REVIEWER IN PHILOSOPHY EASTERN PHILOSOPHY

PHILOSOPHY  Consists of school of thoughts which are

often closely tied with religious belief.
 A science or discipline which uses human  There is a greater emphasis on social
reason to investigate the ultimate causes, relation, and the family and community are
reason and, principle which govern all considered central aspects of life.
things.
 Comes from two Greek word: “Philos” “The goal of Philosophy is to achieve a
(love) and “Sophia” (wisdom). balance life and find one‘s role in society.”
 The ancient Greek used this term to refer to
“love for wisdom” and they soon applied it
to the study or discipline that uses human ANCIENT SIGNIFICANT
reason to investigate the ultimate cause, PHILOSOPHERS CONTRIBUTIONS
reason and principle which govern all  A mathematician and
things. PYTHAGORAS scientist.
(570 BCE-495  Credited with
WESTERN PHOLOSPHY
BCE) formulating the
 Is primarily concerned with uncovering the PYTHAGOREAN
truth trough systematic argumentation and THEOREM.
theory.  He established a
 Greater emphasis on the use of reason community of learners
rather than faith. who were devoted to
 Increase focus on man as an individual. the study of religion
and philosophy.
SOPHISTS  He proposed “LOGOS”
HERACLITUS which means
 Were teachers who traveled throughout
(535 BCE – 475 everything that exist is
Greece and thought people who wished to BCE) based on higher order
learn. or plan.
 They trained their students to win each and  He was credited with
every argument they participated in. the saying “No man
ever steps in the same
PHILOSOPHERS / PHILOSOPHOS
river twice”.
 The people who engage in philosophy.  He devoted himself to
 A term which means “lover of wisdom” DEMOCRITUS study the causes of
 Became pioneers in various field of (460 BCE – 370 natural phenomena
BCE)  He was among the first
knowledge such as history, biology,
medicine, etc. to proposed that
 Believe that teaching and learning should matter is composed of
tiny particles called
be an opportunity to learn the truth of all
“ATOM”.
things in this world, and all real wisdom
 He was aa known
should strive to achieve truth aside from
advocate of living a
knowledge. DIOGNES simple and virtuos life.
PYTHAGORAS OF  He was also known to
SINOPE be vocal critic of well-
 One of the leaders. (412 BCE – 323 known philosophers
 BCE) such as Plato and
Aristotle.
 His teaching and views
where later develop by
his followers and
influence the
development of
philosophy like
CYNICISM and
STOICISM.
 He believed that
philosophy could
EPICARUS enable man to live a
(341 BCE – 270 life of happiness.
BCE)  His views give rise to
“EPICUREANISM” a
school of philosophy
which believe that ARISTOTLE
wisdom and simple (384 BCE – 322
living will result in a
life free of fear and
pain.
 Considered the
SOCRATES foremost philosophers
(470 BCE – 399 of ancient time.
BCE)  He was credited with
formulating the
“SOCRATIC METHOD”,
means of examining a
topic by devising a
series of question that
let the learner
examine and analyze
his knowledge.
 Student of Socrates,
he wrote down his WHY IS THERE A NEED TO PHILOSOPHIZE?
mentor’s teaching and 1.
incorporated some of
2.
PLATO his own ideas into
(427 BCE – 347
3.
them.
BCE) 4.
 His teaching and
writings is considered
the foundation of
Western Philosophy. FRAMEWORK
 Significant ideas
 Is defined as a way of thinking about the
include the “THEORY
OF FORMS” which
propose that
everything that exist is
base on idea that can
only be perceive in
mind.
 Lasting contribution to
learning was his
founding of
“ACADEMY”, an
institution of higher
learning which was the
first of its kind in the
Western World.
 For him, all ideas are
based on perception
and our reality is
based on what we can
sense and perceive.
 He is involved in a
BCE) great variety of
disciple such as
ecology, psychology,
ethics, and politics.
 He also proposed a
system for the
classification of plants
and animals.
 His studies of logic led
to the formulation of a
formal process of
analyzing reasoning
which gave rise to
deductive reasoning.
SENSE OF WONDER (PLATO)
SENSE OF DOUBT (RENE DESCARTES)
EXPERIENCE (KARL JASPERS)
LOVE FOR WISDOM (SOCRATES)
world and is composed of views and beliefs
of person.
INTERNAL QUESTIONS
 Questions dealing with our own correctness Philosophy is a REFLECTIVE and
and values. MEDITATIVE ACTIVITY.
It is also a method of mental exercise.
EXTERNAL QUESTIONS
 Seeks to questions the very framework
CHARACTERISTICS OF PHILOSPHY
upon which people base their own beliefs
and views.  As an analysis of framework
 As an examination of knowledge
Philosophy itself is a distinct area of knowledge
 As a discipline
with its own goals, concerns, and ways of doing
things.
AESTHETICS 4 MAJOR QUESTIONS THAT PHILOSOPHERS
 Branch of Philosophy that deals with beauty PONDER UPON
and what makes things “beautiful”.
1. QUESTION OF REALITY
LOGIC  Refers to the state of existence of things
independent of human consciousness.
 Is the branch of Philosophy which deals
 It includes Physical things.
with correct reasoning.
 General categories: “CONCRETE” and
EPISTEMOLOGY “ABSTRACT”.

