Global Wealth Databook 2022

Global Wealth Databook 2022
Leading perspectives to navigate the future

Preface
For the past 13 years, the Credit Suisse Research for the Global Wealth Report and
Research Institute’s Global Wealth Report has Global Wealth Databook has been undertaken on
been the leading reference on global household behalf of the Credit Suisse Research Institute by
wealth. It contains the most comprehensive and Professors Anthony Shorrocks and Jim Davies,
up-to-date findings on global wealth across the recognized authorities on this topic, assisted by
entire wealth spectrum – from the very base of Professor Rodrigo Lluberas. The Credit Suisse
the “wealth pyramid,” covering 2.8 billion adults Research Institute is Credit Suisse’s in-house
with wealth below USD 10,000, to those at the think tank. The Institute was established in the
apex of the wealth pyramid, who now comprise aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis with the
1.2% of the adult population and own 48% of objective of studying long-term economic
household wealth. During the 12 months up to developments, which have – or promise to have –
end-2021, we estimate that boosted by the a global impact within and beyond the financial
impact of government support measures, services industry.
aggregate global wealth has risen by USD 41.4
trillion (+9.8%) to a combined total of USD The Global Wealth Databook provides estimates
463.6 trillion. Wealth per adult grew by 8.4% to for the level and distribution of wealth for over
a new record high of USD 87,489 per adult. By 200 countries for the period from 2000 to
all measures, 2021 was a bumper year for end-2021. It covers the pattern and trend of
household wealth. household wealth at both the regional and
country levels. This year’s report examines in
While the Global Wealth Report highlights the more detail the development of wealth and
main features of global wealth holdings in recent wealth distribution in what has been a truly
years, the Credit Suisse Research Institute’s out-of-the-ordinary year. Particular attention is
Global Wealth Databook provides a great deal paid to the continued growing importance of
more detail. It presents a considerable quantity China and other emerging economies in global
of additional data on the level and distribution of wealth creation, and to the differences across
household wealth across countries, as well as groups of countries that share a number of
describing the data sources used in the project demographic and economic features.
and the methodology used to obtain the pub-
lished results. This level of detail sets it apart
from other reports in this field. Nannette Hechler-Fayd’herbe
Chief Investment Officer International Wealth
Management and Global Head of Economics &
Research, Credit Suisse
2
4 Section 1 Estimating the pattern of global household wealth
8 Table 1-1 Coverage of wealth levels data
9 Table 1-2 Household balance sheet and financial balance sheet sources
11 Table 1-3 Survey sources
13 Table 1-4 Changes in asset prices and exchange rates 2021, selected countries
14 Table 1-5 Wealth shares for countries with wealth distribution data
18 Section 2 Household wealth levels, 2000–21
20 Table 2-1 Country details
25 Table 2-2 (by year) Wealth estimates by country 2000–21
113 Table 2-3 Components of wealth per adult in USD, by region and year
114 Table 2-4 Components of wealth as percentage of gross wealth, by region and year
115 Table 2-5 Changes in household wealth 2021, selected countries
116 Section 3 Estimating the distribution of global wealth
119 Table 3-1 Wealth pattern within countries, 2021
123 Table 3-2 Wealth pattern by region, 2021
124 Table 3-3 Membership of top wealth groups for selected countries, 2021
125 Table 3-4 Percentage membership of global wealth deciles and top percentiles by country of residence, 2021
129 Table 3-5 Main gains and losses in global wealth distribution, 2021
130 Table 3-6 High net worth individuals by country and region, 2021
132 Section 4 Region and country focus
134 Table 4-1 Summary details for regions and selected countries, 2021
135 Table 4-2 Wealth per adult (USD) at current and smooth exchange rates, for regions and selected countries, 2000–21
137 Table 4-3 Total wealth (USD trn) at current and smooth exchange rates, for regions and selected countries, 2000–21
139 Table 4-4 Composition of wealth per adult for regions and selected countries, 2021
140 Table 4-5 Wealth shares and minimum wealth of deciles and top percentiles for regions and selected countries, 2021
141 Table 4-6 Distribution of wealth for regions and selected countries, 2021
144 Bibliography and data references
147 About the authors
148 General disclaimer/important information
Global wealth databook 2022 3

1.1 Introduction Andorra, Monaco) or semi-detached from the
We provide estimates of the wealth holdings of global economy (e.g. Cuba, Somalia, North
households around the world for each year since Korea). Together these countries account for only
2000. More specifically, we are interested in the 2.5% of global adults and 0.5% of global wealth.
distribution within and across nations of individual But for completeness, we assign net wealth
net worth, defined as the marketable value of values to these countries based on the assumption
financial assets plus non-financial assets that their wealth/GDP ratio is the same as the
(principally housing and land) less debts. No subregion to which they belong (which is generally
country in the world has a single comprehensive a good rule of thumb). However, because these
source of information on personal wealth, and estimates are less reliable, we do not report the
many low- and middle-income countries have detailed results for these countries in the summary
little direct evidence of any kind. However, a Table 2-2 or elsewhere.
growing number of countries – including China
and India, as well as many high-income countries The second step in our estimation procedure
– have relevant data from a variety of different involves constructing the pattern of wealth
sources, which we are able to exploit in order to holdings within nations. We use direct data on
achieve our objective. the distribution of wealth for 40 countries.
Inspection of data for these countries suggests a
We focus on 217 countries or economically self- relationship between wealth distribution and
governing territories (such as Hong Kong, SAR) income distribution, within world regions, that can
whose population sizes are recorded by the be exploited in order to provide an initial estimate
United Nations and which also have GDP and of wealth distribution for another 140 countries,
exchange rate data. These “countries” are listed which have data on income distribution but not
in Table 2-1 along with some summary details. on wealth ownership. The remaining 37 countries
Note that China and India are treated as separate are a subset of the 46 countries to which we
regions due to the size of their populations. assigned wealth levels above. We follow a similar
procedure here and assign to each of these
Our estimation procedure involves three main countries the average wealth pattern of its (United
steps, the first two of which follow the structure Nations) subregion.
set out in Davies et al. (2008, 2011). (See also
Davies et al., 2017.) The first step establishes It is well known that the traditional sources of
the average level of wealth for each country. The wealth distribution data are unlikely to provide an
best source of data for this purpose is household accurate picture of wealth ownership in the top
balance sheet (HBS) data, which are now tail of the distribution for most countries. To
provided by 51 countries, although 24 of these overcome this deficiency, the third step makes
countries cover only financial assets and debts. use of the information in the Forbes world list of
For an additional two countries, wealth levels can billionaires to adjust the wealth distribution
be calculated from household survey data. pattern in the highest wealth ranges.
Together these countries cover 69% of the
global population and 94% of total global wealth. The following sections describe the estimation
procedures in more detail. Two other general
For countries without HBS or survey data we use points should be mentioned at the outset. First,
standard econometric techniques to estimate net we use official exchange rates throughout to
wealth levels and its components for a further 118 convert currencies to our standard measure of
countries. This leaves 46 countries lacking value, which is US dollars at the time in question
sufficient suitable data for wealth estimation. Most (usually end-year). In international comparisons of
of these are small island states in the Pacific or consumption or income, it is common to convert
Caribbean. The remainder are either small (e.g. currencies using purchasing power parity (PPP)
4
exchange rates, which take account of local China. Li (2017) surveyed the series that had
prices, especially for non-traded services. been developed by different researchers. Piketty
However, in all countries, a large share of personal et al. (2017, 2018) provide the most compre-
wealth is owned by households in the top few hensive data and also the longest times series, so
percentiles of the distribution who tend to be we use their estimates here. Li (2017) shows that
internationally mobile and to move their assets his own independent estimates, which are for
across borders with significant frequency. For 2004–14 only, are similar to those of Piketty et al.
such people, the prevailing foreign currency rate is (2017) if farmland is omitted from the latter. This
most relevant for international comparisons. So provides support for the accuracy of the Piketty et
there is a stronger case for using official exchange al. estimates, but also a reason to prefer them, in
rates in studies of global wealth. addition to the greater length of their time series,
since farmland is a key household asset in rural
The second issue concerns the appropriate unit of China. Piketty et al. estimate the value of this land
analysis. A case can be made for basing the carefully, taking into account its increasingly
analysis on households or families. However, private character over time.
personal assets and debts are typically owned (or
owed) by named individuals and may be retained HBS coverage is sparse in Africa, Asia and Latin
by those individuals if they leave the family. America. However, survey evidence on wealth is
Furthermore, even though some household available for Uruguay and Indonesia, which
assets, such as housing, provide communal compensates a little for this deficiency. Also,
benefits in households that include members other financial HBS data are available for Russia and
than a single individual or married couple, it is ten other transition countries, which helps to
unusual for members to have an equal say in the make coverage more complete.
management of assets, or to share equally in the
proceeds if the asset is sold. Membership of 1.3 Household survey data
households can be quite fluid (e.g. with respect to Information on assets and debts is collected in
older children living away from home) and the nationally representative surveys undertaken in
pattern of household structure varies markedly an increasing number of countries (see Table 1-3
across countries. For all these reasons – plus the for our current list and sources.) For two
practical consideration that the number of countries, this is the only data we have, and we
households is unknown in most countries – we use it to help estimate wealth levels, as explained
prefer to base our analysis on individuals rather in the next section, as well as distributions. Data
than household or family units. More specifically, on wealth obtained from household surveys vary
since children have little formal or actual wealth in quality, due to the sampling and non-sampling
ownership, we focus on wealth ownership by problems faced by all sample surveys. The high
adults, defined to be individuals aged 20 or above. skewness of wealth distributions makes sampling
error important. Non-sampling error is also a
1.2 Household balance sheet data problem due to differential response rates –
The most reliable source of information on above some level wealthier households are less
household wealth is household balance sheet likely to participate – and under-reporting,
(HBS) data. As shown in Table 1-1, “complete” especially of financial assets. Both of these
financial and non-financial balance sheet data are problems make it difficult to obtain an accurate
available for 29 countries for at least one year. picture of the upper tail of the wealth distribution
These are predominantly high-income countries, using survey evidence alone. To compensate,
the exceptions being China, Mexico and South wealthier households are over-sampled in an
Africa, which fall within the upper middle-income increasing number of surveys. This is best done
category according to the World Bank, and India using individual information, as in the US Survey
which is classed as lower middle income. The of Consumer Finances, the Household Finance
data are described as complete if financial and Consumption (HFCS) surveys in Finland,
assets, liabilities and non-financial assets are all France and Spain, and the Wealth and Assets
adequately covered. Another 24 countries have Survey (WAS) in the United Kingdom
financial balance sheets, but no details of real (Vermeulen, 2018). Over-sampling at the upper
assets. This group contains seven upper middle- end is not routinely adopted by the developing
income countries. Hence it is less biased toward countries that include asset information in their
the rich world than the group with complete household surveys, but the reported response
household balance sheets. The sources of these rates tend to be higher than in developed
data are recorded in Table 1-2. countries and the sample sizes are very large in
some cases, e.g. in India.
Europe and North America, and OECD countries
in particular, are well represented among countries The US Survey of Consumer Finance is
with HBS data. China joined this group a few sufficiently well designed to capture most
years ago. There had been considerable recent household wealth, but this is atypical. In
discussion of the household balance sheet in particular, surveys usually yield lower totals for

financial assets compared with HBS data. 2-2 for the years 2000 to 2021. HBS data are
However, surveys generally do remarkably well used where available (see Table 1-1); adjusted
for owner-occupied housing, which is the main survey means are used for Indonesia and
component of non-financial assets (Davies and Uruguay in specific years.
Shorrocks, 2000). Our methodology recognizes
the general under-reporting of financial assets in A growing number of countries are reporting
surveys and attempts to correct this deficiency. wealth data with relatively little delay – around 3
months in the case of the United States, for
For countries which have both HBS and survey example. For countries lacking HBS data we use
data, when estimating wealth levels we give information on changes in house price indexes,
priority to the HBS figures. The HBS estimates share prices, and GDP per adult to update the
typically use a country’s wealth survey results as estimates of each of the wealth components.
one input, but also take account of other sources
of information and should therefore dominate 1.5 Wealth distribution within countries
wealth survey estimates in quality. However, this An analysis of the global pattern of wealth
does not ensure that HBS data are error-free. holdings by individuals requires information on
the distribution of wealth within countries. Direct
1.4 Estimating the level and composition of observations on wealth distribution across
wealth for other countries households or individuals are available for 39
We use standard econometric techniques to countries. The number of survey years we have
establish the determinants of per capita wealth varies across countries. Summary details are
levels in the 53 countries with HBS or survey reported in Table 1-5 using a common template,
data in at least one year. The regression which gives the shares of the top 10%, 5%, and
equations are then used to estimate wealth 1%, together with other distributional information
levels in the countries that have no direct data in the form of cumulated shares of wealth (i.e.
on wealth. Availability of data on the explanatory Lorenz curve ordinates).
variables needed for the latter procedure limits
the number of countries that can be included. The distributional data have certain fairly
However, we are able to estimate wealth values standard features. The unit of analysis is
for 171 countries, which collectively cover 98% usually a household or family, but is in a few
of the world’s population in 2021 either from cases the (adult) individual. Household sample
direct data on wealth or by using this surveys are employed in almost all countries.
regression-based procedure. There is a trade- The exceptions are the Nordic countries
off here between coverage and reliability. (Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden),
Alternative sets of explanatory variables could which use data from tax and other registers
achieve greater country coverage, but not covering the entire population. For all other
without compromising the quality of the countries, except the United States, the wealth
regression-based estimates. shares of the top groups are expected to be
understated because wealthy households are
Separate regressions are run for financial assets, less likely to respond, and because the
non-financial assets and liabilities. As errors in financial assets that are of greater importance
the three equations are likely to be correlated, to the wealthy – e.g. equities and bonds – are
the seemingly unrelated regressions (SUR) especially likely to be under-reported. And in
technique due to Zellner (1962) is applied, but those countries using register data there can
only to financial assets and liabilities, since there be difficulties due to valuation problems, e.g.
are fewer observations for non-financial assets. in connection with pension assets and life
In particular, we include a dummy for cases insurance. The United States has Distributional
where the data source is a survey rather than Financial Accounts (DFA) published quarterly
HBS data. This turns out to be negative and that combine the triennial Survey of Consumer
highly significant in the financial assets Finance (SCF) and Flow of Funds balance
regression, indicating that the average level of sheet data, as well as taking into account the
financial assets tends to be much lower when the wealth of the “Forbes 400.” The DFA provides
data derive from sample surveys. We use this shares of the top 1%, top 10% and bottom
result to adjust upwards the value of financial 50%. We interpolate other shares using the
assets in the wealth level estimates for Indonesia SCF survey nearest in date.
and Uruguay. We also include region-income
dummies to capture any common fixed effects at The summary details reported in Table 1-5 show
the region-income level, and year dummies to a great deal of distributional information, but
control for shocks – like the global financial crisis there are some empty cells. Estimates for the
– or time trends that affect the world as a whole. empty cells were generated by a revised version
of the Shorrocks-Wan ungrouping program,
The resulting estimates of net worth per adult which constructs a synthetic sample conforming
and the three components are reported in Table exactly to any set of Lorenz values (Shorrocks
6
and Wan, 2009). Where countries have some worth individuals. This deficiency does not affect
wealth distribution data, Lorenz curves for our estimates of average wealth levels around
missing years are estimated by interpolation or by the world, since these are determined by other
projection forwards or backwards. methods. But it does imply that the shares of the
top percentile and top decile are likely to err on
For most countries lacking direct wealth distribution the low side unless adjustments are made to the
data, the pattern of wealth distribution was upper tail. We would also not expect to generate
constructed from information on income distribution, accurate predictions of the number and value of
based on the view that wealth inequality is likely to holdings of high net worth individuals.
be fairly highly correlated with income inequality
across the countries with missing wealth data. We tackle this problem by exploiting well-known
Income distribution data was derived from the World statistical regularities in the top wealth tail and by
Income Inequality Database, and the ungrouping making use of information on the wealth holdings
program was used to generate all the Lorenz curve of named individuals revealed in the rich list data
values required for the same template applied to reported by Forbes magazine. As described in
wealth distribution. more detail in Section 3, we used the number of
billionaires reported by Forbes to fit a Pareto
For the 40 countries that have data on both distribution to the upper tail of 56 countries and 5
wealth and income distribution, the Lorenz curves regions. The revised top tail values in the
for wealth are everywhere lower than for income, synthetic sample were then replaced by the new
indicating that wealth is more unequally distributed estimates, and the resulting sample for each
than income. We calculate the Gini coefficient country was re-scaled to match the mean wealth
values for both income and wealth and then value. This sequence was repeated until the
estimate the missing Lorenz curves for wealth by process converged, typically after a few rounds.
scaling down the Lorenz curves for income by the The overall global weighted sample still contains
median ratio of income to wealth Ginis. between 1.1 and 1.5 million observations,
typically representing about 100, 1,000 or
To generate regional and global wealth patterns, 10,000 adults. The adjusted sample can be used
each country lacking income distribution data was to produce improved estimates of the true wealth
assigned the average (adult population weighted) pattern within countries, regions and the world.
wealth distribution pattern for the corresponding The minimum sample size of 100 allows reliable
subregion. This again was done in preference to estimates of the number and value of wealth
simply disregarding the countries concerned. holdings up to USD 100 million at the regional
and global level. Estimates above USD 100
1.6 Assembling the global distribution of million are obtained by projecting the Pareto
wealth distribution forward.
To construct the global distribution of wealth, the
level of wealth for each country was combined 1.8 Concluding remarks
with details of its wealth pattern. Specifically, the Great progress has been achieved in recent
ungrouping program was applied to each country years in the study of global household wealth.
to generate a set of synthetic sample values and Data on the level of wealth have improved in
sample weights consistent with the (estimated or quality and are available for more countries. New
imputed) wealth distribution, with the sample household wealth surveys have begun in many
weights representing approximately 10,000 countries. However, much remains to be done to
adults in the bottom 90% of the distribution, improve the quality and frequency of wealth data,
1,000 adults in the top decile, and 100 adults in and to make the data available for a greater
the top percentile. The wealth sample values number of countries. In the meantime, we will
were then scaled up to match the mean wealth continue to try to fill the gaps in the estimates of
of the respective country and merged into a wealth level by country and to improve the
single world dataset comprising between 1.1 estimates of wealth distribution within countries.
million and 1.5 million observations for each year. In future, some revisions to our estimates are
The complete global sample may be processed in inevitable. Nevertheless, we are confident that
a variety of ways, e.g. to obtain the minimum the broad trends revealed in the Credit Suisse
wealth and the wealth share of each percentile in Global Wealth Report for 2022 will remain
the global distribution of wealth. The distribution substantially intact.
within regions may also be calculated, along with
the number of representatives of each country in
any given global wealth percentile.
1.7 Adjusting the upper wealth tail

The survey data which yield most of our wealth
distribution estimates tend to under-represent the
wealthiest groups and to omit ultra-high net

Table 1-1: Coverage of wealth levels data
Complete financial and non-financial data for at least one year Financial data (only)
financial non-financial financial
region income group country data years data years region income group country data years
North America High income Canada 2000-21 2000-21 Latin America Upper middle income Brazil 2009-18
United States 2000-21 2000-21 Colombia 2000-21
Latin America High income Chile 2002-21 2007-07 Europe High income Austria 2000-21
Uruguay 2013 2013 Belgium 2000-21
Latin America Upper middle income Mexico 2008-21 2003-20 Croatia 2001-21
Europe High income Czechia 2000-21 2000-19 Cyprus 2004-21
Denmark 2000-21 2000-16 Estonia 2004-21
Finland 2000-21 2000-20 Iceland 2003-20
France 2000-21 2000-19 Ireland 2002-21
Germany 2000-21 2000-16 Latvia 2004-21
Greece 2000-21 2000-10 Lithuania 2004-21
Hungary 2000-21 2000-12 Luxembourg 2000-21
Italy 2000-21 2000-20 Malta 2000-21
Netherlands 2000-21 2000-14 Norway 2000-21
Spain 2000-21 2000-19 Poland 2003-21
Sweden 2000-21 2000-20 Portugal 2000-21
Switzerland 2000-21 2000-21 Romania 2000-21
United Kingdom 2000-21 2000-19 Slovakia 2000-21
Asia-Pacific High income Australia 2000-21 2000-21 Slovenia 2004-21
Israel 2001-17 2001-13 Europe Upper middle income Bulgaria 2006-21
Japan 2000-21 2000-18 Russia 2011-21
Korea 2000-21 2000-19 Asia-Pacific Upper middle income Kazakhstan 2009-09
New Zealand 2000-21 2000-21 Thailand 2005-05
Singapore 2000-21 2000-21 Turkey 2009-21
Taiwan 2000-20 2006-12
Asia-Pacific Upper middle income China 2000-15 2000-15
Asia-Pacific Lower middle income India 2000-19 2002-12
Indonesia 2000 2000
Africa Upper middle income South Africa 2000-21 2000-21
Note: survey data only for Uruguay and Indonesia
Cumulated Cumulated
percentage of percentage of
Number population total wealth
Countries with complete financial and non-financial data for at least one year 29 59.5% 89.0%
Countries with financial data only 24 69.5% 94.1%
Countries with wealth level fully estimated by regression method 118 97.5% 99.5%
Countries with wealth level assigned via wealth/GDP ratio 46 100% 100%

Table 1-2: Household balance sheet and financial balance sheet sources
Country Financial data Non-financial data Financial and non- Link to open-access data
financial data compiled by
Australia Australian Bureau of Statistics Australian Bureau of Australian Bureau of www.abs.gov.au
Statistics Statistics
Austria OECD and Oesterreichische Nationalbank n.a. n.a. stats.oecd.org; www.oenb.at
Belgium OECD and Bank of Belgium n.a. n.a. stats.oecd.org
Brazil OECD n.a. n.a. stats.oecd.org
Bulgaria OECD and Bank of Bulgaria n.a. n.a. stats.oecd.org
Canada Statistics Canada Statistics Canada Statistics Canada www.statcan.gc.ca
Chile Chile Central Bank n.a. n.a. www.bcentral.cl
China Piketty et al. (2018) Piketty et al. (2018) Piketty et al. (2018) http://gabriel-zucman.eu/china/
Colombia Colombia Central Bank n.a. n.a. www.banrep.gov.co
Croatia Eurostat Financial Balance Sheets n.a. n.a. ec.europa.eu/eurostat
Cyprus Eurostat Financial Balance Sheets n.a. n.a. ec.europa.eu/eurostat
Czech Republic OECD and Czech National Bank (CNB) OECD and CNB Authors stats.oecd.org; www.cnb.cz
Denmark Eurostat Financial Balance Sheets and Statistics Denmark Authors ec.europa.eu/eurostat;
Statistics Denmark www.statbank.dk
Estonia OECD and Bank of Estonia n.a. n.a. stats.oecd.org; www.eestipank.info
Finland OECD and Statistics Finland Statistics Finland Authors. stats.oecd.org; www.stat.fi
France OECD and Banque de France OECD Authors stats.oecd.org; www.banque-

france.fr
Germany OECD,Eurostat Financial Balance Sheets OECD Authors stats.oecd.org;
and Bundesbank ec.europa.eu/eurostat
Greece Eurostat Financial Balance Sheets and WID Authors ec.europa.eu/Eurostat;
Bank of Greece www.wid.world
Hungary Eurostat Financial Balance Sheets and OECD Authors ec.europa.eu/eurostat;
Hungarian Central Bank english.mnb.hu/;
India Malhotra (2021) n.a. n.a. https://dataverse.harvard.edu/datase
t.xhtml?persisteId=doi:
10.7910/DVN/DPQPJY
Ireland OECD and Eurostat Financial Balance n.a. n.a. stats.oecd.org;
Sheets and Central Bank of Ireland ec.europa.eu/eurostat;
www.centralbank.ie
Israel OECD OECD Authors stats.oecd.org
Italy Bank of Italy and Eurostat Financial Bank of Italy and OECD Authors www.bacaditalia.it
Balance Sheets
Japan OECD and Bank of Japan OECD Authors stats.oecd.org; www.boj.or.jp
Kazakhstan Unicredit: CEE Households’ Wealth and n.a. n.a. n.a.

Debt Monitor
Korea OECD and Bank of Korea OECD Authors stats.oecd.org; www.bok.or.kr
Latvia Eurostat Financial Balance Sheets n.a. n.a. ec.europa.eu/eurostat
Lithuania Eurostat Financial Balance Sheets n.a. n.a. ec.europa.eu/eurostat
Luxembourg OECD and Banque Central du n.a. n.a. stats.oecd.org; www.bcl.lu

Luxembourg
Malta OECD and Bank of Malta n.a. n.a. stats.oecd.org
Mexico OECD OECD Authors stats.oecd.org
Netherlands OECD and Statistics Netherlands OECD Authors stats.oecd.org

www.cbs.nl
New Zealand New Zealand Reserve Board OECD Authors www.rbnz.govt.nz
Norway OECD and Statistics Norway n.a. n.a. stats.oecd.org; www.ssb.no
Poland OECD and National Bank of Poland n.a. n.a. stats.oecd.org; www.nbp.pl
Portugal Eurostat Financial Balance Sheets and Banco n.a. n.a. ec.europa.eu/eurostat;
de Portugal www.bportugal.pt

Table 1-2: Household balance sheet and financial balance sheet sources, continued
Country Financial data Non-financial data Financial and non- Link to open-access data
financial data compiled by
Romania Eurostat Financial Balance Sheets n.a. n.a. ec.europa.eu/eurostat
Russia Unicredit: CEE Households’ Wealth and n.a. n.a. www.cbr.ru

Debt Monitor and Central Bank of the
Russian Federation
Singapore Singapore Department of Statistics Singapore Department of Singapore Department of www.singstat.gov.sg
Statistics Statistics
Slovakia OECD and Národná banka Slovenska n.a. n.a. stats.oecd.org; www.nbs.sk
Slovenia OECD and Eurostat Financial Balance n.a. n.a. stats.oecd.org;

Sheets ec.europa.eu/eurostat
South Africa OECD and South African Reserve Bank Same as for financial data Authors www.reservebank.co.za
Spain Bank of Spain Bank of Spain Authors www.bde.es
Sweden Eurostat Financial Balance Sheets and Sveriges Riksbank Authors ec.europa.eu/eurostat;
Sveriges Riksbank www.riksbank.com
Switzerland OECD and Swiss National Bank OECD Authors stats.oecd.org;
www.snb.ch
Taiwan Flow of Funds, Republic of China Central Bank of China Central Bank of China eng.stat.gov.tw
(Taiwan), Central Bank of China
Thailand IMF Global Financial Stability Report 2006, n.a. n.a. n.a.
Chapter 2
Turkey Unicredit: CEE Households’ Wealth and n.a. n.a. www.tcmb.gov.tr
Debt Monitor and Central Bank of the
Republic of Turkey
United Kingdom OECD, Eurostat Financial Balance Sheets OECD Authors stats.oecd.org;
and Office for National Statistics www.statistics.gov.uk;
ec.europa.eu/eurostat
United States OECD and Federal Reserve Board (FRB) Same as for financial data Authors www.federalreserve.gov
Flow of Fund Accounts, Table B.100
n.a. = not available
10
Table 1-3: Survey sources
Country Year Source
Australia 2003/2005/2009/2011-2018 Survey of Income and Housing; see Australian Bureau of Statistics (2015).
Austria 2010/2011 Eurosystems Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS microdata)
Austria 2014/2017 Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey, see OECD.Stat (n.d.).
Belgium 2010/2011 Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS microdata)
Belgium 2014/2017 Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey, see OECD.Stat (n.d.).
Canada 2005/2012/2016/2019 Survey of Financial Security; Statistics Canada (microdata)
Chile 2007/2011 Encuesta Financiera de Hogares; Central Bank of Chile (microdata)
Chile 2014/2017 Encuesta Financiera de Hogares; Central Bank of Chile, see Sanroman and Santos (2017).
China 2002/2013 China Household Income Project, see Knight, Li and Wan (2016).
Colombia 2018 Encuesta de Carga Financiera y Educación Financiera de los Hogares (IEFIC microdata)
Cyprus 2010 Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS)
Denmark 2000-2012 National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure, Statistics Denmark, see OECD.Stat (n.d.).
Estonia 2013/2017 Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey, see OECD.Stat (n.d.).
Finland 2004/2009/2010 Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS microdata)
Finland 2013/2016/2019 Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey, see OECD.Stat (n.d.).
France 2009 Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS microdata)
France 2000-2014/2017 Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey, see OECD.Stat (n.d.).
Germany 2003/2008/2013/2017/2018 Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP); Grabka and Westermeir (2014) and private communication.
Greece 2009 Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS microdata)
Greece 2014/2018 Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey, see OECD.Stat (n.d.).
Hungary 2014/2017 Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey, see OECD.Stat (n.d.).
India 2002 All-India Debt and Investment Survey (NSS 59th round); see National Sample Survey
Organization (2005) and Subramanian and Jayaraj (2008).
India 2012 All-India Debt and Investment Survey (NSS 70th round) (microdata)
Indonesia 2014 Indonesia Family Life Survey (microdata)
Ireland 2013/2018 Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey; see Staunton (2015)
Italy 2000/2002 Survey of Household Income and Wealth (SHIW); see Mazzaferro (2009)
Italy 2008/2010/2011 Survey of Household Income and Wealth (SHIW) (microdata)
Italy 2014/2016 Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey, see OECD.Stat (n.d.).
Japan 2009 National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure; Statistics Japan
Japan 2014/2019 National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure; Statistics Japan, see OECD.Stat (n.d.).
Korea 2011-2018 Survey of Household Finances; Korean Statistical Information Service, see OECD.Stat (n.d.).
Latvia 2014/17 Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey, see OECD.Stat (n.d.).
Lithuania 2017 Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey, see OECD.Stat (n.d.).
Luxembourg 2010/2011/2014/2018 Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS microdata)
Malta 2010 Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS microdata)
Mexico 2019 Encuesta Nacional sobre las Finanzas de los Hogares (ENFIH microdata)
Netherlands 2006-2020 Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey, see OECD.Stat (n.d.).

Table 1-3: Survey sources, continued
Country Year Source
New Zealand 2001 Household Saving Survey; see Statistics New Zealand (2002).
New Zealand 2014/2105/2018 Income Statistics for Households; Statistics New Zealand, see OECD.Stat (n.d.)
Norway 2004/2010-2019 Norwegian Income and Wealth Statistics for Households; Statistics Norway, see OECD.Stat
(n.d.).
Poland 2014/2016 Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey, see OECD.Stat (n.d.).
Portugal 2010 Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS microdata)
Portugal 2013/2017 Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey, see OECD.Stat (n.d.).
Slovakia 2010 Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS microdata)
Slovakia 2014 Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey, see OECD.Stat (n.d.)
Slovenia 2010 Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS microdata)
Slovenia 2014 Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey, see OECD.Stat (n.d.)
Spain 2008/2009/2011/2012/2014/ Survey of Household Finances; Bank of Spain (microdata)

2017/2018
Sweden 2002 Wealth Survey (HINK); Statistics Sweden, see Davies et al. (2011)
Sweden 2007 Wealth statistics based on registers of total population; see Statistics Sweden (2007).
Switzerland 2003–2014 Fluder and Jann (2014), updated in private correspondence;
Thailand 2006 2006 Socioeconomic Survey; see Ariyapruchya et al (2008).
United Kingdom 2000 British Household Panel Survey; ESRC, see Sierminska et al ((2006)
United Kingdom 2008/2009/2011/2013/2014/ Wealth and Asset Survey; UK Office for National Statistics (microdata)
2015/2017
United States 2001-2019 Survey of Consumer Finances; Federal Reserve Board (microdata)
United States 2000–2021 Distributional Financial Accounts; Federal Reserve Board (2021)
Uruguay 2013 Encuesta Financiera de Hogares Uruguayos (EFHU); Bank of Uruguay (microdata)
12
Table 1-4: Changes in asset prices and exchange rates 2021, selected countries
Change in USD exchange rate (%) Change in share prices (%) Change in house prices (%)
New Zealand 8.8 Iran 292.0 Turkey 59.6

Czechia 7.1 United Arab Emirates 51.9 Saudi Arabia 34.4
Taiwan 5.6 Czechia 44.6 Australia 30.7
Chile 4.4 Romania 41.0 New Zealand 25.2
Israel 3.4 Israel 36.7 Czechia 23.9
Hungary 3.3 Vietnam 35.4 Chile 21.0
China 2.6 Saudi Arabia 34.6 Netherlands 20.3
Romania 2.0 Sweden 34.1 Sweden 19.6
Vietnam 1.3 Austria 31.9 Korea 14.7
Egypt 0.1 India 31.0 Russia 13.9
United Kingdom 0.1 France 28.2 Canada 13.9
Iran 0.0 Netherlands 24.2 Hungary 12.8
Saudi Arabia 0.0 United States 23.2 Austria 12.5
United Arab Emirates 0.0 Italy 22.7 Ireland 12.4
United States 0.0 Canada 22.4 Germany 12.2
Canada -0.1 Taiwan 22.1 Taiwan 12.0
Pakistan -0.5 Bangladesh 22.1 Greece 11.8
Hong Kong -0.6 Denmark 21.7 Israel 11.3
Russia -0.6 Norway 20.6 Thailand 10.9
Indonesia -1.1 Switzerland 20.5 Brazil 10.9
Bangladesh -1.2 Mexico 20.2 Norway 10.1
Ukraine -1.3 Hungary 19.1 Colombia 10.0
Colombia -1.4 Russia 18.8 Mexico 9.8
India -1.7 Finland 17.7 United Kingdom 9.7
Singapore -2.2 Poland 16.5 Ukraine 9.7
Mexico -3.1 Germany 14.6 Singapore 9.2
Norway -3.3 South Africa 13.7 Portugal 9.2
Switzerland -3.5 United Kingdom 13.3 United States 9.1
Malaysia -3.9 Turkey 13.3 United Arab Emirates 8.6
Philippines -5.4 Belgium 13.2 Denmark 8.6
Australia -5.8 Australia 12.4 France 8.4
Brazil -6.9 Ireland 11.1 Belgium 8.1
Poland -7.4 Greece 10.5 Philippines 7.9
Spain -7.7 Portugal 10.4 Romania 7.1
Germany -7.7 Japan 9.2 Vietnam 5.8
France -7.7 Ukraine 8.9 Italy 5.7
Greece -7.7 Egypt 8.8 Switzerland 5.0
Denmark -7.7 Spain 8.3 Japan 5.0
Belgium -7.7 Singapore 8.1 Spain 4.1
Portugal -7.7 Thailand 7.9 Finland 3.9
Austria -7.7 Nigeria 5.0 Hong Kong 3.6
South Africa -7.7 Philippines 3.7 South Africa 3.5
Italy -7.7 Colombia 1.9 China 2.4
Netherlands -7.7 Korea 0.8 Indonesia 1.4
Finland -7.7 Indonesia -1.0
Ireland -7.7 China -2.2
Korea -8.3 Malaysia -3.5
Japan -9.3 New Zealand -5.4
Sweden -9.5 Chile -5.6
Nigeria -9.9 Pakistan -6.5
Thailand -10.1 Hong Kong -16.9
Turkey -43.4
Source: (1) Exchange rates: International Monetary Fund, (2) Share prices and house prices: Thomson Reuters DataStream

