Drafted: Computer Aided Simulation and Analysis Lab Manual

Department of Civil Engineering
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COMPUTER AIDED SIMULATION
AND ANALYSIS LAB MANUAL
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Drafted Soil Mechanics Engineering Lab
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Fahad Iqbal
4. Simulations of Seepage Phenomenon in
soils 13
Table Of Content 4.1. Flow net for symmetric and
Department of Civil Engineering ..................... 0 asymmetric concrete dam problem ......... 13
COMPUTER AIDED SIMULATION AND 4.1.1. Geometry .............................. 13
ANALYSIS LAB MANUAL ................................. 0 4.1.2. Material................................. 14
Soil Mechanics Engineering Lab ...................... 0 4.1.3. Assembly ............................... 15
Fahad-Laptop .................................................. 0 4.1.4. Step ....................................... 15
11-7-2021 ......... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.1.5. Interaction............................. 15
1. Installations ............................................. 3
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4.1.6. Load....................................... 15
2. General Interface .................................... 3 4.1.7. Mesh ..................................... 16
3. Simulations of soil Vertical Stresses........ 5 4.1.8. Job ......................................... 16
3.1. Added Stress due to point load..... 10
3.1.1.
3.1.2.
3.1.3.
3.1.4.
3.1.5.
Problem ................................. 10
Geometry .............................. 10
Material ................................. 10
Assembly ............................... 11
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Step ....................................... 11
4.1.9.
4.2.
soil
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
Visualization .......................... 16
Sheet pile embedded in anisotropic
17
Geometry .............................. 18
Material................................. 18
Assembly ............................... 18
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3.1.6. Interaction ............................. 11 4.2.4. Step ....................................... 19
3.1.7. Load ....................................... 11 4.2.5. Interaction............................. 19
3.1.8. Mesh ..................................... 11 4.2.6. Load....................................... 19
3.1.9. Job ......................................... 12 4.2.7. Mesh ..................................... 20
3.1.10. Visualization .......................... 12 4.2.8. Job ......................................... 20
3.2. Added Stress due to rectangular load 4.2.9. Visualization .......................... 20
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5 4.3. Phreatic surface of the

3.2.1. Question .................................. 5 homogeneous earth dam ......................... 21
3.2.2. Geometry ................................ 6 4.3.1. Geometry .............................. 21
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3.2.3. Material ................................... 6 4.3.2. Material................................. 22

3.2.4. Assembly ................................. 6 4.3.3. Assembly ............................... 22
3.2.5. Step ......................................... 6 4.3.4. Step ....................................... 22
3.2.6. Interaction ............................... 6 4.3.5. Interaction............................. 23
3.2.7. Load ......................................... 7 4.3.6. Load....................................... 23
3.2.8. Mesh ....................................... 8 4.3.7. Mesh ..................................... 24
3.2.9. Job ........................................... 9 4.3.8. Job ......................................... 24
3.2.10. Visualization ............................ 9 4.3.9. Visualization .......................... 24
5. Simulations of Soil Consolidation Theory 5.2.7. Mesh ..................................... 33
25 5.2.8. Job ......................................... 34
5.1. Terzaghi 1D consolidation ............. 25 5.2.9. Visualization .......................... 34
5.1.1. Geometry .............................. 25 5.3. Consolidation due to staged
5.1.2. Material ................................. 25 construction of an embankment .............. 35
5.1.3. Assembly ............................... 26 5.3.1. Geometry .............................. 35
5.1.4. Step ....................................... 26 5.3.2. Material................................. 35
5.1.5. Interaction ............................. 27 5.3.3. Assembly ............................... 36
5.1.6. Load ....................................... 27 5.3.4. Step ....................................... 36
5.1.7. Mesh ..................................... 27 5.3.5. Interaction............................. 37
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5.1.8. Job ......................................... 28 5.3.6. Load....................................... 38
5.1.9. Visualization .......................... 28 5.3.7. Mesh ..................................... 39
5.2. Consolidation of multilayers soil ... 30 5.3.8. Job ......................................... 40
5.2.1.
5.2.2.
5.2.3.
5.2.4.
5.2.5.
Geometry .............................. 30
Material ................................. 30
Assembly ............................... 31
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Step ....................................... 32
Interaction ............................. 32
6.
5.3.9. Visualization .......................... 40
References ............................................ 41
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5.2.6. Load ....................................... 32
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1. Installations
Please consult with your CR or Instructor to guide you on installation process. Students can obtain
their education license from Simulink via their institute email. Please do consult with your CR, Group
Leader or instructor before installing Abaqus.
2. General Interface
General user interface of Abaqus has the following features:
Title Bar
Menu Bar
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Module
Tool Bar View Compass
Model Tree
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View Port
Drawing Area
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Command Line
Status Bar
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2.1. Copy of model

To copy model, go to the model in the top
menu then select copy model and select the
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model 1. Now if you want to edit the model 2

or run a job on the model 2 make sure you
select it wherever it is required.
On every module you have the option to select

and work on the model you want just be
careful with it.
2.2. Animation of Model and Setting.
To animate the deformation of your model after result has been obtained open the visualization
module then click the 15th icon and your model will start to be displaced in animation mode.
Animation settings like speed etc. can be set up from the animation setting 18th icon. Try to reduce
the speed to clearly observer the deformation.
You can also export the video animation of your model that can be done from Anaimte tool in top
menu>> save as>> type to avi>> name it and save according to your setting.
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Incase if there is a problem with the video change the render codec (can be access by icon next to
format box).
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2.3. Printing your View

To print your screen in PNG without background
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1. go to files and click on print

2. Selection Current View
3. Uncheck View background
4. Destination: File
5. Enter File Name and Chose your Format as PNG.
6. Then Click Ok
7. Your file will be saved in c:/simulia/temp or your project directory if you have changed
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3. Simulations of soil Vertical Stresses
3.1. Added Stress due to rectangular load

