation and mitigation strategies, with a special emphasis on:
 Soil and water conservation.
 Water use efficiency.
  Soil health management.
 Development of rainfed areas.
Other ongoing government schemes also address adaptation measures, including the
following:
 National Initiatives on Climate Resilient Agriculture, a network project of the
Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) that aims to enhance resilience
of Indian agriculture to climate change and climate vulnerability through strategic
research and technology demonstration.
 Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana, a national scheme that aims to achieve
convergence of investments in irrigation at the field level, expand cultivable areas
under assured irrigation, improve on-farm water use efficiency to reduce wastage
of water, and encourage the adoption of precision-irrigation and other water-
saving technologies.
 District Agricultural Contingency Plans, which aim to manage serious weather
events and are useful for implementing sustainability agriculture production
system in preparation for these events.
India also encourages post-harvest processing through various incentives.
To achieve the national goal of eco-security, India's National Forest Policy 2018 also
mentions that India should have at least one-third of its total land area under forest and
tree cover.