 A population which geographically focused
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT,
SOLIDARITY and CITIZENSHIP
SOCIOLOGY  A group of people living in the same defined
 looks into group formations, relationships,
dynamics and interaction within a social
structure, and social action.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
 also lends insight on how individuals or
groups create, shape, or change rules.
 Draws attention and problems related to public
affairs, consensus building, and a dimension of
power vis-à-vis the allocation and distribution
of resources and values.
ANTHROPOLOGY
 Help examine the emergent complexities from
the history and culture of individuals and
communities.
DIFINING COMMUNITY
COMMUNITY – derived from the Latin word
“communitas” which means “fellowship”. Its Latin
roots, communis, means “common”. Com translated to
“with” or “together”. Whereas munire translates to
“to strengthen” or “to defend”.
SOCIAL SCIENCE PERSPECTIVE
 Is premise on the social dimension of the
individual life – the interaction, relationship,
bonds formed by individuals with other
individuals and how these are manifested in
the formation of organization within societies.
 A Greek thinker like PLATO have
conceptualized the ideal (political) community
referred to as the polis (city state).
 ARISTOTLE emphasized the role of political
institution in maintaining and sustaining order
in a community.
 Can be employed to learn how a community
deals with problems and crises.
existing as a unique social entity with a
collective identity and purpose.
area, sharing common basic values,
organization, and interest.
INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE
 The existence of rules implies constraints.
However, such a constraint can open up
possibilities: it may enable choices and actions
that otherwise would not exist.
SOCIAL INSTITUTION – arise from voluntary
shared agreements among individuals that are
generally also shaped their behavior as a collective.
INSTITUTION – are established rules that ensure the
regular and predictable behavior of actors within the
community.
CATEGORIES OF INSTITUTION
FORMAL INSTITUTION – are explicitly
communicated, embodied in legally codified
documents or artifacts.
INFORMAL INSTITUTION – are practices, norms,
traditions, culture, and belief system of a community.
NORMATIVE – refers to the ideal standards, models,
or conduct that is based on what is collectively
considered as appropriate or proper.
CIVIL SOCIETY PERSPECTIVE
 The term civil society conventionally refers to
a political community of organized groups
operating within the authoritative parameters
of the state.
 It is distinguished from the state to broadly
refers to organization that are private,
autonomous form of the government, and
which are in pursuit of advocacies, causes,
and goals.
 It is aggregate of active groups and
associations, such as business, organized
interest groups, and clubs.
  Also been referred to as the third sector,  Our relations and human connections are
distinct from the state (government) and shaped by the places and meaningful spaces
market (business). where we exist.
Example of Civil Society Organization
 The knowledge, interest, identities, and
 Non-government organization (NGO’s) meanings we share with one another also
 People’s organization (PO’s) affect our interactions.

They are officially registered in the Philippine

Securities and Exchange Commission.
INTERRELATIONSHIPS
Example of NGOs
 individuals associate with other individuals
 Galing Pook Foundation Inc. through their commonalities in attributes,
 World Vision Foundation Inc. sentiments, histories, and experiences.
 Tuloy Foundation inc.
 It can be facilitated through familial relations,
Example of POs
affinities or feelings of kinship, and social
 Partido ng Manggagawa networks.
 Rotaract Club
 Philippine alliance for Human Rights
Advocates
SOCIAL MOVEMENT – collective behavior which
springs largely from the attitudes and aspiration of its
participants.
These are formed by civil society organization and
non-affiliated individuals share sentiments, views,
approaches, and solutions in addressing issues and
problems in society.
MASS ACTION – when a large number of people STRUCTURAL DIMENSION of a
behave similarly and spontaneously but without
COMMUNITY
coordination between themselves.
Structural Dimension

 Provide insight into the dynamics and

ORGANIC PERSPECTIVE
development of a community.
 refers to local pr grassroot groups within a
particular locale that are driven and organized
because of community issues and concern. The Four Main Dimensions
GEOGRAPHIC DIMENSION
LESSON 3  The geographic dimension focuses on how a
community is shaped by the physical space it
INDIVIDUAL DIMENSION OF A uses the location of its resources-human,
COMMUNITY natural, and technological. It includes the
geographic system, political administrative
character, and distribution of population and
INDIVIDUAL AND COMMUNITY resources.