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3.1.1. Question
Calculate the increase in vertical stress
under the center of a 4 m × 2 m rectangle that is
loaded uniformly with q = 10 kPa using the finite
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element method. Assume that the soil layer

underlying the loaded area is very thick and linear
elastic with E = 1 × 107 kPa and ν = 0.3. Compare the
result with the bossiness closed form solution.
3.1.2. Geometry
Open the Part module in the Abaqus then click on create a new part name your part as “Part-Reg”.
Select Modeling space “3D” Type “deformable” Shape “Solid” and type “Extrusion” with approximate
size 200.
Which means that our analysis is on 3d object which will undergo some
deformation. We will produce the part using extrusion. Which is same
concept as that of creating part in CREO recall ME102 Course. Size is just
use to show grid for the part select size larger than the longest dimension
of part.
Create the part using a 50 * 50 Rectangle and select done from the
command line. Then add an extrusion of 50m to it and your part will
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produce like this
3.1.3. Material
Then go to the material module and select create a new material icon from the left tool bar. Name the
material as “Clay-REG” then select mechanical >> Elastic >> add young modules and poison ratio. Be
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careful to use the same units throughout your analysis.
Hint: type power of 10 as e. For example, 1 × 107 = 1e+7.
After properties are defined then we assign those properties to its corresponding geometry. First we
create section for each property then we assign it.
Click on Create Section >> Name Section “Clay-SEC”>>Pick Solid>> Homogeneous>> then select your
material (in this case we have only one type of material).
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After that assign that section to the geometry click on assign section>> select the geometry and
done>> then in the section drop down pick the section defined for that part and click ok.
3.1.4. Assembly
Go to the assembly module and create a new assembly by clicking first icon then just click ok. Now
check if UCS (Universal Co-Ordinate System) is at one of the corners of your part. If not translate the
part to UCS.
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Click on translate instance select one of the corners of your part then select the intersection of UCS.
And click Done.
Hint: Pick that corner of your part from which the part can be mirrored so that a full solution can be
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obtained.
3.1.5. Step
This problem is a two-step problem. One is generated by default you don’t need to change it.
Create a second step by clicking on create a new step icon. Name your step>> pick static general and
then write the time period as “1” and keep nonlinear effect NIgeom “on”. On the Incrementation tab
keep the type as automatic, maximum number of increments as 100 and increment size initial size 0.1
minimum as 1E-5 and maximum 1.
3.1.6. Interaction
No need to define any kind of interaction for this problem.
3.1.7. Load
For applying load to geometry, we first need to make arrangement so that we apply load only on some
specific part of the geometry not the whole the objects face. So we would go back to the assembly
module and we would partition one of our face according to loading area.
Open the assembly module click on create a datum plane icon and then pick on plane from the status
bar ie XZ plane then enter an offset of 1 and enter. After that again create another datum ie from YZ
plane at 2 offset and enter. After creating the datums we would partition one of the face to make a
rectangular area. Now click on create partition select cell and now select the geometry from the
graphics area and then pick any of the two datums and click enter repeat the process for second datum
again. And you will get a rectangular area.
click on create a new load. Name the load>> Select step 1>> then select category as mechanical and
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pick Pressure as your load. Then click continue and select the surface we created and apply the load.
Click done then keep the pressure distribution as uniform and enter 10000 as your load for this
problem. Click OK.
What is mean is that you applied a uniform load on step 1 from mechanical category on a specific
surface.
Then create boundary condition:

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To create boundary condition for the geometry, click on create boundary condition icon name the
condition as “bottom-face” then select the step in which you want to apply the condition to the
geometry after that pick the category as mechanical then select symmetric/Antisymmetric/encastre
and continue now the select the whole bottom face and click done now apply condition as encastre
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the last one.
Encastre means that that face cannot move in any direction neither it can rotate. U1 = movement in
X-axis, U2 = movement in Y-Axis, U3 = Movement in Z-Axis. UR1, UR2, UR3 is the rotation along X,Y,Z
axis.
Displacement/Rotation
Displacement/Rotation
U2 = 0
U1 = 0
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Symmetric/Antisy
Load
mmetric/Encastre
XSYMM
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Symmetric/Antisy
mmetric/Encastre
YSYMM
Symmetric/Antisy
mmetric/Encastre
Encastre
Now to apply conditon to rest of faces repaeat the steps click on the create boundry condition, name
it as external side face select step; then mechanical; then displacement and rotation; then U1 =0 or
U2 = 0 depends on the sureface as shown in the picture.
3.1.8. Mesh
In the mesh module define mesh by seeds. Mesh distribution for this problem will be as such that
mesh in the load region will be more than that of the rest of the part. As we are interested in the
analysis of loading area. And also, for the vertical the mesh will be biased so that the near the top it
would have more mesh as compared to bottom.
To create mesh, select the second icon seeds the edge >> select the edge >> select method by number
>> Single Side Biased>> then enter number of elements and biased ratio as according to the images.
Click apply and okay. Repeat the steps for every edge on the geometry. If the biased ratio is applied in
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opposite direction, you can flip it to make it in the other direction.
Then click mesh the part 3rd icon and the whole part will be meshed.
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Note: zoom the picture to see it clearly:
Colored lines represent edges of the geometry
Orange Line = 30 Number of seeds with biased ratio 10

Green Line (Long) = 30 Number of Seeds Not Biased
Grey Line = 15 Number of Seeds Not Biased
Black Line = 10 Number of Seeds Not Biased
Green line Small = 5 Number of Seeds Not Biased
After the whole part is seeded assign the mesh control by clicking on the 4rth icon>> select the whole
part>>structured and Hex>> Click Ok.
After that define your element type. To do so click on the assign element type >> Select the part >>
Element library standard >>Geometric Order Linear >> then pick 3D stresses for this problem>> and
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click OK.
3.1.9. Job
Now your part is ready for analysis. Create a new job from the left tool bar and check it for error and
then submit it for the analysis. Which takes about 5 minutes depending your laptop.
3.1.10. Visualization
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After the simulation is complete the result can be seen in the visualization module. Just click on the
result or go the visualization module. Just turn on your contours by clicking the seventh icon to see
those colors bands and run the animation to see the deformation.
Hint: Contours setting can be changed by clicking the eight icon. To run the animation please refer to
general interface heading on top.
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To get data in pints for analysis we will first create a path to do so go to the tools in top menu bar
then>> path >>Create new path>>node list>>add before>>select the corner node and the middle node
of the inner corner.>> done it.
To generate data from your analysis >> create XY data (21th icon on tool bar)>> Path>> undeformed
>> points on the path include intersection>> true distance>> Field output >> Pick S33>> Then plot your
data.
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After Plotting >> Go to result tree>> Expand XY data>> Right click and edit >> Then select all points
with Ctrl+A or drag your courser >> and copy it with Ctrl + C >> to excel sheet.
Results: FEM versus closed-form Boussinesq’s solution