Table 1-5: Wealth shares for countries with wealth distribution data
Share of lowest Share of top
Country Year Unit
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 10% 5% 1%
Australia 2003 household 1.0 7.0 19.7 41.0
Australia 2012 household 5.1 17.3 55.1 44.9 32.2 13.3
Australia 2014 household 4.9 16.5 53.5 46.5 33.5 15.0
Australia 2018 household 3.8 51.5 48.5 35.1 16.1
Austria 2010 household -0.7 -0.6 -0.2 0.7 2.7 6.7 13.3 22.9 38.3 61.7 48.4 23.6
Austria 2011 household 0.7 6.8 38.3 61.7 48.4 23.6
Belgium 2010 household -0.1 0.2 1.5 4.8 10.1 17.1 26.5 38.8 55.9 44.1 31.3 12.2
Belgium 2011 household 0.2 6.2 21.4 48.0
Canada 1999 family 1.0 3.0 6.0 11.0 19.0 30.0 47.0 53.0 37.0 15.0
Canada 2005 family -0.3 0.1 0.5 2.4 5.4 10.8 18.9 31.0 49.6 50.4 35.8 15.5
Canada 2012 family -0.2 -0.1 0.5 2.2 5.6 11.3 20.0 32.8 52.3 47.7 32.2 12.4
Canada 2016 family -0.2 0.0 0.6 2.4 6.0 11.7 20.5 33.2 52.7 47.3 32.7 13.6
Canada 2019 family -0.2 0.0 0.7 2.6 6.1 11.8 20.4 32.8 51.9 48.1
Chile 2007 household 0.0 0.0 1.0 3.7 8.0 14.0 22.5 34.5 56.1 43.9
Chile 2011 household 1.2 10.7 44.5 55.5 41.7 18.4
Chile 2014 household -1.8 0.2 8.6 25.7
Chile 2017 household -0.9 -0.9 -0.2 2.2 5.9 11.1 18.3 28.8 45.8 54.2
China 2002 person 1.2 3.8 7.4 12.0 17.7 24.7 33.6 45.4 62.9 37.1
China 2013 person 0.4 1.8 4.0 7.0 11.0 16.4 23.8 34.5 51.6 48.4
Colombia 2018 household -1.7 -1.9 -2.0 -1.9 -1.6 1.1 8.3 20.4 40.2 59.8 39.1 19.6
Cyprus 2010 household -0.2 0.3 1.6 4.0 7.3 12.0 18.3 27.6 43.2 56.8
Denmark 2000 household 3.6 46.3 53.7 22.2
Estonia 2013 household 3.8 12.8 44.3 55.7 43.2 21.2
Estonia 2017 household 3.3 41.9 58.1 45.5 25.2
Finland 1987 household -1.2 -1.2 -0.1 3.4 9.5 18.2 29.5 44.0 63.3 36.7
Finland 1988 household -1.6 -1.4 0.0 3.9 10.3 18.9 30.2 44.5 63.6 36.4
Finland 2004 household -0.4 -0.4 0.4 3.2 8.0 15.1 25.0 38.4 57.5 42.5
14
Table 1-5: Wealth shares for countries with wealth distribution data, continued
Country Year Unit
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 10% 5% 1%
Finland 2016 household -0.7 -0.6 0.0 2.0 6.1 12.5 21.7 34.4 53.2 46.8 32.9 14.2
France 2000 household 6.9 42.9 57.1 28.1
France 2017 household 2.2 50.8 49.2 35.5 17.1
Germany 1998 household 3.4 42.4 57.6 26.7
Germany 2017 household 0.6 44.6 55.4 40.8 18.6
Greece 2009 household -0.2 0.3 2.3 6.4 12.4 20.2 30.2 43.3 61.2 38.8 25.5 8.2
Greece 2014 household 5.3 17.9 57.6 42.4 28.8 9.2
Greece 2018 household 4.5 58.7 41.3 27.0 8.8
Hungary 2014 household 5.0 15.4 51.5 48.5 35.6 17.2
Hungary 2017 household 5.5 48.7 51.3 39.2 20.5
India 2002 household 0.3 1.0 2.5 4.8 8.1 12.9 19.8 30.1 47.1 52.9 38.3 15.7
India 2012 household -1.3 -0.9 0.1 1.7 4.2 8.0 13.6 22.4 37.9 62.1 25.7
Indonesia 1997 household 0.0 0.4 1.3 2.8 5.1 8.5 13.5 21.1 34.6 65.4 56.0 28.7
Indonesia 2014 household -0.2 0.3 1.4 3.7 7.4 13.0 21.7 35.8
Ireland 2013 household -3.5 -3.5 -3.3 -2.1 1.4 7.1 15.4 27.3 46.2 53.8 37.7 14.8
Ireland 2018 household 2.7 49.6 50.4 35.9 14.9
Italy 1991 household 13.0 28.5 53.1 69.3 30.7 6.5
Italy 1993 household 11.8 27.1 50.0 66.3 33.7 8.0
Italy 1995 household 10.9 25.9 48.5 65.7 34.3 8.6
Italy 1998 household 10.7 24.2 44.0 59.9 40.1 13.3
Italy 2000 household 10.5 23.9 44.4 59.6 40.4 13.8
Italy 2002 household 10.2 24.2 44.5 60.6 39.4 10.6
Italy 2008 household 0.1 0.7 2.4 6.0 11.5 18.9 28.3 40.6 57.7 42.3 29.6 11.0
Italy 2010 household -0.1 0.1 1.0 4.1 9.4 16.5 25.6 37.4 54.3 45.7 32.9 14.8
Italy 2011 household 17.5 55.2 44.8 32.1 14.2
Italy 2014 household 4.5 17.3 57.2 42.8 29.7 11.7
Italy 2016 household 4.7 56.6 43.4 30.0 12.0
Japan 1999 household 0.5 2.1 4.8 8.7 13.9 20.7 29.8 42.3 60.7 39.3
Japan 2009 household 0.4 1.3 3.3 6.9 12.5 20.2 30.7 44.7 65.7 34.3 19.3 4.3
Japan 2014 household 5.3 17.7 59.0 41.0 27.7 10.8
Japan 2019 household -2.0 -1.9 -1.1 1.2 5.3 11.6 20.6 33.5 52.7 47.3
Korea 2011 household 0.2 0.9 2.7 5.8 10.3 16.7 25.3 37.1 54.8 45.2
Korea 2012 household 0.2 1.0 2.9 6.0 10.5 16.7 25.3 37.1 54.7 45.3
Korea 2013 household 0.2 1.1 3.1 6.4 11.2 17.7 26.6 38.7 56.2 43.8
Korea 2014 household 0.2 1.2 3.3 6.8 11.8 18.6 27.6 39.9 57.5 42.5

Country Year Unit
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 10% 5% 1%
Korea 2015 household 0.2 1.2 3.3 6.9 12.0 18.8 27.9 40.1 57.7 42.3
Korea 2016 household 0.2 1.1 3.3 6.9 12.1 19.1 28.4 40.8 58.6 41.4
Korea 2017 household 0.2 1.1 3.2 6.9 12.1 19.2 28.5 41.1 58.9 41.1
Korea 2018 household 0.2 1.1 3.2 6.8 12.0 19.1 28.3 40.7 58.5 41.5
Latvia 2014 household -2.5 0.0 7.1 21.6
Latvia 2017 household -0.3 3.1 12.8 31.5
Lithuania 2017 household 1.2 5.5 12.2 23.2 41.0 59.0
Luxembourg 2010 household 8.5 33.3 48.6 51.4 40.0 21.3
Luxembourg 2011 household 3.8 14.9 48.7 51.3 39.9 20.7
Luxembourg 2014 household 3.9 8.7 15.3 35.4 51.3 48.7 36.4 19.1
Luxembourg 2018 household 4.1 8.7 34.1 49.7 50.3 38.0 20.5
Malta 2010 household 0.1 1.1 3.5 7.3 12.5 19.1 27.3 38.0 53.1 46.9
Mexico 2019 household -0.4 -0.4 0.0 1.3 3.9 8.2 14.9 25.0 40.9 59.1 35.1
Netherlands 2006 household -1.9 -1.9 -1.7 -1.2 0.2 3.8 11.1 23.0 41.5 58.5
Netherlands 2010 household -2.8 -2.8 -2.7 -2.3 -1.1 2.2 9.1 20.6 39.1 60.9
Netherlands 2011 household -3.5 -3.8 -3.7 -3.4 -2.2 1.0 7.8 19.3 37.6 62.4 47.8 25.6
Netherlands 2012 household -4.5 -5.0 -5.0 -4.7 -3.8 -1.0 5.3 16.5 34.8 65.2
Netherlands 2015 household -4.9 -5.7 -5.7 -5.5 -4.8 -2.5 2.9 13.1 30.2 69.8 55.5 31.8
New Zealand 2001 tax unit 0.0 0.0 1.0 3.0 7.0 13.0 21.0 33.0 52.0 48.0
New Zealand 2014 tax unit 3.1 12.3 47.1 52.9 39.7
New Zealand 2015 tax unit -0.1 3.1 12.3 30.7
New Zealand 2018 tax unit -0.1 2.6 11.4 30.0 47.1 52.9 39.0
Norway 2004 household 0.0 0.2 0.8 1.9 3.8 6.9 11.8 19.9 34.7 65.3
Norway 2010 household -5.7 -6.3 -6.1 -4.4 -0.2 6.7 16.6 30.1 49.1 50.9 37.5 20.1
Norway 2011 household -5.5 -6.0 -5.8 -4.1 0.1 7.0 16.9 30.5 49.6 50.4 36.7 19.3
Poland 2014 household 0.2 4.0 12.0 26.1 48.1 51.9
Poland 2016 household 7.6 58.7 41.3 29.6 14.2
Portugal 2010 household -0.2 0.1 1.3 4.1 8.3 13.9 21.5 32.1 47.3 52.7 40.3 20.1
Portugal 2013 household 3.2 12.4 47.9 52.1 36.5 14.4
Portugal 2017 household 0.1 4.2 13.5 30.6 46.1 53.9 41.6 23.2
Slovakia 2010 household 0.4 3.2 7.8 13.6 20.6 28.9 38.9 51.1 67.2 32.8 21.8 7.7
Slovakia 2014 household 10.6 25.9 65.7 34.3 23.0 9.3
Slovenia 2010 household -0.1 0.9 3.6 7.8 13.5 21.5 31.7 45.7 63.8 36.2
Slovenia 2014 household 5.6 17.3 51.4 48.6 37.9 23.0
Slovenia 2017 household 6.4 56.0 44.0 32.2 15.1
Spain 2008 household -0.4 0.3 2.8 6.7 12.0 18.9 27.5 38.7 55.0 45.0 32.6 16.5
16
Country Year Unit
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 10% 5% 1%
Spain 2009 household 19.9 56.6 43.4 30.9 14.9
Spain 2011 household 0.6 6.9 18.7 38.5
Spain 2012 household 6.9 18.7 54.4 45.6 33.3 16.3
Spain 2014 household -0.9 -0.7 0.8 3.5 7.7 13.3 21.1 31.5 47.3 52.7 40.3 20.2
Spain 2017 household -0.6 -0.5 0.8 3.3 7.1 12.5 20.0 30.3 46.5 53.5 40.4 20.9
Spain 2018 household 3.9 47.3 52.7 39.9 20.4
Sweden 2002 adult 42.0 58.0 41.0 18.0
Sweden 2007 adult 33.0 67.0 49.0 24.0
Switzerland 1981 household 0.2 1.1 3.2 7.6 15.4 29.8 70.2 57.1
Switzerland 1991 household 0.3 1.2 3.3 7.5 15.2 29.7 70.3 56.9
Switzerland 1997 household 0.2 1.1 3.0 6.8 14.1 28.4 71.6 58.0 34.8
Thailand 2006 household 0.5 3.5 12.5 30.5
United Kingdom 2008 household 0.0 0.5 1.8 4.6 9.2 15.7 24.8 37.2 55.7 44.3 30.5 12.5
United Kingdom 2009 household 4.5 15.2 52.7 47.3 33.9 15.9
United Kingdom 2014 household -1.0 -0.8 -0.1 1.6 5.0 10.8 19.4 32.2 52.0 48.0
United Kingdom 2017 household 3.7 48.0 52.0 39.5 22.6
United States 2000 household -0.2 -0.1 0.2 1.3 3.3 6.8 12.5 21.7 37.8 62.2 50.8 27.2
United States 2009 household -0.4 -0.4 -0.3 0.0 0.6 3.4 8.3 16.7 33.0 67.0 54.0 28.0
United States 2012 household -0.5 -0.4 0.0 0.8 3.6 8.3 16.1 31.6 68.4 29.9
Uruguay 2013 household -1.0 0.6 8.5 25.4
Source: See Table 1-3

2.1 Introduction our cross-country regressions. If some independent variables
As explained in the previous chapter, we aim to determine are missing but the regression-based estimates can still be
the level and distribution of household wealth across the made, the rating is very poor (one point).
world. The first stage in this process is to estimate the
average level of household wealth and its core components In Table 2-1, there are 46 countries for which wealth data
for every country and every year since 2000. quality is not assessed. The vast majority of these are small
nations, very often Caribbean or Pacific Island states. For
Table 2-1 identifies 217 countries in 2021 and reports some these countries we do not estimate wealth levels directly, but
core variables, including the classification by region and instead assign a value based on the average wealth/GDP
income class, GDP per adult and our assessment of the ratio for the subregion in which it is located. This is unlikely
quality of wealth data. to be grossly inaccurate, so we use these values when
calculating the regional and global wealth figures. But
The procedure outlined in Chapter 1 describes the three ways because we have less confidence in these estimates, the
in which wealth levels data are assembled: direct estimates via separate country data are not reported in later tables.
national household balance sheets (HBS) or household
surveys; regression estimates using likely correlated variables; 2.2 Household wealth levels 2000–21
and imputations based on the subregion average wealth/GDP Table 2-2 summarizes information on household wealth this
ratio. In practice, the situation is slightly more complicated century for 171 countries, seven regions (including China
because some countries have direct observations for, say, and India), and the world as a whole. The data refer to end-
financial wealth, but require non-financial wealth to be year values. Most of the column content is self-explanatory.
estimated. The timeliness of direct data is greatly improved The last column indicates the estimation method used for the
nowadays. For our end-2021 estimates, we used Q4 2021 wealth levels, grouped into five categories. Most figures up
HBS data on financial wealth and debts for 42 countries and to 2018 are labeled as either (1) “Original data,” indicating
Q3 2021 values for one further country (Mexico). These data from official household balance sheets or (2)
countries account for more than two-thirds of global wealth. “Regression,” referring to estimated values based on wealth
Regression-based estimates of wealth levels for the remaining regressions. Two additional labels are reported for recent
countries pose more of a challenge because data is missing years where needed. “Original update” and “Regression
on core regressors. However, for most of them we have been update” mean original data (respectively, regression
able to produce regression-based estimates up to 2018 which estimates) updated using trends in share prices, house
have then been updated using recent movements in share prices and household consumption per adult.
prices, house prices, credit availability, GDP and household
consumption. Wealth estimates for recent years are subject to future
revision as statistical agencies release more data. Wealth
In Table 2-1, we do our best to summarize the quality of estimates for earlier periods should be less prone to change.
wealth data for each country on a five-point scale. A country As a rough guide, we expect that our wealth estimates prior
gets five points, and a good rating if it has complete HBS to 2015 are not likely to change much in the future.
data, and either wealth distribution data or a good basis for However, statistical agencies occasionally make significant
estimating the shape of the wealth distribution. A satisfactory revisions to their historical data series – reflecting altered
rating and four points go to countries that would get a good definitions of categories, or improved valuations, for
rating except that their HBS data does not cover non-financial example. When this happens, we are obliged to respect the
assets. These countries must have a full set of independent new figures, and this can have repercussions for the wealth
variables allowing regression-based estimates of non-financial estimates of other countries, given the methods we employ.
assets. Countries without any HBS data, but with a household
wealth survey or other wealth distribution data (from estate tax Wealth trends 2000–21
or wealth tax sources) get a fair rating and three points. A From the data reported for individual years, time series can
poor rating (two points) goes to countries without HBS or be assembled for a number of important wealth variables.
wealth distribution data, but having a full set of independent Table 2-3 provides examples for the world and for each
variables allowing estimation of their wealth levels based on region. They show that wealth per adult has grown from
18
USD 31,380 to 87,489 over the period 2000–21, an Finally, Table 2-5 extracts information on changes in
average growth rate of 5.0% per annum. Since 2008 the household wealth during the calendar year 2021. The United
growth rate has been lower in US dollar terms for most States gained of USD 11.4 trillion, while second place China
countries, but this is largely due to appreciation of the USD. gained USD 4.2 trillion. In percentage terms, however,
Sweden heads the list with total wealth up by 20.3% and
Table 2-4 provides similar details regarding the relative wealth per adult by 19.8%. On the downside, Brazil was the
importance over time of the three main subcomponents of biggest loser in 2021 on all counts, shedding USD 839
household wealth: financial assets, non-financial assets billion due to currency depreciation against the US dollar.
(principally housing and land) and debts. At the turn of the This equates to a 24% decline in average wealth.
century, financial assets accounted for 55.3% of gross
household assets. This share fell until 2008, when it briefly
fell below 50%. In the aftermath of the global financial crisis,
non-financial assets showed little growth worldwide, in
contrast to financial wealth, which grew robustly. As a
consequence, the share of financial wealth recovered to
53.1% by 2015. Non-financial assets did relatively better
after 2015, causing the share of financial assets to slip back
to 52.0% by 2018. But financial assets took the lead again
in 2019 and, most especially, 2020 and now account for
53.9% of gross assets. Expressed as a proportion of gross
household wealth, household debt rose from 13.5% of gross
wealth in 2000 to 14.4% in 2008, and has since declined to
11.2%, below the level at the start of the century.

Table 2-1: Country details
GDP per Wealth Wealth Total Share of world Wealth data
adult per adult per adult wealth wealth quality
Country Region Income group
2021 2000 2021 2021 2021
USD USD USD USD bn %
Afghanistan Asia-Pacific Low income 1,149 547 2,139 41 0.01 Very poor
Albania Europe Upper middle income 8,203 6,644 35,529 78 0.02 Poor
Algeria Africa Lower middle income 5,885 2,849 10,141 284 0.06 Poor
Andorra Europe High income 52,474 n.a.
Angola Africa Lower middle income 5,363 396 3,701 55 0.01 Very poor
Anguilla Latin America High income 26,510 n.a.
Antigua and Barbuda Latin America High income 20,640 11,091 19,338 1 0 Very poor
Argentina Latin America Upper middle income 15,433 13,303 10,446 326 0.07 Poor
Armenia Asia-Pacific Upper middle income 6,395 2,184 21,802 47 0.01 Poor
Aruba Latin America High income 36,961 36,913 52,221 4 0 Very poor
Australia Asia-Pacific High income 85,678 108,656 550,110 10,649 2.3 Good
Austria Europe High income 62,610 115,039 250,125 1,825 0.39 Satisfactory
Azerbaijan Asia-Pacific Upper middle income 7,549 1,443 15,953 115 0.02 Poor
Bahamas Latin America High income 39,431 43,077 60,263 17 0 Poor
Bahrain Asia-Pacific High income 28,136 45,569 98,031 132 0.03 Poor
Bangladesh Asia-Pacific Lower middle income 3,333 1,026 9,490 1,026 0.22 Poor
Barbados Latin America High income 20,839 33,781 70,807 16 0 Poor
Belarus Europe Upper middle income 9,129 1,984 26,221 193 0.04 Poor
Belgium Europe High income 63,611 140,800 381,114 3,440 0.74 Satisfactory
Belize Latin America Upper middle income 7,123 8,102 11,295 3 0 Poor
Benin Africa Lower middle income 2,810 576 2,976 18 0 Very poor
Bermuda North America High income 189,744 n.a.
Bhutan Asia-Pacific Lower middle income 4,696 n.a.
Bolivia Latin America Lower middle income 5,441 2,117 14,098 102 0.02 Poor
Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe Upper middle income 8,453 6,712 33,122 87 0.02 Poor
Botswana Africa Upper middle income 13,514 2,294 19,388 27 0.01 Poor
Brazil Latin America Upper middle income 9,993 6,500 21,429 3,327 0.72 Poor
British Virgin Islands Latin America High income 76,114 n.a.
Brunei Asia-Pacific High income 63,440 34,088 57,419 18 0 Very poor
Bulgaria Europe Upper middle income 14,491 3,879 43,631 241 0.05 Fair
Burkina Faso Africa Low income 1,946 229 1,618 16 0 Very poor
Burundi Africa Low income 660 199 809 4 0 Very poor
Cambodia Asia-Pacific Lower middle income 2,538 624 6,270 65 0.01 Poor
Cameroon Africa Lower middle income 3,354 660 3,490 46 0.01 Poor
Canada North America High income 64,188 114,618 409,297 12,362 2.67 Good
Cape Verde Africa Lower middle income 5,380 n.a.
Cayman Islands Latin America High income 145,583 n.a.
Central African Republic Africa Low income 1,129 144 980 2 0 Poor
Chad Africa Low income 1,677 156 1,372 10 0 Poor
Chile Latin America High income 22,107 22,174 54,639 785 0.17 Satisfactory
China China Upper middle income 15,765 4,247 76,639 85,107 18.36 Good
Colombia Latin America Upper middle income 8,737 4,202 17,079 616 0.13 Fair
Comoros Africa Lower middle income 2,863 1,735 6,062 3 0 Poor
Congo, Dem. Rep. Africa Low income 1,292 336 1,438 59 0.01 Poor
Congo, Rep. Africa Lower middle income 4,509 270 1,841 5 0 Poor
20
Table 2-1: Country details, continued
2021 2000 2021 2021 2021
Cook Islands Asia-Pacific High income 26,438 n.a.
Costa Rica Latin America Upper middle income 16,984 12,062 45,677 171 0.04 Poor
Cote d'Ivoire Africa Lower middle income 5,296 n.a.
Croatia Europe High income 20,637 16,155 68,272 224 0.05 Fair
Cuba Latin America Upper middle income 12,849 n.a.
Curacao Latin America High income 22,146 n.a.
Cyprus Europe High income 38,463 60,296 149,824 103 0.02 Satisfactory
Czechia Europe High income 33,177 11,406 82,240 701 0.15 Satisfactory
Denmark Europe High income 83,561 110,450 426,494 1,935 0.42 Good
Djibouti Africa Lower middle income 5,704 1,081 3,755 2 0 Poor
Dominica Latin America Upper middle income 10,661 8,797 35,307 2 0 Very poor
Dominican Republic Latin America Upper middle income 13,374 n.a.
Ecuador Latin America Upper middle income 9,125 3,061 20,539 238 0.05 Poor
Egypt Africa Lower middle income 6,626 5,642 23,134 1,405 0.3 Poor
El Salvador Latin America Lower middle income 6,658 8,765 38,523 164 0.04 Poor
Equatorial Guinea Africa Upper middle income 15,920 820 24,769 20 0 Poor
Eritrea Africa Low income 1,290 332 3,113 5 0 Poor
Estonia Europe High income 33,405 15,836 77,360 80 0.02 Satisfactory
Ethiopia Africa Low income 1,679 126 3,861 228 0.05 Poor
Fiji Asia-Pacific Upper middle income 8,047 4,562 20,518 12 0 Poor
Finland Europe High income 64,698 73,221 186,208 817 0.18 Good
France Europe High income 56,125 106,643 322,074 16,159 3.49 Good
French Guiana Latin America High income 25,840 n.a.
French Polynesia Asia-Pacific High income 29,500 n.a.
Gabon Africa Upper middle income 15,195 4,241 18,647 23 0 Poor
Gambia Africa Low income 1,761 1,099 2,942 3 0 Poor
Georgia Asia-Pacific Upper middle income 6,365 2,264 15,673 46 0.01 Poor
Germany Europe High income 59,423 96,037 256,985 17,489 3.77 Good
Ghana Africa Lower middle income 4,480 349 7,604 130 0.03 Very poor
Greece Europe High income 24,534 71,106 108,300 914 0.2 Satisfactory
Greenland North America High income 83,833 n.a.
Grenada Latin America Upper middle income 14,160 8,963 52,618 4 0 Poor
Guadeloupe Latin America High income 33,588 n.a.
Guatemala Latin America Upper middle income 8,198 n.a.
Guinea Africa Low income 2,830 292 3,935 25 0.01 Very poor
Guinea-Bissau Africa Low income 1,488 415 1,896 2 0 Poor
Guyana Latin America Upper middle income 15,122 1,327 14,389 7 0 Poor
Haiti Latin America Low income 3,326 1,619 1,358 9 0 Very poor
Honduras Latin America Lower middle income 4,643 n.a.
Hong Kong Asia-Pacific High income 58,876 171,057 552,930 3,492 0.75 Poor
Hungary Europe High income 23,831 12,138 70,668 547 0.12 Good
Iceland Europe High income 99,550 127,917 457,795 118 0.03 Poor
India India Lower middle income 3,465 2,643 15,535 14,225 3.07 Fair
Indonesia Asia-Pacific Upper middle income 6,472 2,894 18,534 3,405 0.73 Fair
Iran Asia-Pacific Upper middle income 24,359 1,588 39,093 2,292 0.49 Poor

2021 2000 2021 2021 2021
Iraq Asia-Pacific Upper middle income 9,399 2,807 16,919 371 0.08 Very poor
Ireland Europe High income 130,484 125,866 251,337 920 0.2 Satisfactory
Israel Asia-Pacific High income 87,463 78,588 273,417 1,564 0.34 Satisfactory
Italy Europe High income 40,324 120,950 231,323 11,512 2.48 Good
Jamaica Latin America Upper middle income 7,265 8,749 21,712 45 0.01 Poor
Japan Asia-Pacific High income 45,449 191,447 245,238 25,692 5.54 Good
Jordan Asia-Pacific Upper middle income 7,594 6,859 30,814 184 0.04 Poor
Kazakhstan Asia-Pacific Upper middle income 15,514 2,533 42,559 523 0.11 Fair
Kenya Africa Lower middle income 3,856 515 12,987 369 0.08 Poor
Kiribati Asia-Pacific Lower middle income 3,029 n.a.
Korea Asia-Pacific High income 40,600 50,503 237,644 10,149 2.19 Good
Korea, North Asia-Pacific Low income 931 n.a.
Kosovo Europe Upper middle income 6,512 n.a.
Kuwait Asia-Pacific High income 42,522 62,064 171,348 545 0.12 Poor
Kyrgyzstan Asia-Pacific Lower middle income 2,126 733 6,276 25 0.01 Poor
Laos Asia-Pacific Lower middle income 4,364 718 7,916 35 0.01 Poor
Latvia Europe High income 25,657 7,453 87,270 127 0.03 Fair
Lebanon Asia-Pacific Upper middle income 16,311 21,339 75,734 345 0.07 Poor
Lesotho Africa Lower middle income 2,159 405 1,724 2 0 Poor
Liberia Africa Low income 1,103 701 5,259 14 0 Poor
Libya Africa Upper middle income 10,870 11,649 9,732 44 0.01 Poor
Liechtenstein Europe High income 252,879 n.a.
Lithuania Europe High income 29,276 8,242 63,508 136 0.03 Fair
Luxembourg Europe High income 164,681 207,592 657,564 332 0.07 Satisfactory
Macao Asia-Pacific High income 52,442 n.a.
Macedonia Europe Upper middle income 8,624 n.a.
Madagascar Africa Low income 990 520 2,118 30 0.01 Poor
Malawi Africa Low income 1,313 164 2,378 22 0 Poor
Malaysia Asia-Pacific Upper middle income 16,254 7,263 27,078 615 0.13 Poor
Maldives Asia-Pacific Upper middle income 12,473 4,063 21,459 9 0 Very poor
Mali Africa Low income 2,131 227 2,629 23 0.01 Poor
Malta Europe High income 45,833 52,879 162,581 58 0.01 Satisfactory
Marshall Islands Asia-Pacific Upper middle income 6,693 n.a.
Martinique Latin America High income 32,857 n.a.
Mauritania Africa Lower middle income 3,648 921 2,938 7 0 Very poor
Mauritius Africa High income 11,353 11,756 65,031 63 0.01 Poor
Mayotte Africa High income 22,557 n.a.
Mexico Latin America Upper middle income 14,546 14,995 48,138 4,167 0.9 Satisfactory
Micronesia Asia-Pacific Lower middle income 5,726 n.a.
Moldova Europe Lower middle income 4,440 982 18,392 59 0.01 Very poor
Monaco Europe High income 242,437 n.a.
Mongolia Asia-Pacific Lower middle income 7,178 849 7,310 15 0 Poor
Montenegro Europe Upper middle income 12,231 6,411 75,759 36 0.01 Poor
Montserrat Latin America Upper middle income 21,123 n.a.
Morocco Africa Lower middle income 5,333 3,857 15,164 374 0.08 Poor

2021 2000 2021 2021 2021
Mozambique Africa Low income 1,097 186 1,117 16 0.0 Poor
Myanmar Asia-Pacific Lower middle income 1,973 1,662 7,112 258 0.1 Very poor
Namibia Africa Upper middle income 8,869 2,734 22,369 31 0.0 Poor
Nauru Asia-Pacific High income 23,398 n.a.
Nepal Asia-Pacific Lower middle income 1,812 542 4,189 78 0.0 Poor
Netherlands Europe High income 72,065 131,636 400,828 5,422 1.2 Good
New Caledonia Asia-Pacific High income 48,630 n.a.
New Zealand Asia-Pacific High income 68,589 79,140 472,153 1,716 0.4 Good
Nicaragua Latin America Lower middle income 3,405 4,496 13,523 57 0.0 Poor
Niger Africa Low income 1,474 152 1,420 14 0.0 Very poor
Nigeria Africa Lower middle income 4,218 216 7,618 752 0.2 Very poor
Norway Europe High income 111,297 100,499 334,432 1,413 0.3 Good
Oman Asia-Pacific High income 19,311 21,942 40,962 156 0.0 Poor
Pakistan Asia-Pacific Lower middle income 2,366 1,154 6,237 790 0.2 Poor
Palau Asia-Pacific High income 19,451 n.a.
Panama Latin America High income 21,512 10,000 49,935 145 0.0 Poor
Papua New Guinea Asia-Pacific Lower middle income 5,090 996 8,449 43 0.0 Very poor
Paraguay Latin America Upper middle income 8,411 3,062 12,078 55 0.0 Very poor
Peru Latin America Upper middle income 9,761 4,415 20,940 477 0.1 Poor
Philippines Asia-Pacific Lower middle income 5,580 3,015 14,502 992 0.2 Poor
Poland Europe High income 21,200 10,338 50,426 1,525 0.3 Satisfactory
Portugal Europe High income 28,700 52,879 154,377 1,287 0.3 Satisfactory
Puerto Rico Latin America High income 48,031 n.a.
Qatar Asia-Pacific High income 74,975 35,715 183,106 445 0.1 Poor
Reunion Africa High income 38,036 n.a.
Romania Europe High income 18,685 4,214 42,351 640 0.1 Fair
Russia Europe Upper middle income 15,750 2,751 34,005 3,789 0.8 Fair
Rwanda Africa Low income 1,642 188 4,179 28 0.0 Very poor
Samoa Asia-Pacific Upper middle income 7,034 3,268 17,396 2 0.0 Very poor
San Marino Europe High income 62,268 n.a.
Sao Tome and Principe Africa Lower middle income 4,861 1,808 4,610 0 0.0 Very poor
Saudi Arabia Asia-Pacific High income 33,785 37,669 84,407 2,073 0.5 Poor
Senegal Africa Lower middle income 3,341 1,126 5,001 41 0.0 Poor
Serbia Europe Upper middle income 11,538 2,040 32,816 179 0.0 Poor
Seychelles Africa High income 18,674 12,067 57,619 4 0.0 Poor
Sierra Leone Africa Low income 978 62 799 3 0.0 Poor
Singapore Asia-Pacific High income 78,784 107,007 358,204 1,766 0.4 Satisfactory
Slovakia Europe High income 25,325 14,788 63,493 276 0.1 Satisfactory
Slovenia Europe High income 35,284 33,394 107,476 179 0.0 Satisfactory
Solomon Islands Asia-Pacific Lower middle income 3,699 3,749 15,596 6 0.0 Very poor
Somalia Africa Low income 280 n.a.
South Africa Africa Upper middle income 9,177 9,702 24,601 938 0.2 Satisfactory
South Sudan Africa Low income 2,204 n.a.
Spain Europe High income 36,083 76,919 222,888 8,431 1.8 Satisfactory
Sri Lanka Asia-Pacific Lower middle income 5,555 2,867 27,040 401 0.1 Poor