 As individual, we create situation and

opportunities that allow us to interact with one
another and form social relationship and
groups within a community.
SOCIO-POLITICAL DIMENSION
 Refers to the relationships of power and
control between individuals and groups in a
community. It includes political leadership,
 decision-making processes, accountability,
legitimacy and participation.
ECONOMIC DIMENSION
 The economic dimension refers to how
members of a community allocate, produce,
and distribute scarce resources to address their
wants and needs.
 It involves the creation of exchange value and
system of exchange within a community.
Exchange Value
 The quantified worth of a good or service as
compared to other objects in the market.
CULTURAL DIMENSION
 Encompasses the values, beliefs, and way of
life of a community. It embodies the collective
sense of a people, their visions for the future,
and how culture affects community dynamics
and processes.
Considering all structural dimensions is essentials for
gaining a holistic understanding of communities. By
examining geographic, socio-political, economic and
cultural aspects, we can better understand how
communities change and develop over time.
COMMUNITY DYNAMICS AND
PROCESSES
Community Dynamics
 It is the process of change and development in
communities of all living organisms-including
plants, microorganisms, and small and large
creatures of every sort.
Community Dynamics and Processes
 Analytical approaches focus on community
power relations, leadership, and social change.
Formal Power Structure
 Legal-authoritative basis of elected and
appointed officials.
 Occupies positions of authority through legally
mandated processes.
Legal-authoritative decision-makers
 Are individuals or bodies whose authority is
based on formal rules and institutions.
Informal Power Structure
 Exists alongside the formal structure, harder to
identify.
 Equally significant in community
development.
 Comprises influencers who shape decisions
affecting the community.
Influencers
 Individuals or groups who do not have direct
authority, but are capable of shaping decisions
that affect the community.
 Propose, pressure, and affect decisions made
by legal-authoritative decision-makers
 Influence base on interest or agenda.
Leadership
 Refers to the processes and qualities of
command and decisiveness regarding the
necessary actions that ensure the welfare of the
community.
Community Leaders
 Are stewards, vanguards, and champions of
issue relevant to a community.
 Community leaders occupy positions of high
reputations and authority within the
community.
Social Change
 Occurs due to the opposing and contracting
forces within a community leading to the
alteration of its conditions and structural
dimensions.
 Encompasses various outcomes: increased
understanding of the community, attitudinal
change, changes in the configuration of civic
 participation, the building of public trust, or
change in the policy.
 Indicated in the changes and shifts in the
attributes and characteristic of groups within
the community, such as their demographic
character, their control of resources and
wealth, or their attitudes and outlooks.
Example of Social Change
 Observable rise in education and literacy
 Shifts in demographic character, control of
resources, attitudes.
 Significant observable difference between past
and current conditions.
Conclusion
 Understanding community dynamics,
leadership and social change is crucial for
community development.
 Analyzing power relations and identifying
critical actors and influencers are essentials
steps.
 Social change can lead to positive
transformations in community life.
UNDERSTANDING COMMUNITIES:
TYPOLOGIES AND FUNCTIONS
TYPOLOGIES OF COMMUNITIES
Formal-Informal Typology
FORMAL COMMUNITIES – Institutionally
structured hierarchies defining power relations and
roles.
INFORMAL COMMUNITIES – Operate through
social-cultural mechanism with loose connections.
Local-global Typology
 This typology focuses on the scope and
breadth of communities with respect to its
geographic dimensions and the reach of its
other dimensions (e.g. economic, socio-
political, and cultural)
LOCAL COMMUNITIES – interaction within the
shared environment.
GLOBAL COMMUNITIES – beyond geographic
boundaries, sharing values and beliefs.
Rural-Urban Typology
RURAL COMMUNITIES – less modernized,
pastoral or agricultural.
URBAN COMMUNITIES - industrialized, high
population density, modern.
Community Sector
COMMUNITY BASED ORGANIZATIONS
- Voluntary groups addressing social issues.
- Transactional presence and networking beyond
domestic realm.
FUNCTIONS OF A COMMUNITY
PRODUCTION – CONSUMPTION -
DISTRIBUTION
  Communities provide its member livelihood
through the use of its resources (e.g land,
industry, services) and the system of exchange
embedded therein such as trade and
commerce.
SOCIALIZATION
 Communities have processes that shape social
behavior by instilling to its member norms,
values, knowledge, skills, and attitudes. This is
done through mechanisms of transference,
such as child rearing, education, traditions, and
practices.
SOCIAL CONTROL
 Mechanism within communities, such as social
pressure and formal institutions, regulate the
conduct and behavior of community members.
SOCIAL PARTICIPATION
 Communities thrive through the association
and involvement of its member. These are
exemplified in the groups and organizations
within communities such as religious