 Discusses the nature of knowledge and METAPHYSICS

knowing.
 Branch of Philosophy which questions
ETHICS regarding reality.

 Is the branch of Philosophy that deals with ONTOLOGY

moral questions and dilemmas.
 Focuses on classification of existing things.
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
 Studies government and deals with
2. QUESTION OF CERTAINTY
question of justice, power and the rights
 Refers to perfect knowledge that is free
and obligation of citizens.
from error or doubt.
METAPHYSICS  “TRUTH” and “KNOWLEDGE”..
 Is a branch of Philosophy which deals with RATIONALISM
questions regarding reality and existence.
 Is a theory of knowledge which believe that
PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON knowledge is a priori or base on pure
reasoning.
 Is an area of Philosophy that understands
with human person from a philosophical EMPIRICISM
perspective – integrating and synthesizing
 Is a theory which consider knowledge to be
the different branches of Philosophy and
posteriori knowledge or knowledge that
other fields of study to know the truth
gained from experience.
about the human person.
SKEPTICISM
 Question the certainty of established
doctrine or truth and believe that the mind
has limit in perceiving and understanding
reality, thus, knowledge is uncertain.
EPISTEMOLOGY
 Branch that deals with the study of nature
and extent of knowledge.
3. QUESTION OF CAUSALITY
 It tries to understand the causes of events
and phenomena.
 Related to origin of things and its ultimate
cause concept related to causality.
AGENCY - The capacity of man to govern or
control his action.
FREE WILL - The ability to choose among
possible actions.
DETERMINISM - Shows that each event is
determined or specific set of events or factors.
DESTINY - Which refers to a predetermined
course of event or factor.
ETIOLOGY – Branch of Philosophy that study
causality.
TELEOLOGY – Branch that study the question of
purpose.
4. QUESTION OF ETHICS
 Deals with right and wrong which defined
human behavior.
 Seeks to formulate a set of standards and
norms of “acceptable”, “correct”, and
“good behavior”.
MORAL PHILOSOPHY-which analyze and
applied concept in various situation, context,
and culture, and recommend guidelines that
will govern the decision and action of people.
METHODS OR TOOL THAT
PHILOSOPHERS USE TO ANSWER THE
QUESTIONS
Steps that Philosophers employ in their
philosophical study:
1. SYSTEMATIC DOUBT
 Philosophers employ a skeptical attitude in
looking at ideas, event or things. Each
aspect of the topics in question is analyze to
determine its validity or truthfulness.
2. ARGUMENT
 Philosophers engage in discussion and
debate on their ideas various perspective
on a topic are taken in to consideration and
examined.
3. DIALECTIC
 Varied and different ideas and perspective
are analyzed and form the information
gathered, ideas and views are formulated.
Methods or Problem-Solving Device
SOCRATIC METHOD
 It is a method of analyzing a topic by
formulating a series of question, design to
analyze its various aspect and examine and
to clarify persons view on it.
AXIOMS
 This refer to assumption which are taken for
granted in philosophical discussion.
 It is a principle that many people accept
true.
OCCAM’S RAZOR
 It is a problem-solving device used in
analyzing possible explanation regarding
phenomenon.
FORMAL LOGIC
 It is a systematic analysis and validity of
arguments and statement.
 Used symbols and numbers.
  Use of Syllogisms – means logical
argument.
THOUGHT EXPERIMENT AND ALLEGORY
 This imagine scenario to illustrate a certain
problem or describe a theory.
PRACTICAL USES OF PHILOSOPHY IN OUR LIVES
 Philosophy requires a person to engage in
analysis and interpretation of concept,
definition, arguments, and problems.
 Problem-solving and decision making are
important aspect in life which can benefit
from knowledge of philosophy.
 A philosopher is also good communicator
who can clearly and adequately present his
or her ideas.
 Wisdom
 Knowledge in philosophy can contribute to
Self-development.
RELATIVISM – A philosophical concept which
contends that there is no absolute truth.
3. CONSTRUCTIVIST THEORY
 Knowledge is shaped by social forces and
influence by culture and history.
4. CONCENSUS THEORY
 Knowledge as base on agreement, and that
something is true if almost everyone agrees
than it is true
5. PRAGMATIC THEORY
 The view that something is true if we can
put it into practice or useful in life.
VEREFICATIONISM – consider that ideas must be
verified using the sensed of experience.
 The scientific method, were experiments
that designated to test hypothesis or
confirm conclusion is an example of
pragmatic approach in determining truth.
ARGUMENTS often take the form of statement that
are either claims of facts and are phrase in such a
way that they seem reasonable.