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0 2 4 6 8 10
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2
4
6 FEM
Depth (m)
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12
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16
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Vertical Stress (kPa)
3.2. Added Stress due to point load
3.2.1. Problem
A vertical point load of 10 kN is applied at the surface of a semi-infinite soil mass. (a) Regarding the
point of load application as the origin of the Cartesian coordinate system, calculate the increase of
vertical stress directly under the applied load (i.e., at x = 0 and y = 0) for z = 0 to 1 m. Also calculate
the increase in vertical stresses at x = 0.1 m, y = 0 m, for z = 0 to 1 m. Repeat your solution using the
finite element method and assuming that the soil is linear elastic with E = 1 × 107 kPa and ν = 0.3.
3.2.2. Geometry
To draw geometry for this problem we make use of symmetry. We will create half section view of the
cylinder. It would be appearing a rectangle with width equal to radius and height to height.
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Select Modeling space “Axisymmetric” Type “deformable” with basic feature shell and approximate
size 5.
After the geometry is created open the partition tool and select the geometry then select face in the
dialogue box and pick sketch then click Done on the status bar. In the sketch view draw a line parallel
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to the axis then using dimension enter a distance of 0.1 and click done on the status bar to make a
partition of the geometry.
3.2.3. Material
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The problem is based on linear elastic model having a elastic modulus 10 GPa and poisons ratio 0.3.
To create material model select create a new material icon from the left tool bar. Name the material
as “Soil-REG” then select mechanical >> Elastic >> add young modules and poison ratio. Be careful to
use the same units throughout your analysis.
After properties are defined then we assign those properties to its corresponding geometry. First we
create section for each property then we assign it.
Click on Create Section >> Name Section “Clay-SEC”>>Pick Solid>> Homogeneous>> then select your
material (in this case we have only one type of material).
After that assign that section to the geometry click on assign section>> select the geometry and
done>> then in the section drop down pick the section defined for that part and click ok.
3.2.4. Assembly
Go to the assembly module and create a new assembly by clicking first icon then just click ok. Now
check if UCS (Universal Co-Ordinate System) is at one of the corners of your part. If not translate the
part to UCS.
Click on translate instance select one of the corners of your part then select the intersection of UCS.
And click Done.
Hint: Pick that corner of your part from which the part can be mirrored so that a full solution can be
obtained.
3.2.5. Step
This problem is a two-step problem. One is generated by default you don’t need to change it.
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Create a second step by clicking on create a new step icon. Name your step>> pick static general and
then write the time period as “1” and keep nonlinear effect NIgeom “on”. On the Incrementation tab
keep the type as automatic, maximum number of increments as 100 and increment size initial size 0.1
minimum as 1E-5 and maximum 1.
3.2.6. Interaction
3.2.7. Load
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No need to define any kind of interaction for this problem.
The problem is having a simple concentrated force at the top left corner to apply it click on create
load>>Name it>> Select Step 1>>category mechanical and then concentrated force>>select the top
left corner and click continue>>enter CF1 = and CF2 = 1000>>click ok.
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Boundary Conditions:
Create three boundary conditions on initial step as follow:
1. For the bottom edge create a boundary on the initial step from mechanical >>
displacement/rotation>> check the U1 and U2>> OK
2. For the right side edges create a boundary on the initial step from mechanical >> displacement
/ rotation>> and check the U1>> OK
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3. The left side is Symmetric in x direction so apply>> Symmetry/Antisymmetric/Encastre

boundary condition >> XSYMM.
3.2.8. Mesh
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Now your part is ready to be meshed so apply the seeds to the

meshing as according to figure and numbers. We will apply local
seeds to the part which can be done by clicking the second icon.
1. Click on seeds the edges select all the three black

