AI to Detect Social Media Users Depression Polarity Score and

Diagnose using Auto Curative Therapy

Thamizharasan M1, Vasanth R2, Ibrahim shaw A3, Purushothaman A4, Gopinathan N5
1234
Final year student, Department of CSE, V.R.S College of Engineering &Technology, Villupuram.
5
Professor of CSE, V.R.S College of Engineering & Technology, Villupuram.

Abstract: Depression is viewed as the estimate their depression intensity via

leveraging social media (Twitter) data, in
largest contributor to global disability and a
order to aid in raising an alarm.we propose a
major reason forsuicide. Generally, clinical
lexicon-enhanced LSTM model. The model
psychologists diagnose depressed people via
first uses sentiment lexicon as an extra
face-to-face interviews following the clinical
information pre-training a word sentiment
depression criteria. However, often patients
classifier and then get the sentiment
tend to not consult doctors in their early
embeddings of words including the words
stages of depression. Nowadays, people are
not in the lexicon. Combining the sentiment
increasingly using social media to express
embedding and its word embedding can
their moods. Sentiment Analysis (SA) is the
make word representation more accurate.
examination of the polarityof emotions and
Derived from a combination of feature
opinions expressed in the text by
extraction approaches using sentiment
usingcomputational methods.Sentiment
lexicons and textual contents, these features
could be expressed implicitly or explicitly in
are able to provide impressive results in
the text.Numerous studies on mental
terms of depression detection.
depression have found that tweets posted by
users with major depressive disorder could
be utilized for depression detection. The
potential of sentiment analysis for detecting
depression through an analysis of social
media messages has brought increasing INTRODUCTION
attention to this field. In this project, we aim 1.1. Overview
to predict depressed users as well as
Depression is a mood disorder that causes a information and create web content. There
persistent feeling of sadness and loss of are many forms of social media, including
interest. Also called major depressive blogs, micro-blogs, wikis, social networking
disorder or clinical depression, it affects sites, photo-sharing sites, instant messaging,
how you feel, think and behave and can lead video-sharing sites, podcasts, widgets,
to a variety of emotional and physical virtual worlds, and more.
problems. You may have trouble doing
normal day-to-day activities, and sometimes
you may feel as if life isn't worth living.

Figure 1.2. Social Media

In today’s world, many of us rely on social
media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter,
Snapchat, YouTube, and Instagram to find

Figure 1.1. Depression

and connect with each other. Many people in

Especially when recurrent and with today’s world live with their smartphones as

moderate or severe intensity, depression virtual companions. These devices use

may become a serious health condition. It electronic social media networks that alert

can cause the affected person to suffer users to updates on friends, favourite

greatly and function poorly at work, at celebrities, and global events. Social media

school and in the family. At its worst, has become firmly integrated into a lot of

depression can lead to suicide. Over 700 000 people’s daily lives.Billions of people

people die due to suicide every year. Suicide around the world use social media to share

is the fourth leading cause of death in 15-29- information and make connections. On a

year-olds. personal level, social media allows you to

1.1.1. Social Media communicate with friends and family, learn

Social media is an internet-based form of new things, develop your interests, and be

communication. Social media platforms entertained.