2021 2000 2021 2021 2021
St Maarten Latin America High income 30,547 n.a.
St. Kitts and Nevis Latin America High income 24,397 n.a.
St. Lucia Latin America Upper middle income 12,706 9,465 27,268 4 0.0 Very poor
St. Vincent and the
Latin America Upper middle income 10,299 5,414 18,887 1 0.0 Poor
Grenadines
Sudan Africa Low income 2,802 n.a.
Suriname Latin America Upper middle income 10,525 2,439 8,060 3 0.0 Very poor
Swaziland Africa Lower middle income 7,351 n.a.
Sweden Europe High income 75,994 77,253 381,968 2,990 0.7 Good
Switzerland Europe High income 116,239 231,354 696,604 4,878 1.1 Good
Syria Asia-Pacific Low income 1,590 4,296 1,562 18 0.0 Poor
Taiwan Asia-Pacific High income 40,010 92,298 297,864 5,878 1.3 Satisfactory
Tajikistan Asia-Pacific Low income 1,561 355 4,597 25 0.0 Poor
Tanzania Africa Lower middle income 2,528 445 4,260 122 0.0 Very poor
Thailand Asia-Pacific Upper middle income 8,926 6,356 24,638 1,341 0.3 Satisfactory
Timor-Leste Asia-Pacific Lower middle income 3,336 1,149 5,849 4 0.0 Very poor
Togo Africa Low income 1,885 355 1,518 6 0.0 Very poor
Tonga Asia-Pacific Upper middle income 8,429 13,518 44,014 3 0.0 Poor
Trinidad and Tobago Latin America High income 20,623 10,455 49,567 51 0.0 Poor
Tunisia Africa Lower middle income 5,171 7,410 20,981 174 0.0 Poor
Turkey Asia-Pacific Upper middle income 9,403 13,833 19,496 1,142 0.3 Fair
Turkmenistan Asia-Pacific Upper middle income 13,511 622 20,588 78 0.0 Very poor
Turks and Caicos Islands Latin America High income 36,448 n.a.
Tuvalu Asia-Pacific Upper middle income 7,780 n.a.
Uganda Africa Low income 2,129 186 2,387 49 0.01 Very poor
Ukraine Europe Lower middle income 5,779 887 19,742 679 0.15 Poor
United Arab Emirates Asia-Pacific High income 50,662 66,674 122,841 994 0.21 Poor
United Kingdom Europe High income 59,377 148,613 309,375 16,261 3.51 Good
United States North America High income 91,340 215,146 579,051 145,793 31.45 Good
Uruguay Latin America High income 23,353 21,830 57,726 147 0.03 Fair
Uzbekistan Asia-Pacific Lower middle income 3,063 n.a.
Vanuatu Asia-Pacific Lower middle income 4,936 5,217 16,374 3 0 Poor
Venezuela Latin America Upper middle income 5,568 8,321 28,243 531 0.11 Very poor
Vietnam Asia-Pacific Lower middle income 4,186 1,595 14,246 985 0.21 Poor
West Bank and Gaza Asia-Pacific Lower middle income 6,465 n.a.
Yemen Asia-Pacific Low income 2,073 1,062 7,808 123 0.03 Very poor
Zambia Africa Lower middle income 2,398 245 3,084 27 0.01 Poor
Zimbabwe Africa Lower middle income 4,220 348 9,791 71 0.02 Very poor
Sources: (1) GDP: IMF; (2) income group: World Development Indicators, World Bank; (3) wealth levels: see text for explanation of methods and categories.
24
Table 2-2: Wealth estimates by country (end-2000)
Non-
Financial Debt Median
Share of Total Share of Wealth financial Estimation
Country Adults wealth per per wealth
adults wealth wealth per adult wealth per method
adult adult per adult
adult
thousand % USD bn % USD USD USD USD USD
Afghanistan 8,591 0.2 5 0.0 547 82 476 11 250 Regression
Albania 1,898 0.1 13 0.0 6,644 558 6,115 30 3,261 Regression
Algeria 16,916 0.5 48 0.0 2,849 910 2,045 107 1,104 Regression
Angola 6,995 0.2 3 0.0 396 124 283 11 171 Regression
Antigua and Barbuda 48 0.0 1 0.0 11,091 1,497 10,630 1,037 2,756 Regression
Argentina 23,311 0.6 310 0.3 13,303 3,521 10,626 844 2,974 Regression
Armenia 1,992 0.1 4 0.0 2,184 448 1,773 38 984 Regression
Aruba 64 0.0 2 0.0 36,913 9,707 31,773 4,567 9,173 Regression
Australia 13,808 0.4 1,500 1.3 108,656 51,339 78,729 21,413 55,537 Original data
Austria 6,247 0.2 719 0.6 115,039 48,677 80,658 14,296 31,114 Original data
Azerbaijan 4,845 0.1 7 0.0 1,443 81 1,378 15 596 Regression
Bahamas 185 0.0 8 0.0 43,077 29,057 33,042 19,022 2,359 Regression
Bahrain 425 0.0 19 0.0 45,569 23,068 25,203 2,702 3,982 Regression
Bangladesh 67,325 1.8 69 0.1 1,026 140 924 39 462 Regression
Barbados 193 0.0 7 0.0 33,781 11,345 28,029 5,593 11,003 Regression
Belarus 7,257 0.2 14 0.0 1,984 170 1,843 30 1,075 Regression
Belgium 7,885 0.2 1,110 0.9 140,800 85,930 67,515 12,646 77,323 Original data
Belize 122 0.0 1 0.0 8,102 1,912 7,094 904 2,590 Regression
Benin 3,094 0.1 2 0.0 576 186 410 21 246 Regression
Bolivia 4,432 0.1 9 0.0 2,117 1,009 1,349 241 574 Regression
Bosnia and Herzegovina 2,702 0.1 18 0.0 6,712 513 6,419 221 3,368 Regression
Botswana 823 0.0 2 0.0 2,294 2,254 376 337 1,022 Regression
Brazil 105,780 2.8 688 0.6 6,500 3,460 4,340 1,299 1,149 Original Update
Brunei 205 0.0 7 0.0 34,088 8,540 28,412 2,864 3,027 Regression
Bulgaria 6,200 0.2 24 0.0 3,879 748 3,215 84 1,891 Original Update
Burkina Faso 4,955 0.1 1 0.0 229 77 166 14 101 Regression
Burundi 2,467 0.1 0 0.0 199 34 178 12 87 Regression
Cambodia 5,582 0.2 3 0.0 624 121 522 19 255 Regression
Cameroon 6,875 0.2 5 0.0 660 376 312 28 291 Regression
Canada 22,795 0.6 2,613 2.2 114,618 74,605 59,264 19,251 34,891 Original data
Central African Republic 1,688 0.0 0 0.0 144 97 57 10 61 Regression
Chad 3,457 0.1 1 0.0 156 65 99 8 69 Regression
Chile 9,939 0.3 220 0.2 22,174 11,285 12,741 1,851 5,627 Original Update
China 872,179 23.2 3,704 3.1 4,247 1,569 2,740 62 1,984 Original data
Colombia 23,086 0.6 97 0.1 4,202 1,230 3,587 616 1,120 Original data
Comoros 247 0.0 0 0.0 1,735 436 1,360 62 714 Regression
Congo, Dem. Rep. 21,040 0.6 7 0.0 336 65 272 1 143 Regression
Congo, Rep. 1,493 0.0 0 0.0 270 132 198 61 108 Regression
Costa Rica 2,374 0.1 29 0.0 12,062 2,238 10,522 697 3,079 Regression
Croatia 3,356 0.1 54 0.1 16,155 4,911 12,102 857 7,925 Original Update
Cyprus 486 0.0 29 0.0 60,296 42,055 37,179 18,938 21,486 Original Update
Czechia 7,937 0.2 91 0.1 11,406 5,275 7,573 1,442 5,851 Original data
Denmark 4,079 0.1 451 0.4 110,450 74,613 73,037 37,199 45,791 Original data
Djibouti 352 0.0 0 0.0 1,081 590 636 146 477 Regression
Dominica 42 0.0 0 0.0 8,797 1,821 8,125 1,149 2,186 Regression
Ecuador 7,044 0.2 22 0.0 3,061 642 2,616 197 850 Regression

Table 2-2: Wealth estimates by country (end-2000), continued
Non-
adult
Egypt 36,352 1.0 205 0.2 5,642 941 5,030 329 1,838 Regression
El Salvador 3,171 0.1 28 0.0 8,765 2,791 6,606 632 2,450 Regression
Equatorial Guinea 304 0.0 0 0.0 820 495 358 34 322 Regression
Eritrea 976 0.0 0 0.0 332 52 309 29 137 Regression
Estonia 1,051 0.0 17 0.0 15,836 3,305 13,107 576 7,591 Original Update
Ethiopia 28,669 0.8 4 0.0 126 19 116 9 58 Regression
Fiji 444 0.0 2 0.0 4,562 685 4,084 207 2,206 Regression
Finland 3,927 0.1 288 0.2 73,221 31,194 52,623 10,596 38,569 Original data
France 44,112 1.2 4,704 4.0 106,643 55,788 64,850 13,994 48,471 Original data
Gabon 604 0.0 3 0.0 4,241 3,349 1,156 264 2,056 Regression
Gambia 573 0.0 1 0.0 1,099 345 798 44 499 Regression
Georgia 3,083 0.1 7 0.0 2,264 307 1,984 26 994 Regression
Germany 64,137 1.7 6,160 5.2 96,037 49,207 68,580 21,750 14,902 Original data
Ghana 9,156 0.2 3 0.0 349 104 261 16 150 Regression
Greece 8,696 0.2 618 0.5 71,106 23,777 50,364 3,035 30,379 Original data
Grenada 58 0.0 1 0.0 8,963 1,681 8,742 1,459 2,228 Regression
Guinea 3,564 0.1 1 0.0 292 84 219 11 122 Regression
Guinea-Bissau 526 0.0 0 0.0 415 163 260 8 178 Regression
Guyana 412 0.0 1 0.0 1,327 249 1,239 162 410 Regression
Haiti 4,114 0.1 7 0.0 1,619 769 944 94 414 Regression
Hong Kong 5,092 0.1 871 0.7 171,057 113,509 77,058 19,509 61,786 Regression
Hungary 7,850 0.2 95 0.1 12,138 4,693 8,079 633 5,336 Original data
Iceland 195 0.0 25 0.0 127,917 71,233 99,410 42,726 110,554 Original Update
India 587,499 15.6 1,553 1.3 2,643 679 2,136 171 785 Original data
Indonesia 125,684 3.4 364 0.3 2,894 656 2,320 82 697 Original data
Iran 35,170 0.9 56 0.1 1,588 70 1,569 51 631 Regression
Iraq 11,001 0.3 31 0.0 2,807 165 2,647 6 1,300 Regression
Ireland 2,661 0.1 335 0.3 125,866 55,201 88,495 17,830 46,969 Original Update
Israel 3,796 0.1 298 0.3 78,588 64,397 30,962 16,771 26,306 Original Update
Italy 45,653 1.2 5,522 4.7 120,950 61,488 68,008 8,546 72,558 Original data
Jamaica 1,557 0.0 14 0.0 8,749 2,168 7,371 790 2,165 Regression
Japan 101,353 2.7 19,404 16.5 191,447 120,979 105,485 35,018 86,837 Original data
Jordan 2,548 0.1 17 0.0 6,859 3,365 4,589 1,095 2,917 Regression
Kazakhstan 9,433 0.3 24 0.0 2,533 636 1,913 16 1,078 Original Update
Kenya 13,909 0.4 7 0.0 515 208 372 65 222 Regression
Korea 34,084 0.9 1,721 1.5 50,503 18,598 39,576 7,671 20,355 Original data
Kuwait 1,321 0.0 82 0.1 62,064 36,741 29,351 4,028 7,761 Regression
Kyrgyzstan 2,706 0.1 2 0.0 733 55 685 7 308 Regression
Laos 2,463 0.1 2 0.0 718 124 619 24 299 Regression
Latvia 1,777 0.1 13 0.0 7,453 2,459 5,243 249 3,417 Original Update
Lebanon 2,338 0.1 50 0.0 21,339 4,904 17,938 1,503 5,025 Regression
Lesotho 973 0.0 0 0.0 405 164 272 30 162 Regression
Liberia 1,346 0.0 1 0.0 701 120 588 7 308 Regression
Libya 2,972 0.1 35 0.0 11,649 5,724 6,633 707 4,885 Regression
Lithuania 2,539 0.1 21 0.0 8,242 2,024 6,318 101 4,068 Original Update
Luxembourg 331 0.0 69 0.1 207,592 79,058 154,241 25,707 113,038 Original data
26
Non-
adult
Madagascar 7,109 0.2 4 0.0 520 69 467 16 220 Regression
Malawi 4,901 0.1 1 0.0 164 93 78 7 67 Regression
Malaysia 13,371 0.4 97 0.1 7,263 1,502 9,560 3,798 1,680 Regression
Maldives 134 0.0 1 0.0 4,063 191 4,002 131 1,924 Regression
Mali 4,709 0.1 1 0.0 227 113 133 18 99 Regression
Malta 288 0.0 15 0.0 52,879 25,364 31,828 4,313 27,773 Original data
Mauritania 1,212 0.0 1 0.0 921 202 772 52 395 Regression
Mauritius 785 0.0 9 0.0 11,756 5,198 7,278 720 5,299 Regression
Mexico 55,586 1.5 833 0.7 14,995 6,700 9,243 948 4,226 Original Update
Moldova 2,827 0.1 3 0.0 982 146 853 18 479 Regression
Mongolia 1,310 0.0 1 0.0 849 84 789 23 387 Regression
Montenegro 433 0.0 3 0.0 6,411 1,246 5,333 169 3,104 Regression
Morocco 16,102 0.4 62 0.1 3,857 1,142 3,047 332 1,613 Regression
Mozambique 8,046 0.2 1 0.0 186 73 136 23 79 Regression
Myanmar 26,669 0.7 44 0.0 1,662 309 1,354 1 708 Regression
Namibia 847 0.0 2 0.0 2,734 1,990 1,250 506 1,079 Regression
Nepal 11,761 0.3 6 0.0 542 79 506 42 239 Regression
Netherlands 12,086 0.3 1,591 1.4 131,636 90,996 74,442 33,802 37,501 Original data
New Zealand 2,726 0.1 216 0.2 79,140 58,202 30,713 9,775 30,957 Original data
Nicaragua 2,491 0.1 11 0.0 4,496 630 4,113 248 1,206 Regression
Niger 4,801 0.1 1 0.0 152 47 111 6 67 Regression
Nigeria 56,385 1.5 12 0.0 216 108 122 14 94 Regression
Norway 3,342 0.1 336 0.3 100,499 44,217 85,449 29,168 21,585 Original data
Oman 1,193 0.0 26 0.0 21,942 7,169 16,114 1,341 8,222 Regression
Pakistan 68,687 1.8 79 0.1 1,154 268 931 46 518 Regression
Panama 1,791 0.1 18 0.0 10,000 2,946 8,149 1,096 2,544 Regression
Papua New Guinea 2,932 0.1 3 0.0 996 296 738 38 461 Regression
Paraguay 2,730 0.1 8 0.0 3,062 545 2,771 254 829 Regression
Peru 14,742 0.4 65 0.1 4,415 1,590 2,992 168 1,138 Regression
Philippines 40,294 1.1 121 0.1 3,015 988 2,255 228 699 Regression
Poland 27,814 0.7 288 0.2 10,338 2,993 7,871 527 5,135 Original Update
Portugal 7,983 0.2 422 0.4 52,879 25,900 37,398 10,420 23,075 Original data
Qatar 408 0.0 15 0.0 35,715 14,379 23,397 2,061 23,197 Regression
Romania 16,324 0.4 69 0.1 4,214 853 3,397 37 2,032 Original data
Russia 107,679 2.9 296 0.3 2,751 1,041 1,724 14 653 Original Update
Rwanda 3,537 0.1 1 0.0 188 62 144 18 82 Regression
Samoa 86 0.0 0 0.0 3,268 284 3,345 361 1,288 Regression
Sao Tome and Principe 62 0.0 0 0.0 1,808 676 1,156 24 875 Regression
Saudi Arabia 11,021 0.3 415 0.4 37,669 21,459 17,619 1,408 4,601 Regression
Senegal 4,345 0.1 5 0.0 1,126 365 814 53 549 Regression
Serbia 5,449 0.2 11 0.0 2,040 404 1,754 117 1,045 Regression
Seychelles 51 0.0 1 0.0 12,067 4,121 8,583 636 5,846 Regression
Sierra Leone 2,103 0.1 0 0.0 62 41 23 2 27 Regression
Singapore 3,024 0.1 324 0.3 107,007 61,706 71,899 26,598 35,769 Original data
Slovakia 3,907 0.1 58 0.1 14,788 4,170 11,506 888 10,649 Original data
Slovenia 1,540 0.0 51 0.0 33,394 8,269 27,446 2,321 20,890 Original Update

Non-
adult
Solomon Islands 198 0.0 1 0.0 3,749 761 3,048 60 1,783 Regression
South Africa 25,017 0.7 243 0.2 9,702 7,833 3,676 1,806 2,672 Original data
Spain 32,462 0.9 2,497 2.1 76,919 28,968 57,789 9,838 39,596 Original data
Sri Lanka 11,992 0.3 34 0.0 2,867 303 2,927 363 1,293 Regression
St. Lucia 91 0.0 1 0.0 9,465 1,528 9,437 1,500 2,352 Regression
St. Vincent and the Grena-
63 0.0 0 0.0 5,414 1,112 5,166 865 1,345 Regression
dines
Suriname 275 0.0 1 0.0 2,439 545 2,008 115 753 Regression
Sweden 6,753 0.2 522 0.4 77,253 58,889 36,112 17,749 24,616 Original data
Switzerland 5,503 0.2 1,273 1.1 231,354 177,772 107,322 53,740 40,423 Original data
Syria 7,824 0.2 34 0.0 4,296 202 4,115 21 1,853 Regression
Taiwan 15,566 0.4 1,437 1.2 92,298 67,442 43,152 18,295 42,850 Original data
Tajikistan 2,907 0.1 1 0.0 355 25 332 2 163 Regression
Tanzania 15,044 0.4 7 0.0 445 117 342 14 194 Regression
Thailand 42,838 1.1 272 0.2 6,356 2,036 5,108 787 2,246 Original Update
Timor-Leste 404 0.0 0 0.0 1,149 221 939 11 539 Regression
Togo 2,268 0.1 1 0.0 355 126 249 20 150 Regression
Tonga 49 0.0 1 0.0 13,518 709 13,295 486 5,327 Regression
Trinidad and Tobago 807 0.0 8 0.0 10,455 4,387 7,728 1,661 3,280 Regression
Tunisia 5,860 0.2 43 0.0 7,410 1,713 6,027 331 3,373 Regression
Turkey 37,960 1.0 525 0.5 13,833 3,496 10,615 277 4,058 Original Update
Turkmenistan 2,427 0.1 2 0.0 622 40 589 7 282 Regression
Uganda 9,471 0.3 2 0.0 186 50 149 14 82 Regression
Ukraine 36,659 1.0 32 0.0 887 142 751 6 431 Regression
United Arab Emirates 2,189 0.1 146 0.1 66,674 30,772 38,643 2,741 19,779 Regression
United Kingdom 44,173 1.2 6,565 5.6 148,613 111,366 63,027 25,779 64,152 Original data
United States 201,831 5.4 43,423 36.9 215,146 170,210 79,580 34,645 46,471 Original data
Uruguay 2,256 0.1 49 0.0 21,830 6,096 17,796 2,061 5,974 Original Update
Vanuatu 89 0.0 0 0.0 5,217 912 4,563 258 2,480 Regression
Venezuela 13,705 0.4 114 0.1 8,321 3,485 4,892 56 2,289 Regression
Vietnam 46,980 1.3 75 0.1 1,595 108 1,528 42 641 Regression
Yemen 7,074 0.2 8 0.0 1,062 163 916 17 470 Regression
Zambia 4,444 0.1 1 0.0 245 154 115 24 103 Regression
Zimbabwe 5,409 0.1 2 0.0 348 297 134 83 150 Regression
Africa 380,942 10.1 748 0.6 1,965 882 1,283 200 165
Asia-Pacific 836,020 22.3 28,548 24.2 34,147 19,980 20,109 5,941 1,120
China 872,179 23.2 3,704 3.1 4,247 1,569 2,740 62 1,984
Europe 549,141 14.6 34,483 29.3 62,794 35,213 37,418 9,837 6,503
India 587,499 15.6 1,553 1.3 2,643 679 2,136 171 785
Latin America 304,898 8.1 2,757 2.3 9,044 3,841 6,153 950 1,464
North America 224,713 6.0 46,051 39.1 204,934 160,500 77,514 33,080 45,859
World 3,755,393 100.0 117,844 100.0 31,380 20,073 16,186 4,879 1,582
28
Non-
adult
Algeria 17,504 0.5 47 0.0 2,670 970 1,825 125 1,012 Regression
Armenia 2,003 0.1 4 0.0 2,179 345 1,871 37 915 Regression
Bangladesh 69,309 1.8 66 0.1 953 123 872 43 521 Regression
Belarus 7,266 0.2 12 0.0 1,634 191 1,476 33 922 Regression
Belize 126 0.0 1 0.0 7,621 2,098 6,541 1,018 2,464 Regression
Bolivia 4,539 0.1 9 0.0 1,882 920 1,177 216 516 Regression
Bosnia and Herzegovina 2,723 0.1 21 0.0 7,839 718 7,405 283 4,033 Regression
Botswana 848 0.0 2 0.0 2,413 2,472 298 357 961 Regression
Brazil 108,363 2.8 564 0.5 5,204 3,218 2,929 943 1,567 Original Update
Bulgaria 6,189 0.2 27 0.0 4,310 859 3,566 115 2,155 Original Update
Chad 3,578 0.1 1 0.0 196 73 133 9 86 Regression
Chile 10,124 0.3 207 0.2 20,455 10,537 11,624 1,707 5,628 Original Update
Croatia 3,358 0.1 63 0.1 18,771 5,131 14,818 1,179 9,438 Original data
Djibouti 361 0.0 0 0.0 991 547 570 126 486 Regression
Ecuador 7,218 0.2 38 0.0 5,221 977 4,545 301 1,441 Regression

Non-
adult
Eritrea 1,045 0.0 0 0.0 313 54 290 31 129 Regression
Estonia 1,051 0.0 17 0.0 16,306 3,326 13,712 733 7,964 Original Update
Fiji 455 0.0 2 0.0 4,126 545 3,786 205 1,923 Regression
Gambia 590 0.0 0 0.0 793 244 585 35 356 Regression
Georgia 3,062 0.1 6 0.0 1,987 327 1,684 24 826 Regression
Hungary 7,874 0.2 105 0.1 13,367 5,357 8,866 856 5,952 Original data
India 601,948 15.8 1,733 1.5 2,879 738 2,329 188 854 Original data
Indonesia 128,333 3.4 354 0.3 2,756 360 2,476 80 760 Original Update
Iran 36,620 1.0 34 0.0 925 51 923 50 374 Regression
Iraq 11,386 0.3 20 0.0 1,763 209 1,562 7 735 Regression
Ireland 2,733 0.1 335 0.3 122,664 54,331 87,728 19,396 47,360 Original Update
Israel 3,877 0.1 297 0.3 76,683 63,015 29,384 15,716 32,249 Original data
Laos 2,523 0.1 2 0.0 659 144 541 26 257 Regression
Liberia 1,387 0.0 2 0.0 1,255 536 730 11 552 Regression
30
Non-
adult
Mali 4,853 0.1 1 0.0 258 109 168 20 115 Regression
Moldova 2,852 0.1 3 0.0 1,035 164 894 23 510 Regression
Mongolia 1,342 0.0 1 0.0 895 92 836 34 386 Regression
Morocco 16,525 0.4 57 0.1 3,456 973 2,804 321 1,437 Regression
Namibia 868 0.0 2 0.0 2,485 2,191 855 560 1,097 Regression
Oman 1,227 0.0 25 0.0 19,982 7,941 13,439 1,398 7,693 Regression
Papua New Guinea 3,007 0.1 2 0.0 736 189 580 34 293 Regression
Peru 15,064 0.4 63 0.1 4,175 1,543 2,781 149 1,166 Regression
Philippines 41,363 1.1 105 0.1 2,550 884 1,884 218 516 Regression
Poland 28,115 0.7 312 0.3 11,102 3,351 8,645 893 5,600 Original Update
Senegal 4,476 0.1 5 0.0 1,174 364 862 52 580 Regression
Slovakia 3,949 0.1 59 0.1 15,002 4,183 11,767 949 10,907 Original data

Non-
adult
64 0.0 0 0.0 5,253 1,096 5,049 891 1,361 Regression
dines
Suriname 279 0.0 1 0.0 1,942 512 1,537 107 546 Regression
Timor-Leste 411 0.0 1 0.0 1,393 276 1,129 12 670 Regression
Togo 2,340 0.1 1 0.0 354 121 252 19 149 Regression
Turkmenistan 2,479 0.1 3 0.0 1,053 80 987 14 499 Regression
Ukraine 36,615 1.0 42 0.0 1,142 165 986 8 570 Regression
Yemen 7,343 0.2 7 0.0 915 184 750 19 423 Regression
Africa 391,632 10.3 641 0.6 1,636 727 1,069 160 156
Asia-Pacific 855,104 22.4 25,185 21.7 29,452 17,508 17,115 5,171 1,023
China 881,964 23.1 4,136 3.6 4,689 1,778 3,018 107 2,351
Europe 551,947 14.4 34,213 29.5 61,986 33,646 38,387 10,047 6,913
India 601,948 15.8 1,733 1.5 2,879 738 2,329 188 854
Latin America 311,927 8.2 2,711 2.3 8,692 3,869 5,625 801 1,760
North America 227,289 6.0 47,543 40.9 209,174 159,272 85,239 35,336 46,838
World 3,821,811 100.0 116,162 100.0 30,395 19,166 16,075 4,846 1,664
32
Non-
adult
Algeria 18,092 0.5 56 0.0 3,111 1,167 2,124 179 1,257 Regression
Armenia 2,013 0.1 5 0.0 2,730 541 2,236 47 1,230 Regression
Bangladesh 71,321 1.8 84 0.1 1,179 206 1,021 48 563 Regression
Bosnia and Herzegovina 2,749 0.1 33 0.0 11,826 1,272 11,033 480 6,035 Regression
Bulgaria 6,173 0.2 35 0.0 5,664 1,172 4,659 167 2,947 Original Update
Chad 3,708 0.1 1 0.0 324 135 200 10 147 Regression
Chile 10,305 0.3 205 0.2 19,882 10,339 11,200 1,656 5,496 Original data
Ecuador 7,397 0.2 47 0.0 6,375 1,499 5,225 349 2,665 Regression

Non-
adult
Estonia 1,050 0.0 21 0.0 20,023 5,071 16,203 1,251 9,815 Original Update
Fiji 466 0.0 2 0.0 5,044 705 4,635 297 2,228 Regression
Georgia 3,058 0.1 7 0.0 2,316 414 1,932 31 1,060 Regression
Haiti 4,343 0.1 4 0.0 843 446 468 70 263 Regression
Hungary 7,882 0.2 126 0.1 15,959 6,819 10,529 1,388 7,158 Original data
India 616,914 15.9 2,004 1.6 3,248 829 2,633 213 1,001 Original data
Indonesia 130,847 3.4 500 0.4 3,818 521 3,417 121 1,083 Original Update
Iran 38,141 1.0 120 0.1 3,145 511 2,795 161 1,242 Regression
Iraq 11,777 0.3 26 0.0 2,170 220 1,959 9 1,003 Regression
Ireland 2,810 0.1 410 0.3 145,901 64,582 108,774 27,455 56,084 Original data
Laos 2,581 0.1 2 0.0 587 124 486 22 257 Regression
Liberia 1,418 0.0 1 0.0 991 436 565 11 434 Regression
34
Non-
adult
Mali 5,007 0.1 2 0.0 316 134 208 26 140 Regression
Moldova 2,884 0.1 4 0.0 1,239 215 1,056 32 598 Regression
Mongolia 1,377 0.0 1 0.0 1,086 123 1,021 59 498 Regression
Namibia 890 0.0 2 0.0 2,256 1,993 768 504 927 Regression
Oman 1,270 0.0 29 0.0 22,743 9,145 15,138 1,541 8,658 Regression
Papua New Guinea 3,085 0.1 3 0.0 1,079 280 842 42 506 Regression
Peru 15,365 0.4 77 0.1 5,021 1,897 3,290 166 1,366 Regression
Philippines 42,441 1.1 133 0.1 3,127 1,036 2,338 246 769 Regression
Poland 28,407 0.7 349 0.3 12,281 3,809 9,651 1,178 6,360 Original Update
Sao Tome and Principe 65 0.0 0 0.0 2,407 984 1,460 37 1,223 Regression
Senegal 4,614 0.1 7 0.0 1,482 439 1,108 65 762 Regression
Slovakia 3,988 0.1 78 0.1 19,580 5,213 15,863 1,495 14,367 Original data

Non-
adult
65 0.0 0 0.0 6,014 1,380 5,679 1,045 2,113 Regression
dines
Suriname 284 0.0 1 0.0 3,623 864 3,021 262 1,566 Regression
Togo 2,412 0.1 1 0.0 441 137 326 22 204 Regression
Turkmenistan 2,524 0.1 3 0.0 1,191 111 1,103 23 571 Regression
Ukraine 36,597 0.9 53 0.0 1,446 256 1,209 20 733 Regression
Africa 402,836 10.4 772 0.6 1,916 912 1,216 212 201
Asia-Pacific 874,410 22.5 28,414 22.1 32,495 19,402 18,672 5,579 1,363
China 893,857 23.0 4,771 3.7 5,338 2,052 3,450 164 2,496
Europe 555,156 14.3 42,496 33.0 76,548 39,449 49,744 12,645 8,644
India 616,914 15.9 2,004 1.6 3,248 829 2,633 213 1,001
Latin America 319,007 8.2 2,528 2.0 7,925 3,444 5,141 659 1,655
North America 229,703 5.9 47,764 37.1 207,937 154,423 91,897 38,383 46,952
World 3,891,883 100.0 128,749 100.0 33,081 20,080 18,472 5,470 1,880
36
Non-
adult
Albania 1,937 0.1 23 0.0 11,626 1,052 10,630 57 6,218 Regression
Austria 6,373 0.2 1,050 0.7 164,718 72,145 114,042 21,469 46,345 Original data
Cameroon 7,522 0.2 8 0.0 1,116 560 598 42 544 Regression
Chad 3,846 0.1 1 0.0 280 107 184 11 126 Regression
Colombia 24,770 0.6 92 0.1 3,697 1,309 2,951 563 921 Original data
Comoros 271 0.0 1 0.0 2,976 666 2,405 95 1,314 Regression
Costa Rica 2,578 0.1 33 0.0 12,621 2,900 10,783 1,063 3,528 Regression

Non-
adult
Equatorial Guinea 354 0.0 0 0.0 1,324 824 593 92 540 Regression
Estonia 1,048 0.0 28 0.0 26,760 7,572 21,323 2,135 12,691 Original Update
Fiji 477 0.0 3 0.0 6,347 845 5,890 388 2,950 Regression
Iceland 203 0.0 39 0.0 192,948 104,489 139,803 51,343 70,513 Original data
India 632,247 16.0 2,432 1.6 3,847 981 3,119 252 1,151 Original data
Iran 39,702 1.0 180 0.1 4,531 450 4,264 183 1,909 Regression
Iraq 12,159 0.3 21 0.0 1,764 266 1,513 16 789 Regression
Kazakhstan 9,790 0.3 40 0.0 4,060 1,107 3,010 57 1,578 Original Update
Kyrgyzstan 2,838 0.1 3 0.0 1,213 151 1,076 15 576 Regression
Laos 2,643 0.1 2 0.0 812 165 672 25 321 Regression
Latvia 1,751 0.0 27 0.0 15,577 4,520 12,630 1,573 7,140 Original Update
38
Non-
adult
Mali 5,170 0.1 2 0.0 401 163 272 33 179 Regression
Mauritania 1,340 0.0 1 0.0 1,074 243 902 71 501 Regression
Mauritius 812 0.0 13 0.0 16,313 7,861 9,552 1,099 7,945 Regression
Mexico 59,786 1.5 1,134 0.7 18,967 7,440 12,635 1,108 5,522 Original data
Moldova 2,920 0.1 5 0.0 1,663 316 1,399 52 802 Regression
Namibia 912 0.0 3 0.0 3,479 2,933 1,478 933 1,512 Regression
Oman 1,320 0.0 34 0.0 26,091 11,129 16,729 1,767 9,320 Regression
Pakistan 75,105 1.9 103 0.1 1,367 346 1,069 48 642 Regression
Papua New Guinea 3,165 0.1 3 0.0 1,104 250 895 40 481 Regression
Peru 15,650 0.4 85 0.1 5,405 2,145 3,452 192 1,464 Regression
Poland 28,687 0.7 424 0.3 14,775 5,493 10,356 1,074 6,741 Original data
Romania 16,333 0.4 117 0.1 7,160 1,307 6,071 218 3,701 Original data
Sao Tome and Principe 67 0.0 0 0.0 2,456 1,048 1,485 77 1,225 Regression
Serbia 5,491 0.1 49 0.0 8,846 1,331 7,816 302 4,635 Regression

Non-
adult
66 0.0 0 0.0 6,508 1,715 5,964 1,171 1,865 Regression
dines
Suriname 289 0.0 1 0.0 4,645 1,405 3,670 430 1,340 Regression
Thailand 45,276 1.1 393 0.3 8,672 3,257 6,452 1,038 3,296 Original Update
Togo 2,485 0.1 1 0.0 511 158 385 32 228 Regression
Ukraine 36,596 0.9 62 0.0 1,703 341 1,416 53 1,134 Regression
Uruguay 2,271 0.1 26 0.0 11,238 3,671 8,498 930 3,065 Original Update
Africa 414,488 10.5 1,002 0.7 2,417 1,207 1,487 276 270
Asia-Pacific 893,896 22.6 32,892 21.5 36,796 22,170 20,822 6,196 1,597
China 907,276 22.9 5,668 3.7 6,247 2,455 4,040 249 3,002
Europe 558,612 14.1 54,423 35.6 97,426 49,203 64,178 15,955 11,127
India 632,247 16.0 2,432 1.6 3,847 981 3,119 252 1,151
Latin America 326,113 8.2 2,982 2.0 9,143 4,005 5,927 788 1,801
North America 232,160 5.9 53,620 35.0 230,964 173,559 100,620 43,215 51,981
World 3,964,792 100.0 153,020 100.0 38,595 23,268 21,693 6,366 2,139
40
Non-
adult
Azerbaijan 5,294 0.1 12 0.0 2,188 147 2,084 43 1,039 Regression
Benin 3,528 0.1 4 0.0 1,024 303 768 46 469 Regression
Brazil 116,350 2.9 898 0.5 7,718 4,428 4,484 1,193 2,097 Original Update
Cambodia 6,625 0.2 7 0.0 1,121 189 969 37 526 Regression
Chad 3,989 0.1 2 0.0 491 155 349 14 217 Regression
Cyprus 526 0.0 59 0.0 112,315 67,921 75,053 30,659 42,030 Original data

Non-
adult
Egypt 40,883 1.0 157 0.1 3,828 882 3,249 303 996 Regression
Equatorial Guinea 374 0.0 1 0.0 2,987 2,150 1,022 185 1,145 Regression
Estonia 1,048 0.0 35 0.0 33,198 9,570 26,802 3,174 15,759 Original data
Fiji 488 0.0 3 0.0 6,933 980 6,460 507 2,927 Regression
Greece 8,942 0.2 1,087 0.6 121,544 36,885 95,272 10,613 78,423 Original data
Hong Kong 5,337 0.1 1,000 0.6 187,421 128,577 77,168 18,324 59,640 Regression
India 647,807 16.0 2,935 1.7 4,530 1,155 3,688 312 1,461 Original data
Iran 41,265 1.0 231 0.1 5,597 562 5,291 256 2,501 Regression
Iraq 12,521 0.3 33 0.0 2,658 188 2,489 18 1,226 Regression
Jamaica 1,641 0.0 19 0.0 11,455 3,793 8,680 1,018 4,379 Regression
Laos 2,710 0.1 3 0.0 952 195 787 30 382 Regression
Latvia 1,743 0.0 34 0.0 19,375 4,891 16,187 1,703 8,613 Original data
Lesotho 1,005 0.0 1 0.0 681 333 389 41 260 Regression
Lithuania 2,528 0.1 46 0.0 18,062 6,191 12,856 985 9,197 Original data
42
Non-
adult
Mali 5,341 0.1 3 0.0 476 186 335 45 219 Regression
Mauritania 1,388 0.0 2 0.0 1,154 264 1,004 115 534 Regression
Moldova 2,955 0.1 7 0.0 2,323 396 2,010 82 1,166 Regression
Namibia 935 0.0 4 0.0 4,152 3,728 1,667 1,243 1,650 Regression
Oman 1,378 0.0 42 0.0 30,168 12,183 20,111 2,127 10,455 Regression
Papua New Guinea 3,248 0.1 4 0.0 1,256 296 1,007 47 524 Regression
Paraguay 3,067 0.1 11 0.0 3,588 681 3,149 242 1,353 Regression
Peru 15,926 0.4 96 0.1 6,057 2,268 4,018 229 1,887 Regression
Russia 109,390 2.7 732 0.4 6,695 2,573 4,337 216 1,189 Original Update
Seychelles 58 0.0 1 0.0 21,342 8,298 14,933 1,889 9,962 Regression
Slovenia 1,586 0.0 108 0.1 68,380 22,707 50,538 4,865 48,555 Original data