associations, business, and neighborhoods.
MUTUAL SUPPORT
 Communities offer its member interactions
that encourage cooperation and solidarity.
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
•It refers to the "process of working
collaboratively with and through groups of people
affiliated by geographic proximity, special
interest, or similar situations to address issues
affecting the well- being of those people" (CDC
1997, p. 9)
SOLIDARITY
•Refers to the "idea of unity or feeling of
agreement among individuals with a common
interest."
CITIZENSHIP
It characterizes the relationship between a citizen
and a political community.
It confers to an individual some form of status
with rights and duties.
COMMUNITY ACTIONS AND
DEVELOPMENT
•Community engagement is expressed through
community action, that is, a collective action by a
community for the purposes of arresting a crisis,
addressing a challenge, solving a problem, or
accomplishing a specific outcome.
EXAMPLES OF COMMUNITY ACTION
Consultation
Education
Public participation
Partnership building with government agencies
Partnership building
in the context of community development, this
refers to the linking and strengthening the shared
interests of sectors (e.g. government, civil society
organizations, businesses, religious groups,
academe, etc.) and accomplish common goals and
objectives for mutual benefit.
COMMUNITY ACTION IN THE SOCIAL
SCIENCES PERSPECTIVE
Sociology
• Emphasis on community capacity and
interrelationships
• Process of identifying problems, decision-
making, and assessing well- being
Anthropology
•Focus on local history and culture as factors of
community action
• Importance of solutions aligned with community
experience and identity
• Community as the primary source of action.
Political Science
• Analysis of power-sharing and decision- making
• Role of interest groups in expressing and THE 6 CS OF A SUCCESSFUL
mobilizing advocacies COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
• Importance of understanding dynamics and
stakeholder interests
Capability
• Community members are capable of dialogue.
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Participants are not just observers but active
As a product, it is defined as a "capacity of the
players as well.
people to work together to address their common
interests (Maser, 1997).
As a process, it requires an integrative approach to Commitment
systematically assess the problem, capacitate the • Mutual benefit beyond self-interest. Participants
community, and solve a problem. are transparent about what they want from the
community, and what they can and will contribute
for the good of the community in return.
The process of the community has the following
characteristics:
Contribution
• Members volunteer. Members are encouraged to
• It involves participation from a big segment of a
take responsibilities and risks.
community;
•It is participated by well informed members;
Continuity
•It results to decisions made through a consensus
• Members share and rotate roles. Members
among community members;
facilitate a transition process to sustain and
•It encourages group building, leadership
maintain community memory.
development, and capacity building among
community members (process objective), while
Collaboration
addressing the issue at hand (product objective);
• Members work interdependently toward their
• It uses a systematic approach in addressing local
vision in an environment where there is sharing
concerns;
and trust.
• It is an examination of community problems and
issues in its entirety, and not as isolated and
Conscience
independent cases;
• Members are guided by principles and ethics in
• It uses processes that are flexible and may be
practicing community engagement. Trust and
applied to other community concerns; and
respect is expressed in the actions of the
• It is initiated often as a result of a potential or
community.
locally perceived crisis.

ROLE OF SOLIDARITY ISSUE AND PROBLEMS IN COMMUNITY

•Solidarity strengthens bonds and unites people in
collective action
COMMUNITY ISSUE
•Rooted in social agreement and shared
consciousness •An issue is a subject matter that people argue
•Initiates and sustains collective efforts about or discuss.
•These are the concerns that warrant attention of
IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNITY people and, in the case of community, a topic of
DEVELOPMENT collective discussion and decision making.
•Empowers people to address common interests EXAMPLE OF COMMUNITY ISSUES
•Promotes community welfare and well- being •youth development
•Contrasts with isolated community/outreach •waste disposal
projects •community health
•public safety security
•livelihood
COMMUNITY PROBLEMS
•Conditions or qualifications of issues that are
undesired by members of a community.
•Community health may be the issue at hand; the
topic of argumentation and discussion.
Consequently the presence and spread of typhoid
or malaria across parts of a community are
considered community health problems.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMMUNITY
PROBLEM

Impact
• It has a direct and adverse impact on a
community.

Duration
• It frequently occurs.

Scope and range

It affects many people within the community and
those in proximal areas.

Severity
• It disrupts community life.

Equity
It deprives people of moral and legal rights.

Perception
It is perceived as a problem by the community.