allow users to have conversations, share

Popular Social Media Tools and can share information and participate in a
Platforms: conversation.
Blogs: A platform for casual dialogue and 1.2. Problem Identified
discussions on a specific topic or opinion.
Nowadays, people extensively use
Facebook: The world’s largest social
social media platformslike Facebook,
network, with more than 1.55 billion
Twitter, Weibo, and WhatsApp. These
monthly active users (as of the third quarter
socialmedia sites have become a platform
of 2015). Users create a personal profile,
for users to express theirviews, ongoing
add other users as friends, and exchange
moods, and emotions and share with
messages, including status updates. Brands
theirfamily, friends, and other related people.
create pages and Facebook users can “like”
The behaviours ofposting and sharing
brands’ pages.
content on social media reflect the
Twitter: A social networking/micro-
users’daily lives and their mental state.One
blogging platform that allows groups and
of the biggest differences in the lives of
individuals to stay connected through the
current teenagers and young adults,
exchange of short status messages (140-
compared to earlier generations, is that they
character limit).
spend much less time connecting with their
YouTube/Vimeo: Video hosting and
peers in person and more time connecting
watching websites.
electronically, principally through social
Flickr: An image and video hosting website
media.Studies havereported that individuals
and online community. Photos can be shared
living with a range of mental disorders,
on Facebook and Twitter and other social
including depression, psychotic disorders, or
networking sites.
other severe mental illnesses, use social
Instagram: A free photo and video sharing
media platforms at comparable rates as the
app that allows users to apply digital filters,
general population, with use ranging
frames and special effects to their photos
fromabout 70% among middle-age and older
and then share them on a variety of social
individuals to upwards of 97% among
networking sites.
younger individuals.Other exploratory
LinkedIn: A place where groups of
studies have foundthat many of these
professionals with similar areas of interest
individuals with mental illness appear toturn
to social media to share their personal
experiences.With the growth of the social 1.3. Sentiment Analysis
network, most of the people share their Sentiment Analysis is the process of
emotion, their feelings, their thoughts in determining whether a piece of writing is
social media.There has been several research positive, negative or neutral. A sentiment
done on depressiondetection from analysis system for text analysis combines
post.Traditional Machine Learningclassifiers natural language processing (NLP) and
were used. However, as with most other machine learning techniques to assign
research that attempts to predict depression, weighted sentiment scores to the entities,
the analysis was dependent on self-reported topics, themes and categories within a
cases, and to date, approaches aiming to sentence or phrase.Sentiment analysis helps
identify individuals who are as yet unaware data analysts within large enterprises gauge
of their depression diagnosis remain public opinion, conduct nuanced market
rare.Early detection is critical for rapid research, monitor brand and product
intervention, which can potentially reduce reputation, and understand customer
the escalationof the disorder Moreover, in experiences.In this project, we try to detect
the earlier study, the authors did not perform the sentiment levels such as positive,
an early detection evaluation.Although negative and neutral sentiments from
diagnosis of depression using social depression related posts and comments
networks data has picked an established generated in social media platforms. Social
position globally, there are several media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter
dimensions that are yet to be detected.To are not only used for communication or
address the above-listed shortcomings, we building networks among connections, but
make anattempt to detect depression from also are getting useful for supporting needy
twitter commentswith the present work; we peoples who are on special need or care in
expand the scope of socialmedia-based terms of mental support.we try to formalize
depression measures, describing the the depression-related posts and comments
different features of twitter user into a concise lexicon database and detect
comments.We applied deep learning the sentiment levels form each instance
approaches that can use those measures for using deep learning.
the early detection of individuals who are
suffering with depression.
1.3.1. Sentiment analysis with Deep
Learning
Sentiment Analysis is a powerful
text analysis tool that automatically mines
unstructured data (social media, emails,
customer service tickets, and more) for
opinion and emotion, and can be performed
using machine learning and deep learning
algorithms. Deep learning (DL) is
considered an evolution of machine learning.
It chains together algorithms that aim to
simulate how the human brain works,
otherwise known as an artificial neural
network, and has enabled many practical
applications of machine learning, including
customer support automation and self-
driving cars.
Figure 1.3. Deep Learning with Sentiment
Sentiment analysis is the
classification of emotions (positive, negative,
and neutral) within data using text analysis
techniques. Harnessing the power of deep
learning, sentiment analysis models can be
trained to understand text beyond simple
definitions, read for context, sarcasm, etc.,
and understand the actual mood and feeling
of the writer.In order to exploit the full
power of sentiment analysis tools, we can
plug them into deep learning models.
1.3.2. Deep Learning
Deep learning is hierarchical
machine learning that uses multiple
algorithms in a progressive chain of events
to solve complex problems and allows you
to tackle massive amounts of data,
accurately and with very little human
interaction. Deep learning and machine
learning are sometimes used interchangeably.
Deep learning is, indeed, machine learning,
but it is more advanced. When basic
machine learning makes a mistake, human
input is required to correct it – to change the
output and “force” the model to learn. In
deep learning, however, the neural network
can learn to correct itself through its
advanced algorithm chain.
Deep Learning use cases
Deep learning start-ups successfully
apply it to big data for knowledge discovery,
knowledge application, and knowledge-
based prediction. In other words, deep
learning can be a powerful engine for
producing actionable results.
Social Media