DETERMINING TRUTH FALLACIES is what you called to an argument that

based on faulty reasoning.
How do we use philosophy to figure out truth?
The first concept about truth is rooted in
ancient Greek philosophy concept of knowledge as Example of Fallacies:
justified, true belief. This concept states that
something is true because believe to be true. FALLACY CHARACTERISTI EXAMPLE
CS
5 theories on the nature of knowledge/true
“Of course,
1. CORRESPONDENCE THEORY he believes
 States something is true if it corresponds to Attacking the that the
reality or the actual state of affairs. person presenting governmen
AD
the argument t is flawed,
2. COHERENCE THEORY HOMINEM
instead of arguing he is a
 Proposes that something is true if it makes
itself. rebel and a
sense when place a certain situation or
Communist
context. !”
 Based on the perspective, there is a APPEAL TO Using the threat of “if this
possibility that there will be varied “truth” FORCE force or an peace
from different perspective. undesirable event agreement
to advance an will not be
 signed by wrong in
the our life.”
governmen “This cases
t, then we Assuming that of robbery
argument.
will have no what is true for a in this
recourse part is true for the district
but to go to whole. have
FALLACY OF
war convinced
COMPOSITI
“All these me that the
ON
charges are city has
baseless; become a
this is just den of
Using emotions plain thieves and
APPEAL TO
such as pity or harassment criminals.
EMOTION
sympathy. - can’t you “You came
see how from a
this family of
affecting to Assuming that doctors and
my family?” FALLACY OF what is true for the intellectual
“Every boy DIVISION whole is true for its s! Surely
The idea is your age part. you can do
presented as already has better in
APPEAL TO
acceptable a girlfriend, this
POPULAR
because a lot of you should course!”
people accept it. go find
one!”
“Marriage
should
The idea is
between a
acceptable When looking at opinion, be aware of BIAS or the
APPEAL TO man and
because it has
TRADITION woman. It personal views of the person presenting it. BIAS are
been true for a
has been not necessarily errors in reasoning, but refer to
long time.
for so long tendencies or influences which affects the views of
time.” people. It cannot avoided in any discussion or
“I have a debate.
right to free
Assuming the thing
speech,
BEGGING or idea to be
therefore
THE proven is true; also Most Common Bias:
you cannot
QUESTION known as “circular
stop me BIAS CHARACTERIS EXAMPLE
argument”
from
TICS
talking.
CORRESPOND Tendency to “These
CAUSE-AND- Assuming a “cause- “Ever since
ENCE BIAS or judge a person’s soldiers who
EFFECT and-effect” you bought
ATTRIBUTION personality by fought in
relationship that
EFFECT his or her the war are
between unrelated sweater,
actions, without all
events. everything
regard for bloodthirsty
has going
external factors murderers.
 or influences the issue of
Tendency to “How can I his alleged
CONFIRMATIO look for and accept his corrupt
N BIAS readily accept views that practices.
information there is no “I do not
which fits one’s God? I am a Analyzing an agree with
own belief or Christian!” CULTURAL event or issue this western
views and reject BIAS based on one’s practice of
ideas or views cultural placing aged
that go against it standard. parents in
“Preliminary retirement
Focusing on a evidence homes. We
FRAMING certain aspect of has still not Filipinos
a problem while pointed out take care of
ignoring other the actual our family
aspect. cause of the members.”
plane crash,
but
investigator
s are
currently
focusing on
the
HOW DOES PHILOSPHY DEFINE THE
possibility of
PERSON’S RELATIONSHIP WITH THE
pilot error.”
ENVIRONMENT?
“Magellan
The tendency to assault to
HANDSIGHT see past events Mactan
Like the physical science, philosophy also seeks to
as predictable, Island was a
explore the relationship between humanity and the
or to ascribe a foolhardy environment.
pattern to venture,
historical events. made by an ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSPOHY or
overconfide ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
nt, careless  is the discipline in philosophy that studies the
man who moral relationship of human beings with the
underestim environment and its non-human contents.
ated the  All non-human elements of the world, including
valor of the animals and natural resources, have intrinsic
native value and should be preserved.
Filipinos.”  The preservation of the environment will benefit
A person or “As the humans by providing for the needs of present
CONFLICT OF group is daughter of and future generations.
INTEREST connected to the accused,  Humankinds has a responsibility to safeguard
or has a vested I believe I the planet as stewards of creation.
interest in the have the Three major views regarding the relationship between
issue being right to humanity and the environment.
discussed. express my
opinion on 1. ANTHROPOCENTRISM
  Focuses on the significant role of human kind in  These views were greatly influence by the
the world and consider nature as the means by concept of ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE,
which humans are able to meet their needs and which refers to the fair distribution of
survive. environmental benefits, as well as the burden of
meeting environmental
2. BIOCENTRISM 
 Believes that humans are not only significant 
species on the planet, and that all organisms 
have inherent value and should be protected. 
 This view derives that activities of humane 
organization that advocate the ethical treatment 
of animals. In fact, our government has passed 
laws that recognized the right of animals to be  challenges.
treated kindly, such as R.A 8485 or “The
Animal Welfare Act of 1998”.