Non-
adult
67 0.0 1 0.0 8,097 2,050 7,397 1,349 2,708 Regression
dines
Tajikistan 3,294 0.1 4 0.0 1,265 97 1,177 8 601 Regression
Timor-Leste 441 0.0 1 0.0 2,670 238 2,505 73 1,504 Regression
Togo 2,560 0.1 1 0.0 585 196 425 37 246 Regression
Turkmenistan 2,624 0.1 7 0.0 2,591 311 2,324 45 1,281 Regression
Vanuatu 102 0.0 1 0.0 6,590 1,086 6,141 637 2,782 Regression
Yemen 8,236 0.2 11 0.0 1,294 290 1,039 35 575 Regression
Africa 426,537 10.6 1,264 0.7 2,963 1,503 1,825 365 315
Asia-Pacific 913,584 22.6 35,460 20.2 38,814 23,226 21,955 6,367 1,777
China 921,626 22.8 6,840 3.9 7,421 2,977 4,792 348 3,657
Europe 562,141 13.9 64,390 36.7 114,543 56,503 76,577 18,537 13,124
India 647,807 16.0 2,935 1.7 4,530 1,155 3,688 312 1,461
Latin America 333,222 8.3 3,618 2.1 10,857 4,763 7,072 977 2,335
North America 234,824 5.8 60,914 34.7 259,401 194,250 113,161 48,009 58,083
World 4,039,741 100.0 175,419 100.0 43,423 25,822 24,660 7,059 2,466
44
Non-
adult
Angola 8,345 0.2 9 0.0 1,095 389 761 55 537 Regression
Bolivia 4,994 0.1 11 0.0 2,248 970 1,518 240 780 Regression
Brazil 118,943 2.9 1,219 0.7 10,248 5,422 6,355 1,530 2,577 Original Update
Cambodia 6,893 0.2 9 0.0 1,333 197 1,176 40 572 Regression
Chad 4,130 0.1 3 0.0 625 243 396 13 267 Regression

Non-
adult
El Salvador 3,361 0.1 39 0.0 11,669 4,078 8,653 1,061 4,183 Regression
Fiji 496 0.0 3 0.0 6,711 968 6,258 516 2,535 Regression
Iran 42,765 1.0 256 0.1 5,988 556 5,733 302 2,408 Regression
Iraq 12,834 0.3 41 0.0 3,227 265 2,989 28 1,302 Regression
Laos 2,788 0.1 3 0.0 988 191 830 33 326 Regression
Lithuania 2,519 0.1 48 0.0 18,894 7,204 13,451 1,761 9,571 Original data
46
Non-
adult
Mali 5,511 0.1 3 0.0 572 214 408 50 246 Regression
Nepal 13,109 0.3 13 0.0 1,009 133 938 62 479 Regression
Nigeria 64,421 1.6 70 0.0 1,094 662 519 87 454 Regression
Oman 1,450 0.0 43 0.0 29,597 10,597 21,081 2,080 9,385 Regression
Peru 16,201 0.4 101 0.1 6,226 2,290 4,232 296 2,211 Regression
Philippines 45,882 1.1 179 0.1 3,895 1,280 2,890 275 1,057 Regression
Russia 109,996 2.7 869 0.5 7,902 3,176 5,131 406 1,447 Original Update
Sao Tome and Principe 71 0.0 0 0.0 2,064 893 1,400 230 1,026 Regression

Non-
adult
67 0.0 1 0.0 8,027 1,940 7,415 1,327 2,668 Regression
dines
Thailand 46,730 1.1 479 0.3 10,250 3,619 7,879 1,248 3,788 Original data
Togo 2,637 0.1 2 0.0 573 193 420 39 248 Regression
Tonga 53 0.0 1 0.0 20,114 1,070 19,988 944 7,267 Regression
Turkey 42,612 1.0 1,034 0.6 24,260 3,779 21,351 869 6,644 Original Update
Africa 438,813 10.7 1,371 0.8 3,125 1,560 1,960 394 368
Asia-Pacific 933,907 22.7 35,950 19.7 38,494 22,917 20,856 5,279 1,760
China 937,318 22.8 8,522 4.7 9,092 3,561 5,952 421 4,514
Europe 565,496 13.7 61,836 33.9 109,349 54,012 72,918 17,581 12,963
India 663,336 16.1 3,266 1.8 4,924 1,275 4,024 376 1,083
Latin America 340,322 8.3 4,382 2.4 12,876 5,614 8,487 1,224 2,779
North America 237,524 5.8 67,022 36.8 282,170 209,061 125,896 52,787 63,628
World 4,116,716 100.0 182,350 100.0 44,295 26,327 24,926 6,958 2,541
48
Non-
adult
Angola 8,656 0.2 14 0.0 1,572 594 1,076 97 692 Regression
Armenia 2,047 0.1 15 0.0 7,198 1,325 6,023 151 3,091 Regression
Bolivia 5,114 0.1 15 0.0 2,870 1,126 2,031 288 1,024 Regression
Bosnia and Herzegovina 2,850 0.1 59 0.0 20,720 2,342 19,627 1,249 10,385 Regression
Botswana 982 0.0 7 0.0 6,851 6,693 1,138 980 2,673 Regression
Bulgaria 6,097 0.2 76 0.0 12,462 2,979 10,786 1,304 6,369 Original data
Chad 4,270 0.1 4 0.0 830 356 486 13 355 Regression
Colombia 26,476 0.6 183 0.1 6,895 2,382 5,668 1,155 1,878 Original data
Congo, Rep. 1,829 0.0 2 0.0 1,120 420 718 18 421 Regression
Denmark 4,117 0.1 1,072 0.5 260,483 181,138 171,072 91,728 127,913 Original data

Non-
adult
Egypt 43,321 1.0 255 0.1 5,897 1,109 5,173 384 1,676 Regression
Fiji 503 0.0 4 0.0 7,083 1,035 6,644 595 2,857 Regression
Georgia 3,073 0.1 20 0.0 6,433 1,336 5,285 188 2,637 Regression
Ghana 11,051 0.3 15 0.0 1,401 330 1,138 68 686 Regression
Guyana 412 0.0 1 0.0 3,078 760 2,759 441 1,189 Regression
Indonesia 141,212 3.4 855 0.4 6,055 1,132 5,227 304 1,711 Original Update
Iran 44,209 1.1 328 0.2 7,418 711 7,142 435 2,953 Regression
Iraq 13,091 0.3 56 0.0 4,271 395 3,924 48 1,749 Regression
Kenya 17,128 0.4 29 0.0 1,688 492 1,333 137 675 Regression
Laos 2,875 0.1 4 0.0 1,401 229 1,208 36 469 Regression
50
Non-
adult
Mali 5,681 0.1 4 0.0 650 226 482 59 277 Regression
Montenegro 450 0.0 12 0.0 27,339 8,981 20,591 2,233 14,880 Regression
Nepal 13,415 0.3 17 0.0 1,276 170 1,206 100 580 Regression
Nigeria 66,105 1.6 90 0.0 1,363 806 669 112 669 Regression
Oman 1,539 0.0 55 0.0 35,512 13,043 25,109 2,640 11,310 Regression
Pakistan 82,376 2.0 211 0.1 2,563 661 1,983 82 1,008 Regression
Peru 16,472 0.4 122 0.1 7,425 2,628 5,160 363 2,682 Regression
Romania 16,287 0.4 301 0.1 18,461 5,635 14,638 1,811 8,824 Original data
Russia 110,689 2.6 1,260 0.6 11,384 4,217 7,950 783 2,062 Original Update
Senegal 5,210 0.1 15 0.0 2,842 725 2,270 154 1,203 Regression

Non-
adult
68 0.0 1 0.0 10,268 2,358 9,564 1,654 3,436 Regression
dines
Sweden 6,942 0.2 1,276 0.6 183,857 138,648 89,670 44,462 53,225 Original data
Togo 2,716 0.1 2 0.0 637 195 488 46 260 Regression
Tonga 53 0.0 1 0.0 21,562 1,202 21,370 1,009 7,722 Regression
Turkey 43,493 1.0 1,137 0.6 26,149 4,127 23,219 1,197 7,241 Original Update
Ukraine 36,582 0.9 159 0.1 4,337 1,157 3,640 461 1,281 Regression
Vietnam 53,958 1.3 184 0.1 3,407 331 3,241 164 1,251 Regression
Zambia 5,154 0.1 5 0.0 1,015 431 673 89 438 Regression
Africa 451,353 10.8 1,668 0.8 3,696 1,796 2,354 454 468
Asia-Pacific 954,817 22.8 39,367 19.0 41,230 23,939 22,734 5,443 2,191
China 954,619 22.8 10,394 5.0 10,888 4,299 7,084 495 3,374
Europe 568,715 13.6 75,094 36.2 132,042 64,375 89,178 21,511 15,638
India 678,838 16.2 3,833 1.9 5,647 1,508 4,634 496 1,167
Latin America 347,420 8.3 5,325 2.6 15,328 6,721 10,107 1,501 3,477
North America 240,254 5.7 71,750 34.6 298,642 226,703 129,716 57,778 67,369
World 4,196,015 100.0 207,432 100.0 49,435 29,125 28,139 7,828 2,785
52
Non-
Financial Median
Share of Total Share of Wealth financial Debt per Estimation
Country Adults wealth per wealth
adults wealth wealth per adult wealth per adult method
adult per adult
adult
Afghanistan 11,326 0.3 16 0.0 1,392 268 1,130 5 781 Regression
Belarus 7,356 0.2 60 0.0 8,159 1,267 7,376 484 4,298 Regression
Benin 3,869 0.1 5 0.0 1,418 378 1,122 81 674 Regression
Botswana 1,012 0.0 8 0.0 8,305 7,978 1,485 1,157 3,000 Regression
Cameroon 8,522 0.2 15 0.0 1,791 799 1,047 54 705 Regression
Chad 4,416 0.1 4 0.0 879 360 533 14 416 Regression
Congo, Rep. 1,898 0.0 3 0.0 1,735 785 969 19 668 Regression

Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Fiji 511 0.0 4 0.0 7,871 1,097 7,439 665 3,643 Regression
Ghana 11,427 0.3 23 0.0 2,027 584 1,554 111 836 Regression
Guinea 4,052 0.1 4 0.0 1,090 228 890 28 518 Regression
Guyana 416 0.0 2 0.0 4,488 1,176 3,894 581 1,981 Regression
Iran 45,639 1.1 468 0.2 10,259 988 9,884 613 4,124 Regression
Iraq 13,332 0.3 81 0.0 6,091 629 5,543 80 3,014 Regression
Ireland 3,188 0.1 1,068 0.5 335,124 136,953 289,935 91,764 123,428 Original data
Kazakhstan 10,421 0.2 113 0.1 10,806 2,778 9,404 1,375 2,180 Original Update
Kyrgyzstan 3,041 0.1 9 0.0 2,925 382 2,586 43 1,184 Regression
Laos 2,967 0.1 5 0.0 1,787 334 1,506 52 665 Regression
Lesotho 1,036 0.0 1 0.0 1,097 529 645 78 384 Regression
Liberia 1,656 0.0 4 0.0 2,338 747 1,628 37 951 Regression
54
Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Madagascar 8,912 0.2 11 0.0 1,280 139 1,180 40 603 Regression
Mali 5,859 0.1 5 0.0 823 271 623 71 362 Regression
Mongolia 1,593 0.0 4 0.0 2,277 337 2,263 323 1,103 Regression
Morocco 18,924 0.4 181 0.1 9,548 2,616 7,963 1,030 3,750 Regression
Myanmar 29,800 0.7 68 0.0 2,292 728 1,567 2 1,133 Regression
Namibia 1,013 0.0 6 0.0 6,130 5,845 2,041 1,757 2,286 Regression
Nicaragua 3,049 0.1 21 0.0 6,941 1,040 6,406 504 2,523 Regression
Nigeria 67,866 1.6 133 0.1 1,953 1,345 827 218 588 Regression
Oman 1,642 0.0 66 0.0 40,373 16,942 26,672 3,242 15,452 Regression
Paraguay 3,315 0.1 24 0.0 7,342 1,322 6,475 454 2,486 Regression
Peru 16,734 0.4 146 0.1 8,725 3,368 5,833 476 3,102 Regression
Portugal 8,386 0.2 1,136 0.5 135,408 59,590 105,212 29,394 58,910 Original data
Qatar 1,042 0.0 113 0.1 108,435 72,005 47,116 10,686 67,238 Regression
Russia 111,484 2.6 1,712 0.7 15,357 5,435 11,231 1,309 2,438 Original Update
Samoa 93 0.0 1 0.0 10,939 652 11,547 1,259 4,289 Regression
Saudi Arabia 14,920 0.4 1,153 0.5 77,250 52,762 26,899 2,411 12,037 Regression
Serbia 5,529 0.1 128 0.1 23,202 4,715 19,722 1,236 11,815 Regression

Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
69 0.0 1 0.0 11,413 2,926 10,473 1,986 3,919 Regression
dines
Tajikistan 3,655 0.1 12 0.0 3,290 297 3,031 39 1,372 Regression
Togo 2,799 0.1 1 0.0 492 136 405 49 198 Regression
Africa 464,325 10.9 2,049 0.9 4,412 2,152 2,834 574 558
Asia-Pacific 975,770 22.8 43,967 18.8 45,059 25,769 25,418 6,129 2,739
China 972,689 22.7 14,010 6.0 14,404 5,766 9,294 656 6,077
Europe 571,949 13.4 87,609 37.5 153,176 72,540 105,879 25,242 18,949
India 694,492 16.2 4,985 2.1 7,177 1,936 5,892 651 1,662
Latin America 354,530 8.3 6,443 2.8 18,174 8,236 11,879 1,941 4,599
North America 243,190 5.7 74,309 31.8 305,559 239,412 128,115 61,969 66,931
World 4,276,946 100.0 233,372 100.0 54,565 31,735 31,605 8,776 3,775
56
Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Chad 4,570 0.1 4 0.0 880 347 565 31 413 Regression
Congo, Rep. 1,968 0.1 6 0.0 2,872 1,017 1,884 29 1,065 Regression

Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Fiji 518 0.0 4 0.0 7,027 1,033 6,661 667 2,843 Regression
Gambia 739 0.0 1 0.0 1,331 356 1,057 82 523 Regression
Ghana 11,813 0.3 35 0.0 2,943 979 2,129 164 1,172 Regression
Iran 47,013 1.1 459 0.2 9,755 1,051 9,362 658 4,283 Regression
Iraq 13,597 0.3 88 0.0 6,443 590 5,950 97 3,205 Regression
Laos 3,062 0.1 6 0.0 2,111 373 1,819 81 718 Regression
58
Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Mali 6,044 0.1 6 0.0 911 284 694 68 453 Regression
Myanmar 30,158 0.7 73 0.0 2,408 885 1,526 3 1,192 Regression
Nigeria 69,686 1.6 145 0.1 2,074 1,361 996 283 575 Regression
Oman 1,764 0.0 81 0.0 45,793 14,919 34,733 3,858 16,248 Regression
Papua New Guinea 3,624 0.1 10 0.0 2,753 586 2,289 122 1,034 Regression
Peru 16,994 0.4 147 0.1 8,664 3,120 6,181 637 3,292 Regression
Rwanda 4,543 0.1 6 0.0 1,301 146 1,215 60 599 Regression

Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
69 0.0 1 0.0 9,658 2,328 9,117 1,786 3,306 Regression
dines
Tanzania 18,833 0.4 22 0.0 1,159 214 1,011 66 616 Regression
Togo 2,884 0.1 3 0.0 876 225 718 67 360 Regression
Ukraine 36,579 0.8 224 0.1 6,130 2,121 5,521 1,512 2,074 Regression
Vanuatu 117 0.0 1 0.0 6,826 1,115 7,159 1,448 2,850 Regression
Africa 477,689 11.0 1,910 0.9 3,999 1,732 2,788 521 607
Asia-Pacific 996,645 22.9 44,299 20.5 44,448 25,681 24,877 6,109 2,585
China 990,370 22.7 17,723 8.2 17,895 7,389 11,331 825 7,111
Europe 575,083 13.2 77,649 35.9 135,022 62,149 96,371 23,498 19,684
India 710,272 16.3 4,663 2.2 6,565 1,755 5,392 582 1,988
Latin America 361,661 8.3 6,134 2.8 16,962 6,860 11,906 1,804 4,597
North America 246,222 5.7 64,238 29.7 260,896 206,039 114,912 60,055 54,704
World 4,357,942 100.0 216,617 100.0 49,706 28,440 29,647 8,380 4,260
60
Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Angola 9,695 0.2 32 0.0 3,332 1,749 1,978 395 1,391 Regression
Bangladesh 84,294 1.9 236 0.1 2,802 409 2,493 100 1,085 Regression
Brazil 128,746 2.9 2,820 1.2 21,901 13,360 12,033 3,492 7,138 Original data
Chad 4,735 0.1 4 0.0 945 398 570 22 389 Regression
China 1,006,619 22.7 19,986 8.6 19,854 8,436 12,423 1,004 7,433 Original data
Comoros 327 0.0 2 0.0 4,780 1,015 3,944 180 1,842 Regression

Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Eritrea 1,554 0.0 2 0.0 1,158 166 1,057 66 431 Regression
Fiji 526 0.0 4 0.0 6,909 1,219 6,352 663 2,767 Regression
Ghana 12,207 0.3 36 0.0 2,960 1,074 2,039 154 1,288 Regression
Guinea 4,259 0.1 6 0.0 1,457 425 1,066 34 666 Regression
Guinea-Bissau 685 0.0 1 0.0 1,075 378 734 37 456 Regression
Indonesia 149,501 3.4 1,131 0.5 7,563 1,895 6,183 516 2,401 Original Update
Iran 48,302 1.1 595 0.3 12,312 1,478 11,647 813 4,534 Regression
Iraq 13,920 0.3 118 0.1 8,498 1,430 7,265 198 3,752 Regression
Kazakhstan 10,773 0.2 136 0.1 12,627 3,045 10,568 986 1,980 Original data
Kenya 18,978 0.4 59 0.0 3,134 756 2,587 209 1,175 Regression
Laos 3,161 0.1 8 0.0 2,395 453 2,073 131 685 Regression
62
Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Mali 6,233 0.1 7 0.0 1,088 349 829 90 539 Regression
Moldova 3,069 0.1 15 0.0 5,032 1,171 4,178 317 2,443 Regression
Myanmar 30,511 0.7 90 0.0 2,951 1,136 1,819 3 1,277 Regression
Nigeria 71,554 1.6 181 0.1 2,530 1,815 1,035 321 897 Regression
Oman 1,911 0.0 92 0.0 47,898 23,320 29,018 4,440 16,076 Regression
Peru 17,262 0.4 186 0.1 10,792 4,328 7,143 679 4,501 Regression

Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Sri Lanka 13,433 0.3 129 0.1 9,640 1,265 9,120 745 3,892 Regression
70 0.0 1 0.0 9,951 2,795 9,038 1,882 3,488 Regression
dines
Syria 11,043 0.3 109 0.1 9,872 1,032 9,016 176 3,942 Regression
Togo 2,970 0.1 3 0.0 991 268 795 73 438 Regression
Tunisia 7,141 0.2 117 0.1 16,443 4,375 13,083 1,015 7,144 Regression
Turkey 46,133 1.0 1,328 0.6 28,783 5,819 25,064 2,100 8,955 Original data
Uganda 12,652 0.3 15 0.0 1,221 163 1,130 71 581 Regression
Ukraine 36,578 0.8 174 0.1 4,765 2,131 3,512 879 825 Regression
Zambia 5,598 0.1 12 0.0 2,124 1,023 1,253 153 783 Regression
Zimbabwe 5,879 0.1 9 0.0 1,590 754 936 100 734 Regression
Africa 491,430 11.1 2,561 1.1 5,210 2,384 3,453 626 768
Asia-Pacific 1,017,388 22.9 48,127 20.7 47,304 27,551 26,178 6,425 2,987
China 1,006,619 22.7 19,986 8.6 19,854 8,436 12,423 1,004 7,433
Europe 578,014 13.0 81,908 35.2 141,706 67,736 98,894 24,923 17,696
India 726,191 16.4 5,645 2.4 7,773 2,054 6,384 665 1,620
Latin America 368,825 8.3 7,600 3.3 20,605 9,928 12,979 2,303 5,538
North America 249,251 5.6 67,159 28.8 269,443 218,896 110,316 59,768 51,131
World 4,437,719 100.0 232,985 100.0 52,501 30,772 30,402 8,673 4,399
64
Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Belarus 7,424 0.2 73 0.0 9,884 2,133 8,757 1,006 5,089 Regression
Chad 4,907 0.1 5 0.0 1,000 387 641 29 492 Regression
Ecuador 8,991 0.2 99 0.0 11,027 2,368 9,687 1,028 3,884 Regression

Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Equatorial Guinea 511 0.0 7 0.0 13,110 11,764 2,474 1,128 4,825 Regression
Fiji 531 0.0 4 0.0 7,910 1,334 7,400 825 3,129 Regression
Guyana 428 0.0 3 0.0 7,104 1,881 6,238 1,014 2,854 Regression
Iran 49,533 1.1 653 0.3 13,187 1,607 12,542 962 4,999 Regression
Iraq 14,406 0.3 132 0.1 9,142 1,230 8,161 249 4,199 Regression
Laos 3,266 0.1 9 0.0 2,883 600 2,477 195 924 Regression
Lesotho 1,080 0.0 2 0.0 1,563 658 1,040 135 572 Regression
66
Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Mali 6,412 0.1 7 0.0 1,055 373 783 101 551 Regression
Oman 2,088 0.1 97 0.0 46,547 19,000 31,716 4,169 15,292 Regression
Paraguay 3,559 0.1 35 0.0 9,713 2,154 8,564 1,005 3,378 Regression
Peru 17,554 0.4 213 0.1 12,144 4,780 8,258 893 4,400 Regression

Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
70 0.0 1 0.0 11,124 2,367 10,716 1,959 3,581 Regression
dines
Togo 3,058 0.1 3 0.0 931 273 735 77 448 Regression
Turkmenistan 3,066 0.1 2 0.0 509 39 560 90 240 Regression
Zambia 5,776 0.1 13 0.0 2,252 811 1,603 161 817 Regression
Zimbabwe 5,972 0.1 9 0.0 1,535 716 965 146 692 Regression
Africa 505,430 11.2 2,775 1.1 5,491 2,640 3,542 692 719
Asia-Pacific 1,038,024 23.0 56,330 22.4 54,266 30,658 31,080 7,471 2,976
China 1,020,763 22.6 25,493 10.1 24,975 10,820 15,634 1,479 9,689
Europe 580,483 12.9 80,225 31.9 138,203 66,615 95,806 24,218 18,114
India 741,965 16.4 6,810 2.7 9,179 2,412 7,545 778 2,078
Latin America 376,074 8.3 8,732 3.5 23,219 10,669 15,764 3,215 5,812
North America 252,229 5.6 71,519 28.4 283,548 234,220 108,324 58,996 50,434
World 4,514,968 100.0 251,885 100.0 55,789 32,725 31,999 8,935 4,785
68
Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Argentina 27,305 0.6 745 0.3 27,280 9,397 18,921 1,039 8,305 Regression
Chad 5,085 0.1 6 0.0 1,085 434 686 35 506 Regression
Djibouti 499 0.0 0 0.0 997 475 743 222 443 Regression

Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Fiji 533 0.0 5 0.0 8,684 1,560 8,189 1,064 3,474 Regression
Iran 50,706 1.1 767 0.3 15,129 2,026 14,268 1,165 5,720 Regression
Iraq 15,065 0.3 135 0.1 8,974 1,141 8,089 256 4,078 Regression
Laos 3,377 0.1 9 0.0 2,775 575 2,414 213 848 Regression
Libya 3,887 0.1 50 0.0 12,764 9,647 4,119 1,003 5,459 Regression
70
Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Malawi 6,494 0.1 7 0.0 1,133 155 1,041 63 509 Regression
Mali 6,583 0.1 8 0.0 1,185 391 907 112 599 Regression
Norway 3,725 0.1 1,038 0.4 278,749 136,252 250,295 107,798 126,394 Original data
Oman 2,298 0.1 97 0.0 42,111 17,833 28,132 3,854 14,271 Regression
Papua New Guinea 3,919 0.1 18 0.0 4,626 1,158 3,694 227 1,578 Regression
Peru 17,881 0.4 208 0.1 11,630 4,897 7,855 1,122 2,844 Regression
Russia 113,865 2.5 2,609 1.0 22,910 7,763 17,090 1,942 5,175 Original data

Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Solomon Islands 269 0.0 2 0.0 6,382 1,046 5,477 141 2,441 Regression
71 0.0 1 0.0 11,910 2,826 11,234 2,151 3,889 Regression
dines
Togo 3,147 0.1 3 0.0 987 275 806 95 427 Regression
Zimbabwe 6,080 0.1 10 0.0 1,670 782 1,065 178 625 Regression
Africa 519,738 11.3 2,641 1.0 5,082 2,442 3,283 643 675
Asia-Pacific 1,058,650 23.1 58,399 22.4 55,164 31,766 31,562 8,164 2,759
China 1,032,769 22.5 30,920 11.9 29,939 13,022 18,897 1,980 9,242
Europe 582,520 12.7 80,742 30.9 138,608 66,588 95,984 23,965 18,656
India 757,696 16.5 6,607 2.5 8,719 2,228 7,223 731 1,973
Latin America 383,377 8.4 8,798 3.4 22,949 10,987 15,399 3,437 5,366
North America 255,247 5.6 72,854 27.9 285,427 237,714 105,692 57,978 48,313
World 4,589,996 100.0 260,961 100.0 56,854 33,488 32,441 9,074 5,111
72
Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Azerbaijan 6,409 0.1 79 0.0 12,314 1,117 11,729 532 5,537 Regression
Burkina Faso 7,264 0.2 8 0.0 1,056 219 914 76 485 Regression
Cambodia 8,432 0.2 26 0.0 3,085 433 2,872 221 1,118 Regression
Chad 5,275 0.1 6 0.0 1,127 443 735 51 458 Regression
Congo, Rep. 2,197 0.1 7 0.0 3,078 1,202 2,043 166 966 Regression
Djibouti 511 0.0 1 0.0 1,430 661 1,041 272 537 Regression

Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Ethiopia 42,156 0.9 60 0.0 1,432 118 1,356 41 702 Regression
Fiji 535 0.0 5 0.0 10,112 1,921 9,431 1,241 3,996 Regression
Iran 51,783 1.1 753 0.3 14,548 2,949 12,936 1,337 5,702 Regression
Iraq 15,803 0.3 193 0.1 12,223 1,791 10,806 374 5,424 Regression
Laos 3,490 0.1 13 0.0 3,606 755 3,133 282 996 Regression
74
Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Mali 6,761 0.1 8 0.0 1,208 432 890 114 579 Regression
Mongolia 1,812 0.0 12 0.0 6,435 739 6,800 1,104 2,726 Regression
Oman 2,531 0.1 115 0.0 45,267 19,899 29,425 4,057 14,406 Regression
Pakistan 99,164 2.1 407 0.2 4,105 1,256 2,922 73 1,704 Regression
Peru 18,235 0.4 274 0.1 15,021 6,192 10,190 1,361 2,627 Regression
Sao Tome and Principe 89 0.0 0 0.0 1,641 1,013 1,211 583 781 Regression
Singapore 4,315 0.1 1,127 0.4 261,120 156,893 154,018 49,792 78,017 Original data

Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
72 0.0 1 0.0 13,297 3,346 12,352 2,401 3,922 Regression
dines
Suriname 339 0.0 2 0.0 7,203 2,413 5,844 1,055 1,920 Regression
Thailand 50,482 1.1 1,029 0.4 20,387 8,124 16,263 4,000 7,123 Original Update
Togo 3,238 0.1 3 0.0 974 263 808 97 427 Regression
Vietnam 61,531 1.3 430 0.2 6,986 1,042 6,492 548 2,434 Regression
Zimbabwe 6,183 0.1 16 0.0 2,662 919 1,959 216 1,023 Regression
Africa 534,512 11.5 3,249 1.2 6,079 2,701 4,060 682 800
Asia-Pacific 1,079,283 23.1 59,652 21.6 55,270 31,684 31,633 8,047 3,170
China 1,043,058 22.4 34,611 12.5 33,183 14,443 21,022 2,282 13,551
Europe 584,340 12.5 83,292 30.1 142,541 70,727 96,386 24,572 18,575
India 773,715 16.6 7,353 2.7 9,504 2,365 7,938 799 2,088
Latin America 390,654 8.4 9,961 3.6 25,498 12,560 16,610 3,673 5,463
North America 258,364 5.5 78,633 28.4 304,350 253,848 107,967 57,466 52,320
World 4,663,926 100.0 276,752 100.0 59,339 35,239 33,252 9,153 5,414
76
Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Argentina 28,120 0.6 1,061 0.4 37,743 16,014 23,079 1,350 10,105 Regression
Burkina Faso 7,508 0.2 9 0.0 1,193 245 1,040 91 470 Regression
Cameroon 10,282 0.2 24 0.0 2,334 1,013 1,441 121 682 Regression
Chad 5,476 0.1 7 0.0 1,224 472 811 59 416 Regression

Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Fiji 536 0.0 7 0.0 12,298 2,361 11,330 1,393 4,583 Regression
Gabon 996 0.0 12 0.0 12,405 10,003 3,515 1,113 5,037 Regression
Iran 52,770 1.1 962 0.3 18,235 3,750 15,684 1,199 6,648 Regression
Iraq 16,585 0.4 251 0.1 15,111 2,645 12,914 448 7,310 Regression
Kenya 21,645 0.5 117 0.0 5,385 1,212 4,517 344 1,678 Regression
Laos 3,601 0.1 18 0.0 4,888 1,081 4,132 325 1,280 Regression
78
Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Mali 6,946 0.2 10 0.0 1,498 514 1,115 130 524 Regression
Nigeria 79,339 1.7 430 0.2 5,426 3,810 2,048 432 1,224 Regression
Oman 2,768 0.1 118 0.0 42,621 20,384 25,949 3,713 11,362 Regression
Peru 18,608 0.4 287 0.1 15,418 6,888 9,996 1,465 2,734 Regression
Poland 30,317 0.6 1,109 0.4 36,590 16,744 26,338 6,492 13,008 Original data
Samoa 99 0.0 1 0.0 11,125 1,126 11,329 1,329 4,079 Regression
Sierra Leone 3,253 0.1 4 0.0 1,208 555 670 17 506 Regression

Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
73 0.0 1 0.0 16,425 4,551 14,457 2,583 3,976 Regression
dines
Togo 3,333 0.1 4 0.0 1,099 276 943 120 390 Regression
Turkmenistan 3,298 0.1 32 0.0 9,812 1,883 8,116 186 4,230 Regression
Uruguay 2,408 0.1 143 0.1 59,438 21,782 39,725 2,069 16,417 Original data
Yemen 12,015 0.3 45 0.0 3,750 1,053 2,784 87 981 Regression
Zimbabwe 6,282 0.1 18 0.0 2,923 976 2,175 227 988 Regression
Africa 549,766 11.6 3,506 1.2 6,378 2,961 4,073 657 789
Asia-Pacific 1,099,855 23.2 57,188 19.4 51,996 29,725 29,699 7,428 3,592
China 1,052,221 22.2 40,826 13.8 38,800 17,386 24,241 2,827 14,668
Europe 585,896 12.4 88,712 30.0 151,413 76,311 100,663 25,561 20,461
India 789,839 16.7 7,541 2.6 9,548 2,287 8,053 792 2,094
Latin America 397,904 8.4 10,382 3.5 26,091 12,805 17,002 3,717 4,752
North America 261,482 5.5 87,138 29.5 333,246 277,104 113,658 57,516 57,606
World 4,736,962 100.0 295,294 100.0 62,338 37,299 34,249 9,210 5,760
80
Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Chad 5,685 0.1 7 0.0 1,254 462 851 59 373 Regression

Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Fiji 536 0.0 6 0.0 10,906 2,180 10,150 1,424 3,801 Regression
Gabon 1,040 0.0 13 0.0 12,847 10,246 3,731 1,130 4,128 Regression
Iran 53,681 1.1 662 0.2 12,339 2,029 11,184 874 3,784 Regression
Iraq 17,377 0.4 247 0.1 14,226 2,561 12,097 432 5,782 Regression
Laos 3,708 0.1 18 0.0 4,853 1,089 4,095 331 1,020 Regression
82
Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Mali 7,140 0.2 11 0.0 1,522 506 1,154 139 498 Regression
New Zealand 3,352 0.1 1,025 0.3 305,683 203,611 143,797 41,725 147,685 Original data
Oman 2,993 0.1 119 0.0 39,717 17,960 25,266 3,509 9,531 Regression
Peru 18,992 0.4 270 0.1 14,203 6,404 9,318 1,519 2,887 Regression
Sierra Leone 3,344 0.1 3 0.0 1,006 497 528 18 429 Regression

Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
73 0.0 1 0.0 15,982 4,390 14,076 2,484 3,832 Regression
dines
Togo 3,430 0.1 4 0.0 1,155 300 978 123 387 Regression
Zimbabwe 6,378 0.1 19 0.0 2,902 1,001 2,134 233 951 Regression
Africa 565,536 11.8 3,572 1.2 6,317 2,889 4,073 645 760
Asia-Pacific 1,120,341 23.3 55,083 18.5 49,166 27,967 28,295 7,097 3,173
China 1,060,898 22.1 44,887 15.1 42,310 19,519 26,111 3,320 14,991
Europe 587,172 12.2 82,638 27.8 140,739 72,007 91,650 22,919 17,642
India 805,892 16.8 8,283 2.8 10,278 2,434 8,704 860 2,550
Latin America 405,124 8.4 10,312 3.5 25,454 12,788 16,345 3,678 4,584
North America 264,517 5.5 92,979 31.2 351,503 291,315 117,249 57,060 59,710
World 4,809,481 100.0 297,754 100.0 61,910 37,458 33,303 8,852 5,721
84
Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Bahrain 1,036 0.0 86 0.0 82,600 49,654 40,899 7,954 16,744 Regression
Bolivia 6,331 0.1 53 0.0 8,404 2,807 6,744 1,147 2,093 Regression
Chad 5,896 0.1 6 0.0 1,063 431 683 50 372 Regression
Congo, Dem. Rep. 33,607 0.7 35 0.0 1,040 238 838 35 318 Regression

Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Egypt 53,704 1.1 1,035 0.4 19,275 4,214 15,952 891 6,481 Regression
Fiji 538 0.0 7 0.0 12,712 2,566 11,564 1,418 4,524 Regression
Gabon 1,077 0.0 13 0.0 12,002 9,796 3,180 973 3,833 Regression
Iran 54,525 1.1 669 0.2 12,270 2,265 10,920 916 3,996 Regression
Iraq 18,085 0.4 217 0.1 11,972 2,252 10,123 402 5,763 Regression
Laos 3,811 0.1 22 0.0 5,727 1,244 4,863 380 1,329 Regression
Liberia 2,151 0.0 8 0.0 3,553 1,007 2,644 98 1,119 Regression
86
Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Mali 7,350 0.2 11 0.0 1,454 507 1,081 135 490 Regression
Nepal 14,894 0.3 43 0.0 2,874 328 2,969 422 1,040 Regression
Oman 3,182 0.1 134 0.1 42,227 20,735 25,560 4,068 10,191 Regression
Peru 19,517 0.4 288 0.1 14,737 6,464 9,742 1,468 4,929 Regression
Rwanda 5,642 0.1 19 0.0 3,393 327 3,196 130 1,001 Regression

Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
74 0.0 1 0.0 18,037 4,524 16,048 2,534 4,456 Regression
dines
Togo 3,530 0.1 4 0.0 1,099 298 922 121 368 Regression
Trinidad and Tobago 1,004 0.0 39 0.0 38,679 18,549 25,827 5,698 11,509 Regression
Yemen 12,965 0.3 57 0.0 4,396 1,111 3,371 86 1,025 Regression
Zimbabwe 6,476 0.1 24 0.0 3,763 1,130 2,877 244 1,217 Regression
Africa 581,666 11.9 3,695 1.2 6,352 2,699 4,226 573 777
Asia-Pacific 1,140,411 23.4 56,329 18.9 49,394 27,889 28,422 6,917 3,610
China 1,069,255 21.9 46,535 15.6 43,521 20,466 26,660 3,605 15,294
Europe 588,248 12.1 77,435 26.0 131,636 68,096 84,769 21,229 16,671
India 822,042 16.8 8,948 3.0 10,885 2,542 9,246 902 2,285
Latin America 412,309 8.5 9,839 3.3 23,862 12,084 14,835 3,056 4,285
North America 267,412 5.5 94,917 31.9 354,946 290,727 120,543 56,324 58,701
World 4,881,344 100.0 297,698 100.0 60,987 36,902 32,613 8,528 5,623
88
Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Bangladesh 97,920 2.0 510 0.2 5,212 1,029 4,394 211 2,123 Regression
Chad 6,110 0.1 6 0.0 999 392 657 51 372 Regression
China 1,077,268 21.8 52,028 16.7 48,297 21,668 30,776 4,148 16,295 Original Update
Djibouti 564 0.0 1 0.0 2,352 1,133 1,609 390 822 Regression

Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Egypt 54,783 1.1 1,081 0.4 19,741 6,038 14,552 849 6,215 Regression
Fiji 542 0.0 7 0.0 13,629 2,794 12,404 1,568 4,881 Regression
Iran 55,298 1.1 764 0.3 13,820 2,585 12,308 1,073 4,786 Regression
Iraq 18,713 0.4 236 0.1 12,600 2,270 10,735 405 5,966 Regression
Laos 3,910 0.1 22 0.0 5,604 1,320 4,674 391 1,294 Regression
90
Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Maldives 353 0.0 5 0.0 15,047 703 15,358 1,013 5,533 Regression
Mali 7,578 0.2 12 0.0 1,583 542 1,188 148 529 Regression
Oman 3,334 0.1 133 0.0 39,921 19,806 24,344 4,229 8,990 Regression
Peru 20,178 0.4 304 0.1 15,070 6,967 9,531 1,429 4,153 Regression

Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
75 0.0 1 0.0 17,880 5,143 15,332 2,594 4,427 Regression
dines
Suriname 361 0.0 2 0.0 4,640 1,805 3,392 557 907 Regression
Syria 10,031 0.2 17 0.0 1,688 231 1,491 34 689 Regression
Togo 3,633 0.1 4 0.0 1,057 279 905 126 381 Regression
Yemen 13,426 0.3 53 0.0 3,967 1,092 2,953 77 828 Regression
Africa 598,268 12.1 3,773 1.2 6,307 2,863 4,020 576 759
Asia-Pacific 1,160,195 23.4 58,743 18.9 50,632 28,847 28,855 7,069 3,543
China 1,077,268 21.8 52,028 16.7 48,297 21,668 30,776 4,148 16,295
Europe 589,094 11.9 76,859 24.7 130,469 67,492 83,502 20,524 16,711
India 838,070 16.9 9,886 3.2 11,796 2,688 10,079 972 2,463
Latin America 419,471 8.5 9,557 3.1 22,782 12,495 13,601 3,314 4,434
North America 270,116 5.5 100,846 32.4 373,342 303,124 127,884 57,666 61,063
World 4,952,481 100.0 311,691 100.0 62,936 37,891 33,705 8,660 5,807
92
Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Chad 6,333 0.1 7 0.0 1,125 423 748 46 453 Regression
Congo, Rep. 2,486 0.1 6 0.0 2,298 640 1,805 147 573 Regression

Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Ethiopia 51,099 1.0 149 0.0 2,918 390 2,584 57 1,349 Regression
Fiji 547 0.0 9 0.0 15,722 3,288 14,687 2,253 5,677 Regression
Gambia 1,010 0.0 2 0.0 2,116 791 1,384 59 535 Regression
Guinea-Bissau 871 0.0 1 0.0 1,579 525 1,137 83 565 Regression
India 853,671 17.0 11,769 3.3 13,786 3,128 11,843 1,185 2,918 Original data
Iran 56,003 1.1 887 0.3 15,835 3,224 13,897 1,285 5,239 Regression
Iraq 19,339 0.4 288 0.1 14,886 2,410 12,900 424 6,239 Regression
Israel 5,348 0.1 1,079 0.3 201,760 169,111 66,231 33,582 72,158 Original data
Kyrgyzstan 3,733 0.1 21 0.0 5,605 1,189 4,600 185 2,052 Regression
Laos 4,006 0.1 25 0.0 6,258 1,576 5,084 401 1,335 Regression
94
Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Mali 7,818 0.2 14 0.0 1,850 619 1,390 159 696 Regression
Niger 8,642 0.2 9 0.0 1,016 142 914 40 444 Regression
Oman 3,468 0.1 151 0.0 43,514 20,302 27,798 4,586 10,448 Regression
Peru 20,835 0.4 377 0.1 18,118 8,213 11,458 1,553 5,108 Regression
Philippines 62,511 1.2 704 0.2 11,257 5,183 7,115 1,041 2,392 Regression

Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
76 0.0 1 0.0 18,959 5,646 15,986 2,673 4,910 Regression
dines
Tanzania 25,117 0.5 73 0.0 2,894 354 2,669 129 1,199 Regression
Togo 3,738 0.1 4 0.0 1,125 296 955 126 386 Regression
Vietnam 66,566 1.3 713 0.2 10,718 2,368 9,352 1,003 3,038 Regression
Africa 615,575 12.3 4,135 1.2 6,718 3,326 4,011 620 925
Asia-Pacific 1,180,040 23.5 65,928 18.4 55,869 31,656 31,782 7,568 4,039
China 1,084,961 21.6 62,361 17.4 57,478 26,181 36,650 5,353 19,806
Europe 589,626 11.7 91,301 25.5 154,846 78,924 99,493 23,571 21,781
India 853,671 17.0 11,769 3.3 13,786 3,128 11,843 1,185 2,918
Latin America 426,601 8.5 11,705 3.3 27,437 14,426 16,451 3,440 5,577
North America 272,648 5.4 110,547 30.9 405,455 329,309 135,863 59,718 66,342
World 5,023,122 100.0 357,746 100.0 71,220 42,395 38,337 9,512 6,975
96
Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Chad 6,566 0.1 7 0.0 1,098 408 739 48 404 Regression
Congo, Rep. 2,557 0.1 6 0.0 2,251 628 1,776 153 575 Regression

Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Ethiopia 53,072 1.0 176 0.1 3,319 452 2,924 57 1,334 Regression
Fiji 552 0.0 9 0.0 15,869 3,427 14,811 2,369 5,674 Regression
Gabon 1,162 0.0 16 0.0 14,154 11,050 4,165 1,061 4,869 Regression
Gambia 1,044 0.0 2 0.0 2,248 844 1,471 68 571 Regression
Guinea-Bissau 897 0.0 1 0.0 1,627 541 1,178 92 595 Regression
Iran 56,674 1.1 838 0.2 14,784 3,155 12,746 1,117 5,324 Regression
Iraq 19,962 0.4 339 0.1 16,974 2,743 14,680 449 8,321 Regression
Israel 5,441 0.1 1,012 0.3 185,936 154,389 63,727 32,180 60,736 Original Update
Kyrgyzstan 3,802 0.1 22 0.0 5,758 1,249 4,712 203 2,408 Regression
Laos 4,101 0.1 28 0.0 6,836 1,718 5,547 428 1,472 Regression
98
Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
Mali 8,072 0.2 16 0.0 2,007 661 1,517 170 659 Regression
Niger 8,991 0.2 10 0.0 1,120 150 1,012 42 495 Regression
Oman 3,586 0.1 157 0.0 43,772 20,756 27,614 4,598 9,858 Regression
Peru 21,478 0.4 396 0.1 18,436 8,419 11,687 1,669 5,231 Regression
Philippines 64,009 1.3 737 0.2 11,514 5,352 7,222 1,061 2,136 Regression

Non-
Financial Median
adult per adult
adult
76 0.0 2 0.0 20,016 5,936 16,808 2,727 5,196 Regression
dines
Tanzania 25,951 0.5 81 0.0 3,137 385 2,884 131 1,141 Regression
Togo 3,849 0.1 4 0.0 1,137 301 971 135 398 Regression
United Arab Emirates 7,872 0.2 1,061 0.3 134,769 81,535 64,905 11,672 24,571 Regression
Vietnam 67,259 1.3 783 0.2 11,635 2,568 10,171 1,104 3,255 Regression
Africa 633,457 12.4 4,357 1.2 6,877 3,351 4,117 591 928
Asia-Pacific 1,199,717 23.6 66,136 18.4 55,126 31,359 31,302 7,534 4,076
China 1,092,199 21.4 65,943 18.4 60,376 27,857 38,493 5,974 22,360
Europe 589,917 11.6 88,523 24.7 150,060 75,722 97,746 23,408 22,055
India 869,206 17.1 12,182 3.4 14,015 3,146 12,103 1,234 3,183
Latin America 433,649 8.5 11,580 3.2 26,703 13,539 16,389 3,225 5,299
North America 275,112 5.4 110,343 30.7 401,085 321,822 139,887 60,624 65,417
World 5,093,258 100.0 359,063 100.0 70,498 41,620 38,478 9,600 7,048
100
Non- Median
Financial
Share of Total Share of Wealth financial Debt per wealth Estimation
Country Adults wealth per
adults wealth wealth per adult wealth per adult per method
adult
adult adult
Afghanistan 17,692 0.3 31 0.0 1,771 341 1,436 6 810 Regression Update
Albania 2,177 0.0 67 0.0 30,784 4,578 27,025 819 15,067 Regression Update
Algeria 27,248 0.5 268 0.1 9,841 4,641 5,965 764 2,484 Regression Update
Angola 13,840 0.3 53 0.0 3,849 1,875 2,340 367 1,199 Regression Update
Antigua and Barbuda 69 0.0 2 0.0 24,277 3,348 23,247 2,318 7,298 Regression Update
Argentina 30,426 0.6 307 0.1 10,085 4,535 6,328 778 3,107 Regression Update
Armenia 2,175 0.0 48 0.0 22,150 9,468 13,712 1,031 9,326 Regression Update
Aruba 81 0.0 5 0.0 59,252 17,700 52,583 11,031 17,811 Regression Update
Azerbaijan 7,083 0.1 91 0.0 12,832 1,471 11,926 566 5,383 Regression Update
Bahamas 273 0.0 19 0.0 67,873 46,980 51,258 30,364 9,358 Regression Update
Bahrain 1,275 0.0 123 0.0 96,518 57,719 46,891 8,092 17,105 Regression Update
Bangladesh 104,033 2.0 785 0.2 7,542 1,636 6,138 232 2,951 Regression Update
Barbados 220 0.0 16 0.0 70,717 28,241 61,101 18,625 21,231 Regression Update
Belarus 7,392 0.1 168 0.0 22,731 7,182 17,419 1,870 11,693 Regression Update
Belize 238 0.0 3 0.0 11,285 3,189 9,847 1,751 2,948 Regression Update
Benin 5,655 0.1 13 0.0 2,246 640 1,764 158 694 Regression Update
Bolivia 6,934 0.1 90 0.0 13,000 4,961 9,704 1,664 4,307 Regression Update
Bosnia and Herzegovina 2,641 0.1 77 0.0 29,243 4,293 27,224 2,274 14,972 Regression Update
Botswana 1,323 0.0 24 0.0 17,882 12,083 8,495 2,696 4,235 Regression Update
Brunei 304 0.0 12 0.0 38,227 12,845 30,035 4,653 5,485 Regression Update
Burkina Faso 9,166 0.2 14 0.0 1,537 268 1,374 105 534 Regression Update
Burundi 5,207 0.1 4 0.0 719 122 636 39 268 Regression Update
Cambodia 9,993 0.2 57 0.0 5,697 838 5,557 698 1,979 Regression Update
Cameroon 12,334 0.2 38 0.0 3,096 1,326 1,913 143 912 Regression Update
Central African Republic 2,105 0.0 2 0.0 841 326 550 35 245 Regression Update
Chad 6,810 0.1 8 0.0 1,184 448 790 54 429 Regression Update
Comoros 435 0.0 2 0.0 5,287 1,101 4,456 271 1,330 Regression Update
Congo, Dem. Rep. 38,415 0.7 52 0.0 1,356 409 988 42 369 Regression Update
Congo, Rep. 2,630 0.1 7 0.0 2,778 807 2,157 186 740 Regression Update
Costa Rica 3,642 0.1 151 0.0 41,534 16,394 30,375 5,235 15,200 Regression Update
Djibouti 605 0.0 2 0.0 2,967 1,445 2,009 486 935 Regression Update
Dominica 49 0.0 2 0.0 33,292 7,797 28,396 2,901 10,007 Regression Update
Ecuador 11,123 0.2 218 0.1 19,632 7,925 13,473 1,767 6,760 Regression Update

Non- Median
Financial
adult
adult adult
Egypt 58,359 1.1 1,139 0.3 19,515 7,625 12,849 959 6,355 Regression Update
El Salvador 4,145 0.1 140 0.0 33,720 19,123 16,537 1,940 11,756 Regression Update
Equatorial Guinea 750 0.0 15 0.0 19,827 18,378 3,575 2,126 4,830 Regression Update
Eritrea 1,701 0.0 5 0.0 2,653 665 2,103 115 1,029 Regression Update
Ethiopia 55,084 1.1 189 0.1 3,437 476 3,023 63 1,350 Regression Update
Fiji 558 0.0 9 0.0 16,826 3,705 15,739 2,617 6,063 Regression Update
Gabon 1,189 0.0 18 0.0 15,192 11,935 4,365 1,107 5,241 Regression Update
Gambia 1,079 0.0 3 0.0 2,364 896 1,545 76 568 Regression Update
Georgia 2,972 0.1 42 0.0 14,078 6,596 8,413 931 4,428 Regression Update
Ghana 16,182 0.3 92 0.0 5,658 2,127 3,826 295 2,149 Regression Update
Grenada 78 0.0 4 0.0 50,182 13,620 42,146 5,584 15,085 Regression Update
Guinea 5,857 0.1 16 0.0 2,684 662 2,119 98 815 Regression Update
Guinea-Bissau 923 0.0 2 0.0 1,764 575 1,283 95 580 Regression Update
Guyana 491 0.0 7 0.0 14,077 6,868 8,639 1,430 5,261 Regression Update
Haiti 6,490 0.1 5 0.0 814 414 503 102 262 Regression Update
Hong Kong 6,261 0.1 3,394 0.9 541,984 380,570 209,428 48,014 182,667 Regression Update
Indonesia 177,801 3.4 2,979 0.8 16,756 5,888 11,955 1,087 4,341 Original Update
Iran 57,342 1.1 1,003 0.3 17,486 3,992 15,000 1,506 6,060 Regression Update
Iraq 20,588 0.4 362 0.1 17,574 3,073 14,979 479 7,773 Regression Update
Jamaica 2,019 0.0 47 0.0 23,495 10,460 15,419 2,384 6,966 Regression Update
Jordan 5,748 0.1 167 0.0 29,124 18,377 13,240 2,493 10,849 Regression Update
Kenya 26,557 0.5 307 0.1 11,544 3,310 8,764 530 3,373 Regression Update
Kuwait 3,106 0.1 492 0.1 158,493 126,621 46,451 14,579 34,592 Regression Update
Kyrgyzstan 3,864 0.1 24 0.0 6,157 1,395 4,984 221 2,371 Regression Update
Laos 4,195 0.1 30 0.0 7,247 1,818 5,872 442 1,612 Regression Update
Lebanon 4,525 0.1 264 0.1 58,367 13,925 48,781 4,339 18,576 Regression Update
Lesotho 1,226 0.0 2 0.0 1,476 834 951 309 296 Regression Update
Liberia 2,426 0.1 10 0.0 4,159 1,322 2,917 79 1,368 Regression Update
Libya 4,361 0.1 76 0.0 17,380 7,532 10,997 1,149 6,835 Regression Update
102
Non- Median
Financial
adult
adult adult
Madagascar 13,357 0.3 25 0.0 1,900 261 1,706 66 581 Regression Update
Malawi 8,578 0.2 16 0.0 1,823 88 1,785 50 509 Regression Update
Malaysia 21,887 0.4 571 0.2 26,080 10,398 27,168 11,486 7,566 Regression Update
Maldives 403 0.0 8 0.0 19,830 963 20,422 1,556 6,375 Regression Update
Mali 8,342 0.2 19 0.0 2,218 714 1,678 174 744 Regression Update
Mauritania 2,298 0.0 6 0.0 2,656 831 2,054 228 974 Regression Update
Mauritius 959 0.0 60 0.0 62,055 37,918 29,147 5,010 25,943 Regression Update
Moldova 3,193 0.1 48 0.0 14,888 3,581 11,847 541 7,509 Regression Update
Mongolia 2,029 0.0 12 0.0 6,143 1,003 6,603 1,463 2,481 Regression Update
Montenegro 475 0.0 28 0.0 59,519 28,239 35,917 4,638 28,833 Regression Update
Morocco 23,871 0.5 322 0.1 13,495 3,835 11,141 1,481 3,935 Regression Update
Mozambique 13,705 0.3 13 0.0 973 231 831 88 394 Regression Update
Myanmar 35,220 0.7 165 0.0 4,686 2,349 2,379 42 2,207 Regression Update
Namibia 1,345 0.0 26 0.0 19,354 15,118 8,023 3,787 4,551 Regression Update
Nepal 17,238 0.3 65 0.0 3,799 384 4,008 594 1,290 Regression Update
Nicaragua 4,028 0.1 48 0.0 11,866 2,179 10,247 560 3,968 Regression Update
Niger 9,359 0.2 11 0.0 1,208 155 1,097 44 507 Regression Update
Nigeria 93,268 1.8 647 0.2 6,936 5,161 2,145 371 1,522 Regression Update
Oman 3,692 0.1 172 0.0 46,474 21,252 30,088 4,866 10,837 Regression Update
Pakistan 120,439 2.3 625 0.2 5,188 2,047 3,219 78 2,102 Regression Update
Panama 2,785 0.1 127 0.0 45,432 18,232 34,129 6,929 14,324 Regression Update
Papua New Guinea 4,816 0.1 36 0.0 7,457 2,521 5,192 256 2,037 Regression Update
Paraguay 4,369 0.1 55 0.0 12,527 4,076 10,205 1,754 4,109 Regression Update
Peru 22,094 0.4 449 0.1 20,323 9,278 12,827 1,782 6,251 Regression Update
Philippines 65,476 1.3 856 0.2 13,077 6,062 8,206 1,191 2,512 Regression Update
Qatar 2,358 0.1 399 0.1 169,177 120,256 68,631 19,710 93,631 Regression Update
Rwanda 6,386 0.1 26 0.0 4,039 430 3,749 140 1,273 Regression Update
Samoa 104 0.0 2 0.0 15,944 1,312 16,381 1,749 5,633 Regression Update
Sao Tome and Principe 102 0.0 0 0.0 4,115 2,506 2,033 424 1,655 Regression Update
Saudi Arabia 23,756 0.5 1,829 0.5 76,972 43,933 36,996 3,957 17,226 Regression Update
Senegal 7,725 0.2 33 0.0 4,239 751 3,730 242 1,475 Regression Update
Serbia 5,492 0.1 159 0.0 28,986 8,175 22,562 1,751 13,406 Regression Update
Seychelles 68 0.0 4 0.0 60,139 36,218 31,407 7,486 24,291 Regression Update
Sierra Leone 3,831 0.1 4 0.0 940 488 467 15 405 Regression Update

Non- Median
Financial
adult
adult adult
Solomon Islands 337 0.0 4 0.0 13,175 2,995 10,420 240 4,244 Regression Update
Sri Lanka 14,624 0.3 361 0.1 24,718 5,043 20,407 732 9,072 Regression Update
St. Lucia 137 0.0 5 0.0 35,547 5,393 33,961 3,808 10,685 Regression Update
77 0.0 2 0.0 20,792 6,131 17,437 2,776 6,250 Regression Update
dines
Suriname 377 0.0 2 0.0 6,495 2,661 4,630 796 1,586 Regression Update
Syria 10,370 0.2 25 0.0 2,448 421 2,070 43 868 Regression Update
Tajikistan 5,115 0.1 22 0.0 4,283 631 3,741 90 1,759 Regression Update
Tanzania 26,831 0.5 92 0.0 3,439 428 3,150 139 1,228 Regression Update
Timor-Leste 670 0.0 3 0.0 5,146 659 4,667 180 2,603 Regression Update
Togo 3,964 0.1 5 0.0 1,312 333 1,122 143 452 Regression Update
Tonga 57 0.0 3 0.0 47,042 3,130 45,763 1,852 16,619 Regression Update
Trinidad and Tobago 1,027 0.0 48 0.0 46,437 23,029 29,780 6,372 14,688 Regression Update
Tunisia 8,118 0.2 139 0.0 17,165 6,303 12,158 1,296 6,210 Regression Update
Turkmenistan 3,663 0.1 55 0.0 14,979 3,371 12,028 420 6,630 Regression Update
Uganda 19,028 0.4 36 0.0 1,916 230 1,798 111 557 Regression Update
Ukraine 34,893 0.7 468 0.1 13,414 4,294 9,356 236 2,290 Regression Update
United Arab Emirates 7,982 0.2 1,072 0.3 134,356 81,436 64,258 11,339 25,765 Regression Update
Vanuatu 157 0.0 2 0.0 14,101 2,880 13,115 1,894 4,542 Regression Update
Venezuela 18,203 0.4 439 0.1 24,109 12,982 11,424 297 9,191 Regression Update
Vietnam 67,928 1.3 877 0.2 12,915 2,830 11,329 1,244 3,889 Regression Update
Yemen 14,809 0.3 91 0.0 6,142 2,064 4,167 90 1,374 Regression Update
Zambia 8,018 0.2 25 0.0 3,142 1,929 1,353 140 715 Regression Update
Zimbabwe 6,936 0.1 48 0.0 6,892 2,337 5,054 499 2,298 Regression Update
Africa 651,818 12.6 4,989 1.3 7,654 3,733 4,552 630 997
Asia-Pacific 1,219,067 23.6 70,671 18.2 57,972 33,071 32,620 7,719 4,674
China 1,098,868 21.3 70,211 18.1 63,894 30,202 40,366 6,673 23,717
Europe 590,045 11.4 93,359 24.0 158,223 80,893 101,033 23,703 23,677
India 884,976 17.1 13,264 3.4 14,988 3,345 12,997 1,353 3,387
Latin America 440,578 8.5 12,167 3.1 27,616 13,811 17,075 3,270 5,555
North America 277,590 5.4 123,919 31.9 446,409 362,058 146,719 62,368 71,797
World 5,162,943 100.0 388,580 100.0 75,263 45,171 39,988 9,896 7,787
104
Non- Median
Financial
adult
adult adult
Afghanistan 18,356 0.4 35 0.0 1,911 340 1,577 6 878 Regression Update
Albania 2,187 0.0 66 0.0 30,239 4,561 26,557 880 15,032 Regression Update
Angola 14,339 0.3 41 0.0 2,848 1,373 1,752 277 870 Regression Update
Armenia 2,176 0.0 45 0.0 20,586 8,940 12,637 991 8,450 Regression Update
Bangladesh 106,060 2.0 899 0.2 8,476 1,843 6,879 246 3,312 Regression Update
Congo, Dem. Rep. 39,740 0.8 48 0.0 1,209 377 872 41 344 Regression Update
Djibouti 618 0.0 2 0.0 3,184 1,474 2,226 516 1,002 Regression Update

Non- Median
Financial
adult
adult adult
Egypt 59,547 1.1 1,373 0.3 23,064 8,852 15,245 1,032 7,425 Regression Update
Gambia 1,115 0.0 3 0.0 2,576 1,004 1,652 81 666 Regression Update
Georgia 2,959 0.1 43 0.0 14,602 6,655 8,946 1,000 4,569 Regression Update
Guinea 6,078 0.1 23 0.0 3,811 891 3,028 108 1,226 Regression Update
Haiti 6,621 0.1 6 0.0 911 458 560 107 291 Regression Update
India 900,443 17.2 12,700 3.0 14,105 3,692 11,785 1,372 3,130 Original Update
Lesotho 1,243 0.0 2 0.0 1,533 866 963 296 335 Regression Update
Libya 4,440 0.1 71 0.0 15,891 6,764 10,423 1,295 6,240 Regression Update
106
Non- Median
Financial
adult
adult adult
Maldives 409 0.0 9 0.0 21,054 1,025 21,716 1,687 6,784 Regression Update
Mauritania 2,370 0.1 7 0.0 2,755 862 2,127 234 1,010 Regression Update
Mongolia 2,053 0.0 13 0.0 6,226 991 6,669 1,435 2,483 Regression Update
Mozambique 14,186 0.3 13 0.0 934 222 795 84 396 Regression Update

Non- Median
Financial
adult
adult adult
dines
Suriname 382 0.0 3 0.0 7,410 2,956 5,364 910 1,534 Regression Update
United Arab Emirates 8,053 0.2 926 0.2 115,031 74,125 52,045 11,140 20,721 Regression Update
Africa 670,611 12.8 5,391 1.3 8,038 3,818 4,840 619 1,042
Asia-Pacific 1,238,122 23.7 77,021 18.3 62,208 35,615 35,067 8,474 4,842
China 1,104,956 21.1 73,940 17.5 66,917 33,102 41,874 8,060 24,166
Europe 590,023 11.3 104,757 24.8 177,548 92,396 111,448 26,296 25,218
India 900,443 17.2 12,700 3.0 14,105 3,692 11,785 1,372 3,130
Latin America 447,300 8.6 11,385 2.7 25,452 13,155 15,335 3,038 4,690
North America 279,916 5.4 136,923 32.4 489,160 396,175 157,783 64,798 81,682
World 5,231,370 100.0 422,117 100.0 80,690 49,289 42,116 10,716 7,638
108
Non- Median
Financial
adult
adult adult
Afghanistan 19,045 0.4 41 0.0 2,139 393 1,752 6 1,028 Regression Update
Albania 2,196 0.0 78 0.0 35,529 5,411 31,130 1,011 17,613 Regression Update
Angola 14,856 0.3 55 0.0 3,701 1,871 2,170 341 1,162 Regression Update
Armenia 2,178 0.0 47 0.0 21,802 9,905 12,943 1,046 8,883 Regression Update
Bangladesh 108,089 2.0 1,026 0.2 9,490 2,060 7,687 256 3,680 Regression Update
Congo, Dem. Rep. 41,101 0.8 59 0.0 1,438 449 1,033 44 407 Regression Update
Djibouti 632 0.0 2 0.0 3,755 1,761 2,527 533 1,169 Regression Update

Non- Median
Financial
adult
adult adult
Egypt 60,743 1.2 1,405 0.3 23,134 9,293 14,896 1,056 7,426 Regression Update
Gambia 1,151 0.0 3 0.0 2,942 1,139 1,887 84 732 Regression Update
Georgia 2,946 0.1 46 0.0 15,673 7,472 9,238 1,037 4,774 Regression Update
Guinea 6,302 0.1 25 0.0 3,935 1,034 3,018 116 1,221 Regression Update
Haiti 6,753 0.1 9 0.0 1,358 703 809 155 483 Regression Update
India 915,667 17.3 14,225 3.1 15,535 3,926 13,027 1,418 3,457 Original Update
Lesotho 1,259 0.0 2 0.0 1,724 988 1,069 332 353 Regression Update
Libya 4,517 0.1 44 0.0 9,732 4,128 6,367 763 3,830 Regression Update
110
Non- Median
Financial
adult
adult adult
Maldives 407 0.0 9 0.0 21,459 1,144 22,068 1,753 6,823 Regression Update
Mauritania 2,443 0.1 7 0.0 2,938 980 2,166 209 1,127 Regression Update
Mongolia 2,076 0.0 15 0.0 7,310 1,172 7,810 1,671 2,902 Regression Update
Mozambique 14,687 0.3 16 0.0 1,117 254 956 93 469 Regression Update

Non- Median
Financial
adult
adult adult
South Africa 38,133 0.7 938 0.2 24,601 19,999 8,872 4,270 5,252 Original Update
dines
Suriname 387 0.0 3 0.0 8,060 3,420 5,653 1,014 1,547 Regression Update
Taiwan 19,733 0.4 5,878 1.3 297,864 232,920 102,249 37,304 113,938 Original Update
United Arab Emirates 8,092 0.2 994 0.2 122,841 85,527 49,302 11,989 23,055 Regression Update
Africa 689,800 13.0 5,808 1.3 8,419 4,155 4,880 616 1,111
Asia-Pacific 1,256,863 23.7 81,319 17.5 64,700 36,179 36,870 8,349 5,218
China 1,110,504 21.0 85,107 18.4 76,639 38,248 47,382 8,991 28,258
Europe 589,822 11.1 106,330 22.9 180,275 93,315 112,802 25,842 26,385
India 915,667 17.3 14,225 3.1 15,535 3,926 13,027 1,418 3,457
Latin America 453,836 8.6 12,579 2.7 27,717 14,234 16,712 3,229 5,139
North America 282,072 5.3 158,199 34.1 560,846 444,024 186,342 69,520 95,255
World 5,298,564 100.0 463,567 100.0 87,489 53,062 45,471 11,044 8,360
Source: Original estimates; see text for explanation of methods and categories
112
Table 2-3: Components of wealth per adult in USD, by region and year
Year
Region 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Africa Financial wealth 882 1,560 2,640 2,699 2,863 3,326 3,351 3,733 3,818 4,155
Non-financial wealth 1,283 1,960 3,542 4,226 4,020 4,011 4,117 4,552 4,840 4,880
Debts 200 394 692 573 576 620 591 630 619 616
Gross wealth 2,165 3,519 6,182 6,925 6,883 7,337 7,469 8,284 8,658 9,036
Net wealth 1,965 3,125 5,491 6,352 6,307 6,718 6,877 7,654 8,038 8,419
Net wealth at smoothed exchange rates 2,216 2,904 4,318 5,964 7,877 7,051 7,087 7,443 7,937 8,437
Asia-Pacific Financial wealth 19,980 22,917 30,658 27,889 28,847 31,656 31,359 33,071 35,615 36,179
Debts 5,941 5,279 7,471 6,917 7,069 7,568 7,534 7,719 8,474 8,349
Gross wealth 40,088 43,773 61,738 56,311 57,701 63,437 62,661 65,691 70,682 73,049
Net wealth 34,147 38,494 54,266 49,394 50,632 55,869 55,126 57,972 62,208 64,700
China Financial wealth 1,569 3,561 10,820 20,466 21,668 26,181 27,857 30,202 33,102 38,248
Debts 62 421 1,479 3,605 4,148 5,353 5,974 6,673 8,060 8,991
Gross wealth 4,309 9,513 26,454 47,126 52,444 62,831 66,350 70,568 74,976 85,630
Net wealth 4,247 9,092 24,975 43,521 48,297 57,478 60,376 63,894 66,917 76,639
Europe Financial wealth 35,213 54,012 66,615 68,096 67,492 78,924 75,722 80,893 92,396 93,315
Debts 9,837 17,581 24,218 21,229 20,524 23,571 23,408 23,703 26,296 25,842
Gross wealth 72,630 126,930 162,421 152,865 150,994 178,417 173,468 181,926 203,844 206,117
Net wealth 62,794 109,349 138,203 131,636 130,469 154,846 150,060 158,223 177,548 180,275
India Financial wealth 679 1,275 2,412 2,542 2,688 3,128 3,146 3,345 3,692 3,926
Debts 171 376 778 902 972 1,185 1,234 1,353 1,372 1,418
Gross wealth 2,815 5,299 9,957 11,787 12,768 14,971 15,249 16,341 15,476 16,953
Net wealth 2,643 4,924 9,179 10,885 11,796 13,786 14,015 14,988 14,105 15,535
Latin America Financial wealth 3,841 5,614 10,669 12,084 12,495 14,426 13,539 13,811 13,155 14,234
Debts 950 1,224 3,215 3,056 3,314 3,440 3,225 3,270 3,038 3,229
Gross wealth 9,994 14,100 26,434 26,919 26,096 30,878 29,928 30,887 28,489 30,946
Net wealth 9,044 12,876 23,219 23,862 22,782 27,437 26,703 27,616 25,452 27,717
North America Financial wealth 160,500 209,061 234,220 290,727 303,124 329,309 321,822 362,058 396,175 444,024
Debts 33,080 52,787 58,996 56,324 57,666 59,718 60,624 62,368 64,798 69,520
Gross wealth 238,014 334,957 342,544 411,269 431,008 465,173 461,709 508,777 553,957 630,366
Net wealth 204,934 282,170 283,548 354,946 373,342 405,455 401,085 446,409 489,160 560,846
World Financial wealth 20,073 26,327 32,725 36,902 37,891 42,395 41,620 45,171 49,289 53,062
Debts 4,879 6,958 8,935 8,528 8,660 9,512 9,600 9,896 10,716 11,044
Gross wealth 36,259 51,253 64,724 69,515 71,596 80,732 80,098 85,159 91,406 98,534
Net wealth 31,380 44,295 55,789 60,987 62,936 71,220 70,498 75,263 80,690 87,489

Table 2-4: Components of wealth as percentage of gross wealth, by region and year
Year
Region 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Africa Financial wealth 40.7 44.3 42.7 39.0 41.6 45.3 44.9 45.1 44.1 46.0
Non-financial wealth 59.3 55.7 57.3 61.0 58.4 54.7 55.1 54.9 55.9 54.0
Debts 9.2 11.2 11.2 8.3 8.4 8.4 7.9 7.6 7.2 6.8
Asia-Pacific Financial wealth 49.8 52.4 49.7 49.5 50.0 49.9 50.0 50.3 50.4 49.5
Debts 14.8 12.1 12.1 12.3 12.3 11.9 12.0 11.8 12.0 11.4
China Financial wealth 36.4 37.4 40.9 43.4 41.3 41.7 42.0 42.8 44.2 44.7
Debts 1.4 4.4 5.6 7.6 7.9 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.7 10.5
Europe Financial wealth 48.5 42.6 41.0 44.5 44.7 44.2 43.7 44.5 45.3 45.3
Debts 13.5 13.9 14.9 13.9 13.6 13.2 13.5 13.0 12.9 12.5
India Financial wealth 24.1 24.1 24.2 21.6 21.1 20.9 20.6 20.5 23.9 23.2
Debts 6.1 7.1 7.8 7.7 7.6 7.9 8.1 8.3 8.9 8.4
Latin America Financial wealth 38.4 39.8 40.4 44.9 47.9 46.7 45.2 44.7 46.2 46.0
Debts 9.5 8.7 12.2 11.4 12.7 11.1 10.8 10.6 10.7 10.4
North America Financial wealth 67.4 62.4 68.4 70.7 70.3 70.8 69.7 71.2 71.5 70.4
Debts 13.9 15.8 17.2 13.7 13.4 12.8 13.1 12.3 11.7 11.0
World Financial wealth 55.4 51.4 50.6 53.1 52.9 52.5 52.0 53.0 53.9 53.9
Debts 13.5 13.6 13.8 12.3 12.1 11.8 12.0 11.6 11.7 11.2