edges then click continue >> Method: By number>> 40
Number of elements>>Select Single Side Biased >>
Biased Ratio 5.
2. Click again on seeds the edges select both dark orange edges then click continue >>
Method: By number>> 13 Number of elements>>Select Single Side Biased >> Biased
Ratio 4.
3. Click again on seeds the edges select both yellow edges then click continue >> Method:
By number>> 7 Number of elements>>Select None Biased
Hint: Use shift key to select multiple edges at once.
Assign mesh control of element shape: quad-dominated and technique: free with advance front
having the mapped meshing option checked. Apply it to whole geometry by selecting it all.
After that mesh your model by clicking 3rd icon and then assign a element type from standard element
library; family axisymmetric stress with geometric order linear with reduced integration. Apply it to
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the whole part by selecting it all.
3.2.9. Job
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those colors bands and run the animation to see the deformation.
Hint: Contours setting can be changed by clicking the eight icon. To run the animation please refer to
general interface heading on top.
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To get data points for x= 0
To get data in points for analysis we will first create a path to do so go to the tools in top menu bar
then>> path >>Create new path>>node list>>add before>>select the corner node at top left and the
middle node on left edge.>> done it.
To generate data from your analysis >> create XY data (21th icon on tool bar)>> Path>> undeformed
>> points on the path include intersection>> true distance>> Field output >> Pick S22>> Then plot your
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data.
Divide the stress by 1000 because the comparing graph is in kPa. Then plot your data points the values
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should be turned to reverse order to match it with the graph.
Now to get data points for x= 0.1 repeat the same steps but this time make the path on the line we
created using partition at distance of 0.1 from left edge and generate plot as well as data.
Results:
Stress VS Depth Plot
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0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Depth m
0.5
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0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
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0 -100 -200 TE
Stress kPa
-300 -400 -500
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4. Simulations of Seepage Phenomenon in soils
4.1. Flow net for symmetric concrete Dam
Calculate the flow rate of seepage per unit length under the concrete dam shown in Figure. The dam
is 20 m high and has a 60-m-wide base. The dam is underlain by a 90-m-thick soil with k = 0.03 cm/s
(isotropic). The water in the reservoir is 12 m high. The concrete dam is assumed to be very long in
the y-direction.
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4.1.1. Geometry
In this problem we have two geometries but we would make use of partition tool to make the concrete
geometry you need to make the geometry using the dimension given in this picture.
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Select Modeling space “2D” Type “deformable” with basic feature shell and approximate size 500.
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After the geometry is created open the partition tool and select the geometry then select face in the
dialogue box and pick sketch then click Done on the status bar. In the sketch view draw a line to
separate the Dam surface and click done on the status bar to make a partition of the geometry.
Hint: This problem can also be solved without drawing the concrete dam Then you would have just
to draw the rectangle but the top edge will be created in three length 180, 60, 180 so that you can
apply the boundary and loading condition later on.
4.1.2. Material
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The problem is having two kinds of material so we would have to define two types of material concrete
and soil. Refer to 3.1.3 to see how to create and assign material model.
Concrete Material
Property Magnitude
Density 2300 Kg/m3
Elastic Modulus 21 GPa
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Poisson Ratio 0.3
Soil Material
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Property Magnitude
Density 2500 Kg/m3
Elastic Modulus 68 MPa
Poisson Ratio 0.3
Specific Weight of wetting Liquid 9810 N/m3
Permeability Coefficient 0.0003 m/sec
Void Ratio 1
Permeability property can be found in the other category >> pore fluid. You would need to create two
section one for concrete and one for soil then assign each section to its geometry part. Refer to 3.1.3
to see how to create and assign material model.
4.1.3. Assembly
Open up the assembly module then create a new assembly by clicking the first icon pick part 1 and
chose dependent and click ok.
4.1.4. Step
This is a two-step problem first step is created automatically known as initial step and we will create
new step.
Create the second step by clicking on create a new step icon. Name your step>> Procedure type
general and pick soil from drop down >> continue>> then pick pore fluid response as steady state >>
Time period = 1 >> uncheck the creep/swelling and viscoelastic effect and NIgeom off>> then on
incrementation keep the type to automatic and click ok.
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4.1.5. Interaction
Leave this module for this problem!
4.1.6. Load
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This problem is having no external load such pressure etc. The only force that counts is due to its
gravity so create a new load >> name the load>>apply it on step 1>>pick the category as mechanical
>> then chose body force>>select the soil part or concrete part>> then enter component 1 = 0 and
component 2 as density * gravity ie. -25000 for soil. >> click Okay
Repeat the step for other part.
Predefined Fields
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One of the important parameters to assign to your model is predefined fields such as Void Ratio. To
assign it click on the 5th icon on the load module and then select initial step and chose other and then
select void ratio >> select the whole geometry and enter a void ratio of 1 then click ok.
Boundary Condition:
Apply Fixed boundary condition to whole geometry >> create boundary condition >>category:
mechanical type: displacement rotation>> then select the whole geometry >> if you are apply it on
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the initial step just check all three of them or on step 2 enter the value as 0 for all the three.
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For Equipotential Lines
1. Now we would take into account the pore pressure due to 12m water depth. So we would
assign the green edge a pore pressure of 117700 N/m2 which is obtained by multiplying
the 12m * specific weight of water.
2. To assign pore water pressure to a boundary>> create a new boundary condition on step
2 pick category as other and then pore pressure >> select the green edge as shown in
figure and enter uniform distribution with magnitude of -117700 and click ok.
3. Repeat the step for assigning pore pressure for the orange boundary and assign a pore
pressure of magnitude 0 to it.
Hint: First run the problem till end and obtain the equipotential lines then make a copy of model and
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run the second for flow lines but change the pore pressure boundary to the following.
For Flow lines
1. For flow line the boundary condition is altered as the bottom black boundary is assign a
pore pressure of 117700 and the boundary below the concrete yellow is assigned a pore
pressure of magnitude 0.
created earlier.
4.1.7. Mesh
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2. Do not change anything in the model 2 just change the two-pore pressure boundary we
To mesh part for analysis, click on seed the part>> enter the global size of 5 >> curvature control
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0.1>>minimum size control by fraction of global size = 0.1>> then click ok.
Now as the part is seeded mesh the part by clicking the 3rd icon. And assign the element of analysis to
the model as element library standard >> Family Pore fluid and stress>> Geometric Order Linear>>
then click ok.
4.1.8. Job
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those colours bands.
To generate juts lines not bands, click the 8th icon the visualization module and Basics tab >> contour
type Lines>>Ok. To remove the mesh from the background, click on the first icon and in the basic>>
visible edges >> select free edge>>ok.
For Equipotential lines flow lines or phoretic surface make sure your field out is set to POR. This can
be done in the menu toolbar.
Hint: Number of contours lines (Equipotential or Flow) can be changes from Contours setting by
changing the contours interval which can be accessed by clicking the eight icon.
After you obtain your flow lines and equipotential lines Print your result in form of PNG and impose it
on one another using any online editor ie. Canva to see your results.
Results:
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4.2. Sheet pile embedded in anisotropic soil
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Figure below shows a sheet pile embedded in a 9.2-m-thick anisotropic silty sand layer (kx = 15 × 10−5
m/s and kz = 5 × 10−5 m/s) underlain by an impermeable clay layer. The embedded length of the sheet
pile is 4.6 m. Construct the flow net associated with this seepage problem using the finite element
method.
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4.2.1. Geometry
In order to make this problem simple the sheet pile is eliminated and we make a v type notch at its
place the top opening of v notch is 0.01 and depth is ~ 2.0.
Note: the effect in both case is same. Another approach would be make use of partition tool and
install a sheet pile in the geometry.
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4.2.2. Material
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The problem has been reduced to single material by making a v shape boundary instead of making a
sheet pile. The effect is same in both cases. So we would have to define one types of material soil.
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Refer to 3.1.3 to see how to create and assign material model.
Permeability property can be found in the other category >> pore fluid. As this problem includes
anisotropic permeability so in the permeability chose the type as orthotropic. Then enter k11 which is
K in x-axis k22 K in y-axis k33 K in z-axis.
Soil Material
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Property Magnitude
Density 2500 Kg/m3
Poisson Ratio 0.3
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Permeability Coefficient Kx = 0.00015 Ky = 5E-005 Kz = 0.00015

Void Ratio 1
You would need to create one section for soil then assign section to its geometry part. Refer to 3.1.3
to see how to create and assign material model.
4.2.3. Assembly
4.2.4. Step
new step.
4.2.5. Interaction
4.2.6. Load
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>> then chose body force>>select the soil part geometry >> then enter component 1 = 0 and
component 2 as density * gravity ie. -17000 for soil. >> click Okay
Predefined Fields
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Boundary Condition:
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mechanical type: displacement rotation>> then select the whole geometry >> if you are apply it on
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For Equipotential Lines

