Functions and Graphs

CHAPTER 17
Functions and
Gr aphs
In the introduction of this chapter, I would like to mention that in the recent past this chapter
contributed 3-12 questions in some years. Basically on an average 4-5 questions are being
asked from this chapter. Besides most of the questions are based on the user defined (or self
defined) functions which are rather easier in comparison to the problems based on the
algebraic functions of pure mathematics. Still you are required to know some basic
characteristic and applications of standard algebraic functions, since they are not uncommon
in CAT. Remember that a little bit of practice on this chapter will give you an edge over your
competitor, since the problems related to this chapter are very easy provided that these
problems are being solved patiently. Moreover, you need not to remember any formula at all. Chapter Checklist
The structure of the chapter is as follows : Functions
1. Function (An introduction) Domain & Graphs of
Different Types of Functions
2. Domain, range and graphs of different types of functions and operations on real valued
functions. Ranage
3. Transformation of graphs. 4. Composite functions Equal Function
Type of Functions
5. Even and odd functions 6. Surjective and injective functions
Algebraic Operations on
7. Inverse functions 8. Binary operations Real Functions
9. User defined (or self defined) operations (Also important for XAT)
Transformation of Graphs
10. Maxima and minima.
Composite Functions
Even and Odd Functions
17.1 Functions Surjective and Injective
Suppose we have to produce some required products from the raw materials, then the raw Functions
material is known as input and the desired products are known as output. For this we have to Inverse Function
look into two points.
Binary Operations
1. Every input must give some output (to avoid wastage of inputs)
User Defined Functions
2. No input should give more than one output. (To avoid ambiguity or variation from the Maxima and Minima
desired output). Thus, if the above conditions are satisfied by any input output CAT Test
relation, then this relation is called function,
914 QUANTUM CAT
e.g., Paper toys 2. Arrow diagram :
Leather finger ring f 1
Plastic shoes 1
2
Gold note book 2
4
3
9
Here you can see that each input gives an output necessarily 4
16
5
and no input give more than one output. The collection of 25
raw materials (i.e., input) is called the ‘‘Domain’’ and the A B
collection of products (or output) is called the ‘‘Range’’. Domain = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Codomain = {1, 2, 4, 9,16, 25}
Definitions Range = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25}
1. Domain : Set of inputs (also called pre-images) is
3. Tabular form :
called domain.
2. Codomain : Set of possible outputs is called codomain. e.g., x –1 –2 –3 0 1 2
3. Range : Set of actual outputs (also called images) is y –1 –8 – 27 0 1 8
known as range. Here, Range ⊆ Codomain. D = {– 1, – 2, – 3, 0, 1, 2}, R = {– 1, – 8, – 27, 0, 1, 8}
f (2) = 8, f (– 2) = – 8 etc.
Mathematical Definition of Function y
Let A and B be two non-empty sets, then a function from ‘A’ 4. Graph :
to ‘B’ is a rule that assigns to each element in a set A, one and 5
only one element of a set B. In general, the sets A and B need 4
Range
not be sets of real numbers. However, we consider only those 3
functions for which A and B are both subsets of the real 2
numbers. If the number of elements in A be n and the number
1
of elements in B be m, then the total number of functions that 0 1 2 3 4 5
x
can be defined from A to B is n m . Domain
f
A → B or f : A → B D = [1, 4], R = [1, 3 ] ∪ (4, 5)
If a pre-image is denoted by x and an image is denoted by y 5. Equation (or formula) : f : R → R f (x ) = x 2 ∀ x ∈ R

then we can write y = f ( x ). y
Here, f ( x ) is called the value of the function f at the point x. 4

Range
Remember 3
A function cannot be multiple-valued. For example, the expression 2
± x does not define a function of x, since it assigns two values to
1
each positive x. i. e. , y = f ( x )
x
or y = ± x is not a function since y assumes two values –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
i.e., y = + x and y = − x , which is impossible. Domain
D=R (all real numbers),

