PHILOSOPHY order or plan which he called

logos.
 The word philosophy comes
 For him, change is a
from two Greek words: Philos
permanent aspect of the
(love) and Sophia (wisdom).
human condition as he was
 "Love of Wisdom"- Ancient
credited with the saying, "No
Greeks used this term and
man ever steps in the same
applied it to study or
river twice”.
discipline that uses human
reason to investigate the Democritus (460 BCE-370 BCE)
ultimate causes, reasons, and
 Devoted himself to the study
principles which govern all
of the causes of natural
things.
phenomena.
Philosophers  He was among the first to
propose that matter is
 People who engage in
composed of tiny particles
philosophy
called atoms.
 "Lovers of wisdom"
 "laughing philosopher" because
 Pioneers in various fields of
of his emphasis of the value
knowledge such as history,
of "cheerfulness”.
biology, medicine,
mathematics, astronomy, and Diogenes of Sinope (412 BCE TO 323
even physics. BCE)
 "experts"
 Known advocate of living a
simple and virtuous life.
"one should not only talk of
GREEK PHILOSOPHERS
virtue but should show it in
Pythagoras (570 BCE to 495 BCE) words and actions".
 His emphasis on austerity and
 Mathematician and scientist,
simplicity often went to the
he was credited with
extreme, and he was said to
formulating the Pythagorean
lived like a beggar.
theorem.
 Known to be a "vocal critic "
 His worked earned him many
well-known philosophers such
followers, and he established
as Plato and Aristotle.
a community of learners who
 His teachings and views were
were devoted to the study of
later developed by his
religion and philosophy.
followers and influenced the
Heraclitus (535 BCE to 475 BCE) development of several
schools of Philosophy such as
 Proposed that everything that
Cynicism and Stoicism.
exists is based on a higher
Cynicism  Known critic of intellectual
during his time, but he himself
 Is a school of philosophy from
did not claim to be "wise" and
the Socratic period of ancient
merely considered himself as
Greece, which holds that the
"midwife" that helped
purpose of life is to live a life
inquiring minds achieve
of Virtue in agreement with
wisdom.
Nature (which calls for only
 Believed that philosophy could
the bare necessities required
enable man to live a life of
for existence).
virtue.
Stoicism  "Socratic Method"- a means
of examining a topic by
 A school of philosophy which
devising a series of questions
teaches the development of
that let the learner examine
self-control and fortitude as a
and analyze his knowledge and
means of overcoming
views regarding the topic.
destructive emotions in order
to develop clear judgment and Plato (427 BCE-347 BCE)
inner calm and the ultimate
 Student of Socrates.
goal of freedom from
 His teachings and writings
suffering.
were considered the
Epicurus (341 BCE-270BCE) foundation of Western
Philosophy.
 Believed that philosophy could
 "Theory of Forms"- which
enable man to live a life of
proposes that everything that
happiness.
exists is based on and idea or
 His views gave rise to
template that can only be
Epicureanism- a school of
perceived in the mind; these
Philosophy which believes that
nonphysical ideas are eternal
wisdom and simple living will
and unchanging.
result in a life free of fear
 Known for his "dialectic"- a
and pain.
method of inquiry where two
 "Do not spoil what you have by
opposing ideas in an attempt
desiring what you have not;
to arrive at new knowledge.
remember that what you now
 Plato's lasting contribution to
have was once among the
learning was his founding of
things you only hoped for."
the ACADEMY, an institution
-Epicurus
of higher learning which was
Socrates (470 BCE-399 BCE) the first of its kind in the
Western World.
 Considered the foremost
philosopher of ancient times.
Aristotle (384 BCE-322 BCE)
Philosopher)
 He attended the Academy,
and was a prominent student
of Plato.
 He disagreed with Plato's
theory of forms and took a
different stance in
interpreting reality.
 All ideas and views are based
on perception and our reality
is based on what we can sense
and perceive.
 Involved in great variety of
disciplines such as zoology,
psychology, ethics and politics.
 His studies in logic led to
formulation of a formal
process of analyzing reasoning
Karl Jaspers (20th Century
which gave rise to deductive
Philosopher)
reasoning.
Why do we need to Philosophize?
Plato
 He traced man's needs to
philosophize to his sense of
wonder.
 Man's overbounding curiousity
drives him to ask questions,
some of which have no
definite answers such as;
Where did we come from?
Why do we exist? For what
purpose were we created?
 This perspective drives the
need of a philosopher to
question, examine and learn
more.
Rene Descartes (15th century
 Traced the need to
philosophize to doubt.
 Famous for rejecting or
questioning established ideas,
and he even went as far as
doubting his own ideas.
 In life, we will be faced with
several idea and arguments
which present themselves as
"truths".
 A critical and questioning
perspective is necessary to
determine if indeed these
ideas or views are correct or
true.
 Swiss-German Philosopher
He saw the need to
philosophize because of
experience.
 Believed that man is often
confronted by experiences
that challenge his ideas and
frameworks.
 He called these experiences
limit situations, and these are
often accompanied by feelings
of helplessness, anxiety, or
dread.
 Philosophy provides us means
to understand adverse or
challenging conditions, and to
rise above them and gain new
knowledge and perspectives.
Socrates How Do We Characterize The
Study Of Philosophy?
 The need to philosophize is
driven by the love for wisdom. A Way Of Analyzing Frameworks
To love wisdom is to have an
 Framework- defined as a way
insatiable desire for truth.
of thinking about the world
 He seeks to continue to
and is composed of the views
question, to probe, and to
and beliefs
discuss in order to get the
as a person.
bottom of things.
 He gained fame for his Internal Questions
curiosity and his constant
 Questions dealing with our
debates with many of the
own correctness and values
intellectual elite in Greece.
 Famous for having said "I External Questions
know that I do not know" and
 Seek to question the very
it is in accepting state of
frameworks upon which people
ignorance that one can begin
base their own beliefs and
to learn and understand.
views.
 Recognized for his motto:
 Philosophy can also be thought
"The unexamined life is not
of as an examination of a
worth living."
particular area of knowledge.
 It helps us solve our
 The central principle in
problems-mundane or
philosophy is examination and
abstract, and it helps us make
questioning, and this is often
better decisions by developing
applied in the analysis of the
our critical thinking.
frameworks of other areas or
sciences.