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1. Now we would take into account the pore pressure due to 3m water depth. So, we would
assign the green edge a pore pressure of -30000 N/m2 which is obtained by multiplying the
3m * specific weight of water.
2. To assign pore water pressure to a boundary>> create a new boundary condition on step 2
pick category as other and then pore pressure >> select the green edge as shown in figure and
enter uniform distribution with magnitude of -30000 and click ok.
3. Repeat the step for assigning pore pressure for the orange boundary and assign a pore
pressure of magnitude 0 to it.
Hint: First run the problem till end and obtain the equipotential lines then make a copy of model and
run the second for flow lines but change the pore pressure boundary to the following.
For Flow lines
1. For flow line the boundary condition is altered as the bottom black boundary is assign a pore
pressure of 30000 and the boundary below the concrete yellow is assigned a pore pressure of
magnitude 0.
2. Do not change anything in the model 2 just change the two-pore pressure boundary we
created earlier.
4.2.7. Mesh
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To mesh part for analysis, click on seed the part>> enter the global size of 0.5 >> curvature control
0.1>>minimum size control by fraction of global size = 0.1>> then click ok.
Now as the part is seeded mesh the part by clicking the 3rd icon. And assign the element of analysis
then click ok.
4.2.8. Job
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to the model as element library standard >> Family Pore fluid and stress>> Geometric Order Linear>>
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those colors bands.
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Hint: Number of contours lines (Equipotential or Flow) can be changes from Contours setting by
changing the contours interval which can be accessed by clicking the eight icons.
After you obtain your flow lines and equipotential lines Print your result in form of PNG and impose it
on one another using any online editor ie. Canva to see your results.
Results:
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4.3. TE
Phreatic surface of the homogeneous earth dam
Using the finite element method, establish the phreatic surface of the homogeneous earth dam shown
in Figure. The dam is 24 m high and it is filled to one-half of its height. The foundation soil is
impermeable. A 9-m-wide drainage blanket is used to control seepage through the dam.
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4.3.1. Geometry
For this problem we just create the Dam geometry as shown in the figure. The base is made in two
intervals as of 51 and 9 so that we can later on apply the boundary condition.
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After the geometry is created, we will partition the dam in so that we can apply the pore water
pressure to part where water is contact with dam surface. To do so click on the create partition then
4.3.2. Material
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select face and pick sketch >> then create a line in middle and through dimensions make it at a distance
of 12 from the base. And click done your partition will be created.
The problem has been reduced to single material by making just the Dam rather then the base as we
are not interested in the base but the phreatic surface of dam. The effect is same in both cases. So we
would have to define one types of material soil. Refer to 3.1.3 to see how to create and assign material
model.
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Permeability property can be found in the other category >> pore fluid. Permeability for this problem
is isotropic.
Soil Material
Property Magnitude
Density 1700 Kg/m3
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Poisson Ratio 0.3
Permeability Coefficient 0.03 m/s
Void Ratio 1
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You would need to create section for soil then assign section to its geometry part. Refer to 3.1.3 to see
how to create and assign material model.
4.3.3. Assembly
4.3.4. Step
new step.
4.3.5. Interaction
4.3.6. Load
>> then chose gravity>>select the soil part geometry >> then enter component 1 = 0 and component
-9.8 >> click Okay.
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Predefined Fields
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Boundary condition:
mechanical type: displacement rotation>> then select the whole geometry >> if you are applying it on
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For Phreatic Surface
1. As we know from problem that pore water pressure is not uniform on the green edge because
it will vary with depth so we will define our own distribution for it.
2. To do so create boundary condition >> pick step 2 and category as other and then pore
pressure >> select the green edge as shown in figure and enter analytical distribution (by click
the fx near the input box) then click expression field and enter the expression as 10000*(12-
Y) and after that select arrow iron and click on UCS to set the expression coordinates enter
the magnitude 1 and then click ok.
3. Now to assign pore water pressure to orange a boundary>> create a new boundary condition
on step 2 pick category as other and then pore pressure >> select the orange edge as shown
in figure and enter uniform distribution with magnitude of 0 and click ok.
4.3.7. Mesh
To mesh part for analysis, click on seed the part>> enter the global size of 1 >> curvature control 0.1
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>>minimum size control by fraction of global size = 0.1 >> then click ok.
Now as the part is seeded mesh the part by clicking the 3rd icon. And assign the element of analysis
to the model as element library standard >> Family Pore fluid and stress>> Geometric Order Linear>>
then click ok.
4.3.8. Job
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AF
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To generate phoretic line open up the contour setting by clicking on the 8th icon and then open limits
tab and specify maximum limit to 0 and minimum limit to -1 and click ok.
Results:
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5. Simulations of Soil Consolidation Theory
5.1. Terzaghi 1D consolidation
A body of soil 2.54 m (100 in) high is confined by
impermeable, smooth, rigid walls on all but the top
surface. On that surface perfect drainage is possible,
and a load is applied suddenly. Gravity is neglected.
Because of the boundary conditions, the problem is
one-dimensional, the only gradient being in the
vertical direction. The purpose of the analysis is to
predict the evolution of displacement, effective
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stress, and pore pressure throughout the soil mass as
a function of time following the load application.
5.1.1. Geometry
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To create geometery for this problem we would create a rectangle of height 2.54m. As we are
concerened with vertical consolidation or displacement so the width is open choice for us we can take
any figure you can take a width 1.25m.
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5.1.2. Material
The problem is simulated on linear elastic model the material model parameters are given as below:
Refer to 3.1.3 to see how to create and assign material model.
Permeability property can be found in the other category >> pore fluid. Permeability for this problem
is isotropic.
Note to add permeability at 2nd void ratio just press enter after entering the first void ratio.
Soil Material
Property Magnitude
Density 1700 Kg/m3
Elastic Modulus 689 GPa
Poisson Ratio 0.3
Permeability Coefficient 8.47 × 10−8 m/sec at Void Ratio 1.5
Permeability Coefficient 8.47 × 10−9 m/sec at Void Ratio 1
Void Ratio 1.5 to 1 (initially 1.5)
Hint: The two-permeability is used because during the analysis as the consolidation starts the void
ratio decreases as well as the permeability changes along with it.
5.1.3. Assembly
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Now check if UCS (Universal Co-Ordinate System) if it is not at the mid of top edge. Translate the part
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top edge mid to UCS. By click on translate instance icon select mid of top edge of your part then select
the intersection of UCS. And click Done.
Note: UCS translation is important because we will generate the displacement in end which is
depended on the position of your UCS.
5.1.4. Step
The problem is a three-step problem. First step is created automatically known as initial step and we
will create 2 other steps.
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2nd step for the application of load and 3rd step is for the consolidation time.
general and pick soil from drop down >> continue>> then pick pore fluid response as transient >> Time
period = 6E-006 >> Keep nonlinear effects NIgeom off>> then on incrementation keep the type to
fixed >> maximum number of increments as 1>> and increment size 6E-006>> and click ok.
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The initial steeping time in Abaqus for consolidation problem can be approximated by the relation:
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The 3rd step is for consolidation of the soil to do so create a new step icon. Name your step>>
Procedure type general and pick soil from drop down >> continue>> then pick pore fluid response as
transient >> Time period = 6000 >> Keep nonlinear effects NIgeom off>> then on incrementation keep
the type to automatic>>maximum number of increments 1000 >>enter initial 0.06 maximum 6000
and minimum 6E-006>> and check maximum pore pressure change per increment to 3.44E+011.
Hint: You can use numbers given in stepping for height we have taken if you change the height you
would have to recalculate the all those values. Choice of initial stepping time is hard problem in
consolidation. For more in-depth understanding of the stepping in consolidation please refer to section
1.15.1–2 of the Abaqus Benchmark Manual.
5.1.5. Interaction
5.1.6. Load
In this problem we just apply the load to the top surface. Click on create a new load. Name the load>>
Select step 1>> then select category as mechanical and pick Pressure as your load. Then click continue
and select top>>Click done then keep the pressure distribution as uniform and enter 6.895E+011 as
your load for this problem. Click OK.
Predefined Fields
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select void ratio >> select the whole geometry and enter a void ratio of 1.5 then click ok.
Boundary Condition:
/ rotation>>
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For this problem we apply three boundary conditions:
4. For the bottom edge create a boundary on the initial step from mechanical >>
displacement / rotation>> and check the U2>> OK
5. For the side edges create a boundary on the initial step from mechanical >>
displacement and check the U1>> OK
Hint: Use shift key for multiple selection of edges at once.
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6. On the top surface apply a pore pressure of magnitude zero on step 1. Refer to earlier
problem to see how pore pressure is applied to an edge.
5.1.7. Mesh
On the mesh module apply seeds of 20 at biased ratio 3 to the sides and while top and bottom edge
to 10 with no biased ratio. The resulting geometry can be seen below. Please refer to section 3.1.7 to
see how seeds are applied on the edges.
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Assign mesh control of element shape: quad and technique: structured with algorithms based on
minimized meshed transition. Click the 3rd icon to mesh your part.
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After that mesh your model and assign a element type from standard element library; family Pore
Fluid and stress with geometric order Quadratic with reduced integration.
5.1.8. Job
then submit it for the analysis. Which takes less than 5 minutes depending your laptop.
To generate data from your analysis >> create XY data(21th icon on tool bar)>> ODB field output>>
Position: Unique Nodal >> Expand spatial displacement and check U2>> Click on Element/Node tab>>
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Click Edit Selection >> Pick the middle point of your top geometry>> Then plot your data.
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On the excel sheet divide the time with 60 and displacement on 2.54 to see if your result is matching
with the correct results.
For normal pore pressure generate a plot for porepressuer and then divide it by Load Q to obtain the
result. For normal vertical stresses obtain the plot for S22 divide it by Q and multiply it by -1. For
Degree of consolidation divide U= h/H*100 :: h= Settlement at interval H = total settlement
Results:
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Settelment
0
-0.1
-0.2
Displacement D/h
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
D
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
time min Settelment Curve
Normal Pore Pressure & Vertical Effective Stress
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
Stress
0.5
0.4
D
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 10 20
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Normalize Por Pressure
30
TIme min
40
Vertical Effective Stress