 Deep learning’s power can also be actions over the customer state lifetime
seen with how it’s being used in social value.
media technology. Let’s take Pinterest for Recommendation systems
example, which includes a visual search tool Recommendation systems have used deep
that lets you zoom in on a specific object in learning to extract meaningful features for
a “Pin” (or pinned image) and discover recommendations. It has been applied for
visually similar objects, colors, patterns and learning user preferences from multiple
more. The company’s engineering team used domains.
deep learning to teach their system how to 1.4. Objective
recognize image features using a richly The objective of the project is early
annotated data set of billions of Pins curated detection of depressed user based on their
by Pinterest users. The features can then be depression-related posts and comments
used to compute a similarity score between using lexicon-enhanced LSTM model which
any two images and identify the best aims to predict depressed users as well as
matches. estimate their depression intensity via
Natural language processing leveraging social media (Twitter) data, in
Natural language processing is order to aid in raising an alarm.
another trendy topic and I even wrote an Building an algorithm that can analyse
article about it. You may find it here. It is Tweets exhibiting self-assessed depressive
used by different companies in many features can make it possible for individuals,
industries, most used cases are negative parents, caregivers, and medical
sampling, word embedding, constituency professionals to analyse social media posts
parsing, sentiment analysis, information for linguistic clues that signal deteriorating
retrieval, spoken language understanding, mental health far before traditional
machine translation, contextual entity approaches currently do.
linking, writing style recognition, etc. Analysing linguistic markers in
Customer relationship management social media posts allows for a low-profile
It is used a lot in direct marketing for assessment that can complement traditional
CRM automation. It is good to approximate services and would allow for a much earlier
the value of possible direct marketing awareness of depressive signs.
 This project applies LE-LSTM to
psychology area for detecting depressed
users in social network services. Firstly, a
sentiment analysis method is proposed
utilizing vocabulary and lexicon rules to
calculate the depression inclination of each
micro-blog. Secondly, a depression
detection model is constructed based on the
LSTM Model.
Formalize the depressed dataset into
lexicon database and detect the sentiment
levels form each instance. Then segmented
the total work into two parts: sentiment
detection and applying deep learning
algorithms to analyse the ability to detect
sentiment from such special category of
texts.Lastly, an application is developed
within the proposed model for early
detection and motivation system on online
social network.
1.5. Scope of the Project
Social networks have
developed as a great point for its users to
communicate with their interested friends
and share their opinions, photos, and videos
reflecting their moods, feelings
sentiments. This creates an opportunity to
analyse social network data for user’s
feelings and sentiments to investigate their
moods and attitudes when they
communicating via these online tools.The
evaluation follows a time-aware approach
that rewards early detections and penalizes
late detections.The use of linguistic markers
as a tool in the analysis and diagnoses of
depression has enormous potential.
Depression can so quickly be seen in text,
even without the use of complex models.
Simply by collecting, cleaning, and
processing available data, visual analysis
alone can illuminate the difference between
random Tweets and Tweets that have
depressive characteristics.The potential of
linguistic analysis in the arena of mental
health cannot be overstated. By analysing a
person’s words, you have a clear and
valuable window into his or her mental state.
Even the simplest analysis of social media
can provide us with unprecedented access to
individuals' thoughts and feelings and lead
to substantially greater understanding and
treatment of mental health.The findings
been offer a potential new way to uncover and get
help for those suffering from depression.
LITERATURE SURVEY
and 1. Ensemble Hybrid Learning
Methods for Automated
Depression Detection
Author:Luna Ansari; Shaoxiong Ji
are
Year:2022
Doi:10.1109/TCSS.2022.3154442
Problem Identified
Changes in human lifestyle have led to an
increase in the number of people suffering
from depression over the past century.
Although in recent years, rates of diagnosing
mental illness have improved, many cases
remain undetected. Automated detection
methods can help identify depressed or
individuals at risk. An understanding of
depression detection requires effective
feature representation and analysis of
language use.
Objective
In this article, text classifiers are trained for
depression detection. The key objective is to
improve depression detection performance
by examining and comparing two sets of
methods: hybrid and ensemble.
Methodology
Ensemble methods are another approach
adopted in this study. Such approaches have
successfully set record performance on
challenging datasets and are frequently
among the top winners of data science
competitions. The purpose of using the
ensemble approach can vary, and it is
mainly applied for three purposes:
decreasing bias in the model (boosting),
decreasing variance in the model (bagging),
and enhancing predictions (stacking). In the
current study, the ensemble method is used
for bagging to combine the predictive results.
Bagging—also known as bootstrapping—is
a strategy to decrease estimation variance of
single models by averaging the multiple
estimates together. Due to parallel learning,
the classifiers are trained separately so that
each model emphasizes different features.
Dataset
Reddit: Reddit social media collection
contains posts from depressed and non-
depressed users. The dataset contained 1841
users (1200 positives and 641 negatives).
Reddit as a social media platform allows for
the anonymity of the users, and it is widely
used for discussion about stigmatic topics.
Reddit data have been used to study the
posts specifically from Reddit users who
wrote about mental health issues and who
had proceeded to post topics about suicidal
ideation.
Findings
The results show that ensemble models
outperform the hybrid model classification
results. The strength and effectiveness of the
combined features demonstrate that better
performance can be achieved by multiple
feature combinations and proper feature
selection.
2. Tracing the Emotional top-10 rules are negative emotions: violence,