Branches Of Philosophy

 Aesthetics
 Logic
 Epistemology
 Ethics
 Political philosophy
 Metaphysics
Aesthetics
 The philosophy that deals with
beauty and what makes things
"beautiful".
 Derived from greek word
"aisthetikos" or sense of
perception.
Logic
 Is the branch of philosophy
which deals with correct
reasoning.
Epistemology
 Greek words episteme"
(knowledge or understanding)
and logos (account or
argument or reason)
 Discusses the nature of
knowledge and knowing.
 It investigates origin, nature,
method and limits of human
knowledge.
Ethics
 Branch which deals with moral
questions and dilemmas.
 Also called moral philosophy,
the discipline concerned with
what is morally good and bad
and moral right and wrong.
Political philosophy
 Studies governments and
deals with questions
justice, power and the rights
and obligations of citizens.
Metaphysics
 A branch of philosophy which
deals with questions regarding
reality and existence.
Philosophy Of The Human Person
 An area in philosophy that
understands the human person
from a philosophical
perspective- integrating and
synthesizing the different
branches of philosophy and
other fields of study to know
the truth about the human
person.
Human Person
 Rational thinking
 Emotional
 Moral
 Has rights
 Dignified
 Has freedom
 Embodied
 Social
Human Person
 Rational which means has the
capacity to think.
 A thinking being
 An emotional being which
means, has feelings and
emotions which should not be
of
suppressed or invalidated by
anyone.
 A moral being who has the
capacity to understand the
good and the wrong.
  Has rights regardless of any
reason.
 Has dignity and that lies by
being created by god.
 Humans are created in the
image and likeness with god.
 Has freedom
 Embodied, which means, with
body, heart, mind and soul.
 Social being, which means, has
the capacity to communicate
and interact with other beings
Holistic And Partial Thinking
Holistic Thinking
 Refers to a perspective that
considers large-scale patterns
in systems.
 Often described as the "big
picture" when describing and
analyzing a situation or
problem.
 Requires an individual to have
an open mindset and an ability
to get the general sense or
impression regarding a
situation.
Partial Thinking
 Focuses on specific aspects of
a situation.
 Important component of
analytical thinking, as an
individual focuses on certain
areas or aspects of a problem
in order to understand it.
How Does One Engage In
Reflection?
Reflection
 Requires a person to be willing
to examine one's thoughts,
feelings, and actions and to
learn more about one's life
and experiences.
 Reflection is vital in ensuring
that our actions and decisions
are well thought out and are
done with due regard for
their implications and
consequences on ourselves,
others, and surroundings.
 Reflection helps us
understand ourselves and our
actions better. When we
reflect, we can judge whether
our actions or decisions are
reasonable or not. Taking time
to analyze your decisions and
actions is one vital skill that
will greatly help you as you
encounter more challenges in
life.
What Are The Practical Uses Of METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING
Philosophy In Our Lives?
Which Of The Following Statement
1. Philosophy enables a person to Is True?
engage in critical analysis and
 The sun is the center of the
interpretation of concepts,
solar system.
definitions, arguments and
 Asia is the largest continent
problems.
in the world.
2. Philosophy also improves
 God made the world in seven
problem- solving and decision
days.
making.
 Man has the right to life,
3. A philosopher is a good
liberty, and the
communicator who can clearly
pursuit of happiness.
and adequately present
 A person must always consider
his/her ideas.
the interest of his or her
4. Wisdom.
family before his or her own
5. Knowledge of philosophy can
happiness.
contribute to self-
 The President has done very
development.
little to uphold democracy and
look after the interests of
the Filipino people .