3. ECOCENTRISM
 Places great value on ecosystem and biological
communities. This view believes that
humankind is part of greater biological system
or communities and we have significant role as
stewards or guardians of nature.

ENVIRONMENTAL AESTHETIC – is one

philosophical view that believes maintaining order in the
environment will bring out the natural beauty of the
surroundings and contribute to the well being of the
people and other organisms living in it.
ENVIRONMENTALISM – This perspective advocates
to address the growing environmental problems.
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS – this is a moral
approach that analyzes the relationship between humans
and the environment. It also discusses environmental
problems cause by human activities and social issues
that impact the environment.

Environment ethics has resulted in the development of

varies views:

 SOCIAL ECOLOGY applies an ecological and

ethical approach in analyzing society, and sees a
relationship between social problems and
environmental problems.
 Concept such as CLIMATE ETHICS or
CLIMATE JUSTICE arose from the growing
concern with climate change, and consider it a
significant ethical, social, and political issue.
 FREEDOM OF HUMAN PERSON
What is FREEDOM?
 The ability to make choices.
 The ability to be what we want and to decide and
create oneself.

Two Concept that will help us fully

understand freedom:

1. FREEDOM ITSELF
 According to Merriam Dictionary it is the
quality or state of being free.
 It is our capacity to choose of what we wanted
and an inner awareness of what is right and
wrong that is trace to our free will according to
Aristotle. It is also intrinsic and essential
property of human person which basically
means, it is part of our human nature.