Roadmap of Depressive Users pain, shame, depression, sadness, and

silence.
on Social Media Through
Methodology
Sequential Pattern Mining
TROAD (Tracing the Roadmap of
Author:Felipe Taliar Giuntini;KauêL. P. de
Depressive Users), a framework for the
Moraes;
collection, pre-processing, modelling, and
Year:2021
knowledge discovery of sequential patterns
Doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3095759
of user emotions from social networks.After
Problem Identified
collecting the data from Reddit, we employ
Depression is one of the most growing
TROAD to model the collected information
health disorders, generating social and
and extract frequent patterns from the
economic problems. The affective
expressed emotions.
computing models focus on analysing
Dataset
unique user posts, not observing temporal
Reddit social network because it has specific
behaviour patterns, which are essential to
mutual support communities for diverse
track changes and the evolution of emotional
themes, including depression. We developed
behaviour and user context, that involves the
(i) a data crawler using the official Reddit
persistent analysis of feelings and
API (https://www.reddit.com/dev/api/ and
characteristics over time.
downloaded posts, comments, and replies
Objective
from the /r/depression subreddit, publicly
This article proposes the TROAD
accessible on (https://
framework for longitudinal recognition of
www.reddit.com/r/depression/). In total, (ii)
sequential patterns from depressive users on
the crawler retrieved 415,459 user records,
social media. The framework identifies the
778,822 posts, and 1,573,858 comments and
best interval to analyze every user activity,
replies from January 1st, 2009 until July 1st,
extracts emotional and contextual features
2019. We applied the PROMIS form of
from user data, and models the features into
depression assessment level 2 for 317 adults
time windows to recognize sequential
to check the sample of depressants in the
patterns from depressive user behavior. The
municipality, and we found that 55.2% had
main characteristics of the users found in the
severe depression, 31.7% moderate, and 7%
mild, that is, 93,9% of respondents report
some level of depression.
Findings
We obtained strong sequence patterns with a
minimum of 70% of support, 81% of
confidence, and 69% regarding sequential
confidence, considering periods of silence
between users' posts. Without considering
silent periods, the rules showed 70%, 86%,
and 38% of support, confidence, and
sequential confidence. TROAD
computational approach is a promising tool
for clinical specialists in human behavior.
3. Enhanced Word Embedding
Variations for the Detection of
Substance Abuse and Mental
Health Issues on Social Media
Writings
Author:Diana Ramírez-Cifuentes; Christine
Largeron
Year:2021
Doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3112102
Problem Identified
Substance abuse and mental health issues
are severe conditions that affect millions.
Signs of certain conditions have been traced
on social media through the analysis of posts.
Objective
In this paper the author analyse textual cues
that characterize and differentiate Reddit
posts related to depression, eating disorders,
suicidal ideation, and alcoholism, along with
control posts.
Methodology
Introduced a method to generate word
embedding enhanced for both binary and
multi-class classification tasks that involve
small corpora. This is a method that can also
be applied to other domain-specific
classification tasks. The method includes a
process to identify predictive terms for each
given class. This way, the embedding
vectors associated to predictive terms are
represented close to each other and far from
the representations of terms that are
predictive for the remaining classes. These
vectors are obtained by extending
Word2vec’s objective function, which takes
those predictive terms as inputs.
Dataset
The data collected for experimental
purposes was gathered from a group of
selected subreddits, which are forum
communities of users on Reddit that are
often focused on a specific subject of
discussion. This is a suitable data source
because it is likely to contain posts of users
living with a given mental disorder. For
instance, the depression subreddit contains
posts of users with Depression, and from
people that give advice and support to others.
Findings
Results show that variations of our enhanced
representations outperform in Recall,
Accuracy, and F1-Score the embedding’s
learned with Word2vec, DistilBERT,
GloVe ’s fine-tuned pre-learned embedding
and other methods based on domain adapted
embedding. The approach presented has the
potential to be used on similar binary or
multi-class classification tasks that deal with
small domain-specific textual corpora.
4. MGL-CNN: A Hierarchical Posts
Representations Model for
Identifying Depressed Individuals in
Online Forums
Author: Guozheng Rao; Yue Zhang
Year:2020
Doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2973737
Problem Identified
More users suffering from depression turn to
online forums to express their problems and
seek help. In such forums, there is often a
large volume of posts with sensitive content,
indicating that the user has a risk of suicide
and self-harm. Early detection of depression
using appropriate deep learning models and
social media data can prevent potential self-
harm. However, existing depression
detection models are not powerful enough to
capture critical sentiment information from
the large volume of posts published by each
user, which makes the performance of these
models not satisfying.
Objective
To address this problem, The author
proposes a hierarchical posts representations
model named Multi-Gated LeakyReLU
CNN (MGL-CNN) for identifying depressed
individuals in online forums. The model
consists of two parts: the first one is a post-
level operation, which is used to learn the
representation of each post of the user, and
the second one is a user-level operation,
which is used to obtain the overall
representation of the user's emotional state.
Besides, propose another depression
detection model by changing the number of
gated units in the MGL-CNN, which is
named Single-Gated LeakyReLU CNN