Methods of Representation of a Function Codomain = R (All real numbers)
1. Verbal description : For example, if f is a function (Range) R = R + ∪ {0}
which assigns to each state in the country its capital city.
(R + → set of positive real numbers)
U.P. f Patna
M.P.
Bihar
Jaipur
Lucknow
17.2 Domain & Graphs of
Karnataka Mumbai Different Types of Functions
Maharashtra Bhopal
Bangalore A function f : A → B is called a real valued if the image of
Calcutta every element of A, under f is a real number i.e., if
Domain
f ( x ) ∈ R ∀ x ∈ A; y = f ( x )
Codomain x → independent variable
y → dependent variable
Functions and Graphs 915
Domain : The values of x must be such that for every x, y (e) When the value of a in log a x becomes 1 or 0 or
must be real is called the domain. In other words the value of negative.
x for which the values of f ( x ) is not a real number cannot be ∴ log 1 5 is not defined. Similarly, log ( − 3) 10 is not
included in the domain of the function y = f ( x ). There are defined.
five different common situations where the domain of f ( x )
Example
for some particular value(s) is not defined.
Function Domain defined for Domain not defined for
(a) When base of ( 1/2n) th power is negative log10 ( x − 5) ( x − 5) > 0 ⇒ x > 5 x − 5 ≤ 0⇒ x ≤ 5
for any
log15 (7 − x ) (7 − x ) > 0 ⇒ x < 7 (7 − x ) ≤ 0 ⇒ x ≥ 7
n ∈ I : If x 1/ 2 = k ⇒ x = k 2
log 12 ( x − 4) > 0 and
2
x 2 − 4 ≤ 0 and
(x 2 − 4)
since k 2 is always positive even when x is negative, therefore x2− 4 ≠ 1 x2 − 4 = 1
this equality is not satisfied. Hence the domain of definition ⇒ x < − 2 and x 2 ≠ 5 ⇒ − 2 ≤ x ≤ 2 and
of y = x is defined for only x ≥ 0 i.e., not defined for x < 0 and x> 2 and x ≠ ± 5 x 2 = 5 and x = ± 5
∴ x ∈ (− ∞, − 2) ∪ (2, ∞ ) ∴ x ∈[ − 2, 2] ∪ { ± 5}
Example excluding ± 5
Function Domain defined for Domain not defined for

( x − 3) 12
( x − 3) ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ 3 ( x − 3) < 0 ⇒ x < 3 17.3 Range
( x + 4)1 6 ( x + 4) ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ − 4 ( x + 4) < 0 ⇒ x < − 4
The set of all images of all the elements of domain. It can be
obtained by one of the following ways.
( x − 3)1 10 x − 3≥ 0⇒ x ≥ 3 x − 3< 0⇒ x < 3
(i) Obtaining x in terms of yand then finding the values of y
⇒ x ≤ − 3 and x ≥ 3 ⇒− 3< x < 3 x +2
for which we get real x. e.g., f ( x ) = =y
(b) When denominator of a function is zero x +3
2 −3y
x 2 +1 x 2 +1 ⇒ yx + 3 y = x + 2 ⇒ x ( y − 1) = (2 − 3 y) ⇒ x =
If is such that x = 0, then is not defined i.e., the y −1
2x 2x
1 for y =1, there is no real value of x for the above
function y = is defined only for x ≠ 0 (i.e., non zero real equation is satisfied hence.
x
Range = R − {1} R → Set of real numbers
numbers) therefore the domain of function
1 (ii) If the given function is continuous, then Range = [ l, m] ,
f ( x ) = is ( − ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞ ) or ( − ∞, ∞ ) − {0} where l is the least value of the function in its domain
x
and m is the maximum value in its domain.
or − ∞ < x < 0 ∪ 0 < x < ∞.
(iii) By sketching the graphs of the function.
Examples
Function Domain defined for

Domain not 17.4 Equal Function
defined for
Two functions f and g are said to be equal iff (i.e., if and only if)
1 x ∈(− ∞, ∞ ) − {3} x=3
( x − 3) (i) the domain of f = domain of g
(ii) the co-domain of f = co-domain of g, and
19 x ∈ (− ∞, ∞ ) − {± 4} x=±4
( x 2 − 16) (iii) f ( x ) = g ( x ) for every x belong to their common domain.
If two functions f and g are equal then we write f = g,
( x + 4)
2
x ∈ (− ∞, ∞ ) − {± 5} x=±5 e.g.,
| x| − 5
1. Let A = {1, 2}, B = {3, 6} and f : A → B given by
1 x ∈ (0, ∞ ) − {e} x=e f ( x ) = x 2 + 2 and g : A → B given by g ( x ) = 3x. Then
(ln x ) − 1 we observe that f and g have the same domain and
co-domain also f (1) = 3 = g (1); f (2) = 6 = g (2)
(c) When function becomes 0° Hence, f =g
Example y = ( x − 3) ( x − 3) is undefined for x = 3 x −3 x −3
2. Let f ( x ) = and g ( x ) = f ( x ) is defined
(d) When the value of x in log a x becomes non- positive x −5 x −5
x −3
(i.e, negative or zero) when x − 3 and x − 5 both are negative, since >0
∴ log 10 ( − 3) is not defined. x−5
916 QUANTUM CAT
But when x − 3 and x − 5 are negative then both x − 3 Domain : It is the set of real numbers
and x − 5 are undefined. Hence g ( x ) is undefined Range : It is a particular real number {c}
(A–1.2) Identity function
∴ Domain of f ≠ Domain of g. Hence, f ( x ) and g ( x )
are different. y = x i.e., f ( x ) = x
y y
17.5 Types of Functions
Range
Types of Functions
x' x x' x
Domain
Algebraic Transcendental
Function Function (y = x) (y = –x)
y' y'
Polynomial Constant Trigonometric
(i.e, input equals to output or pre image equals to image)
Identity Inverse Trigonometric
Domain → It is the set of real numbers.
Linear Exponential
Range → It is also the set of real numbers.
Quadratic Logarithmic
(A–1.3) Linear function y = mx + c (m, c ∈ R , mis positive)
Cubic
y
Biquadratic
y = mx + c
y = mx
Range
Range
Rational
Irrational x' x
Domain Domain
Peice wise
Modulus
defined
Signum y' y
Greatest Integer
Range
y = mx – c
Smallest Integer
x' x
Domain
Algebraic Functions
A function which contains finite number of terms having y'
different powers of independent variable ( x ) and the
operations +, −, ×, ÷ is called algebraic function Domain → It is the set of real numbers.
x +1
2 Range → It is also the set of real numbers.
e.g., 4x 2 − 3x 1 2 + 7, 5x 2 + 13x + 8, etc.
x −2
2 (A–1.4.) Quadratic function y = f ( x ) = x 2
A–1) Polynomial Functions A function f ( x ) of the y
following form is known as polynomial function.