What Is Truth And Why Is It

Important?

Knowledge

 Knowledge is the clear

awareness and understanding
of something.
 It is a product of questions
that allow for clear answers
provided by facts.
I know that… the previous statements about
I know why… yourself is true.
I know how…  I am alive!
Example 1  I have a body!
 I can breathe!
 "I know that fish live in the
water" I Am A Filipino

Propositions or statements which  Am i a filipino?

are observed to be real or
I Can Play Basketball
truthful are considered facts.
I Can Fry An Egg
Example 2  I can play basketball
 I cannot play basketball
 "I know that my school is the
 I can fry an egg
best school in the City".
 I cannot fry an egg
This statement is a claim, and
Determining Truth
further examination is required
to establish whether it is true or  Belief is true if it can be
false. justified or proven through
senses.
How Do We Know If Something Is
 A belief or statement is true
True?
if it is based
 I am alive on facts.
 I have a body  Getting a consensus or having
 I can breathe people agree on a common
belief. Determining truth in
Doubt
this case requires a person to
 This means that every prove a statement through an
statement, claim, evidence and action.
experience is scrutinized and  Claim and beliefs should also
analyzed. be subjected to tests to
 Nothing is taken as true determine truth.
unless there is sufficient
How Can Philosophy Guide Us In
reason and evidence to prove
Distinguishing Truth From Opinion?
that it is indeed true.
Opinion
Am I Alive? Do I Have A Body?
Can I Breathe?  A view or judgement formed
about something, not
 If you answered yes to all
necessarily based on fact or
these questions, then you can
knowledge.
conclude with certainty that
Example What Should We Consider When
Looking At Arguments Or Opinions?
1. It takes me 30 minutes to
walk from my home to school. Arguments
2. My sister ate the last piece of
 A series of statements that
pizza pie.
provide reasons to convince
3. My sister a selfish person
the reader or listener that a
because she ate the last piece
claim or opinion is truthful.
of pizza pie and did not share
it with me. Fallacies
4. Living near the school is
 A number of arguments that
better be we don't have to
is based on faulty reasoning.
spend much for
 Some of these fallacies may
transportation.
be intentional, as the person
Conclusion making the claim is desperate
to convince you to accept his
 Is a judgment based on
or her argument.
certain facts.
Examples Of Fallacies
Beliefs
 Ad hominem
 Statements that express
 Appeal to force
convictions that are not easily
 Appeal to emotion
questioned.
 Appeal to the popular
Explanation  Appeal to tradition
 Begging to question
 Statements that assume the
 Cause and effect
claim to be true and provide
 Fallacy of composition
reasons why the statement is
 Fallacy of Division
true.
Ad Hominem
Arguments
 Attacking the person
 A series of statements that
presenting the argument
provide reasons to convince
instead of the argument
the reader or listener that a
itself.
claim or opinion is truthful.
 " of course he believes that
What Should We Consider When the government is flawed, he
Looking At Arguments Or Opinions? is a rebel and a Communist"