(SGL-CNN).
Methodology
The author introduced two hierarchical
neural network models with gated units and
convolutional networks for fulfilling
depression detection task, which are named
Multi-Gated LeakyReLU CNN (MGL-CNN)
and Single-Gated LeakyReLU CNN (SGL-
CNN). The user’s dataset is divided into a
certain number of posts, and we can use our
models to identify the genuinely crucial Detection of Depression
sentiment features of each user’s posts and Indications in Text Sequences
suppress other unimportant information as
Author: Marcel Trotzek; Sven Koitka
possible. The proposed models can encode
Year:2020
the relations between posts in user
Doi: 10.1109/TKDE.2018.2885515
representation. It consists of two parts: the
Problem Identified
first one is a post-level operation, which is
Depression is ranked as the largest
used to learn the representation of the user’s
contributor to global disability and is also a
every post, and the second one is a user-
major reason for suicide. Still, many
level operation, which can obtain the overall
individuals suffering from forms of
representation of the user’s emotional state.
depression are not treated for various
The traditional convolutional neural network
reasons. Previous studies have shown that
is weak in identifying crucial depression
depression also has an effect on language
features. According to this situation, we add
usage and that many depressed individuals
gated units to improve the performance of
use social media platforms or the internet in
this task dramatically.
general to get information or discuss their
Dataset
problems.
Experiments are conducted based on the
Objective
Reddit Self-Reported Depression Diagnosis
This paper addresses the early detection of
(RSDD) dataset and the Early Detection of
depression using machine learning models
Depression dataset (eRisk 2017).
based on messages on a social platform. In
Findings
particular, a convolutional neural network
Experimental results showed that our
based on different word embedding is
models performed better than the previous
evaluated and compared to a classification
state-of-the-art models on the Reddit Self-
based on user-level linguistic metadata. An
Reported Depression Diagnosis dataset, and
ensemble of both approaches is shown to
also performed well on the Early Detection
achieve state-of-the-art results in a current
of Depression dataset.
early detection task.
Methodology
5. Utilizing Neural Networks and Neural word embeddings have become a
Linguistic Metadata for Early popular and efficient way to model words
and interactions between them for purposes performance on the eRisk 2017 task for
like text classification tasks. They date back comparison to previously published results
to the concept of distributed word and among these models, future work will
representations that, in contrast to local have to show how these models perform on
representations, do not handle each word yet unseen data.
separately with a single neuron, but use
several neurons to represent a word and let 6. A Novel Co-Training-Based
each neuron be part of the description of Approach for the Classification
several words. This enables distributed
of Mental Illnesses Using Social
representations to learn general concepts of
Media Posts
language instead of just independent word
Author:Subhan Tariq; Nadeem Akhtar
representations.
Year:2019
Dataset
Doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2953087
The dataset utilized in all experiments for
Problem Identified
this paper was first described in 2016 for
Traditional methods either need enough
research on depression and language use and
historic data or to keep the regular
then finally published as part of the CLEF
monitoring on patient activities for
2017 conference eRisk pilot task on early
identification of a patient associated with a
detection of depression. It contains
mental illness disease.
chronological sequences of posts and
Objective
comments from reddit.com, collected for a
In order to address this issue, we propose a
total of 135 depressed users and a random
methodology to classify the patients
control group of 752 users.
associated with chronic mental illness
Findings
diseases (i.e. Anxiety, Depression, Bipolar,
The analysis of the resulting word vectors
and ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
has shown that the model has learnt some
Disorder) based on the data extracted from
features specific to this domain and is viable
the Reddit, a well-known network
for general syntactic questions in the English
community platform.
language as shown based on the standard
Methodology
word analogy task. As the results presented
in this paper are optimized to obtain the best
The proposed method is employed through reason for suicide. It has an impact on the
Co-training (type of semi-supervised language usage reflected in the written text.
learning approach) technique by The key objective of our study is to examine
incorporating the discriminative power of Reddit users' posts to detect any factors that
widely used classifiers namely Random may reveal the depression attitudes of
Forrest (RF), Support Vector Machine relevant online users.
(SVM), and Naïve Bayes (NB).
Dataset
We used Reddit API to download posts and
top five associated comments for Objective
construction of a feature space. For such purpose, we employ the Natural
Findings Language Processing (NLP) techniques and
The experimental results indicate the machine learning approaches to train the
effectiveness of Co-training based data and evaluate the efficiency of our
classification rather than the state of the art proposed method. We identify a lexicon of
classifiers by a margin of 3% on average in terms that are more common among
par with every state of art technique. In depressed accounts.
future, the proposed method could be Methodology
employed to investigate any classification The author uses the NLP tools to pre-
problem of any domain by extracting date process the dataset before it is proceeded to
from the social media. the feature selection and training stage. First,
use tokenization to divide the posts into
7. Detection of Depression-Related individual tokens. Next, remove all the