50 60
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Degree Of Cosolidation Vs Time Factor
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-10
-20
Degree Of COnsolidation %
-30
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-40
-50
-60
D
-70
-80
-90
-100
Time Factor (Min) Degree Of Cosolidation
5.2. Consolidation of multilayers soil
Consolidation of a Thick Clay Layer with Strip Loading A 6-mthick clay layer drained at the top and
bottom is subjected to a 3-m-wide strip load of 100 kPa, as shown in Figure. The load is applied
suddenly. The 1-m-thick sand layer can be assumed linear elastic with E = 13,780 kPa and ν = 0.3. The
clay can be assumed elastoplastic, obeying the extended Cam clay model. The clay layer is divided
into six equal sublayers. The Cam clay model parameters for each clay sublayer are given in table.
The table also gives the in situ stress and the pre-consolidation stress for each sublayer. Calculate
the consolidation settlement at the center of the loaded strip area with respect to time using a finite
element consolidation program.
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5.2.1. Geometry
TE
To draw geometry for this problem we would first create a rectangle and then using the partition
tool we will create layers and loading edge.
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Try to create the geometry as shown below using rectangle tool and then use partition tool for face
by using sketch. Please refer to 4.3.1 if there is any need to see how partition tool can be used.
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Hint: Use the partition tool for the inside layers as well as loading strip at 13.5 and 16.5 in x
direction.
5.2.2. Material
There are a total of 7 material model that should be defined for this problem. The first layer is of
sand which Is elastic so apply density>> elasticity>>permeability to the top layer. The rest of the
layers follow elastoplastic model so apply density, porous elastic, permeability, and clay plasticity to
the model with parameters as given.
The properties of clay layer are same except that the initial yield surface changes so add it according
to the table.
Sand Layer:
Property Magnitude
Density 1900 Kg/m3
Elastic Modulus 13.78 MPa
Poisson Ratio 0.3
Permeability Coefficient 6 m/s
Void Ratio 0.8
For Clay Layer:
Sub- Initial yield Stress
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layer Thickness σo σc surface size Ratio, k
(m) e0 (kPa) (kPa) (σ’c /2) (KPa) λ κ M (m/s)
1 1 1.42 13.785 36.76 18.38 0.1 0.01 1.5 6.00E-12
2 1 1.37 22.975 55.14 27.57 0.1 0.01 1.5 6.00E-12
3
4
5
6
1
1
1
1
1.34
1.31
1.29
1.27
32.165
41.355
50.545
59.735
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73.52
91.9
110.28
128.66
36.76
45.95
55.14
64.33
0.1 0.01
0.1 0.01
0.1 0.01
0.1 0.01
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
6.00E-12
6.00E-12
6.00E-12
6.00E-12
Log Plas Bulk Modulus λ; Log Bulk Modulus K; Wet Surface Size 1; Flow Stress Rate 1; Tensile Limit 0;
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Poisson ratio 0.28; density 1900kg/m3; Specific Weight of wetting Liquid 9810 N/m3;
After defining properties create section for each material and assign it to its respective part starting
from top its sand then clay 1,2,3—6. While assigning the material assign it as whole to complete
row. Refer to section 5.3.2, 3.1.3 for any help or confusion.
5.2.3. Assembly
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Now check UCS (Universal Co-Ordinate System) if it isn’t at the top mid of upper sand edge. Translate
the part (middle node of the sand layer top edge) to UCS. By click on translate instance icon select
node of sand then select the intersection of UCS. And click Done.
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5.2.4. Step
There are a total of 3 steps in this problem. First step is by default known as initial. We would make
additional 2 steps.
2nd step is for application geostatic pressure. Name it “geostatic” Procedure type: general>> and
select geo static in drop down>> click Continue. Keep NIgeom on >> time interval is 1 by default>> on
the incrementation tab>> type: Fixed>> keep the maximum number of intervals 100.
3rd step is for the strip loading on layer. Name it “step 2” Procedure type: general>> and select soil
in drop down>> click continue >> pore fluid response: transient>> time interval 1E-005 >>Keep
NIgeom on >> on the incrementation tab>> type: fixed>> keep the maximum number of increment
1>>Increment size as 1E-00>> click ok.
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4th step is for the second embankment layer. Name it “step 3” Procedure type: general>> and select
soil in drop down>> click continue >> pore fluid response: transient>> time interval 1E+012 >>Keep
NIgeom on >> on the incrementation tab>> type: automatic >> keep the maximum number of
intervals 100000>>initial: 0.005 minimum: 1E-008 maximum: 1E+011 >> maximum pore pressure
change per increment 100000>> click ok.
5.2.5. Interaction
5.2.6. Load
TE
A total of 2 loadings are to be applied in this problem.
AF
1. On the geostatic step apply body force with component 1 = 0 and component 2 = -9190.
Apply it to the overall geometry.
2. On step 2 (strip loading) apply a pressure of magnitude = 100000 to the loading strip we
created in our geometry.
Boundary Condition:
Three boundary conditions are applied to the geometry.