THREE KINDS OF FREEDOM

1. PHYSICAL FREEDOM
 Refers to the absence of any physical restraints.
The person has the freedom of mobility to go
where he or she wants to go.
 He or she is not impeded in his or her action by
any physical force. Granted that the person has
natural limitations physical freedom allows him
 or her to act and move in determined manner.
You cannot be everywhere at once, but your
freedom allows you to move one place to
another and to go whenever you want.
2. PSYCHOLOGICAL FREEDOM
 It Is also called FREEDOM OF CHOICE.
 The person is free to perform actions that he or
she considered right and wise.
 A person is free to act and not to act. It is also
innate and cannot be denied to a person. No
outside force can compel to take actions against
his or her will.
3. MORAL FREEDOM
 It refers using freedom in a manner that upholds
human dignity and goodness. Freedom is not an
objective that a person may use in whatever way
he or she please.
 A person must use his or her freedom to grow as
a person.
 A person becomes freer when she or he uses
freedom well, but becomes less free when he or
she uses it in a bad way.
 Human have natural inclination for what is true
and good, and when a person uses his or her
freedom to do acts that violates human dignity
and goodness, he or she dehumanized himself or
herself and effectively negates human freedom.
HUMAN AGENCY – refers to the capacity of a person
to act and exert control over his or her behavior.
FREE WILL – the capacity to choose from alternative
courses of action or decision.
FREE ACTION – The freedom to perform an action
without any obstacle or hindrances.
1 FACULTIES MODEL
 Refers to free will as the use of your mental
faculties.
 It assumes that we have free will due to our
intellect and that each human action is based on
RATIONALITY and SOUND JUDGEMENT.
2 HIERARCHICAL MODEL
 Argues that free will is based on human wants
and desire.
3 REASONS-RESPONSIVE VIEW
 Believes that man has free will because he or she
is able to entertain reasons not to enact a certain
decision and act upon them when the need
arises.
HUMAN AGENCY – refers to the capacity of a person
to act and exert control over his or her behavior.
FREE WILL – the capacity to choose from alternative
course of action or decision.
FREE ACTION – the freedom to perform an action
without any obstacle or hindrances.
FACLUTIES OF MODEL
 Refers to free will as the use of your mental
faculties.
 It assumes that we have free will due to our
intellect and that each human action is based on
RATIONALITY and SOUND JUDGEMENT.
HIERARCHICAL MODEL
 Argues that free will is based on human wants
and desire.
REASON-RESPONSIVE REVIEW
 Believes that man has free will because he or she
is able to entertain reasons not to enact a certain
decision and act upon them when the need
arises.
TWO ELEMENTS OF FREEDOM
1. VOLUNTARINESS
 It is the ability of a person to act of his or her
own free will and self-determination.
2. RESPONSIBILITY
 Refers to the person being accountable of his or
her action and their consequences.
PRUDENCE – It is the ability to govern and discipline
oneself with the use of reasoning. It is having cautions
and giving good judgement in making decisions.
SELF-REFLECTION – allows us to be more rational in
making choices because sometimes human beings tend
to be slave by their emotions and moods whenever they
act certain things.
 2. The awareness of self as being seen by others.
FREEDOM SHOULD EXERCISE WITH CONTROL
AND REASONABLE LIMITS SEEMING

 As human, we enjoy freedom, but we need to  Actions where an individual presents himself or
understand that it is not absolute meaning, we herself in a certain way when dealing with
should exercise our freedom with control and others.
reasonable limits.

TWO FORMS OF SEEMING

FREEDOM SHOULD EXERCISE WITH REGARD
POSITIVE SEEMING
DOR KNOWLEDGE AND TRUTHS

 As a rational being, it is natural for us to think

before we act. We used our freedom to acquire
knowledge, which in turn are useful in making
right and sound decision essential in dealing
with our life situation.
FREEDOM SHOULD EXERCISE TO UPHOLD
THE FREEDOM OF OTHERS
 The pleasant behavior when showed when are in
a sacred place or in the presence of a very
important person.
NEGATIVE SEEMING
 Being “plastic”, “sipsip” or when expressing
manipulative behaviors to promote selfish
interests.

 Freedom is recognized and guaranteed right for DIALOGUE

all person. Meaning, freedom should be enjoyed
by all. But it is important to remember that
freedom should be exercise not as a tool to
restrict the freedom of others, but as a means to
enable others to fully enjoy their own freedom.
 Is what characterizes deeper and more genuine
interaction
 Is made possible when the SELF realizes that
the OTHER is a genuine and unique individual.
 Occurs when two people open up to each other
and give and receive one another in their
encounter.