Posts in Reddit Social Media URLs, punctuations and stop words which
could lead into erratic results if stay
Forum
ignored.For n-gram modelling we use the
Author:Michael M. Tadesse; Hongfei Lin
Term frequency inverse document frequency
Year:2019
(TF-IDF) as a numeric statistic where the
Doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2909180
importance of a word with respect to each
Problem Identified
document in corpora is highlighted. The
Depression is viewed as the largest
proposed framework is developed by using
contributor to global disability and a major
Logistic Regression, Support Vector Authors: Ryan S. McGinnis; Ellen W.
Machine, Random Forest, Adaptive McGinnis; Jessica Hruschak; Nestor L.
Boosting and Multilayer Perceptron Lopez-Duran
classifier. Year:2018
Dataset Doi:
The data corpus contains depression- https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/851332
indicative posts (1293) and standard posts 7
(548). Depression-indicative posts are Objective
collected from relatively large subedits This paper presents a new approach for
devoted to depression, where depressed diagnosing anxiety and depression in young
users seek support from an online children. The author proposes the use of a
community. Standard posts written by non- 90-second fear induction task during which
depressed users are collected from subedits time participant motion is monitoring using
related to a family or friends. a commercially available wearable sensor.
Findings Methodology
The results show that our proposed method Machine learning and data extracted from
can significantly improve performance the most clinically feasible 20-second phase
accuracy. The best single feature is bigram of the task are used to predict diagnosis in a
with the Support Vector Machine (SVM) sample of children with and without an
classifier to detect depression with 80% internalizing diagnosis. A supervised
accuracy and 0.80 F1 scores.According to learning approach was used to create binary
our study, better performance improvement classification models that relate features
can be achieved by proper feature selections from the inertial measurement unit (IMU),
and their multiple feature combinations. derived signals to internalizing diagnosis.
Dataset
8. Rapid Anxiety and Depression Data were collected from 63 children (57%