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1. Make the bottom edge of the geometry fixed on initial step by creating boundary
condition>>Mechanical category>>displacement/rotation>>and check U1 and U2.
2. Make the sides edge of the geometry fixed in x direction on initial step by creating boundary
condition>>Mechanical category>>displacement/rotation>>and check U1.
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3. Make the top surface of geometry permeable by assigning a pore pressure of magnitude 0
during the consolidation step.
Hint: Pore pressure condition is in the other category.
Predefined field:
The problem has a total of 14 predefined fields. 7 are those of assignment of initial void ratio while 7
are related to geostatic stress.
To assign void ratio >> create a field>> pick initial step>>category other>>select void ratio>>select
your layer >>and enter the void ratio for that layer. Repeat the step for all the 7 layers.
Take initial void ratio for sand 1.5 and rest of void ratios from the clay table.
To assign geo static stress to each layer >> create a field>>pick initial step>>category
mechanical>>select geostatic stress>> select the first layer>> stress magnitude and vertical
coordinate 1= 0 , 0>> stress magnitude and vertical coordinate 2 = -1,-9190 >> use later coefficient
as 1 and lateral coefficient 2 also one.
Repeat the steps for layer 2 such that create a field>>pick initial step>>category mechanical>>select
geostatic stress>> select the first layer>> stress magnitude and vertical coordinate 1 will be now= -1 ,
-9190>> stress magnitude and vertical coordinate 2 = -2,-18380 >> use later coefficient as 1 and
lateral coefficient 2 also one.
Repeat the same steps for the rest layer by using the stress magnitude and coordinate 2 values in
place of stress magnitude and coordinates 1 for the next layer then increase stress magnitude by
adding -9190 with previous value and coordinate by -1 for the stress magnitude and coordinates 2
of the layer.
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TE
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5.2.7. Mesh
Now mesh the whole part using seed edges tool the second icon of the module tool bar. Assign the
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boundary the number and the biased ratio. As given below:

Black Edge :: By Number 15 Number of element; Biased Ratio 10 (Single Side Biased)
Orange Edge :: By Number 10 Number of element; Biased Ratio Non
Blue Edge :: By Number 3 Number of element; Biased Ratio None (Assign to all 7 layers)
5.2.8. Job
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TE
To generate data from your analysis >> create XY data (21th icon on tool bar)>> ODB field output>>
Click Edit Selection >> Pick the node at mid of sand top edge >> Then plot your data.
AF
with Ctrl + A or drag your courser >> and copy it with Ctrl + C >> to excel sheet.
Convert the time factor from seconds to days and convert the settlement to mm. Then plot your
results on excel sheet.
Results:
Settelment Vs Time Graph

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0
-10
-20
-30
D Settlement (mm)
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000
Time (day)
5.3. Consolidation due to staged construction of an embankment
Calculate the consolidation settlement under the centre of a 1.8-m-high embankment founded on a
4.57-m-thick clay layer underlain by an impermeable layer of rock. The groundwater table is coincident
with the top surface of the clay layer, as indicated in Figure. The embankment is constructed in three
equal layers, each 0.6 m thick. Each embankment layer is constructed in a two-day period, during
which consolidation of the clay layer takes place. The total construction time is six days. Assume that
the embankment material is linear elastic with ρ = 1923 kg/m3, E = 478 kPa, ν = 0.3, k = 0.1 m/s, and
e0 = 1.5. Assume that the clay layer is elastoplastic, obeying the extended Cam clay model The Cam
clay model parameters for the clay layer are given in section 5.3.2.
5.3.1. Geometry
Create the simple geometry as shown in the figure below with given dimensions. The best approch
would be to create the external boudry first and then using face partition tool make the internal
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boundries.
Please refer to above Section 4.3.1 to see how to use for partition tool.
TE
AF
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5.3.2. Material
The problem is having two type of material one for embankment and other for clay layer. Thus, we
have linear elastic model for embankment and Elastoplastic model for clay layer. Refer to 3.1.3 to see
how to create and assign material model.
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Embankment Layer Properties:
Property Magnitude
Density 1923 Kg/m3
Elastic Modulus 478 KPa
Poisson Ratio 0.3
Permeability Coefficient 0.1 m/s
Void Ratio 1
Clay layer properties:

Property Magnitude
Density 1923 kg/m3
Permeability Coefficient 2.5E-8 m/s
Void Ratio 0.889
Elasticity
Log Bulk Modulus K 0.026
Poisson Ratio 0.28
Tensile Limit 0
Plasticity
Log Plas Bulk Modulus λ 0.174
Stress ratio, M 1.5
Initial yield surface 103000 Pa
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Wet Surface Size 1
Flow Stress Rate 1
For Clay Layer apply>> Density >>Permeability>>Clay Plasticity >> Porous Elastic parameters.
Clay Plasticity can be found
TE
in >> Mechanical
Porous Elastic can be found in >>Mechanical Category>> Porous Elasticity
Category>> Plasticity
After defining your properties assign it to the geometry. Refer to 3.1.3 to see how to create and assign
material model. If you need any help.
5.3.3. Assembly
AF
Now check UCS (Universal Co-Ordinate System) if it isn’t at the top left of clay layer. Translate the part
(top left node of clay layer) to UCS. By click on translate instance icon select top left node of clay part
then select the intersection of UCS. And click Done.
R
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5.3.4. Step
There are a total of 6 steps in this problem. First step is by default known as initial. We would make
additional 5 steps.
2nd step is for application geostatic pressure. Name it “geostatic” Procedure type: general>> and
select geo static in drop down>> click Continue. Keep NIgeom on >> time interval is 1 by default>> on
the incrementation tab>> type: Fixed>> keep the maximum number of intervals 100.
3rd step is for the first embankment layer. Name it “step 2” Procedure type: general>> and select soil
in drop down>> click continue >> pore fluid response: transient>> time interval 172800 >>Keep
NIgeom on >> on the incrementation tab>> type: automatic >> keep the maximum number of interval
10000>>initial::100 minimum::0.005 maximum:: 172800>> maximum pore pressure change per
increment 100000>> click ok.
4th step is for the second embankment layer. Name it “step 3” Procedure type: general>> and select
soil in drop down>> click continue >> pore fluid response: transient>> time interval 172800 >>Keep
NIgeom on >> on the incrementation tab>> type: automatic >> keep the maximum number of intervals
10000>>initial:100 minimum:0.005 maximum: 172800>> maximum pore pressure change per
5th step is for the third embankment layer. Name it “step 4” Procedure type: general>> and select soil
in drop down>> click continue >> pore fluid response: transient>> time interval 172800 >>Keep
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NIgeom on >> on the incrementation tab>> type: automatic >> keep the maximum number of intervals
10000>>initial:100 minimum:0.005 maximum: 172800>> maximum pore pressure changes per
TE
6th step is for consolidation. Name it “step 5” Procedure type: general>> and select soil in drop down>>
click continue >> pore fluid response: transient>> time interval 1.728E+007 >>Keep NIgeom on >> on
the incrementation tab>> type: automatic >> keep the maximum number of intervals
100000>>initial:100 minimum:1E-005 maximum: 1.728E+007 >> maximum pore pressure changes per
5.3.5. Interaction
This module is optional for this problem. If you can do it would give better aesthetics otherwise it
AF
won’t affect the consolidation. In this module we can define the interaction between layers such as
appearing one by one in their respective step.
We will disappear them all on geostatic step and reactivate them on step by step on each layer.
To do so create an interaction>>then select step>>pick geostatic step>>modal change>>definition