Table 2-5: Changes in household wealth 2021, selected countries
Change in total household wealth Change in total household wealth Change in wealth per adult
(USD bn) (% (%
United States 19,492 New Zealand 33.2 Ukraine 32.2

China 11,168 Ukraine 31.2 New Zealand 31.9
Canada 1,776 Israel 19.6 Russia 19.7
India 1,524 Taiwan 19.5 Taiwan 18.9
Australia 1,381 Russia 19.3 Israel 17.6
Taiwan 957 Pakistan 19.0 Pakistan 16.1
Russia 612 Canada 16.8 Canada 15.7
United Kingdom 585 United States 15.4 United States 14.6
Korea 572 China 15.1 China 14.5
New Zealand 428 Australia 14.9 Australia 13.7
Mexico 392 Bangladesh 14.1 Bangladesh 12.0
Indonesia 319 Nigeria 13.1 Vietnam 11.7
Brazil 292 Vietnam 12.6 Czechia 11.6
Israel 256 India 12.0 Romania 10.2
Sweden 249 Czechia 11.5 India 10.1
Switzerland 206 Mexico 10.4 Nigeria 10.0
Saudi Arabia 168 Indonesia 10.3 Sweden 8.6
Ukraine 161 Romania 9.6 Indonesia 8.6
Denmark 153 Brazil 9.6 Mexico 8.6
Singapore 130 Sweden 9.1 Brazil 8.2
Bangladesh 127 Saudi Arabia 8.8 Denmark 8.1
Pakistan 126 Denmark 8.6 Saudi Arabia 7.1
Vietnam 111 Singapore 7.9 Singapore 7.0
Germany 100 United Arab Emirates 7.3 United Arab Emirates 6.8
Nigeria 87 Chile 6.4 Chile 5.7
Czechia 72 Philippines 6.3 Korea 5.4
United Arab Emirates 68 Korea 6.0 Poland 4.4
Norway 68 Colombia 5.2 Philippines 4.1
Poland 60 Norway 5.0 Norway 4.0
Philippines 59 Switzerland 4.4 Colombia 3.8
Romania 56 Ireland 4.2 Switzerland 3.7
Chile 47 Poland 4.1 United Kingdom 3.3
Hong Kong 46 South Africa 3.9 Ireland 3.1
Ireland 37 United Kingdom 3.7 South Africa 2.4
South Africa 35 Egypt 2.3 Hong Kong 1.0
Egypt 32 Hong Kong 1.3 Germany 0.5
Colombia 30 Germany 0.6 Egypt 0.3
Netherlands -14 Netherlands -0.3 Netherlands -0.7
Finland -20 Spain -0.6 Spain -0.7
Austria -30 France -0.8 France -1.2
Greece -49 Austria -1.6 Austria -2.0
Portugal -50 Finland -2.4 Finland -2.7
Spain -51 Belgium -2.9 Belgium -3.3
Thailand -52 Portugal -3.7 Portugal -3.7
Belgium -104 Thailand -3.8 Thailand -4.4
France -124 Greece -5.1 Greece -4.8
Turkey -367 Italy -5.5 Italy -5.5
Italy -664 Japan -5.8 Japan -5.6
Japan -1,569 Turkey -24.3 Turkey -25.3

3.1 Comparison with data from rich lists have limitations. The valuations of individual
Our method of estimating global personal wealth wealth holdings are dominated by financial
is essentially a bottom-up approach. It begins by assets, especially equity holdings in public
establishing the average level of wealth in companies traded in international markets. For
different countries onto which we graft the practical reasons, less attention is given to non-
pattern of wealth holding derived from household financial assets apart from major real estate
surveys and other sources. Although sample holdings and trophy assets, such as expensive
surveys do not formally exclude high net worth yachts. Even less is known – and hence recorded
(HNW) individuals with net assets above USD 1 – about personal debts. Some people cooperate
million, they tend to be under-represented, and enthusiastically with those compiling the lists;
their wealth holdings are likely to be undervalued. others jealously guard their privacy. There are
The same is true to a greater extent of ultra-high also different country listings for nationals and
net worth (UHNW) individuals with net assets residents, which is especially evident for India, for
above USD 50 million. In fact, the US Survey of instance. The true legal ownership within families
Consumer Finances – which otherwise does an – as opposed to nominal ownership or control –
excellent job in the upper tail of wealth adds further complications. Reassigning family
distribution – explicitly omits the 400 wealthiest holdings above USD 10 billion, say, to individual
families from its sampling frame. Evidence members might well result in several billionaire
suggests that other countries capture an even holdings, so the number of billionaires would
smaller fraction of individuals in high wealth increase in this instance. In other cases,
categories. So further analysis and appropriate reassigning the family wealth would reduce all
adjustments are required in order to construct the individual holdings below the billionaire
plausible estimates of the number of wealthy threshold. For all these reasons, rich list data
individuals and the size of their holdings. should be treated with caution. At the same time,
the broad patterns and trends are informative,
In order to proceed, we exploit the fact that the and they provide the best available source of
top tail of wealth distribution is usually well information at the apex of global wealth
approximated by the Pareto distribution, which distribution.
produces a straight-line graph when the logarithm
of the number of persons above wealth level w is 3.2 Adjusting the wealth pattern in the top tail
plotted against the logarithm of w. Our data yield a To mitigate some of the problems associated
close fit to the Pareto distribution in the wealth with small numbers of billionaires, we disregard
range from USD 250,000 to USD 5 million. countries that have recorded small numbers of
Above USD 5 million the relationship begins to billionaires in the Forbes list over the years.
break down, and the correspondence weakens About 50 countries survive the cut. A further
further above USD 50 million, as expected given level of refinement involves converting the
the limitations of the data sources. However, it still number of Forbes billionaires – which we assume
seems reasonable to use a fitted Pareto line to refers to billionaire families – into the
estimate the number of individuals in the highest corresponding number of high wealth adults.
echelons of the wealth distribution.
A small modification is made to the way that the
To determine the precise features of the top Pareto curve is presented. The logarithm of the
wealth tail, we rely heavily on the rich list data fraction of adults above a given wealth level w is
provided by Forbes and other sources. We make plotted on the vertical axis, while the horizontal
particular use of the number of billionaires axis denotes wealth w expressed as a multiple of
reported by Forbes, since the data are available mean wealth, again on a logarithmic scale. This
for many years and are broadly comparable reformulation of the Pareto curve retains the core
across countries. We recognize that rich list data characteristic: a Pareto distribution still generates
116
a straight-line, but the reformulation now has the A Forbes data point for a single year can be
advantage that the graph remains invariant if constructed by computing the number of
either the wealth sample weights or the wealth billionaires expressed as a percentage of the
values are scaled up or down by the same factor, adult population (y-axis) and the minimum wealth
as might happen if the adult population rises or of these billionaires (typically USD 1 billion
average wealth is growing. Any change in the exactly) expressed as a multiple of mean wealth
reformulated graph for the unadjusted wealth (x-axis). Over time mean wealth and the number
sample, like that portrayed in Figure 1 based on of billionaires both tend to increase, so the
United Kingdom data, must therefore indicate a Forbes data points (the green dots in Figure 1)
change in the relative distribution of wealth, as typically move towards the left and upwards.
represented by the Lorenz curve. In practice, the
relative distribution of wealth tends to change For any given year, our top-tail adjustment involves
slowly, so the graph is unlikely to change much grafting onto the unadjusted curve a straight-line
from year to year, at least for wealth levels up to, segment which is consistent with the Forbes
say, ten times the mean. observation, as captured by the red line in Figure 1.
The unadjusted wealth sample values are then
replaced by the fitted values in the top tail.
However, this causes the sample mean to change,
usually upwards. So the sample values must be
scaled in order to restore consistency with the
known and fixed value of mean wealth, and the
Figure 1: Fitted Pareto distribution to wealth top tail procedure repeated until the process converges,
which typically happens in a few rounds.
The greatest drawback with the Forbes data is the

small sample size for many countries in many
years. This impacts on the reliability of the top-tail
adjustments and especially on the trends in
inequality over time. To help mitigate this problem
and increase confidence in the inequality trends,
for any given country we combine the Forbes
observations over years and try to smooth out the
year-on-year variation. Specifically, we construct a
reference top tail adjusted curve (like an extended
version of the red line in Figure 1) and determine
the deviation of each Forbes data point from this
reference line. These deviations would be small if
inequality changes little over the whole period –
mainly just the result of sampling variability. But
the evidence suggests that changes over time are
often significant and systematic. We attempt to
Figure 2: Deviation of Forbes data points from reference identify the factors at work by regressing the
Pareto curve: China, 2000–17 deviations against the share of financial assets in
total wealth and a time trend, with a possible
structural break in 2007.
Figure 2 displays the outcome of this exercise for

China. The fitted values are reassuringly close to
the observations, suggesting that the share of
financial assets and time trends account of much
of the change in inequality over time. Figure 2
also highlights the upward time trend in the
deviations from the reference curve, indicating a
strong shift towards increasing inequality in China
over the course of this century. For any country,
when the number of billionaires is zero or small,
we use the estimated deviations as the basis for
making the top tail adjustment. But for countries
and years with an adequate number of billionaires
– which includes China for almost all years this
century – we retain the value obtained directly
from the Forbes data.

3.3 Features of the global wealth distribution Indonesia, Pakistan and Vietnam. In fact, when
Application of the top tail adjustment results in a high-income countries are excluded from the Asia-
synthetic sample containing around 1.5 million Pacific group, the wealth pattern within the
observations for recent years, with each observa- remaining countries resembles that of India.
tion representing approximately 10,000 adults at Residents of Africa are even more heavily
lower wealth levels and 100 adults at the top concentrated at the bottom end of the wealth
end. These samples are then processed to spectrum: more than half of all African adults are
generate summary data on the wealth pattern found in the bottom two global wealth deciles. In
within countries, regions and the world. sharp contrast, North America and Europe are
heavily skewed toward the top tail, together
Table 3-1 reports figures for individual countries, accounting for 52% of adults in the top 10%, and
and Table 3-2 provides more detail at the regional 71% of those in the top percentile. Table 3-5 lists
level. The results allow us to visualize the global the countries that have gained or lost most
wealth distribution in the form of a wealth pyramid members of the global top decile and percentile
which places adults in one of four wealth bands: during 2021. It also reports changes in the number
under USD 10,000; between USD 10,000 and of millionaires during the past twelve months.
USD 100,000; between USD 100,000 and USD
1 million; and over USD 1 million. The base level 3.4 The number of high and ultra-high
of the pyramid contains 2.8 billion adults, or 53% net worth individuals
of the global population, but accounts for only Apart from the rich lists, which cover a relatively
1.1% of global wealth. In contrast, dollar small number of named individuals, there is little
millionaires comprise 1.2% of all adults, but information on wealth holdings above USD 5-10
collectively own 48% of all assets. For adults with million. Survey details are patchy at best, and
wealth exceeding USD 100,000 and USD 1 statistics based on tax returns are often inad-
million, Table 3-3 provides further summary equate given the complexity of wealth ownership
information for individual countries. arrangements. Our top tail adjustments using rich
list data helps to bridge this gap. Smoothing and
Combining the samples for all countries allows extrapolating the wealth distribution at the top
the features of the global distribution of wealth then produces plausible estimates of the global
to be identified, including, for instance, the pattern of asset holdings in the high net worth
minimum wealth of each percentile (i.e. 1% (HNW) category from USD 1 million to USD 50
group) worldwide and the share of total wealth million, and in the ultra-high net worth (UHNW)
owned by this group. To be among the range from USD 50 million upwards.
wealthiest half of the world at end-2021, Table
3-4 shows that an adult needs only net assets Table 3-6 reports the numbers for end-2021.
of USD 8,360, once debts have been While the base of the wealth pyramid is occupied
subtracted. However, a person needs at least by people from all countries at various stages of
USD 138,346 to belong to the top 10% of their lifecycles, HNW and UHNW individuals are
global wealth holders and USD 1,146,685 to heavily concentrated in particular regions and
be a member of the top 1%. Taken together, countries, and tend to share more similar
the bottom half of the global population own lifestyles, participating in the same global
less than 1% of total wealth. In sharp contrast, markets for luxury goods, even when they reside
the richest decile holds 82% of the world’s in different continents. The wealth portfolios of
wealth, and the top percentile alone account for these individuals are also likely to be more
46% of global assets. similar, with more of a focus on financial assets
and, in particular, equity holdings in public
The decile breakdown by regions has a number companies traded in international markets.
of interesting features. China dominates the
upper middle section of the global wealth For end-2021, we estimate that 62.2 million
distribution, accounting for 44% of members of HNW adults have wealth between USD 1 million
deciles 7–9. In contrast, residents of India are and USD 50 million, of whom the vast majority
heavily concentrated in the lower wealth strata, (54.1 million) fall within the USD 1–5 million
accounting for almost a quarter of people in the range. North America accounts for the greatest
bottom half of the distribution. number, significantly above Europe, which in turn
hosts significantly more than Asia-Pacific
Table 3-4 shows that residents of Latin America countries excluding China and India. China now
are spread quite evenly across the global wealth accounts for 9.9% of all HNW individuals, while
spectrum. The Asia-Pacific region (excluding China Latin America, India and Africa together account
and India) mimics the global pattern more closely for only 3.4% of the total. UHNW individuals with
still, although the apparent uniformity of the Asia- net assets above USD 50 million now number
Pacific region masks a substantial degree of 264,180 worldwide by our calculations. Among
polarization between high-income countries, such individual countries, the United States leads with
as Hong Kong SAR, Japan and Singapore, and 53% of UHNW adults. China is a distant second
lower income countries, such as Bangladesh, with only 12% of total UHNW membership.
118
Table 3-1: Wealth pattern within countries, 2021
Mean wealth Median wealth Distribution of adults (%)
Adults per adult per adult Gini
by wealth range (USD)
Country
under 10,000 - 100,000 – over 1
thousand USD USD 10,000 Total %
100,000 1 million million
Afghanistan 19,045 2,139 1,028 96.4 3.6 0.0 0.0 100 68.9
Albania 2,196 35,529 17,613 38.0 55.5 6.4 0.1 100 68.6
Algeria 27,980 10,141 2,552 84.6 14.0 1.4 0.1 100 84.8
Angola 14,856 3,701 1,162 93.5 6.3 0.2 0.0 100 81.4
Antigua and Barbuda 71 19,338 5,962 66.2 30.7 2.9 0.1 100 81.3
Argentina 31,171 10,446 3,263 82.6 16.4 1.0 0.1 100 80.9
Armenia 2,178 21,802 8,883 55.1 41.6 3.3 0.1 100 73.1
Aruba 82 52,221 16,100 44.1 46.3 9.1 0.4 100 81.3
Australia 19,359 550,110 273,903 9.2 20.1 59.5 11.2 100 66.2
Austria 7,297 250,125 75,075 14.3 39.4 42.6 3.7 100 74.2
Azerbaijan 7,222 15,953 6,732 66.1 31.8 2.0 0.1 100 72.6
Bahamas 282 60,263 7,376 51.9 39.1 8.3 0.7 100 89.5
Bahrain 1,349 98,031 17,640 44.4 47.4 7.2 1.0 100 88.5
Bangladesh 108,089 9,490 3,680 80.5 18.5 1.0 0.0 100 75.4
Barbados 222 70,807 24,653 40.2 44.4 14.7 0.7 100 80.5
Belarus 7,343 26,221 13,889 44.1 52.5 3.4 0.1 100 67.2
Belgium 9,026 381,114 267,887 11.3 19.9 62.4 6.5 100 59.9
Belize 252 11,295 3,017 79.1 19.2 1.7 0.1 100 83.5
Benin 6,025 2,976 924 94.3 5.5 0.1 0.0 100 80.0
Bolivia 7,242 14,098 3,928 75.0 23.3 1.6 0.1 100 80.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina 2,632 33,122 15,938 39.7 54.4 5.7 0.1 100 69.2
Botswana 1,393 19,388 4,357 76.3 19.6 4.0 0.1 100 87.9
Brazil 155,248 21,429 3,743 76.3 20.2 3.4 0.2 100 89.2
Brunei 314 57,419 9,619 50.6 43.0 5.6 0.8 100 89.7
Bulgaria 5,535 43,631 21,381 35.2 57.1 7.5 0.2 100 70.2
Burkina Faso 9,805 1,618 521 98.2 1.7 0.1 0.0 100 79.0
Burundi 5,559 809 360 99.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 100 70.3
Cambodia 10,359 6,270 2,196 90.2 9.1 0.7 0.0 100 78.3
Cameroon 13,109 3,490 989 93.9 5.9 0.2 0.0 100 83.3
Canada 30,203 409,297 151,248 18.7 23.9 49.8 7.6 100 72.6
Central African Republic 2,226 980 277 98.2 1.7 0.0 0.0 100 84.5
Chad 7,314 1,372 503 97.7 2.3 0.0 0.0 100 77.6
Chile 14,358 54,639 18,820 39.3 50.9 9.4 0.5 100 79.4
China 1,110,504 76,639 28,258 17.7 66.6 15.1 0.6 100 70.1
Colombia 36,094 17,079 4,866 73.7 23.7 2.5 0.1 100 83.5
Comoros 459 6,062 1,397 90.4 8.9 0.8 0.0 100 86.1
Congo, Dem. Rep. 41,101 1,438 407 97.6 2.3 0.1 0.0 100 83.0
Congo, Rep. 2,787 1,841 447 96.5 3.4 0.1 0.0 100 85.5
Costa Rica 3,746 45,677 15,957 44.8 45.6 9.3 0.3 100 79.7
Croatia 3,287 68,272 33,240 27.6 57.8 14.2 0.4 100 70.2
Cyprus 685 149,824 37,381 19.9 56.5 21.6 2.0 100 79.1
Czechia 8,520 82,240 22,958 26.8 57.2 15.2 0.8 100 77.6
Denmark 4,538 426,494 171,175 15.1 25.1 51.4 8.5 100 73.9
Djibouti 632 3,755 1,169 92.9 6.8 0.2 0.0 100 79.6
Dominica 50 35,307 10,885 49.4 44.0 6.3 0.2 100 81.3
Ecuador 11,578 20,539 5,979 63.7 33.1 3.1 0.1 100 80.1

Table 3-1: Wealth pattern within countries, 2021, continued
Country
under 10,000 - 100,000 – over 1
Egypt 60,743 23,134 7,426 60.6 35.9 3.4 0.1 100 79.3
El Salvador 4,254 38,523 10,122 49.6 43.2 7.0 0.2 100 81.2
Equatorial Guinea 798 24,769 6,326 64.7 29.7 5.4 0.2 100 86.4
Eritrea 1,761 3,113 1,199 94.7 5.1 0.1 0.0 100 76.3
Estonia 1,040 77,360 38,935 30.1 53.1 16.1 0.7 100 73.1
Ethiopia 59,133 3,861 1,690 94.4 5.4 0.2 0.0 100 72.3
Fiji 569 20,518 6,630 62.2 33.9 3.8 0.1 100 78.5
Finland 4,387 186,208 80,152 27.0 31.1 39.6 2.3 100 74.4
France 50,171 322,074 139,169 13.9 27.2 53.4 5.6 100 70.2
Gabon 1,242 18,647 6,353 65.8 31.4 2.7 0.1 100 79.7
Gambia 1,151 2,942 732 94.3 5.5 0.2 0.0 100 85.7
Georgia 2,946 15,673 4,774 75.5 22.6 1.8 0.1 100 81.7
Germany 68,056 256,985 60,633 10.5 47.2 38.3 3.9 100 78.8
Ghana 17,054 7,604 2,962 85.0 14.3 0.6 0.0 100 75.3
Greece 8,440 108,300 55,016 22.3 50.4 26.3 1.0 100 68.2
Grenada 79 52,618 16,222 44.0 46.4 9.2 0.4 100 81.3
Guinea 6,302 3,935 1,221 92.9 6.8 0.3 0.0 100 81.6
Guinea-Bissau 976 1,896 693 96.6 3.3 0.1 0.0 100 78.0
Guyana 503 14,389 4,848 70.9 27.2 1.8 0.1 100 76.9
Haiti 6,753 1,358 483 97.2 2.8 0.0 0.0 100 79.9
Hong Kong 6,315 552,930 202,376 13.5 21.3 55.2 10.0 100 73.8
Hungary 7,745 70,668 31,095 18.2 65.9 15.5 0.4 100 68.0
Iceland 257 457,795 375,735 22.6 14.9 49.0 13.5 100 64.6
India 915,667 15,535 3,457 75.1 22.9 1.9 0.1 100 82.3
Indonesia 183,735 18,534 5,030 66.8 31.0 2.0 0.1 100 78.2
Iran 58,631 39,093 12,968 45.1 48.2 6.5 0.3 100 79.2
Iraq 21,931 16,919 7,428 63.7 34.2 2.1 0.1 100 71.0
Ireland 3,659 251,337 91,591 30.6 22.1 42.5 4.8 100 80.0
Israel 5,719 273,417 92,426 14.8 37.3 44.3 3.6 100 74.7
Italy 49,766 231,323 112,138 15.5 31.5 50.2 2.8 100 67.2
Jamaica 2,061 21,712 6,712 62.9 33.5 3.5 0.1 100 82.2
Japan 104,763 245,238 119,999 11.1 34.8 50.9 3.2 100 64.7
Jordan 5,964 30,814 11,280 47.1 47.5 5.2 0.2 100 76.7
Kazakhstan 12,300 42,559 18,321 46.1 48.0 5.7 0.3 100 77.6
Kenya 28,403 12,987 3,863 78.2 20.0 1.8 0.1 100 82.6
Korea 42,707 237,644 93,141 14.5 35.5 47.0 3.0 100 68.2
Kuwait 3,183 171,348 39,392 41.5 28.4 27.0 3.2 100 86.2
Kyrgyzstan 3,988 6,276 2,456 88.6 10.9 0.5 0.0 100 75.2
Laos 4,380 7,916 1,664 91.2 7.3 1.5 0.0 100 88.3
Latvia 1,456 87,270 41,897 33.8 46.5 18.5 1.1 100 80.5
Lebanon 4,553 75,734 24,748 35.9 52.7 10.6 0.8 100 80.2
Lesotho 1,259 1,724 353 96.2 3.7 0.1 0.0 100 88.8
Liberia 2,580 5,259 1,740 90.2 9.4 0.4 0.0 100 80.6
Libya 4,517 9,732 3,830 80.3 18.9 0.8 0.0 100 76.0
Lithuania 2,140 63,508 28,407 29.7 58.6 11.2 0.5 100 72.0
Luxembourg 504 657,564 350,271 12.0 16.9 54.8 16.2 100 66.3
120
Country
under 10,000 - 100,000 – over 1
Madagascar 14,273 2,118 618 96.7 3.2 0.1 0.0 100 82.1
Malawi 9,209 2,378 601 95.7 4.1 0.1 0.0 100 84.5
Malaysia 22,727 27,078 8,023 57.4 39.0 3.4 0.2 100 83.0
Maldives 407 21,459 6,823 62.7 33.3 3.9 0.1 100 80.8
Mali 8,921 2,629 862 95.8 4.0 0.1 0.0 100 80.0
Malta 359 162,581 97,524 11.6 39.5 47.3 1.6 100 61.1
Mauritania 2,443 2,938 1,127 94.8 5.1 0.1 0.0 100 75.8
Mauritius 976 65,031 29,296 29.9 55.6 14.1 0.5 100 71.6
Mexico 86,570 48,138 15,684 43.5 46.9 9.3 0.4 100 80.4
Moldova 3,182 18,392 9,095 53.8 43.7 2.4 0.1 100 69.1
Mongolia 2,076 7,310 2,902 84.8 14.5 0.6 0.0 100 74.2
Montenegro 477 75,759 40,163 26.1 53.9 19.5 0.5 100 68.1
Morocco 24,652 15,164 4,226 76.2 21.4 2.3 0.1 100 82.4
Mozambique 14,687 1,117 469 98.4 1.6 0.0 0.0 100 75.0
Myanmar 36,281 7,112 3,364 86.5 13.0 0.5 0.0 100 68.0
Namibia 1,404 22,369 5,311 72.6 22.6 4.7 0.1 100 86.8
Nepal 18,548 4,189 1,448 93.3 6.4 0.3 0.0 100 78.8
Netherlands 13,527 400,828 142,994 13.7 28.0 49.8 8.5 100 75.0
New Zealand 3,634 472,153 231,257 20.6 16.8 53.0 9.6 100 70.0
Nicaragua 4,185 13,523 3,606 76.2 22.1 1.6 0.1 100 81.3
Niger 10,134 1,420 565 98.3 1.7 0.0 0.0 100 73.8
Nigeria 98,681 7,618 1,722 90.4 8.7 0.9 0.0 100 86.0
Norway 4,225 334,432 132,482 27.4 17.2 49.8 5.6 100 79.4
Oman 3,810 40,962 9,343 52.1 41.6 6.0 0.4 100 88.0
Pakistan 126,601 6,237 2,518 88.6 10.9 0.5 0.0 100 74.0
Panama 2,900 49,935 13,556 44.6 45.7 9.3 0.4 100 81.9
Papua New Guinea 5,068 8,449 2,282 90.0 8.5 1.4 0.0 100 84.3
Paraguay 4,535 12,078 3,937 78.3 20.4 1.3 0.1 100 81.5
Peru 22,795 20,940 6,148 63.9 33.1 2.9 0.1 100 80.0
Philippines 68,428 14,502 2,772 84.6 13.4 1.9 0.1 100 87.3
Poland 30,244 50,426 16,640 26.7 63.3 9.7 0.3 100 71.6
Portugal 8,338 154,377 66,029 23.0 43.8 31.3 1.9 100 70.6
Qatar 2,428 183,106 100,014 10.5 39.5 48.5 1.5 100 58.6
Romania 15,123 42,351 20,389 35.0 57.4 7.3 0.2 100 69.6
Russia 111,419 34,005 6,919 66.9 29.4 3.4 0.3 100 88.0
Rwanda 6,780 4,179 1,231 92.5 7.2 0.3 0.0 100 81.8
Samoa 107 17,396 6,090 67.2 30.1 2.6 0.1 100 77.7
Sao Tome and Principe 107 4,610 1,987 90.7 9.0 0.3 0.0 100 73.4
Saudi Arabia 24,558 84,407 19,323 45.0 43.6 10.0 1.3 100 86.4
Senegal 8,231 5,001 1,675 90.6 9.0 0.3 0.0 100 79.7
Serbia 5,466 32,816 14,877 41.6 52.6 5.7 0.1 100 71.3
Seychelles 69 57,619 23,190 37.3 51.8 10.4 0.5 100 76.0
Sierra Leone 4,045 799 352 99.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 100 73.2
Singapore 4,932 358,204 93,133 16.0 36.2 41.8 6.1 100 78.8
Slovakia 4,344 63,493 41,935 11.8 73.2 14.8 0.1 100 50.5
Slovenia 1,670 107,476 60,956 18.3 53.5 27.4 0.8 100 65.2

Country
under 10,000 - 100,000 – over 1
Solomon Islands 357 15,596 4,718 75.0 21.8 3.1 0.1 100 81.4
South Africa 38,133 24,601 5,252 72.3 22.8 4.7 0.2 100 88.6
Spain 37,825 222,888 104,163 16.6 32.2 48.2 3.0 100 69.1
Sri Lanka 14,846 27,040 9,813 50.7 44.3 4.8 0.1 100 77.0
St. Lucia 140 27,268 8,407 55.1 40.5 4.3 0.2 100 81.3
St. Vincent and the Grenadines 79 18,887 5,823 66.9 30.2 2.8 0.1 100 81.3
Suriname 387 8,060 1,547 89.5 9.2 1.3 0.0 100 88.6
Sweden 7,829 381,968 95,051 33.9 17.2 41.2 7.8 100 88.1
Switzerland 7,003 696,604 168,084 11.9 32.7 39.0 16.4 100 77.2
Syria 11,449 1,562 556 97.6 2.3 0.1 0.0 100 77.8
Taiwan 19,733 297,864 113,938 13.1 33.3 49.2 4.4 100 70.7
Tajikistan 5,337 4,597 1,938 91.7 8.0 0.3 0.0 100 72.8
Tanzania 28,690 4,260 1,671 93.3 6.4 0.2 0.0 100 74.4
Thailand 54,411 24,638 8,662 53.6 43.8 2.5 0.2 100 77.1
Timor-Leste 708 5,849 3,257 88.8 10.8 0.3 0.0 100 62.7
Togo 4,207 1,518 488 97.8 2.1 0.1 0.0 100 81.5
Tonga 59 44,014 15,409 42.1 50.9 6.6 0.4 100 77.7
Trinidad and Tobago 1,037 49,567 21,049 40.7 49.7 9.3 0.3 100 75.7
Tunisia 8,294 20,981 7,384 61.2 35.3 3.4 0.1 100 78.0
Turkey 58,575 19,496 5,964 68.4 29.2 2.3 0.1 100 81.0
Turkmenistan 3,782 20,588 9,168 53.6 43.6 2.7 0.1 100 70.5
Uganda 20,620 2,387 664 96.0 3.9 0.1 0.0 100 82.8
Ukraine 34,382 19,742 4,987 76.7 21.2 2.0 0.2 100 83.4
United Arab Emirates 8,092 122,841 23,055 44.5 45.8 7.4 2.2 100 88.5
United Kingdom 52,562 309,375 141,552 17.6 26.9 50.2 5.4 100 70.6
United States 251,779 579,051 93,271 22.8 29.4 38.0 9.7 100 85.0
Uruguay 2,545 57,726 22,519 39.6 50.1 9.9 0.4 100 77.4
Vanuatu 165 16,374 4,953 73.5 23.2 3.3 0.1 100 81.4
Venezuela 18,798 28,243 10,948 50.0 45.8 4.1 0.1 100 77.8
Vietnam 69,176 14,246 4,987 76.7 21.3 1.9 0.1 100 79.7
Yemen 15,760 7,808 1,697 91.3 7.2 1.5 0.0 100 88.3
Zambia 8,655 3,084 653 94.2 5.6 0.2 0.0 100 88.6
Zimbabwe 7,264 9,791 3,164 81.7 17.3 0.9 0.1 100 79.7
Africa 689,800 8,419 1,111 87.3 11.5 1.1 0.1 100 87.9
Asia-Pacific 1,256,863 64,700 5,218 62.6 26.2 10.3 0.9 100 88.5
China 1,110,504 76,639 28,258 17.7 66.6 15.1 0.6 100 70.1
Europe 589,822 180,275 26,385 31.6 36.4 29.2 2.8 100 81.6
India 915,667 15,535 3,457 75.1 22.9 1.9 0.1 100 82.3
Latin America 453,836 27,717 5,139 65.0 30.1 4.7 0.2 100 85.8
North America 282,072 560,846 95,255 22.4 28.8 39.3 9.5 100 84.2
World 5,298,564 87,489 8,360 53.2 33.8 11.8 1.2 100 88.9
Source: Original estimates; see text for explanation of methods
122
Table 3-2: Wealth pattern by region, 2021
Wealth range (USD)
100,000 -
Region under 10,000 10,000 - 100,000 over 1 million all levels
1 million
Number of adults (thousands)
Africa 602,315 79,349 7,784 352 689,800
Asia-Pacific 787,335 329,073 129,700 10,755 1,256,863
China 196,637 740,134 167,543 6,190 1,110,504
Europe 186,178 214,773 172,175 16,696 589,822
India 687,706 209,879 17,286 796 915,667
Latin America 295,015 136,694 21,213 915 453,836
North America 63,182 81,311 110,801 26,778 282,072
World 2,818,367 1,791,212 626,501 62,483 5,298,564
total wealth (USD bn) 5,011 60,367 176,504 221,685 463,567
Percentage of world (in %)
Africa 21.4 4.4 1.2 0.6 13.0
Asia-Pacific 27.9 18.4 20.7 17.2 23.7
China 7.0 41.3 26.7 9.9 21.0
Europe 6.6 12.0 27.5 26.7 11.1
India 24.4 11.7 2.8 1.3 17.3
Latin America 10.5 7.6 3.4 1.5 8.6
North America 2.2 4.5 17.7 42.9 5.3
World 100 100 100 100 100
Percentage of region (in %)
Africa 87.3 11.5 1.1 0.1 100
Asia-Pacific 62.6 26.2 10.3 0.9 100
China 17.7 66.6 15.1 0.6 100
Europe 31.6 36.4 29.2 2.8 100
India 75.1 22.9 1.9 0.1 100
Latin America 65.0 30.1 4.7 0.2 100
North America 22.4 28.8 39.3 9.5 100
World 53.2 33.8 11.8 1.2 100
Share of total wealth (%) 1.1 13.0 38.1 47.8 100

Table 3-3: Membership of top wealth groups for selected countries, 2021
Over USD 100,000 Over USD 1 million
Number of adults Number of adults