DEFINING CHARACTERISTIC OF
MEANINGFUL AND GENUINE HUMAN
RELATIONSHIP
INTERSUBJECTIVITY
EMPHATY
What is INTERSUBJECTIVITY?  Ability to share emotion, is an Important aspect
 It is the mutual recognition of each other as of intersubjectivity.
person; a unique relationship between distinct Emphaty = “feeling in”
subject.
Sympathy = “feeling with”

Levels of Self-Other Interactions

1. The simple awareness of the existence of the AVAILABILITY
other.
  Wllingness of a person to be present and be at
the disposal of others.
ETHICS OF CARE
 Is an ethical theory that emphasize the moral
dimension of relationships and interactions. This
moral perspective encourages individuals to help
other people, most especially the vulnerable.
ALIENATION
 View other people negatively and consider
human action as being influence by selfish
interest.
 A person that adopts negative view.
 This arises when a person ceases to view the
other as a distinct and authentic person and
merely considers the other people as mere object
or a means to satisfy personal interest.
THE HUMAN PERSON IN SOCIETY
SOCIETY – organized group of people whose members
interact frequently and have a common territory and
culture.
DAVID GAUTHIER
Also refers to companion or friendly association with
others, an alliance, a community, or a union.
THE SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY
THOMAS HOBBES
 person in their natural state is governed by their
desires and these often lead to conflict with their
fellowmen.
SOCIAL CONTRACT – an agreement where
individuals sacrifice an amount of their freedom and
submit to a higher authority.
JOHN LOCKE
 he considered person in the natural state as
more cooperative and reasonable.
 Social contract is covenant among individuals to
cooperate and share the burden of upholding the
welfare of society.
 The authority established to run society should
reflect the ideals of the people who organized it.
Should this authority fail to uphold its
obligation, it will be discarded and replace with
new one.
JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU
 Based on assumption that the people have
empowered the government to act on their
behalf, and that it is considered to be the best
judge of what is most beneficial for society.
JOHN RAWLS

Redefined the social contract and explain that
human beings approach social cooperation in a
rational manner in order to meet their individual
self-interest.
 In this state, humans
would naturally seek a
just and fair society in
an effort to look out for their own interest.
 Describe self-interest as a significant factor in
building and maintaining societies.
 People choose to cooperate since it is beneficial
to meet their self-interest.
COMMON GOOD – refers to the social condition which
enable person and groups to perform their goals and
achieve well-being.
DIFFERENT FORM OS SOCIETY
HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETY
  This is recognized as the earliest and simplest  Establishments of virtual society.
form of society.
 Characterized by its small size and is composed
mainly of families.
 They are nomadic and thus they have no
permanent territory.
PASTORAL SOCIETY

 Characterized by domestication of animals for

food.
 Have a larger population than hunting and
gathering society.
 Produced surplus of food and resources which
they trade with other societies.
NORMS – set of traits and behavior that society consider
acceptable, and are thus encourage and pass on other
members.
LWS – are more formal and stringent norms that
establish and defined acceptable behavior citizen.

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
 Engage on the small-scale cultivation of plants,
fruit and vegetable.
 Semi-nomadic
 Roles and responsibilities are clearly defined
where task assigned according to gender.
AGRARIAN OR AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY
 Further evolution of pastoral and horticultural
societies.
 Involves large scale and long-term cultivation of
crops and domestication of animals.
 Characterized by improved technology and
farming methods.
FEUDAL SOCIETY
FOLWAYS – are less formal norms that arise from
tradition and do not result in punishment when violated.
SOCIAL SYSTEM – organized or patterned set of
relationship among individuals and group that composed
societies.
SOCIAL ROLE – actions and behavior expected from a
certain individual.
SOCIAL INSTITUTION – certain group that performed
vital function in society.
SOCIAL VALUES – actions or ideals that consider
important by society such as COOPERATION,
OBEDIENCE OF THE LAW, CONCERN FOR
OTHERS, AND RESPECT FOR OTHERS.

 Based on ownership of land.

 Arose out of development in Western Europe
during Medieval times, when rival kingdoms
were engaged in conflict over resources.
INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

 Is based on specialized machinery in the

production of goods and services.
 The advances of science and technology in the
late 18th century resulted in the Industrial
Revolution.
POST- INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

 Establishment of societies based on knowledge,

information, and sale of service.