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Nature of the social and types of

INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY sociality
OF “THE CONTEMPORARY In this lecture
Defining the “Contemporary”
WORLD”
Approaches to the Study of Globalization
| GECC 107
Ronald B. Bustos
CAS Defining “Globalization”

Globalization and Its Structures

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What is the nature of the social Social science is defined as the study of
The social in the people living together in groups, as
social sciences families, tribes, communities, etc.

People that constitute societies.

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Appeared in the 19th
century in scientific
debates that distinguish
the social from the natural
– rise of Sociology
Natural communities were
bound by tradition and the
traditional and
conventional satisfaction of
wants and needs.
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The term social was The emergence of the
employed in the study of social as a specific field of
contrasts between analysis, has always been
traditional and modern an essential part of the
communities implicit set of relationships
between economic and Members of a species co-operate with one
social theory
another to achieve objectives collectively
that they could not achieve as individuals

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Conflict versus Cooperation Dysfuncntional and Malfunctional Behaviors

• Dysfunctional- such as crimes • Malfunctional- such as
and war unemployment and pollution
• Conflict weakens or damages the • Cooperation means people
system of social organization and interact with one another and
work against the achievement of organize themselves for the
collective objectives. common good.
• E.g. wars: political or economic • E.g. Olympic Games or SEA
Games
Some would say that the main object of social science is the study of dysfunctions and
malfunctions.

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Types of sociality Gregariousness

• Sociality is a phenomenon that runs across
species differences.
• It is impossible to make quantitative
measurements of these characteristics.
• It refers to the degree to which members of
an animal group tend to form social groups
and cooperative societies

❑Gregariousness: the apparent preference of

members of some species for physical
closeness
❑Hierarchy
❑Biological differentiation
❑Functional specialization
❑Altruism

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Hierarchy

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Biological differentiation Functional specialization

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Altruism

DEFINING “CONTEMPORARY”

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Defining “contemporary” Defining “contemporary”

• In colloquial terms, “modern” and “contemporary” are considered
as synonymous.
There is this assumption that it need not to be asked – that it
must already be understood.

It is complex – people have dissenting views of “present”,

“today”, and “now”

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WHAT IS SOCIAL SCIENCE?

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“ALL EXPRESSIONS OF HUMAN

CULTURE ARE RELATED AND
INTERDEPENDENT”

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BRANCHES OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

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WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?

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The task of defining “globalization”

Literatures about globalization can be classified into two: • “Globalization is the moment of mass migration, multiculturalism
and cosmopolitanism” (Szeman 2003)
(A) BROAD AND INCLUSIVE
• “…it is nothing but ‘recolonization’ in a new garb” (Neeraj 2001)
“…globalization means the onset of the borderless world” (Ohmae
1992)

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THE TASK OF DEFINING “GLOBALIZATION”

• “…globalization is, au fond, a continuation, albeit in an (B) NARROW AND EXCLUSIVE

intensified and accelerated form, of the perduring challenge of
modernization. On the cultural level, this has been the great - Globalization is limited to specific areas only (e.g. within Global
challenge of pluralism: the breakdown of taken-for-granted North or within Global South) and does not translate to equal
traditions and the opening up of multiple options for beliefs, exchange between two regions
values and lifestyles. It is not a distortion to say that this
amounts to the great challenge of enhanced freedom for both
individuals and collectivities” (Berger 2002)

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Complexity in defining “GLOBALIZATION”
ECONOMIC POLITICAL
• Why are we going to spend time studying the concept?
• How can we appreciate these definitions?
Globalization • How can these help us understand globalization?

SOCIAL/
CULTURAL

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1. The perspective of the person

who defines globalization shapes
its definition.

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2. Globalization is the debate and the debate is

“Globalization is a ‘world of things’ that have ‘different speeds,
axes, points of origin and termination, and varied relationships
globalization.
to institutional structures in different regions, nations, or
societies” (Appadurai 1996)

Al Rholdan (2006) wrote that definitions suggest the perspective

of the author on the origins and the geopolitical implications of
globalization.

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“The literature stemming from the debate on globalization

has grown in the last decade beyond any individual’s
capability of extracting a workable definition of the
concept. In a sense, the meaning of the concept is self-
evident, in another, it is vague and obscure as its
reaches are wide and constantly shifting. Perhaps,
more than any other concept, globalization is the debate
about it” (Poppi 1997)

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THE TASK OF DEFINING

“GLOBALIZATION” AS A CONCEPT
Conclusion

3. Globalization is a reality.

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what globalization means

• It is taken primarily as an economic process.

WHAT GLOBALIZATION
MEANS

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1. It is defined as the recognition by

organizations that business must have
a global, not local focus.

2. It refers to a new perspective, or attitude, about

relationships with other people in other nations.

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FACTORS IN THE PHENOMENON

OF GLOBALIZATION
(Stoner et al. 1995)

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1. proximity 2. location
• Organizations now operate in much closer proximity than • Thelocation and integration of an organization’s operations
ever before to a greater number and range of customers, across several international boundaries is a part of globalization.
competitors, supplies and government regulators.

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3. attitude Steger 2014

• Globalization refers to the rising attitude that combines a “the expansion and intensification of
• Globalization as
curiosity about the world outside one’s national borders with a social relations and consciousness across world-
willingness to develop the capabilities for participating in the global
economy. time and across world-space”

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Danug & Campanilla 2004

“the process through which an
• Globalization is defined as
increasingly flow of ideas, people, goods and
services, technology, and capital leads to the
integration of economics and societies
unprecedented in effect and outcomes”

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