Country/region % %
(thousands) (thousands)
China 173,733 25.2 6,190 9.9
United States 120,206 17.4 24,480 39.2
Japan 56,668 8.2 3,366 5.4
France 29,576 4.3 2,796 4.5
United Kingdom 29,224 4.2 2,849 4.6
Germany 28,782 4.2 2,683 4.3
Italy 26,397 3.8 1,413 2.3
Korea 21,357 3.1 1290 2.1
Spain 19,347 2.8 1,132 1.8
India 18,082 2.6 796 1.3
Canada 17,317 2.5 2291 3.7
Australia 13,691 2.0 2177 3.5
Taiwan 10,579 1.5 869 1.4
Mexico 8,332 1.2 318 0.5
Netherlands 7,889 1.1 1149 1.8
Belgium 6,217 0.9 589 0.9
Brazil 5,562 0.8 266 0.4
Hong Kong 4,118 0.6 632 1.0
Russia 4,118 0.6 353 0.6
Iran 3,947 0.6 147 0.2
Indonesia 3,927 0.6 191 0.3
Switzerland 3,880 0.6 1152 1.8
Sweden 3,834 0.6 610 1.0
Austria 3,381 0.5 271 0.4
Poland 3,029 0.4 100 0.2
Saudi Arabia 2,776 0.4 313 0.5
Portugal 2,768 0.4 159 0.3
Israel 2,740 0.4 204 0.3
Denmark 2,715 0.4 385 0.6
Singapore 2,358 0.3 299 0.5
Norway 2,339 0.3 236 0.4
Greece 2,299 0.3 81 0.1
New Zealand 2,274 0.3 347 0.6
Egypt 2,141 0.3 87 0.1
South Africa 1,872 0.3 86 0.1
Finland 1836 0.3 101 0.2
Ireland 1731 0.3 176 0.3
Turkey 1428 0.2 73 0.1
Thailand 1427 0.2 82 0.1
Chile 1410 0.2 66 0.1
Vietnam 1395 0.2 49 0.1
Philippines 1364 0.2 79 0.1
Czechia 1362 0.2 68 0.1
Hungary 1232 0.2 32 0.1
Qatar 1214 0.2 36 0.1
Romania 1139 0.2 37 0.1
Africa 8,136 1.2 352 0.6
Asia-Pacific 140,455 20.4 10,755 17.2
China 173,733 25.2 6,190 9.9
Europe 188,871 27.4 16,696 26.7
India 18,082 2.6 796 1.3
Latin America 22,128 3.2 915 1.5
North America 137,579 20.0 26,778 42.9
World 688,985 100.0 62,483 100.0
124
Table 3-4: Percentage membership of global wealth deciles and top percentiles by country of residence, 2021
Global wealth decile Top
Country
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10% 5% 1%
Afghanistan 0.0 1.6 1.2 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Albania 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Algeria 1.3 0.7 0.5 1.1 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Angola 0.3 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Antigua and Barbuda 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Argentina 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.1 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Armenia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Aruba 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Australia 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 2.4 3.5 3.3
Austria 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.4
Azerbaijan 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Bahamas 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Bahrain 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Bangladesh 2.6 2.9 2.8 3.5 3.9 2.2 1.2 0.7 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.0
Barbados 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Belarus 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Belgium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 1.1 1.5 0.9
Belize 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Benin 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Bolivia 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Botswana 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Brazil 8.2 2.6 2.0 2.8 5.4 3.2 2.3 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.4
Brunei 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Bulgaria 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0
Burkina Faso 0.0 1.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Burundi 0.0 0.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Cambodia 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Cameroon 0.3 0.9 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Canada 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.9 2.9 3.9 3.5
Central African Republic 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chad 0.0 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chile 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1
China 0.0 3.3 6.4 9.8 10.9 27.6 41.0 47.7 42.6 20.3 13.6 9.6
Colombia 1.7 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.4 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1
Comoros 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.0 5.7 1.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Congo, Rep. 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Costa Rica 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Croatia 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0
Cyprus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Czechia 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1
Denmark 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.7 0.6
Djibouti 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Dominica 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Ecuador 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Table 3-4: Percentage membership of global wealth deciles and top percentiles by country of residence, 2021, continued
Country
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10% 5% 1%
Egypt 2.0 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.5 2.0 1.4 1.0 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.1
El Salvador 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Equatorial Guinea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Eritrea 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Estonia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Ethiopia 0.0 3.8 3.5 2.1 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Fiji 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Finland 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
France 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.9 0.7 1.2 4.8 5.4 4.2
Gabon 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Gambia 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Georgia 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Germany 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.7 1.0 1.3 2.1 4.5 5.2 4.2
Ghana 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Greece 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.1
Grenada 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Guinea 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Guinea-Bissau 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Guyana 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Haiti 0.0 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Hong Kong 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.9 1.0
Hungary 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0
Iceland 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
India 19.6 11.9 36.1 29.2 26.7 19.0 11.6 10.5 6.1 2.2 1.6 1.3
Indonesia 2.1 5.2 4.5 5.3 4.9 3.6 4.6 2.7 1.3 0.5 0.4 0.3
Iran 2.3 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.9 1.2 2.0 1.7 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.2
Iraq 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0
Ireland 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3
Israel 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3
Italy 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.6 2.5 3.9 3.7 2.2
Jamaica 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Japan 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.6 1.1 2.2 4.9 8.9 9.0 5.0
Jordan 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Kazakhstan 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
Kenya 1.2 0.5 0.5 0.7 1.1 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0
Korea 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.8 2.0 3.5 3.0 2.0
Kuwait 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2
Kyrgyzstan 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Laos 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Latvia 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lebanon 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Lesotho 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Liberia 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Libya 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lithuania 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Luxembourg 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1
126
Country
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10% 5% 1%
Madagascar 0.0 1.6 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Malawi 0.1 1.0 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Malaysia 1.0 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
Maldives 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mali 0.0 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Malta 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mauritania 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mauritius 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mexico 4.1 0.4 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.1 2.5 2.8 1.9 1.1 0.8 0.5
Moldova 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mongolia 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Montenegro 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Morocco 1.0 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0
Mozambique 0.0 1.9 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Myanmar 0.0 1.4 1.2 1.8 1.2 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Namibia 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Nepal 0.3 1.1 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Netherlands 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.4 1.3 1.9 1.7
New Zealand 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.5
Nicaragua 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Niger 0.0 1.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Nigeria 3.7 3.8 3.3 3.7 2.0 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1
Norway 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.4
Oman 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Pakistan 1.8 5.2 4.2 5.6 3.6 1.7 0.9 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0
Panama 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Papua New Guinea 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Paraguay 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Peru 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0
Philippines 2.4 1.9 1.6 2.6 1.9 1.3 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1
Poland 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.9 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.2
Portugal 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.2
Qatar 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1
Romania 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1
Russia 3.4 1.7 1.6 2.4 3.0 4.0 2.8 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6
Rwanda 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Samoa 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sao Tome and Principe 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Saudi Arabia 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.7 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.5
Senegal 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Serbia 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Seychelles 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sierra Leone 0.0 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Singapore 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5
Slovakia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0
Slovenia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0

Country
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10% 5% 1%
Solomon Islands 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
South Africa 2.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.3 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1
Spain 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.7 1.9 2.9 2.5 1.8
Sri Lanka 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0
St. Lucia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
St. Vincent and the
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Grenadines
Suriname 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sweden 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.7 1.0
Switzerland 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.7 1.1 1.8
Syria 0.0 1.4 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Taiwan 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 1.0 1.7 1.7 1.3
Tajikistan 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Tanzania 0.0 1.9 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Thailand 0.0 1.9 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.7 1.6 1.1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1
Timor-Leste 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Togo 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Tonga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Trinidad and Tobago 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Tunisia 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Turkey 2.0 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.9 1.6 1.2 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1
Turkmenistan 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Uganda 0.0 2.1 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Ukraine 0.0 1.3 1.0 0.9 1.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
United Arab Emirates 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3
United Kingdom 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.7 1.6 5.0 5.3 4.2
United States 6.5 0.2 0.2 0.5 2.2 3.3 2.2 3.5 9.7 19.3 24.4 41.9
Uruguay 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Vanuatu 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Venezuela 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0
Vietnam 2.3 1.3 1.4 1.6 2.8 1.5 1.1 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1
Yemen 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Zambia 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Zimbabwe 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Africa 15.4 43.8 22.2 16.6 12.5 7.9 5.2 3.4 2.2 1.0 0.7 0.5
Asia-Pacific 25.8 30.1 25.6 31.0 28.4 21.3 19.5 16.5 17.3 21.7 22.2 16.4
China 0.0 3.3 6.4 9.8 10.9 27.6 41.0 47.7 42.6 20.3 13.6 9.6
Europe 11.5 3.9 3.7 5.3 7.5 11.6 11.4 10.7 16.1 29.7 31.6 25.4
India 19.6 11.9 36.1 29.2 26.7 19.0 11.6 10.5 6.1 2.2 1.6 1.3
Latin America 20.5 6.8 5.7 7.4 11.8 9.1 9.0 7.3 5.1 2.9 2.0 1.4
North America 7.1 0.2 0.2 0.6 2.4 3.5 2.5 3.9 10.6 22.3 28.3 45.4
World 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Minimum wealth -162 840 2,214 4,493 8,360 14,155 25,123 51,633 138,346 295,778 1,146,685
Wealth share (%) -0.5 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.3 2.2 4.1 9.8 81.9 70.4 45.6
128
Table 3-5: Main gains and losses in global wealth distribution, adults (thousand), 2021
Wealth above USD 1 m Global top 1% Global top 10%
Country 2020 2021 Change Country 2020 2021 Change Country 2020 2021 Change
Main gains Main gains Main gains

United States 21,990 24,480 2,490 United States 20,635 22,187 1,552 China 95,694 107,319 11,625
China 5,158 6,190 1,032 China 4,656 5,086 430 United States 99,927 102,323 2,396
Canada 1,862 2,291 429 Canada 1,665 1,866 201 Iran 1,970 2,932 962
Australia 1,787 2,177 390 Australia 1,598 1,727 129 India 10,609 11,470 861
United Kingdom 2,584 2,849 265 Taiwan 594 710 116 Taiwan 8,108 8,959 851
Taiwan 658 869 211 New Zealand 223 281 58 Canada 15,057 15,524 467
Korea 1,174 1,290 116 Iran 71 116 45 Mexico 5,625 6,019 394
Switzerland 1,039 1,152 113 Russia 262 300 38 Russia 3,131 3,454 323
New Zealand 238 347 109 India 629 665 36 Australia 12,348 12,651 303
India 689 796 107 Switzerland 934 960 26 Brazil 3,514 3,762 248
Main losses Main losses Main losses

Japan 3,760 3,366 -394 Japan 3,312 2,648 -664 Japan 51,887 47,283 -4,604
Italy 1,548 1,413 -135 France 2,514 2,237 -277 Italy 23,758 20,693 -3,065
Germany 2742 2683 -59 Germany 2,475 2,215 -260 France 27,802 25,567 -2,235
Netherlands 1,205 1,149 -56 Italy 1,381 1,140 -241 Germany 25,530 24,086 -1,444
Turkey 109 73 -36 Netherlands 1,064 896 -168 Spain 16,223 15,518 -705
France 2,822 2,796 -26 Spain 1,037 934 -103 Greece 2,003 1,482 -521
Belgium 615 589 -26 United Kingdom 2,299 2,209 -90 Turkey 1,418 943 -475
Spain 1,149 1,132 -17 Belgium 548 468 -80 Netherlands 7,106 6,938 -168
Austria 282 271 -11 Sweden 562 522 -40 Portugal 2,437 2,270 -167
Portugal 169 159 -10 Turkey 97 63 -34 Austria 3,127 3,001 -126
World 57,316 62,483 5,167 World 52,314 52,987 673 World 523,137 529,857 6,720

Table 3-6: High net worth individuals by country and region, 2021
Wealth range (USD)
Country/region
1-5 m 5–10 m 10–50 m 50–100 m 100–500 m 500+ m
United States 19,466,541 3,231,692 1,640,742 103,669 35,740 1,726

China 5,581,697 366,432 209,559 20,013 11,411 1,282
Japan 3,165,519 140,317 54,908 3,373 1,411 88
United Kingdom 2,668,703 125,108 51,358 2,787 1,278 110
France 2,589,495 139,852 62,351 3,237 1,314 85
Germany 2,410,992 171,431 90,909 6,052 3,354 318
Canada 2,092,416 127,941 65,417 3,472 1,912 123
Australia 2,006,783 112,068 53,385 2,947 1,576 109
Italy 1,294,761 77,428 36,670 2,574 1,253 103
Korea 1,183,711 70,014 32,306 2,450 1,319 117
Switzerland 1,019,655 85,758 43,353 2,115 987 92
Netherlands 1,075,071 49,686 22,384 1,100 471 28
Spain 1,041,701 60,516 27,689 1,509 666 51
Taiwan 787,232 53,381 25,718 1,874 912 93
India 695,685 58,644 37,103 3,024 1,750 210
Hong Kong 564,792 40,421 23,591 1,790 1,139 127
Sweden 539,163 43,055 25,035 1,866 1,019 76
Belgium 562,186 20,107 6,281 271 107 16
Denmark 354,025 20,034 9,883 571 288 27
Russia 299,687 29,361 19,878 2,134 1,488 253
New Zealand 317,475 21,560 8,000 316 115 12
Mexico 291,091 17,596 8,756 557 271 27
Saudi Arabia 280,585 23,530 8,891 208 64 3
Singapore 263,895 21,028 12,110 974 570 73
Austria 247,902 14,971 7,336 497 275 33
Brazil 232,969 17,847 12,884 1,238 749 95
Norway 211,648 14,595 8,966 494 298 22
Israel 178,591 14,918 8,866 652 529 67
Indonesia 166,916 13,985 8,973 740 432 57
United Arab Emirates 156,195 12,313 7,553 435 247 37
Ireland 161,421 9,497 4,515 247 96 15
Portugal 150,208 6,347 2,345 57 41 8
Iran 131,139 10,676 4,559 126 97 41
Finland 90,370 6,488 3,477 292 132 27
Poland 91,039 5,836 2,980 166 92 16
Egypt 77,936 5,899 3,022 220 108 21
South Africa 78,584 4,837 2,507 151 86 10
Thailand 71,377 5,971 4,382 446 249 41
Greece 73,355 5,620 2,288 89 30 1
Philippines 68,063 6,055 3,907 370 197 34
Turkey 63,163 5,889 3,379 366 136 34
Czechia 59,386 5,068 3,040 276 142 30
Chile 58,884 4,084 2,289 177 92 20
Ukraine 44,523 4,456 3,069 322 153 44
Vietnam 43,652 3,218 1,846 113 75 13
Nigeria 36,955 2,664 1,539 76 65 18
Colombia 34,982 2,445 1,394 54 51 17
Romania 33,720 2,436 480 28 21 5
Bangladesh 28,931 1,125 400 39 43 21
Pakistan 18,532 885 348 38 45 25
130
Table 3-6: High net worth individuals by country and region, 2021, continued
Wealth range (USD)
Country/region
1-5 m 5–10 m 10–50 m 50–100 m 100–500 m 500+ m
Number of adults
North America 21,565,053 3,360,177 1,706,421 107,163 37,663 1,855
Europe 15,299,632 912,294 441,538 27,277 13,964 1,541
Asia-Pacific 9,858,719 586,745 279,432 18,613 10,066 1,335
China 5,581,697 366,432 209,559 20,013 11,411 1,282
Latin America 809,305 62,934 37,623 2,728 1,863 518
India 695,685 58,644 37,103 3,024 1,750 210
Africa 315,523 23,728 10,932 868 708 327
World 54,125,614 5,370,954 2,722,608 179,686 77,425 7,068
Percentage of adults (in %)

North America 39.8 62.6 62.7 59.6 48.6 26.2
Europe 28.3 17.0 16.2 15.2 18.0 21.8
Asia-Pacific 18.2 10.9 10.3 10.4 13.0 18.9
China 10.3 6.8 7.7 11.1 14.7 18.1
Latin America 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.5 2.4 7.3
India 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.7 2.3 3.0
Africa 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.9 4.6
World 100 100 100 100 100 100

4.1 Introduction This in turn has implications for global wealth
Countries differ greatly in terms of their level and inequality. Although wealth levels in Europe and
pattern of wealth holdings. There are also distinct North America have always been far above those
differences at the regional level. It is therefore in other regions, particularly Africa and India, the
interesting to compare regional variations and regional imbalance narrowed during the early
trends since the year 2000, and to document the years of the century. Africa, India, and most
variety of country circumstances and notably China, all increased their share of world
experiences. wealth between 2000 and 2007, hinting at the
possibility that global wealth inequality was on a
The accompanying tables collate information on long-term downward trend. The shares of the top
wealth holdings for each of the regions and the 1% and top 10% in world wealth fell significantly
top 50 countries in terms of total household between 2000 and 2008: the share of the top
wealth. Some of the core data is summarized in percentile, for instance, declined from 48.3% to
Table 4-1. Table 4-2 reports wealth per adult 42.6%. The share of the top 10% declined
measured in US dollars at current and “smoothed slightly after the financial crisis, but the share of
exchange rates”, the latter referring to 2020 the top 1% rose until 2016, then dipped
annual average exchange rates adjusted for between 2017 and 2019 before rising again in
inflation differences between the United States 2020. It is now back up to its post-crisis peak.
and the country concerned. Table 4-3 provides
similar information for aggregate household 4.3 Components of personal wealth
wealth measured in trillions of US dollars, and Table 4-4 displays the breakdown of wealth per
Table 4-4 shows the composition of wealth. For adult for each region into financial and real (non-
each region and country, the wealth share of financial) forms, as well as the average level of
each decile and the top percentiles is recorded in debt. On average internationally, financial assets
Table 4-5, along with the minimum wealth now comprise 54% of gross assets, while non-
needed to belong to a given regional wealth financial assets account for 46% and debts
quantile. Finally, Table 4-6 reports the Gini amount to 11%. Financial assets are relatively
coefficient and the distribution of the adult more important in high income countries. For
population by wealth range. instance, they represent 70% of gross assets in
North America. In developing regions, non-
4.2 Mean wealth 2000–20 financial assets typically account for the bulk of
All regions have recorded an increase in wealth household wealth: they account for 54% of gross
per adult since the start of the century. If wealth assets in Latin America and 77% of assets in
is measured in local currencies, growth has been India, for example.
sustained and generally continuous apart from
the financial crisis period when all regions except A systematic link with the stage of development
Latin America suffered a setback. If wealth is is also evident in the level of household debts
valued in current USD, the picture is somewhat expressed as a percentage of gross assets. The
different. Between 2000 and 2007, dollar share is 7% in Africa, 8% in India and 11% in
depreciation raised the regional growth rates; but China, but averages 12% in the Asia-Pacific
dollar appreciation in more recent years has had region, Europe and North America.
the opposite effect.
132
4.4 Wealth distribution
Table 4-6 shows wealth distribution for each
region. Some interesting contrasts between
regions are evident. Nearly 90% of adults in
Africa own less than USD 10,000, and 75% of
adults in India fall in this range. Meanwhile the
fraction is 32% in Europe, 22% in North
America and just 18% in China. On the other
hand, 32% of adults in Europe and 49% in
North America have wealth above USD
100,000. The wealth distribution in both Latin
America and the Asia-Pacific region resembles
the pattern in the world as a whole, with Latin
America showing 65% and Asia-Pacific 63% of
all adults owning less than USD 10,000.
Among developed countries, there is substantial

variation in the percentage of adults recorded in
the lowest wealth ranges. Some countries report
significant numbers of people in this category,
while others show very few. This reflects such
factors as availability of credit including student
loans, as well as how many young adults live
separately from their parents, making their low
wealth more apparent in the survey returns.

Table 4-1: Summary details for regions and selected countries, 2021
Members of
Total Mean wealth Median wealth GDP per Number of global wealth
Population Adults
wealth per adult per adult adult millionaires
Country Top 10% Top 1% Data quality
thousand thousand USD bn USD USD USD thousand thousand thousand
Australia 25,929 19,359 10,649 550,110 273,903 85,678 2,177 12,651 1,727 Good
Austria 9,055 7,297 1,825 250,125 75,075 62,610 271 3,001 220 Satisfactory
Belgium 11,650 9,026 3,440 381,114 267,887 63,611 589 5,797 468 Satisfactory
Canada 38,228 30,203 12,362 409,297 151,248 64,188 2,291 15,524 1,866 Good
Chile 19,231 14,358 785 54,639 18,820 22,107 66 971 54 Satisfactory
China 1,446,344 1,110,504 85,107 76,639 28,258 15,765 6,190 107,319 5,086 Good
Colombia 51,389 36,094 616 17,079 4,866 8,737 39 603 32 Fair
Czechia 10,731 8,520 701 82,240 22,958 33,177 68 846 57 Satisfactory
Denmark 5,824 4,538 1,935 426,494 171,175 83,561 385 2,478 310 Good
Finland 5,552 4,387 817 186,208 80,152 64,698 101 1,316 82 Good
France 65,505 50,171 16,159 322,074 139,169 56,125 2,796 25,567 2,237 Good
Germany 83,892 68,056 17,489 256,985 60,633 59,423 2,683 24,086 2,215 Good
Greece 10,344 8,440 914 108,300 55,016 24,534 81 1,482 68 Satisfactory
Hungary 9,620 7,745 547 70,668 31,095 23,831 32 730 26 Good
India 1,400,020 915,667 14,225 15,535 3,457 3,465 796 11,470 665 Fair
Indonesia 277,748 183,735 3,405 18,534 5,030 6,472 191 2,563 161 Fair
Ireland 5,002 3,659 920 251,337 91,591 130,484 176 1,464 145 Satisfactory
Israel 8,856 5,719 1,564 273,417 92,426 87,463 204 2,107 170 Satisfactory
Italy 60,315 49,766 11,512 231,323 112,138 40,324 1,413 20,693 1,140 Good
Japan 125,818 104,763 25,692 245,238 119,999 45,449 3,366 47,283 2,648 Good
Korea 51,318 42,707 10,149 237,644 93,141 40,600 1,290 18,483 1,043 Good
Mexico 130,913 86,570 4,167 48,138 15,684 14,546 318 6,019 258 Satisfactory
Netherlands 17,192 13,527 5,422 400,828 142,994 72,065 1,149 6,938 896 Good
New Zealand 4,879 3,634 1,716 472,153 231,257 68,589 347 2,126 281 Good
Norway 5,489 4,225 1,413 334,432 132,482 111,297 236 2,062 186 Good
Poland 37,768 30,244 1,525 50,426 16,640 21,200 100 1,944 82 Satisfactory
Portugal 10,154 8,338 1,287 154,377 66,029 28,700 159 2,270 123 Satisfactory
Romania 19,080 15,123 640 42,351 20,389 18,685 37 728 30 Fair
Russia 145,859 111,419 3,789 34,005 6,919 15,750 353 3,454 300 Fair
Singapore 5,920 4,932 1,766 358,204 93,133 78,784 299 1,805 249 Satisfactory
South Africa 60,399 38,133 938 24,601 5,252 9,177 86 1,313 68 Satisfactory
Spain 46,732 37,825 8,431 222,888 104,163 36,083 1,132 15,518 934 Satisfactory
Sweden 10,190 7,829 2,990 381,968 95,051 75,994 610 3,131 522 Good
Switzerland 8,745 7,003 4,878 696,604 168,084 116,239 1,152 3,602 960 Good
Taiwan 23,872 19,733 5,878 297,864 113,938 40,010 869 8,959 710 Satisfactory
Thailand 70,015 54,411 1,341 24,638 8,662 8,926 82 974 71 Satisfactory
Turkey 85,302 58,575 1,142 19,496 5,964 9,403 73 943 63 Fair
United Kingdom 68,353 52,562 16,261 309,375 141,552 59,377 2,849 26,479 2,209 Good
United States 333,860 251,779 145,793 579,051 93,271 91,340 24,480 102,323 22,187 Good
Africa 1,389,482 689,800 5,808 8,419 1,111 3,884 352 5,306 287
Asia-Pacific 1,894,014 1,256,863 81,319 64,700 5,218 14,863 10,755 115,206 8,667
China 1,446,344 1,110,504 85,107 76,639 28,258 15,765 6,190 107,319 5,086
Europe 748,184 589,822 106,330 180,275 26,385 39,005 16,696 157,386 13,472
India 1,400,020 915,667 14,225 15,535 3,457 3,465 796 11,470 665
Latin America 662,414 453,836 12,579 27,717 5,139 11,517 915 15,274 752
North America 372,207 282,072 158,199 560,846 95,255 88,448 26,778 117,896 24,058
World 7,912,666 5,298,564 463,567 87,489 8,360 17,971 62,483 529,857 52,987
134
Table 4-2: Wealth per adult (USD) at current and smooth exchange rates
for regions and selected countries, 2000–21
Year
Country/region Exchange rate 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Australia current 108,656 233,079 401,454 355,877 380,957 432,269 385,207 418,061 483,755 550,110
Australia smoothed 160,386 243,744 268,856 353,427 371,932 391,560 381,849 416,758 432,246 514,829
Austria current 115,039 165,085 218,089 200,430 200,191 238,333 235,046 241,264 255,133 250,125
Austria smoothed 138,611 161,458 189,619 210,919 215,776 227,780 236,648 247,984 237,480 258,141
Belgium current 140,800 224,259 302,924 288,701 286,540 328,278 314,668 320,171 394,061 381,114
Belgium smoothed 165,671 212,515 255,936 302,977 307,781 310,128 314,037 325,783 366,795 383,430
Canada current 114,618 178,155 258,207 244,732 269,356 299,937 270,708 303,253 353,636 409,297
Canada smoothed 127,538 152,367 187,528 250,657 268,303 277,323 273,857 294,027 338,987 378,021
Chile current 22,174 30,074 46,493 49,035 49,109 53,109 56,130 54,983 51,714 54,639
Chile smoothed 26,682 32,215 37,050 46,138 46,233 46,602 48,693 52,199 51,714 50,652
China current 4,247 9,092 24,975 43,521 48,297 57,478 60,376 63,894 66,917 76,639
China smoothed 6,708 13,415 25,814 42,050 49,759 54,242 59,321 64,322 63,369 72,553
Colombia current 4,202 6,587 13,269 14,685 13,622 16,969 19,595 18,352 16,457 17,079
Colombia smoothed 4,138 5,922 8,283 12,250 12,158 14,185 16,053 16,332 16,457 16,923
Czechia current 11,406 25,783 43,634 47,255 52,118 56,856 64,878 67,104 73,713 82,240
Czechia smoothed 19,320 26,745 36,883 52,586 57,543 60,393 63,948 68,390 73,713 76,774
Denmark current 110,450 194,704 242,420 240,282 246,167 329,829 313,832 334,805 394,382 426,494
Denmark smoothed 130,940 182,454 196,124 244,139 260,204 309,024 313,830 346,402 365,171 434,386
Finland current 73,221 111,486 150,088 142,415 140,769 167,023 162,809 167,238 191,300 186,208
Finland smoothed 84,549 107,346 128,527 145,586 149,985 158,085 162,017 170,147 178,064 190,421
France current 106,643 210,217 284,120 237,014 238,646 280,482 271,754 282,583 325,862 322,074
France smoothed 118,801 188,561 227,973 242,723 253,621 265,581 273,246 291,057 303,315 335,530
Germany current 96,037 139,139 181,558 179,507 180,988 216,918 216,748 226,134 255,677 256,985
Germany smoothed 106,648 129,376 154,995 188,660 195,829 207,090 217,622 230,807 237,986 261,681
Greece current 71,106 114,069 144,613 103,026 96,449 109,979 100,857 102,676 113,784 108,300
Greece smoothed 76,223 92,785 99,805 98,526 96,779 98,554 97,088 102,286 105,911 111,442
Hungary current 12,138 25,656 32,538 33,583 37,297 42,759 50,441 55,113 57,984 70,668
Hungary smoothed 17,979 22,081 26,199 34,406 38,389 42,024 47,667 54,432 57,984 66,560
India current 2,643 4,924 9,179 10,885 11,796 13,786 14,015 14,988 14,105 15,535
India smoothed 3,383 5,486 7,463 10,828 11,761 12,674 13,883 14,902 13,906 14,804
Indonesia current 2,894 5,094 8,933 11,446 12,873 14,453 14,713 16,756 17,073 18,534
Indonesia smoothed 5,241 6,690 6,708 11,189 12,085 13,367 14,344 15,711 16,515 17,818
Ireland current 125,866 228,659 216,953 202,976 203,246 244,346 241,256 253,701 243,792 251,337
Ireland smoothed 147,089 195,308 186,556 206,745 214,446 228,780 240,539 251,785 226,924 265,003
Israel current 78,588 105,795 144,431 165,808 167,546 201,760 185,936 220,504 232,407 273,417
Israel smoothed 86,012 137,797 144,363 180,696 180,713 199,950 202,168 220,866 217,054 250,755
Italy current 120,950 200,172 239,421 212,231 204,424 234,990 218,897 218,138 244,767 231,323
Italy smoothed 143,283 182,478 193,495 215,597 214,202 218,937 216,406 221,706 227,831 241,814
Japan current 191,447 187,223 272,002 204,256 212,367 226,610 228,846 240,768 259,740 245,238
Japan smoothed 129,831 155,928 180,628 216,260 219,207 230,561 234,016 245,174 252,091 275,728
Korea current 50,503 95,784 123,896 150,135 151,223 185,549 186,087 190,275 225,397 237,644
Korea smoothed 54,003 80,370 114,837 144,532 148,664 161,202 171,917 186,852 207,777 243,218
Mexico current 14,995 24,478 31,789 33,603 30,570 35,847 38,459 43,094 44,340 48,138
Mexico smoothed 12,042 18,657 23,511 31,366 32,882 35,141 36,591 38,434 41,169 44,793
Netherlands current 131,636 203,400 260,029 247,568 258,291 303,520 305,768 333,037 403,852 400,828
Netherlands smoothed 156,519 187,641 214,820 262,759 284,683 295,881 312,062 342,245 375,909 411,076
New Zealand current 79,140 193,154 222,782 277,444 306,744 336,190 337,104 333,053 357,864 472,153
New Zealand smoothed 120,555 190,600 203,846 264,733 289,323 308,306 321,426 327,821 357,864 441,901

Table 4-2: Wealth per adult (USD) at current and smooth exchange rates
for regions and selected countries, 2000–21, continued
Year
Norway current 100,499 176,754 269,431 231,146 251,503 281,433 268,707 280,227 321,574 334,432
Norway smoothed 110,139 140,365 163,903 208,854 227,935 238,130 231,036 248,881 291,320 279,052
Poland current 10,338 21,309 31,158 32,624 33,324 42,398 41,178 44,013 48,313 50,426
Poland smoothed 11,873 18,970 23,958 33,396 36,798 39,013 41,401 44,089 46,562 51,644
Portugal current 52,879 87,904 113,541 106,265 108,766 135,257 127,031 139,192 160,347 154,377
Portugal smoothed 65,960 82,018 93,460 111,987 117,554 128,975 127,593 142,551 149,252 161,062
Romania current 4,214 13,898 18,889 25,545 28,829 34,756 37,178 39,850 38,430 42,351
Romania smoothed 9,441 17,384 17,673 28,024 31,598 37,021 37,140 40,796 38,430 41,108
Russia current 2,751 7,902 19,080 16,028 18,596 28,333 25,598 31,468 28,405 34,005
Russia smoothed 5,927 8,862 13,829 18,499 17,543 24,550 24,900 26,934 29,102 31,349
Singapore current 107,007 128,089 226,234 235,890 240,425 274,013 283,736 307,535 334,920 358,204
Singapore smoothed 111,120 141,447 191,821 230,174 240,822 250,918 262,842 288,043 320,928 351,342
South Africa current 9,702 20,980 28,701 17,257 20,204 24,543 22,737 24,502 24,023 24,601
South Africa smoothed 10,579 15,165 16,611 19,284 18,725 19,816 21,115 21,723 21,435 23,211
Spain current 76,919 193,425 230,591 164,681 165,872 200,862 201,025 210,397 224,385 222,888
Spain smoothed 92,296 168,568 176,802 167,727 175,668 188,073 199,379 213,704 208,860 229,151
Sweden current 77,253 140,095 225,039 234,678 236,183 277,766 259,898 280,710 351,728 381,968
Sweden smoothed 77,556 123,129 164,191 219,012 235,423 250,191 255,416 284,320 312,275 379,190
Switzerland current 231,354 300,133 464,868 513,945 511,775 561,310 558,935 603,202 671,565 696,604
Switzerland smoothed 297,290 336,680 383,184 496,120 514,065 553,582 565,788 611,598 630,333 695,462
Taiwan current 92,298 111,222 145,958 185,748 187,223 208,098 214,070 223,589 250,616 297,864
Taiwan smoothed 63,697 92,972 139,496 185,378 189,767 204,135 214,302 233,972 250,616 279,511
Thailand current 6,356 10,250 18,666 19,315 18,917 22,342 23,982 27,606 25,769 24,638
Thailand smoothed 9,565 14,235 17,729 21,743 20,806 22,413 24,113 26,008 24,734 26,930
Turkey current 13,833 24,260 36,484 33,982 33,134 33,382 27,035 27,586 26,114 19,496
Turkey smoothed 10,945 13,764 17,750 23,754 26,185 25,961 25,778 26,551 27,375 29,467
United Kingdom current 148,613 239,442 230,554 275,933 246,788 282,198 257,703 270,553 299,559 309,375
United Kingdom smoothed 137,921 191,159 197,702 251,333 268,389 279,644 272,824 276,514 286,178 306,636
United States current 215,146 294,135 286,517 368,017 385,708 418,033 416,660 463,549 505,421 579,051
United States smoothed 215,146 294,135 286,517 368,017 385,708 418,033 416,660 463,549 505,421 579,051
Africa current 1,965 3,125 5,491 6,352 6,307 6,718 6,877 7,654 8,038 8,419
Africa smoothed 2,216 2,904 4,318 5,964 7,877 7,051 7,087 7,443 7,937 8,437
Asia-Pacific current 34,147 38,494 54,266 49,394 50,632 55,869 55,126 57,972 62,208 64,700
Asia-Pacific smoothed 28,035 35,106 41,093 50,105 51,220 54,360 54,987 58,029 59,918 66,008
China current 4,247 9,092 24,975 43,521 48,297 57,478 60,376 63,894 66,917 76,639
China smoothed 6,708 13,415 25,814 42,050 49,759 54,242 59,321 64,322 63,369 72,553
Europe current 62,794 109,349 138,203 131,636 130,469 154,846 150,060 158,223 177,548 180,275
Europe smoothed 70,950 98,418 112,615 132,677 138,572 147,491 151,016 160,207 166,698 182,363
India current 2,643 4,924 9,179 10,885 11,796 13,786 14,015 14,988 14,105 15,535
India smoothed 3,383 5,486 7,463 10,828 11,761 12,674 13,883 14,902 13,906 14,804
Latin America current 9,044 12,876 23,219 23,862 22,782 27,437 26,703 27,616 25,452 27,717
Latin America smoothed 8,921 12,196 16,638 21,670 20,506 23,400 23,828 24,747 24,893 27,134
North America current 204,934 282,170 283,548 354,946 373,342 405,455 401,085 446,409 489,160 560,846
North America smoothed 206,264 279,524 276,138 355,577 373,231 403,052 401,422 445,425 487,593 557,489
World current 31,380 44,295 55,789 60,987 62,936 71,220 70,498 75,263 80,690 87,489
World smoothed 31,994 42,868 48,285 60,750 64,341 68,681 70,126 75,255 77,996 86,823
136
Table 4-3: Total wealth (USD trn) at current and smooth exchange rates
for regions and selected countries, 2000–21
Year
Australia current 1,500 3,480 6,662 6,424 6,969 8,006 7,217 7,923 9,268 10,649
Australia smoothed 2,215 3,639 4,462 6,379 6,804 7,252 7,155 7,898 8,281 9,966
Austria current 719 1,067 1,460 1,408 1,418 1,701 1,690 1,746 1,855 1,825
Austria smoothed 866 1,044 1,270 1,482 1,528 1,626 1,702 1,794 1,727 1,884
Belgium current 1,110 1,826 2,565 2,531 2,527 2,911 2,805 2,867 3,544 3,440
Belgium smoothed 1,306 1,730 2,167 2,656 2,714 2,750 2,799 2,917 3,299 3,461
Canada current 2,613 4,363 6,832 6,930 7,721 8,697 7,936 8,988 10,586 12,362
Canada smoothed 2,907 3,731 4,962 7,097 7,691 8,041 8,029 8,714 10,147 11,417
Chile current 220 327 555 641 655 723 779 775 737 785
Chile smoothed 265 350 442 603 617 634 675 736 737 727
China current 3,704 8,522 25,493 46,535 52,028 62,361 65,943 70,211 73,940 85,107
China smoothed 5,851 12,575 26,350 44,962 53,604 58,850 64,790 70,681 70,020 80,571
Colombia current 97 171 383 469 445 568 672 642 586 616
Colombia smoothed 96 153 239 391 398 475 550 572 586 611
Czechia current 91 209 369 404 446 486 554 573 629 701
Czechia smoothed 153 217 312 450 492 516 546 584 629 654
Denmark current 451 799 1,022 1,055 1,089 1,467 1,403 1,506 1,782 1,935
Denmark smoothed 534 749 827 1,071 1,151 1,375 1,403 1,558 1,650 1,971
Finland current 288 450 624 611 607 723 707 729 837 817
Finland smoothed 332 433 534 625 646 684 704 741 779 835
France current 4,704 9,679 13,526 11,594 11,729 13,845 13,470 14,063 16,282 16,159
France smoothed 5,241 8,682 10,853 11,873 12,465 13,110 13,544 14,484 15,156 16,834
Germany current 6,160 9,073 11,934 12,009 12,160 14,637 14,681 15,356 17,390 17,489
Germany smoothed 6,840 8,436 10,188 12,622 13,157 13,974 14,740 15,673 16,187 17,809
Greece current 618 1,020 1,252 882 824 937 857 871 963 914
Greece smoothed 663 829 864 843 827 840 825 868 896 941
Hungary current 95 202 255 264 293 335 394 429 450 547
Hungary smoothed 141 174 205 270 301 329 372 424 450 516
India current 1,553 3,266 6,810 8,948 9,886 11,769 12,182 13,264 12,700 14,225
India smoothed 1,987 3,639 5,537 8,901 9,856 10,819 12,067 13,188 12,521 13,555
Indonesia current 364 704 1,359 1,899 2,172 2,483 2,572 2,979 3,087 3,405
Indonesia smoothed 659 924 1,021 1,857 2,039 2,296 2,508 2,793 2,986 3,274
Ireland current 335 696 724 685 694 846 849 906 882 920
Ireland smoothed 391 594 622 697 732 792 846 899 821 970
Israel current 298 449 697 858 881 1,079 1,012 1,220 1,308 1,564
Israel smoothed 326 584 697 936 950 1,069 1,100 1,222 1,221 1,434
Italy current 5,522 9,457 11,545 10,506 10,141 11,670 10,878 10,846 12,176 11,512
Italy smoothed 6,541 8,621 9,330 10,673 10,626 10,873 10,754 11,023 11,334 12,034
Japan current 19,404 19,476 28,640 21,519 22,364 23,854 24,075 25,303 27,261 25,692
Japan smoothed 13,159 16,221 19,019 22,784 23,084 24,270 24,618 25,766 26,458 28,886
Korea current 1,721 3,508 4,744 6,128 6,233 7,719 7,804 8,035 9,577 10,149
Korea smoothed 1,841 2,943 4,397 5,899 6,128 6,706 7,210 7,891 8,828 10,387
Mexico current 833 1,533 2,229 2,617 2,425 2,896 3,163 3,607 3,775 4,167
Mexico smoothed 669 1,168 1,649 2,442 2,608 2,839 3,010 3,217 3,505 3,878
Netherlands current 1,591 2,524 3,323 3,249 3,407 4,024 4,075 4,461 5,437 5,422
Netherlands smoothed 1,892 2,329 2,745 3,448 3,755 3,923 4,159 4,584 5,060 5,561
New Zealand current 216 572 707 943 1,056 1,172 1,188 1,187 1,288 1,716
New Zealand smoothed 329 564 647 900 996 1,074 1,133 1,168 1,288 1,606