region >> type geometry>>click arrow and select the three layers of embankment>> click deactivate
in this step.
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Now we will make this interaction inactive in other steps. To do so open interaction manager and click
on step 2 then click deactivate it.
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Then create another interaction and select the first layer and make it reactive. Also, the 2nd and 3rd
layer. The interaction distribution can be seen in the image above.
5.3.6. Load
A total of 4 loading is to be applied in this problem.
3. On the geostatic step apply body force with component 1 = 0 and component 2 = -9190. Apply
it to the clay layer only not embankment.
4. On step 2 apply a body force with component 1 = 0 and component 2 = -19000. Appy it to the
first embankment layer.
second embankment layer.
3rd embankment layer.
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The component 2 has be obtained by multiply the density with gravity.
Predefined Field:
Assign a void ratio of 0.889 to clay layer and 1 to all the three embankment layers on the initial step.
TE
Keep the distribution uniform and point distribution constant.
Also assign geostatic stress from the mechanical category to the clay layer with parameters as :
Stress Magnitude 1 = 0 ; Vertical coordinate 1 = 0 ; Stress Magnitude 2 = -41998.3 ; Vertical coordinate

2 = -4.57 ; Lateral coefficient 1 = 1 ; Lateral coefficient 2 = 0.001
Boundary Condition:
AF
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1. On the initial step make the bottom black edge fixed by using displacement/rotation boundary
condition >> and checking U1 and U2.
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2. On the initial step make side purple edge fixed in x direction by using displacement/rotation
boundary condition >> and checking U1.
3. On the initial step make side brown edge Symmetric in x direction by using
Symmetry/Antisymmetric/Encastre boundary condition >> XSYMM.
4. On the geostatic step assign the green edge a pore pressure of magnitude 0.
5. On the geostatic step assign whitish yellow edge a pore pressure of magnitude 0. But inactive
it in the rest of steps.
6. On step 2 assign the white edge + inclined (right side) a pore pressure of zero. But make it
inactive in rest of steps.
7. On step 3 assign the orange edge + inclined (right side) a pore pressure of zero. But make it
inactive in rest of steps.
8. On step 4 assign the yellow edge + inclined (right side) a pore pressure of zero.
General distribution can been here:
D
TE
Refer to earlier problems to see how the pore pressure is assigned to edge. Section 4.1.16 and 5.3.5
to see how to make a condition inactive.
5.3.7. Mesh
AF
Now mesh the whole part using seed edges tool the second icon of the module tool bar. Assign the
boundary the number and the biased ratio. As given below:
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D
Black Edge :: By Number 20 Number of element; Biased Ratio 5 (Single Side Biased)
Orange Edge :: By Number 10 Number of element; Biased Ratio Non
Purple Edge :: By Number 18 Number of element; Biased Ratio 5 (Single Side Biased)
While assign the side of embankment number of element 2 and Biased Ratio Non
5.3.8. Job
To generate data from your analysis >> create XY data (21th icon on tool bar)>> ODB field output>>
Click Edit Selection >> Pick the node of top left clay geometry>> Then plot your data.
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with Ctrl + A or drag your courser >> and copy it with Ctrl + C >> to excel sheet.
For pore pressure select the bottom left corner as nodal point and then plot your result and copy it to
excel.
TE
Convert the time factor from seconds to days and convert the settlement to mm. Then plot your
results on excel sheet.
Results:
Settelment Curve
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0.1 1 10 100
0
10
20 FEM
30 Analytical
Settelment (mm)
40
R
50
60
70
D
80
90
100
Time (Days)
Pore Pressure
30
Pore pressure KPa
20
10
D
0
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Time Days
6. References TE
1) Helwany, Sam. Applied Soil Mechanics with ABAQUS Applications. Hoboken, Nj, Wiley, 2007.
2) Abaqus 6.11 Benchmarks Manual. 6.11 ed., Paris, Dassault Systèmes’, 2016.
3) ABAQUS Theory Manual. 1st ed., Dassault Systèmes’.

AF
4) “Consolidation Settlement of a Multi-Layer Soil.” 7abaqus, Saeed Moeini, 22 July 2020,
www.7abaqus.com/stresses-caused-by-a-point-load-boussinesq-solution-abaqus/.
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Department of Civil Engineering

5 4.3. Phreatic surface of the

3.2.3. Material ................................... 6 4.3.2. Material................................. 22

Tool Bar View Compass

2.1. Copy of model

model 1. Now if you want to edit the model 2

On every module you have the option to select

2.3. Printing your View

1. go to files and click on print

3.1. Added Stress due to rectangular load

element method. Assume that the soil layer

Hint: type power of 10 as e. For example, 1 × 107 = 1e+7.

Then create boundary condition:

Orange Line = 30 Number of seeds with biased ratio 10

Results: FEM versus closed-form Boussinesq’s solution

Create three boundary conditions on initial step as follow:

3. The left side is Symmetric in x direction so apply>> Symmetry/Antisymmetric/Encastre

Now your part is ready to be meshed so apply the seeds to the

1. Click on seeds the edges select all the three black

should be turned to reverse order to match it with the graph.

Poisson Ratio 0.3

Repeat the step for other part.

For Flow lines

those colours bands.

Permeability Coefficient Kx = 0.00015 Ky = 5E-005 Kz = 0.00015

For Equipotential Lines

For Flow lines

then click ok.

Elastic Modulus 68 MPa

For Phreatic Surface

Vertical Effective Stress

Sub- Initial yield Stress

chose dependent and click ok.

Three boundary conditions are applied to the geometry.

boundary the number and the biased ratio. As given below:

those colours bands.

Settelment Vs Time Graph

Embankment Layer Properties:

Clay layer properties:

To do so create an interaction>>then select step>>pick geostatic step>>modal change>>definition

Stress Magnitude 1 = 0 ; Vertical coordinate 1 = 0 ; Stress Magnitude 2 = -41998.3 ; Vertical coordinate

3) ABAQUS Theory Manual. 1st ed., Dassault Systèmes’.

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