Diagnosis in Young Children female) and their primary caregivers (95%

mothers), recruited from an ongoing
Enabled by Wearable Sensors
observational study (n=14) and flyers posted
and Machine Learning
in the community (n=14) and psychiatry
clinics (n=35). The resulting sample of
children were between 3 and 7 years old their interactions with suicidal ideation.
(M=5.25 SD= 1.10), 65% White non-Latinx, Specifically, we have three main research
and 83% lived in two-parent households. goals. The author wants to learn how
Findings different smiling characteristics such as
This accuracy is comparable to existing number of smiles and smile lengths are
diagnostic techniques, but at a small fraction related to mental health status. want to learn
of the time and cost currently required. how different smiling characteristics such as
These results point toward the future use of the number of smiles and genuineness are
this approach in a clinical setting for related to mental health status. Lastly,
diagnosing children with internalizing examined how useful behaviours related to
disorders. gazing down were in differentiating the
9. Toward Visual Behaviour suicidal, non-suicidal mentally ill, and

Markers of Suicidal Ideation control patients. The author used interviews

with patients from all three groups from
Authors: Naomi Eigbe; Tadas Baltrusaitis;
hospitals and examined their smiling and
Louis-Philippe Morency;
gazing behaviours. We assessed ability to
Year:2018
predict the patients’ mental health
Doi:
conditions from these smiling and gazing
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/837387
behaviours
8
Dataset
Objective
In this work, the author used a dataset
In this paper, the author examines the
consisting of interviews with subjects from
predictive ability of a variety of smiling and
the Cincinatti Children’s Hospital Medical
eye gaze behaviours in categorizing hospital
Centre, the University of Cincinatti Medical
patients by mental health status: patients
Centre, and the Princeton Community
with suicidal ideation, patients with other
Hospital. The participants were in one of
mental illnesses such as depression, or
these three conditions: suicidal, mentally ill,
control group without suicidal ideation or
or control.
mental illness.
Findings
Methodology
These results provide promising evidence
In this paper, the author study two specific
that both smiling behaviours and eye gaze
types of behaviours, smile and eye gaze, and
behaviours can provide beneficial
information about one’s mental health status.
10.Investigating Facial Behaviour
Indicators of Suicidal Ideation
Authors: Eugene Laksana; Tadas
Baltrušaitis; Louis-Philippe Morency;
Year:2017
Doi:
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/796181
9
Objective
In this paper, the investigate non-verbal
facial behaviours to discriminate among
control, mentally ill, and suicidal patients.
Methodology
The author used Open Face, a state-of-the-
art toolbox to extract per-frame AU
intensities and head pose in each video
frame. Our decision to use this toolbox is
largely based on the similarity between our
CONCLUSION
Depression is a pressing issue of our
society today, affecting more than 264
million people globally and still increasing.
It may become a serious health issue when it
lasts more than two weeks with moderate or
severe intensity. It can even lead to suicide
if a depressed person is not receiving proper
treatment.This work aims to make timely
dataset and the Denver Intensity of
Spontaneous Facial Action (DISFA) corpus,
which Open Face has been tested on for AU
detection.
Dataset
In this work, the author used a dataset
consisting of interviews with subjects from
the Cincinatti Children’s Hospital Medical
Centre (CCHMC), the University of
Cincinatti Medical Centre (UC), and the
Princeton Community Hospital (PCH). The
participants were assigned to one of three
groups: control, mentally ill, or suicidal.
Findings
Follow-up work should focus on extending
our feature descriptors to first being able to
perform tasks such as posed smile,
deception, or anxiety detection, since these
are the behaviours which motivated our
investigations into these behaviour patterns.
We should then use these predictions to help
facilitate suicidality classification.
depression intensity estimation from social
media, in order to aid in a proper treatment
according to the depression level. Detecting
and Classifying depression levels is critical
for various different types of posts. In this
project, we proposed a framework for
classifying depression levels using LE-
LSTM algorithms.By using the sentiment
lexicon to train a word sentiment classifier,
we can get the sentiment embedding of each 9.2 Future Enhancement
word. Concatenatingthe word embedding
This project leads to several
and its sentiment embedding as the input of
promising future directions. It would be
LE-LSTM can make a higher performance
interesting to explore the social network
in sentiment analysis tasks.The algorithms
structure and user’s locations for identifying
are designed to analyze the tweet for
the propagation of depression among the
emotion detection as well as for detection of
social communities.Explore the proposed
suicidal thoughts among people on social
framework for analyzing other mental health
media.We validated the performance of our
disorders, such as anxiety, schizophrenia,
method by conducting extensive
bipolarity, among others.This project will
experiments on a standard dataset and
lead to the development of automatic
outperformed the other alternatives for
preliminary assessment methods based on
polarity estimation.
social data.
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