Table 4-3: Total wealth (USD trn) at current and smooth exchange rates
for regions and selected countries, 2000–21, continued
Year
Norway current 336 609 988 916 1,009 1,141 1,101 1,161 1,346 1,413
Norway smoothed 368 484 601 828 914 966 947 1,031 1,219 1,179
Poland current 288 622 936 993 1,015 1,291 1,252 1,337 1,465 1,525
Poland smoothed 330 554 719 1,016 1,121 1,188 1,259 1,339 1,412 1,562
Portugal current 422 731 958 888 908 1,128 1,060 1,161 1,337 1,287
Portugal smoothed 527 682 789 936 981 1,076 1,064 1,189 1,245 1,343
Romania current 69 227 302 402 451 540 573 610 584 640
Romania smoothed 154 283 283 441 494 575 572 624 584 622
Russia current 296 869 2,165 1,824 2,111 3,206 2,886 3,533 3,177 3,789
Russia smoothed 638 975 1,569 2,106 1,992 2,778 2,807 3,024 3,255 3,493
Singapore current 324 421 925 1,075 1,115 1,291 1,355 1,487 1,637 1,766
Singapore smoothed 336 465 785 1,049 1,117 1,182 1,255 1,393 1,568 1,733
South Africa current 243 589 897 598 712 880 829 907 903 938
South Africa smoothed 265 425 519 668 660 711 770 804 806 885
Spain current 2,497 6,905 8,701 6,177 6,229 7,555 7,574 7,942 8,481 8,431
Spain smoothed 2,996 6,018 6,671 6,291 6,597 7,074 7,512 8,067 7,894 8,668
Sweden current 522 966 1,628 1,783 1,807 2,135 2,007 2,178 2,742 2,990
Sweden smoothed 524 849 1,188 1,664 1,801 1,923 1,972 2,206 2,434 2,969
Switzerland current 1,273 1,737 2,892 3,428 3,447 3,814 3,830 4,167 4,673 4,878
Switzerland smoothed 1,636 1,948 2,384 3,309 3,462 3,762 3,877 4,225 4,386 4,870
Taiwan current 1,437 1,883 2,628 3,514 3,571 4,003 4,150 4,364 4,920 5,878
Taiwan smoothed 991 1,574 2,511 3,507 3,619 3,927 4,155 4,567 4,920 5,516
Thailand current 272 479 926 1,000 989 1,179 1,276 1,481 1,393 1,341
Thailand smoothed 410 665 880 1,126 1,088 1,183 1,283 1,396 1,337 1,465
Turkey current 525 1,034 1,718 1,777 1,771 1,824 1,508 1,568 1,509 1,142
Turkey smoothed 415 587 836 1,242 1,400 1,419 1,438 1,509 1,581 1,726
United Kingdom current 6,565 10,949 11,199 13,978 12,593 14,501 13,331 14,082 15,676 16,261
United Kingdom smoothed 6,092 8,741 9,603 12,732 13,695 14,370 14,113 14,392 14,976 16,117
United States current 43,423 62,634 64,661 87,959 93,094 101,817 102,376 114,896 126,300 145,793
United States smoothed 43,423 62,634 64,661 87,959 93,094 101,817 102,376 114,896 126,300 145,793
Africa current 748 1,371 2,775 3,695 3,773 4,135 4,357 4,989 5,391 5,808
Africa smoothed 844 1,274 2,183 3,469 4,713 4,341 4,489 4,851 5,323 5,820
Asia-Pacific current 28,548 35,950 56,330 56,329 58,743 65,928 66,136 70,671 77,021 81,319
Asia-Pacific smoothed 23,438 32,786 42,656 57,140 59,425 64,146 65,969 70,741 74,186 82,963
China current 3,704 8,522 25,493 46,535 52,028 62,361 65,943 70,211 73,940 85,107
China smoothed 5,851 12,575 26,350 44,962 53,604 58,850 64,790 70,681 70,020 80,571
Europe current 34,483 61,836 80,225 77,435 76,859 91,301 88,523 93,359 104,757 106,330
Europe smoothed 38,961 55,655 65,371 78,047 81,632 86,965 89,087 94,529 98,355 107,562
India current 1,553 3,266 6,810 8,948 9,886 11,769 12,182 13,264 12,700 14,225
India smoothed 1,987 3,639 5,537 8,901 9,856 10,819 12,067 13,188 12,521 13,555
Latin America current 2,757 4,382 8,732 9,839 9,557 11,705 11,580 12,167 11,385 12,579
Latin America smoothed 2,720 4,151 6,257 8,935 8,602 9,983 10,333 10,903 11,135 12,314
North America current 46,051 67,022 71,519 94,917 100,846 110,547 110,343 123,919 136,923 158,199
North America smoothed 46,350 66,394 69,650 95,086 100,816 109,891 110,436 123,646 136,485 157,252
World current 117,844 182,350 251,885 297,698 311,691 357,746 359,063 388,580 422,117 463,567
World smoothed 120,151 176,473 218,004 296,539 318,647 344,995 357,171 388,540 408,024 460,037
138
Table 4-4: Composition of wealth per adult for regions and selected countries, 2021
Country Wealth per adult (USD) Share of gross wealth (%)
Financial Non-financial Debts Gross Financial Non-financial Debts

assets assets wealth assets assets
Australia 254,419 398,248 102,558 652,667 39.0 61.0 15.7
Austria 125,124 157,996 32,995 283,120 44.2 55.8 11.7
Belgium 192,517 230,050 41,453 422,567 45.6 54.4 9.8
Canada 241,785 236,835 69,323 478,620 50.5 49.5 14.5
Chile 38,878 26,163 10,402 65,041 59.8 40.2 16.0
China 38,248 47,382 8,991 85,630 44.7 55.3 10.5
Colombia 9,434 10,883 3,239 20,318 46.4 53.6 15.9
Czechia 47,594 48,628 13,981 96,221 49.5 50.5 14.5
Denmark 350,452 165,517 89,476 515,969 67.9 32.1 17.3
Finland 99,964 138,249 52,005 238,213 42.0 58.0 21.8
France 146,424 218,521 42,871 364,944 40.1 59.9 11.7
Germany 126,775 164,203 33,993 290,978 43.6 56.4 11.7
Greece 40,073 83,204 14,977 123,277 32.5 67.5 12.1
Hungary 33,098 43,366 5,796 76,464 43.3 56.7 7.6
India 3,926 13,027 1,418 16,953 23.2 76.8 8.4
Indonesia 6,883 12,770 1,120 19,654 35.0 65.0 5.7
Ireland 155,982 138,568 43,212 294,549 53.0 47.0 14.7
Israel 233,869 84,143 44,595 318,012 73.5 26.5 14.0
Italy 115,335 138,630 22,641 253,965 45.4 54.6 8.9
Japan 169,080 105,391 29,233 274,471 61.6 38.4 10.7
Korea 97,177 184,775 44,309 281,953 34.5 65.5 15.7
Mexico 19,061 31,886 2,809 50,948 37.4 62.6 5.5
Netherlands 257,224 220,155 76,551 477,379 53.9 46.1 16.0
New Zealand 272,410 252,700 52,957 525,110 51.9 48.1 10.1
Norway 160,983 289,150 115,701 450,133 35.8 64.2 25.7
Poland 22,817 34,611 7,002 57,428 39.7 60.3 12.2
Portugal 62,019 113,402 21,043 175,420 35.4 64.6 12.0
Romania 13,795 32,171 3,614 45,965 30.0 70.0 7.9
Russia 13,683 23,707 3,385 37,390 36.6 63.4 9.1
Singapore 238,070 174,666 54,532 412,736 57.7 42.3 13.2
South Africa 19,999 8,872 4,270 28,871 69.3 30.7 14.8
Spain 79,259 166,546 22,917 245,805 32.2 67.8 9.3
Sweden 292,931 162,796 73,759 455,726 64.3 35.7 16.2
Switzerland 475,140 372,694 151,230 847,834 56.0 44.0 17.8
Taiwan 232,920 102,249 37,304 335,168 69.5 30.5 11.1
Thailand 10,027 20,205 5,593 30,231 33.2 66.8 18.5
Turkey 5,486 15,450 1,440 20,936 26.2 73.8 6.9
United Kingdom 189,915 171,704 52,243 361,618 52.5 47.5 14.4
United States 468,295 180,290 69,533 648,585 72.2 27.8 10.7
Africa 4,155 4,880 616 9,036 46.0 54.0 6.8
Asia-Pacific 36,179 36,870 8,349 73,049 49.5 50.5 11.4
China 38,248 47,382 8,991 85,630 44.7 55.3 10.5
Europe 93,315 112,802 25,842 206,117 45.3 54.7 12.5
India 3,926 13,027 1,418 16,953 23.2 76.8 8.4
Latin America 14,234 16,712 3,229 30,946 46.0 54.0 10.4
North America 444,024 186,342 69,520 630,366 70.4 29.6 11.0
World 53,062 45,471 11,044 98,534 53.9 46.1 11.2

Table 4-5: Wealth shares and minimum wealth of deciles and top percentiles for regions and selected countries, 2021
Wealth decile Top
Country 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10% 5% 1%
I Wealth shares (%)
Australia 0.1 0.5 1.3 2.6 3.9 5.9 7.8 10.2 15.4 52.3 40.3 21.8
Austria -0.4 0.3 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.4 7.5 10.5 15.5 58.7 46.0 25.8
Belgium 0.2 0.5 1.5 3.4 5.4 7.6 8.5 12.1 16.9 43.9 31.6 14.3
Canada -0.2 0.1 0.6 1.5 2.8 4.7 7.0 10.3 15.7 57.6 45.0 25.0
Chile -0.9 -0.5 0.2 1.3 2.5 4.1 5.6 8.0 13.1 66.5 54.5 32.8
China 0.3 1.1 1.7 2.3 3.1 4.3 5.7 8.3 13.6 59.6 48.6 30.5
Colombia -0.7 -0.5 -0.1 0.8 2.1 3.3 4.4 6.4 11.2 73.1 61.0 37.3
Czechia -0.1 0.3 1.0 1.8 2.6 3.0 4.1 6.8 12.9 67.6 56.7 37.1
Denmark -1.9 0.0 0.5 1.5 3.1 5.4 7.8 11.2 15.8 56.6 43.3 23.8
Finland -0.7 0.2 0.5 1.4 3.2 5.0 6.2 9.5 14.0 60.9 48.9 29.3
France 0.0 0.3 0.6 1.6 3.9 4.8 7.1 10.6 16.0 55.2 42.1 22.3
Germany -1.0 0.5 0.5 0.8 1.6 3.4 5.6 9.5 14.4 64.8 52.8 31.7
Greece -0.3 0.1 1.3 3.0 4.4 5.5 6.8 10.0 14.0 55.1 44.3 25.0
Hungary -0.9 0.9 2.1 2.9 3.8 5.0 6.9 10.2 14.9 54.4 43.0 25.8
India -1.0 0.3 0.7 1.2 1.8 2.8 4.1 6.4 11.2 72.5 61.7 40.6
Indonesia -0.1 0.3 0.6 1.3 2.0 3.3 5.0 8.1 12.5 67.0 56.4 37.6
Ireland -2.8 0.0 0.2 1.0 2.8 4.4 6.5 9.3 14.7 64.0 50.8 27.2
Israel -0.1 0.4 1.1 1.9 2.7 4.1 5.5 8.2 12.7 63.6 53.0 34.1
Italy 0.1 0.4 1.1 2.7 4.1 5.5 7.1 10.3 15.1 53.5 41.7 23.3
Japan 0.1 0.7 1.6 2.7 4.0 5.7 7.7 11.1 16.6 49.9 37.0 18.7
Korea -0.1 0.5 1.3 2.4 3.4 5.4 7.7 10.0 14.9 54.5 42.6 24.0
Mexico -0.8 -0.6 0.0 0.9 2.3 3.9 5.4 8.0 13.7 67.2 53.5 30.2
Netherlands -3.2 0.0 0.6 1.6 2.9 4.6 8.3 12.8 18.3 54.0 40.2 20.7
New Zealand -0.1 -0.1 0.8 1.8 3.7 5.5 6.7 10.2 15.8 55.7 42.2 20.1
Norway -3.0 -0.2 0.2 1.3 3.0 4.9 7.1 9.8 14.6 62.2 49.9 29.7
Poland -0.5 0.8 1.9 2.5 3.1 3.5 5.6 8.3 15.2 59.6 47.0 26.9
Portugal -0.3 0.0 0.9 2.3 3.5 4.9 6.1 10.0 16.2 56.3 41.3 19.5
Romania -0.5 0.1 1.1 2.4 3.9 5.4 6.9 10.1 15.2 55.3 43.2 23.5
Russia -0.3 -0.1 0.3 0.8 1.5 2.3 2.8 4.0 5.9 82.8 77.3 58.6
Singapore -0.1 0.2 0.8 1.4 2.0 3.1 4.1 6.1 14.5 67.9 55.7 34.5
South Africa -0.8 -0.7 -0.4 0.2 1.5 2.5 3.4 4.7 8.8 80.8 69.7 42.0
Spain -0.9 0.2 1.4 2.7 4.0 5.5 7.4 10.0 15.1 54.7 42.9 23.1
Sweden -2.3 -0.9 -0.5 0.4 1.8 3.0 4.7 7.3 10.9 75.6 62.0 37.6
Switzerland -0.8 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.5 3.5 6.1 10.0 15.7 62.2 49.2 26.5
Taiwan -0.1 0.5 1.3 2.2 3.2 4.7 6.3 9.3 14.6 58.0 45.9 26.6
Thailand 0.1 0.3 0.6 1.3 2.3 4.3 5.5 7.4 11.9 66.3 56.4 39.4
Turkey -0.5 -0.2 0.4 1.2 2.3 3.6 4.6 6.8 11.1 70.8 60.5 40.7
United Kingdom -0.6 0.1 0.7 1.8 3.4 5.6 6.8 10.6 16.9 54.5 41.0 21.1
United States -0.7 0.0 0.2 0.6 1.3 2.0 3.3 5.6 11.7 75.9 63.2 35.1
Africa -0.9 -0.1 0.1 0.4 1.0 1.8 3.0 5.3 10.4 79.0 68.4 44.4
Asia-Pacific -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.8 3.6 10.2 82.4 68.1 38.9
China 0.3 1.1 1.7 2.3 3.1 4.3 5.7 8.3 13.6 59.6 48.6 30.5
Europe -0.8 0.1 0.3 0.7 1.1 2.2 4.6 8.5 15.8 67.5 53.4 30.0
India -1.0 0.3 0.7 1.2 1.8 2.8 4.1 6.4 11.2 72.5 61.7 40.6
Latin America -0.8 -0.3 0.0 0.5 1.4 2.3 3.7 6.2 11.6 75.5 63.3 39.2
North America -0.6 0.0 0.2 0.7 1.4 2.1 3.6 6.1 12.0 74.4 62.1 34.7
World -0.5 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.3 2.2 4.1 9.8 81.9 70.4 45.6
Australia 0.1 0.5 1.3 2.6 3.9 5.9 7.8 10.2 15.4 52.3 40.3 21.8
II Minimum wealth of deciles and top percentiles (USD per adult)
Africa -235 -14 172 576 1,111 1,988 3,323 5,978 12,692 25,691 113,505
Asia-Pacific -213 513 1,583 3,112 5,218 8,635 15,709 34,796 122,248 277,580 902,549
China 4,888 11,043 15,279 20,348 28,258 37,907 51,593 80,292 134,193 219,350 654,983
Europe -266 3,386 8,929 15,044 26,385 57,074 114,292 200,285 397,553 680,614 1,947,921
India -596 904 1,398 2,295 3,457 5,243 7,819 12,325 25,377 49,434 159,007
Latin America -1,229 -541 580 2,576 5,139 8,015 13,122 22,055 48,597 96,872 326,573
North America -13,302 8,563 22,428 58,948 95,255 156,896 255,099 468,151 909,331 2,143,963 7,571,728
World -162 840 2,214 4,493 8,360 14,155 25,123 51,633 138,346 295,778 1,146,685
140
Table 4-6: Distribution of wealth for regions and selected countries, 2021
I Number of adults (thousands)
Wealth range (USD) Gini
Country
Under 10,000 10,000-100,000 100,000-1 million Over 1 million All ranges (%)
Australia 1,785 3,884 11,514 2,177 19,359 66.2
Austria 1,044 2,872 3,110 271 7,297 74.2
Belgium 1,017 1,793 5,628 589 9,026 59.9
Canada 5,653 7,233 15,026 2,291 30,203 72.6
Chile 5,641 7,307 1,344 66 14,358 79.4
China 196,637 740,134 167,543 6,190 1,110,504 70.1
Colombia 26,599 8,550 906 39 36,094 83.5
Czechia 2,287 4,871 1,294 68 8,520 77.6
Denmark 684 1,138 2,331 385 4,538 73.9
Finland 1,186 1,364 1,736 101 4,387 74.4
France 6,961 13,634 26,779 2,796 50,171 70.2
Germany 7,137 32,137 26,099 2,683 68,056 78.8
Greece 1,884 4,257 2,218 81 8,440 68.2
Hungary 1,409 5,104 1,200 32 7,745 68.0
India 687,706 209,879 17,286 796 915,667 82.3
Indonesia 122,809 56,999 3,736 191 183,735 78.2
Ireland 1,119 809 1,555 176 3,659 80.0
Israel 844 2,135 2,536 204 5,719 74.7
Italy 7,710 15,659 24,984 1,413 49,766 67.2
Japan 11,610 36,485 53,302 3,366 104,763 64.7
Korea 6,173 15,177 20,068 1,290 42,707 68.2
Mexico 37,646 40,592 8,013 318 86,570 80.4
Netherlands 1,853 3,785 6,740 1,149 13,527 75.0
New Zealand 750 610 1,927 347 3,634 70.0
Norway 1,158 729 2,103 236 4,225 79.4
Poland 8,083 19,132 2,929 100 30,244 71.6
Portugal 1,915 3,654 2,609 159 8,338 70.6
Romania 5,296 8,688 1,102 37 15,123 69.6
Russia 74,496 32,805 3,765 353 111,419 88.0
Singapore 790 1,784 2,060 299 4,932 78.8
South Africa 27,576 8,686 1,786 86 38,133 88.6
Spain 6,290 12,188 18,215 1,132 37,825 69.1
Sweden 2,651 1,344 3,224 610 7,829 88.1
Switzerland 836 2,287 2,728 1,152 7,003 77.2
Taiwan 2,582 6,572 9,710 869 19,733 70.7
Thailand 29,140 23,844 1,345 82 54,411 77.1
Turkey 40,053 17,095 1,355 73 58,575 81.0
United Kingdom 9,225 14,113 26,374 2,849 52,562 70.6
United States 57,514 74,058 95,726 24,480 251,779 85.0
Africa 602,315 79,349 7,784 352 689,800 87.9

Asia-Pacific 787,335 329,073 129,700 10,755 1,256,863 88.5
China 196,637 740,134 167,543 6,190 1,110,504 70.1
Europe 186,178 214,773 172,175 16,696 589,822 81.6
India 687,706 209,879 17,286 796 915,667 82.3
Latin America 295,015 136,694 21,213 915 453,836 85.8
North America 63,182 81,311 110,801 26,778 282,072 84.2
World 2,818,367 1,791,212 626,501 62,483 5,298,564 88.9

Table 4-6: Distribution of wealth for regions and selected countries, 2021, continued
II Percentage of world adults (in %)
Wealth range (USD)

Country
Under 10,000 10,000-100,000 100,000-1 million Over 1 million All ranges
Australia 0.10 0.20 1.80 3.50 0.40
Austria 0.00 0.20 0.50 0.40 0.10
Belgium 0.00 0.10 0.90 0.90 0.20
Canada 0.20 0.40 2.40 3.70 0.60
Chile 0.20 0.40 0.20 0.10 0.30
China 7.00 41.30 26.70 9.90 21.00
Colombia 0.90 0.50 0.10 0.10 0.70
Czechia 0.10 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.20
Denmark 0.00 0.10 0.40 0.60 0.10
Finland 0.00 0.10 0.30 0.20 0.10
France 0.20 0.80 4.30 4.50 0.90
Germany 0.30 1.80 4.20 4.30 1.30
Greece 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.10 0.20
Hungary 0.10 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.10
India 24.40 11.70 2.80 1.30 17.30
Indonesia 4.40 3.20 0.60 0.30 3.50
Ireland 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.30 0.10
Israel 0.00 0.10 0.40 0.30 0.10
Italy 0.30 0.90 4.00 2.30 0.90
Japan 0.40 2.00 8.50 5.40 2.00
Korea 0.20 0.80 3.20 2.10 0.80
Mexico 1.30 2.30 1.30 0.50 1.60
Netherlands 0.10 0.20 1.10 1.80 0.30
New Zealand 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.60 0.10
Norway 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.40 0.10
Poland 0.30 1.10 0.50 0.20 0.60
Portugal 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.30 0.20
Romania 0.20 0.50 0.20 0.10 0.30
Russia 2.60 1.80 0.60 0.60 2.10
Singapore 0.00 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.10
South Africa 1.00 0.50 0.30 0.10 0.70
Spain 0.20 0.70 2.90 1.80 0.70
Sweden 0.10 0.10 0.50 1.00 0.10
Switzerland 0.00 0.10 0.40 1.80 0.10
Taiwan 0.10 0.40 1.50 1.40 0.40
Thailand 1.00 1.30 0.20 0.10 1.00
Turkey 1.40 1.00 0.20 0.10 1.10
United Kingdom 0.30 0.80 4.20 4.60 1.00
United States 2.00 4.10 15.30 39.20 4.80
Africa 21.40 4.40 1.20 0.60 13.00

Asia-Pacific 27.90 18.40 20.70 17.20 23.70
China 7.00 41.30 26.70 9.90 21.00
Europe 6.60 12.00 27.50 26.70 11.10
India 24.40 11.70 2.80 1.30 17.30
Latin America 10.50 7.60 3.40 1.50 8.60
North America 2.20 4.50 17.70 42.90 5.30
World 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
142
Table 4-6: Distribution of wealth for regions and selected countries, 2021, continued
III Number of adults by wealth range (in %)
Wealth range (USD)

Country
Under 10,000 10,000-100,000 100,000-1 million Over 1 million All ranges
Australia 9.2 20.1 59.5 11.2 100
Austria 14.3 39.4 42.6 3.7 100
Belgium 11.3 19.9 62.4 6.5 100
Canada 18.7 23.9 49.8 7.6 100
Chile 39.3 50.9 9.4 0.5 100
China 17.7 66.6 15.1 0.6 100
Colombia 73.7 23.7 2.5 0.1 100
Czechia 26.8 57.2 15.2 0.8 100
Denmark 15.1 25.1 51.4 8.5 100
Finland 27.0 31.1 39.6 2.3 100
France 13.9 27.2 53.4 5.6 100
Germany 10.5 47.2 38.3 3.9 100
Greece 22.3 50.4 26.3 1.0 100
Hungary 18.2 65.9 15.5 0.4 100
India 75.1 22.9 1.9 0.1 100
Indonesia 66.8 31.0 2.0 0.1 100
Ireland 30.6 22.1 42.5 4.8 100
Israel 14.8 37.3 44.3 3.6 100
Italy 15.5 31.5 50.2 2.8 100
Japan 11.1 34.8 50.9 3.2 100
Korea 14.5 35.5 47.0 3.0 100
Mexico 43.5 46.9 9.3 0.4 100
Netherlands 13.7 28.0 49.8 8.5 100
New Zealand 20.6 16.8 53.0 9.6 100
Norway 27.4 17.2 49.8 5.6 100
Poland 26.7 63.3 9.7 0.3 100
Portugal 23.0 43.8 31.3 1.9 100
Romania 35.0 57.4 7.3 0.2 100
Russia 66.9 29.4 3.4 0.3 100
Singapore 16.0 36.2 41.8 6.1 100
South Africa 72.3 22.8 4.7 0.2 100
Spain 16.6 32.2 48.2 3.0 100
Sweden 33.9 17.2 41.2 7.8 100
Switzerland 11.9 32.7 39.0 16.4 100
Taiwan 13.1 33.3 49.2 4.4 100
Thailand 53.6 43.8 2.5 0.2 100
Turkey 68.4 29.2 2.3 0.1 100
United Kingdom 17.6 26.9 50.2 5.4 100
United States 22.8 29.4 38.0 9.7 100
Africa 87.3 11.5 1.1 0.1 100

Asia-Pacific 62.6 26.2 10.3 0.9 100
China 17.7 66.6 15.1 0.6 100
Europe 31.6 36.4 29.2 2.8 100
India 75.1 22.9 1.9 0.1 100
Latin America 65.0 30.1 4.7 0.2 100
North America 22.4 28.8 39.3 9.5 100
World 53.2 33.8 11.8 1.2 100
Australia 9.2 20.1 59.5 11.2 100

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146
About the authors
Professor Anthony Shorrocks is an Honorary jointly with Anthony Shorrocks and others,
Professorial Research Fellow at the University of including “Estimating the Level and Distribution
Manchester, a Senior Research Fellow at the of Global Wealth, 2000–2014” (co-authored
World Institute for Development Economics with Anthony Shorrocks and Rodrigo Lluberas,
Research UNU-WIDER) in Helsinki, and Director Review of Income and Wealth, 2017). Jim has
of Global Economic Perspectives Ltd. After also written a series of articles on wealth in
receiving his PhD from the London School of Canada, including “Long Run Canadian Wealth
Economics (LSE), he taught at the LSE until Inequality in International Context” (co-authored
1983, when he became Professor of Economics with Professor Livio Di Matteo, Review of
at Essex University, serving also as Head of Income and Wealth, 2021). In addition, he was
Department and Director of Economic Research the editor of the volume, “Personal Wealth from
for the British Household Panel Study. From a Global Perspective” (Oxford University Press
2001 to 2009, he was Director of UNU-WIDER 2008) and of “The Economics of the
in Helsinki. He has published widely on income Distribution of Wealth,” (Edward Elgar
and wealth distribution, inequality, poverty and Publishers, 2013). Recently he wrote
mobility, and was elected a Fellow of the “Economic inequality and COVID-19 death
Econometric Society in 1996. Publications rates in the first wave: A cross-country analysis”
include “The age-wealth relationship: A cross (Covid Economics, March 2021). Together with
section and cohort analysis” (Review of Professor Shorrocks, Jim authored “World
Economics and Statistics 1975), “The portfolio Inequality” in the Handbook of Labor, Human
composition of asset holdings in the United Resources and Population Economics (Springer,
Kingdom” (Economic Journal 1982), and, with Cham, 2022).
Jim Davies and others, “Assessing the
quantitative importance of inheritance in the Dr. Rodrigo Lluberas is a Professor of
distribution of wealth” (Oxford Economic Papers Economics at Universidad ORT Uruguay.
1978), “The distribution of wealth” (Handbook of Previously, he has been Head of Financial
Income Distribution 2000), “The world Stability and Senior Economist at the Research
distribution of household wealth” in Personal department of Uruguay Central Bank. He
Wealth from a Global Perspective (Oxford received his PhD in Economics from Royal
University Press 2008), “The global pattern of Holloway College, University of London and his
household wealth” (Journal of International MSc in Economics from University College
Development 2009), “The Level and Distribution London. He has been a visiting scholar at the
of Global Household Wealth” (Economic Journal Institute for Fiscal Studies and an Economist at
2011), “Estimating the Level and Distribution of Willis Towers Watson in London. Prior to
Global Wealth, 2000–2014” (Review of Income undertaking his MSc, he worked for three years
and Wealth, 2017), and "Comparing Global as an economic analyst at Watson Wyatt Global
Inequality of Income and Wealth", chapter 3 of Research Services and more recently as a
Inequality in the Developing World (Oxford research assistant at NESTA. He has been
University Press, 2021). consultant for the Interamerican Development
Bank and Corporación Andina de Fomento. His
Professor James Davies has been a member main areas of expertise are pensions,
of the Department of Economics at the consumption, firms´ expectations and wealth.
University of Western Ontario in Canada since Rodrigo is a co-author of “Estimating the Level
1977 and served as chair of that department and Distribution of Global Wealth, 2000–2014”
from 1992 to 2001. He received his PhD from (Review of Income and Wealth, 2017).
the London School of Economics in 1979. Jim
was the director of the Economic Policy
Research Institute at UWO from 2001 to 2012.
In 2010, he completed a five-year term as
managing editor of the academic journal
Canadian Public Policy. He has authored two
books and over 70 articles and chapters in
books on topics ranging from tax policy to
household saving and the distribution of wealth.
Publications include a number of articles and
chapters on the distribution of wealth authored
Global Wealth Report 2022 147

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Leading perspectives to navigate the future

Global wealth databook 2022 3

Global wealth databook 2022 5

1.7 Adjusting the upper wealth tail

Global wealth databook 2022 7

Global wealth databook 2022 8

Belgium OECD and Bank of Belgium n.a. n.a. stats.oecd.org

Brazil OECD n.a. n.a. stats.oecd.org

Bulgaria OECD and Bank of Bulgaria n.a. n.a. stats.oecd.org

Canada Statistics Canada Statistics Canada Statistics Canada www.statcan.gc.ca

Chile Chile Central Bank n.a. n.a. www.bcentral.cl

Colombia Colombia Central Bank n.a. n.a. www.banrep.gov.co

Croatia Eurostat Financial Balance Sheets n.a. n.a. ec.europa.eu/eurostat

Cyprus Eurostat Financial Balance Sheets n.a. n.a. ec.europa.eu/eurostat

France OECD and Banque de France OECD Authors stats.oecd.org; www.banque-

Kazakhstan Unicredit: CEE Households’ Wealth and n.a. n.a. n.a.

Latvia Eurostat Financial Balance Sheets n.a. n.a. ec.europa.eu/eurostat

Lithuania Eurostat Financial Balance Sheets n.a. n.a. ec.europa.eu/eurostat

Luxembourg OECD and Banque Central du n.a. n.a. stats.oecd.org; www.bcl.lu

Mexico OECD OECD Authors stats.oecd.org

Netherlands OECD and Statistics Netherlands OECD Authors stats.oecd.org

Norway OECD and Statistics Norway n.a. n.a. stats.oecd.org; www.ssb.no

Global wealth databook 2022 9

Romania Eurostat Financial Balance Sheets n.a. n.a. ec.europa.eu/eurostat

Russia Unicredit: CEE Households’ Wealth and n.a. n.a. www.cbr.ru

Slovenia OECD and Eurostat Financial Balance n.a. n.a. stats.oecd.org;

Spain Bank of Spain Bank of Spain Authors www.bde.es

n.a. = not available

Canada 2005/2012/2016/2019 Survey of Financial Security; Statistics Canada (microdata)

Chile 2007/2011 Encuesta Financiera de Hogares; Central Bank of Chile (microdata)

Cyprus 2010 Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS)

Indonesia 2014 Indonesia Family Life Survey (microdata)

Italy 2008/2010/2011 Survey of Household Income and Wealth (SHIW) (microdata)

Global wealth databook 2022 11

Spain 2008/2009/2011/2012/2014/ Survey of Household Finances; Bank of Spain (microdata)

Switzerland 2003–2014 Fluder and Jann (2014), updated in private correspondence;

Thailand 2006 2006 Socioeconomic Survey; see Ariyapruchya et al (2008).

New Zealand 8.8 Iran 292.0 Turkey 59.6

Global wealth databook 2022 13

Global wealth databook 2022 15

Source: See Table 1-3

Global wealth databook 2022 17

Global wealth databook 2022 19

Andorra Europe High income 52,474 n.a.

Anguilla Latin America High income 26,510 n.a.

Bahamas Latin America High income 39,431 43,077 60,263 17 0 Poor

Barbados Latin America High income 20,839 33,781 70,807 16 0 Poor

Bermuda North America High income 189,744 n.a.

Bhutan Asia-Pacific Lower middle income 4,696 n.a.

British Virgin Islands Latin America High income 76,114 n.a.

Brunei Asia-Pacific High income 63,440 34,088 57,419 18 0 Very poor

Burundi Africa Low income 660 199 809 4 0 Very poor

Cape Verde Africa Lower middle income 5,380 n.a.

Cayman Islands Latin America High income 145,583 n.a.

Chad Africa Low income 1,677 156 1,372 10 0 Poor

Comoros Africa Lower middle income 2,863 1,735 6,062 3 0 Poor

Cook Islands Asia-Pacific High income 26,438 n.a.

Cote d'Ivoire Africa Lower middle income 5,296 n.a.

Cuba Latin America Upper middle income 12,849 n.a.

Curacao Latin America High income 22,146 n.a.

Djibouti Africa Lower middle income 5,704 1,081 3,755 2 0 Poor

Dominican Republic Latin America Upper middle income 13,374 n.a.