YADAV NEHA VIJAY SADHANA

M.Sc. FORENSIC SCIENCE

JAIN UNIVERSITY,
{SCHOOL OF SCIENCES}.

BIOLOGY AND
SEROLOGY
Biological Weapons Convention (BWC){SUMMARY}
 The First multilateral disarmament treaty banning an entire category of WMD. Cornerstone
of multilateral disarmament regime. This is Non-discriminatory in nature, Unlimited
duration, Open to any state.
 Main role of BWC is Prior to ratification: Universalization efforts, After ratification: national
implementation efforts.
 Main Provision is completely prohibits any acquisition or retention of biological or toxin
weapons, no expectations. It Prohibits assisting or others to acquire BW. It Requires national
implementation measures. Peaceful uses of biological science and technology to be
protected and encourage. Microbial or other biological agents, or toxins whatever their or
method of production, of types and in quantities that have no justification for prophylactic,
protective or other peaceful purposes. Weapons, equipment designed to use such agents for
hostile purposes or in armed conflict.
 The importance of BWC is Biological Weapons can be used not only to attack humans but
also livestock and cops. They can be deadly and highly contagious. Impact beyond security
considerations. Diseases caused by such weapons would not confine themselves to national
borders and could rapidly around the world.
Example. Ebola virus disease outbreak in west Africa.
Epidemiologist say a fast- moving airborne pathogen could kill more than 30 million people
in less than a year. And they say there is a reasonable probability the world will experience
such an outbreak in the next 10-15 years.
Threat of deadly pandemics right up three nuclear war and climate change. Getting ready for
a global pandemic is every bit as important as nuclear deterrence and avoiding a climate
catastrophe.
 The strengths of BWC is Clear, comprehensive ban: no exception, few loopholes and
Futureproof.
 Weakness of BWC is it not have No organization, No inbuilt verification mechanism, No
systematic assessment of needs.
 Improvement in BWC threat posed by biological weapons is real. BWC key pillar of
multilateral security architecture. Threat posed by biological, weapon is real. Need to
universalize the convention.

Geneva Convention {Summary}

 The Geneva convention was a series of international diplomatic meetings that produce a
number of agreements, in particular the humanitarian law of armed conflicts a group of
international laws for the humane treatment of wounded military personnel, medical
personnel and non- military civilians during war or armed conflicts.
 This convention provided for, The immunity from capture and destruction of all
establishments for the treatment of wounded and sick soldiers. The impartial reception and
treatment of all combatants. The protection of civilians providing aid to the wounded. The
recognition the red cross symbol as means of identifying person and equipment covered by
the agreement.
 The convention was ratified within three years by all the major European powers also by
some other states. It was amended and extended by the second Geneva convention in 1906,
and its provisions were applied to maritime warfare through the Hauge Conventions of 1899
and 1907. The third Geneva Convention, the convention, the convention relating to the
treatment of prisoners of war (1929) required that belligerents treat prisoners of wall
humanely, furnish information about them and permit official visits to prison by
representatives of neutral states.
 The Geneva conventions and their additional protocols is a body of public international law,
also known as humanitarian law of armed conflicts, whose purpose is to provide minimum
protection, standards of humane treatment and fundamental guarantees of respect to
individuals who become victims of armed conflicts.
 70 years ago, today, following the devastation of the second world war, the diplomatic
conference of the international committee of the red cross adopted the Geneva
conventions, also known as laws of war. The conventions describe how, in times of war,
nations should treat the wounded and sick, the shipwrecked, prisoners of war and civilians.
They have been signed by every country in the world.
 It was a highpoint in multilateralism, a miracle of international consensus regarding the
sanctity of human life and dignity in war. Such a thing is hard to imagine today, and because
it is, it bears recalling how much we still need it.
 Wars today are more numerous, complex, protracted and violent then before. They kill more
civilians, and are harder to resolve. They involve more armed groups, and loosely structured,
making them hard to deal with.
 Easy to understand and communicate globally, of global interest, broadly applicable and
easy to implement.
 Simplify the process to obtain CF of products and help to priorities the reduction of
emission. Multiplier effect on the value and supply chain. Capacity for social and economic
immersion.
 Insufficient accuracy of the data and methods to permit disaggregated product CF.
Variability of the supply chains in addition to local environmental uniqueness. Different ways
of dealing with CF and LCA issues increases the difference between the existing
methodologies. Climate changes as a single impact category.
 A third convention, in 1929, applies to prisoners of war. The fourth convention, in 1949,
addressed the concern of protecting civilians, including in occupied territory.

The Hague Convention {Summary}

 The Hague Convention protects children and their families against the risks of illegal,
irregular, premature adoption aboard. A system in place of cooperation among countries to
guarantee that these safeguards are respected and to prevent the abduction of sale of or
traffic in children.
 The Hague convention on the civil aspects of international agreement that covers
international agreement that covers international parental child abduction. It provides a
process through which a parent can seek to have their child returned to their home country.
The Hague convention also deals with issue of international child access. When a parent or
guardian lives in a different country to the home country to the home country of their child,
it may be hard to workout access to them.
 The prohibition on the use of projectiles that disperse asphyxiating gas. The pacific
settlement of disputes. The laws and customs of war. The opening of hostility. The status of
merchant ships at the outbreak of hostilities. The conversion of merchant ships into war
ships. The laying of automatic submarine contact mines.
 The purpose of convention is to protect children from the harmful effects of international
abduction by a parent by encouraging the prompt return of abducted children to their
country of habitual residence and to organize or secure the effective rights of access to a
child.
 Strong science has base across sub-sectors. Strong surrounding ICT services. Single EU
market scale attractive for firms to locate. Strong band creating value added.
 Weak IPR in third countries. Lack of standardization between countries. Fragmented
research in national EU markets. Barriers to EU job mobility.
 In result, the Hague convention was intended to facilitate and promote adoptions for
parentless children in need of families. However, “in practice, this does not always occur”.
The facts show that the well-intentioned Hague Adoption Convention actually depresses
intercountry adoption. That needs to be fixed immediately.