Fallacies

 Arguments that are based on

faulty reasoning.
Appeal To Force
 Using the threat of force or
an undesirable event to
advance an argument.
 "if this peace agreement will
not be signed by government,
then we will have no recourse
but to go to war"
Appeal To Emotion
 Using emotions such as pity or
sympathy.
 "all these charges are
baseless; this is just plain
harassment - can't you see
how this is affecting my
family?"
Appeal To Popular
 The idea is presented as
acceptable because a lot of
people accept it.
 "every boy your age already
has a girlfriend, you should go
find one"
Appeal To Tradition
 The idea is acceptable
because it has been true for a
long time.
 "marriage should be between a
man and a woman. It has been
so for a long time in this
country; it should remain so
today and in the future.
Begging To Question
 Assuming the thing or idea to
be proven is true; also known
as "circular argument".
 "I have the right to free
speech, therefore you cannot
stop me from talking."
Cause-and-Effect
 Assuming a "cause-and-
effect" relationship between
unrelated events.
 "ever since you bought that
sweater, everything has been
going wrong in your life. You
should get rid of it."
Fallacy Of Composition
 Assuming that what is true of
a part is true for the whole.
 "These cases of robbery in
this district have convinced
me that the city has become a
den of thieves and criminals."
Fallacy Of Division
 Assuming that what is true
for the whole is true for its
parts.
 "you come from a family of
doctors and intellectual!
Surely you can do better in
this course!"
OPINIONS
 These statements go beyond
providing facts.
 They also provide conclusions
or perspectives regarding
certain situations.
 Also the bases for making
arguments and convincing
people that a certain claim is a
fact.
BIAS
 Personal views of the person
presenting it.
 They are not necessarily
errors in reasoning, but refer
to tendencies or influences
which affect the views of the
people.
COMMON BIASES
 Correspondence bias or
attribution effect
 Confirmation bias
 Framing
 Hindsight
 Conflict of interest
 Cultural bias
CORRESPONDENCE BIAS OR
ATTRIBUTION EFFECT
 Tendency to judge a person's
personality by his/her actions,
without regard for external
factors or influence.
 "these soldiers who fought in
the war are all bloodthirsty
murderers!"
CONFIRMATION BIAS
 Tendency to look for and
readily accept information
which fits one's own beliefs or
views and to reject ideas or
views that go against it.
 "how can I accept his view
that there is no God? I am a
Christian!"
FRAMING
 Focusing on a certain aspect
of a problem while ignoring
other aspects.
 “preliminary evidence has still
not pointed out the actual
cause of the plane crash, but
investigators are currently
focusing on the possibility of
pilot error.”
HINDSIGHT
 The tendency to see past
events as predictable, or to
ascribe a pattern to historical
events.
 "Magellan's assault on Mactan
Island was a foolhardy
venture, made by an
overconfident, careless man
who underestimated the valor
of the native Filipinos"
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
 A person or group is
connected to or has a vested
interest in the issue being
discussed.
 "As the daughter of the
accused, I believe I have the
right to express m opinion on
the issue of his allege corrupt
practices."
CULTURAL BIAS
 Analyzing an event or issue
based on one's cultural
standards.
 "I do not agree with this
Western practice of placing
aged parents in retirement
 homes. We Filipino's take care
of our family members"
HOW CAN UNDERSTANDING OF
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
TRUTH AND OPINION LEAD US
TO WISDOM?
 An understanding of opinions
and facts and the means to
distinguish one from the other
can further improve our
understanding and
appreciations of varied views
and ideas.
 The ability to determine truth
goes hand in hand with the
holistic perspective and
enables us to make wiser
decisions, especially in
choosing the ideas and views
which we find acceptable.
THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN
EMBODIED SPIRIT
MAN
 The general term commonly
used to refer to the entire
human race.
 Other terms include humanity,
mankind and humankind.
HUMAN
 Refers to man as a species -
Homo sapiens or modern
human beings.
HUMAN BEING
 Used to distinguished man
from other animals.
PERSON
 Refers to a human being
granted recognition of certain
rights, protection,
responsibilities, and dignity,
above all.
PERSONHOOD
 Refers to the state of being a
person.
HUMAN NATURE
 Refers to the characteristics
that distinguish humans from
all other creatures.
 These traits are assumed to
arise independent of the
influence of culture and
society.
 Examples of these
characteristics include
thinking, feeling, and acting.
These traits are considered
to form the essence of
humanity, and without them,
and individual may not be
considered a human person.
WHAT IS A HUMAN PERSON?
 The most basic definition of a
human being elates to the
nature of humans as animals.
 Philosophers believe that the
human being is not just a mere
animal.
WHAT IS EMBODIED SPIRIT?
 Embodied spirit refers to the
inseparable union of human
body and soul.
  Inseparable which also means  This awareness of the self also
the body and soul work enables us persons to
together at all times. Hence, experience an inner world'
we can safely say that that is defined by our personal
"embodied spirit" that the thoughts and ideas. The fact
body is not separate from the that we can daydream, get lost
soul, just as the soul is not in our thoughts, imagine,
separate from the body. fantasize and reflect shows
that we are able to reach
within ourselves and
WHAT IS HUMAN PERSON AS experience interiority- which
EMBODIED SPIRIT? is the quality of being focused
on one's inner life and identity.
1. SELF-AWARENESS
 Refers to the person having a
2. SELF-DETERMINATION
clear perception of oneself,
 Refers to the capability of
including his or her thoughts,
persons to make choices and
emotions, identity, and actions.
decisions based on their own
The human person is defined
preferences, monitor and
by a deeper awareness which is
regulate their actions, and be
driven by rationality or human
goal- oriented and self-
thought.
directed.
SELF
FREE WILL
 Describes as the person who is
 Capacity to choose a course of
actively aware that he or she
action from various
is perceiving and experiencing
alternatives.
reality.
 The existence of free will
TRY SAYING THESE WORDS enables a person to act
ALOUD willfully, control his her
actions, and recognize himself
 I AM A PERSON
or herself as the source of
 I AM ALIVE
action.
 I EXIST
 Imagine a small boy, Carlo,
 I AM HERE
playing in the living room of
 I AM PRESENT
their house while his mother is
 I AM LIVING AT THIS VERY
in the kitchen. Suddenly, the
MOMENT
boy accidentally bumps into a
table, causing a vase to fall.
Upon hearing the sound of
something crashing to the
 floor, Carlo's mother  I am a person.
immediately goes into the living  I value others.
room and sees him standing  I interact with others in
near the broken vase. Carlo's meaningful ways.
mother asks him "Did you  I value my relationship with
break the vase?" What do you others.
think his answer will be?
4. DIGNITY
CONSEQUENCE
 The innate right to be valued
 Is the result or effect of an and respected.
action or condition.
 Human dignity is rooted in the
Carlo plays in the room.
nature of the human being.
Carlo bumps into the table. This means that a human
person has dignity simply
Vase falls on the floor and
because of the fact that he or
breaks.
she is human.
Mother goes into living room to  Human dignity also drives us
investigate. to seek what is good.
Mother asks him if he broke
 I am person.
the vase.
 I am a person with dignity.
Carlo responds.  I recognize that others have
dignity, as well.
 I must uphold human dignity in
 I am a person my thoughts and actions.
 My actions are my own and
made freely.
 I know that I am the cause of
my actions.
 I know that my actions have
consequences.

3. EXTERNALITY
 The capability to reach out and
interact with others and the
other world.