f ( x ) = a 0 + a1 x + a 2 x 2 + ... + a n x n
where n ∈ N and a1 , a 2 , a 3 ... a n ∈ R
Domain : It is the set of real numbers
Range : It is the set of real numbers x
(A–1.1) Constant function : f ( x ) = c, c ∈ R , c is constant.
Q f (x ) = f (− x )
y y
∴ Graph of f ( x ) is symmetric about y-axis.
y=c
Range
x' x Domain → It is the set of real values.
Range → R + ∪ {0} i.e., non-negative real numbers
x' x
Domain Range y=–c (A–1.5) Cubic function y = f ( x ) = x 3
y' y'
Q f (− x ) = − f (x ) Examples
y
Function Domain
a0 + a1 x + a2 x + . . . + anx Set of all the real numbers
2 n
1.
P0 + P1 x + P2 x 2 + . . . + Pnx n except the real roots of the
equation
x
P0 + P1 x + P2 x 2 + . . . + Pnx n
x 2 + 5x + 8
2. x 2 − 5x + 6 R − {2, 3}
∴ Graph of f ( x ) is symmetric about origin 1
Domain → R (set of real numbers) 3. x n ; n ∈ N R − {0}
Range → R (set of real numbers)

Graphs of Important Rational Functions
(A–1.6) Biquadratic function y = f ( x ) = x 4 1
1. y = f ( x ) = ⇒ f ( x ) = − f ( − x )
Q f (x ) = f (− x ) x
y y
y = 1/x
x' x
x
y'
Domain → R −{0}; set of non-zero rational numbers

∴ Graph of f ( x ) is symmetric about y-axis.
Range → R −{0}; set of non-zero rational numbers
Domain → R (set of real numbers)
1
Range → R + ∪ {0} i.e., set of non-negative real numbers. 2. y = f ( x ) = 2 ⇒ f ( x ) = f ( −x )
x
NOTE Graph of f ( x ) = x n is symmetric about y
(a) y-axis if n is even (b) origin if n is odd
Relation between the values of x , x 2 , x 3 Ketc. y = 1/x 2
For Order of the values
x ∈(0, 1) x > x2 > x3 > x4 . . . x' x
y'
x ∈ (1, ∞ ) x < x < x < x ...
2 3 4
x ∈(− 1, 0) x < x3 < x5 K (–ve values) Domain→ R −{0} i.e., set of non-zero rational numbers
x > x > x ...
2 4 6
(+ve values) Range → R + i.e., set of positive rational numbers
x ∈ (− ∞, − 1) x > x3 > x5 . . . (–ve values) 1
3. y = f (x ) = 3 ⇒ f (− x ) = − f (x )
x < x < x ...
2 4 6
(+ve values) x
y
P (x )
(A–2) Rational Function f : A → R ; f ( x ) =
Q (x ) y = 1/x 3
Here, P ( x ) and Q ( x ) are polynomial functions and x' x
A = {x : x ∈ R such that Q ( x ) ≠ 0}
y'
918 QUANTUM CAT
Domain→ R −{0} i.e., set of non-zero rational numbers 2. y = f ( x ) = x 1 3
Range→ R −{0} i.e., set of non-zero rational numbers. y
1 y = x1/3
NOTE Graph of f ( x ) = (n ∈N ) is symmetric about
xn
(a) y axis if n is even (b) origin if n is odd. x
1 1 1 1
Relation between the values of , 2 , 3 , 4 ...
x x x x
For The order of the values
Domain → (i.e., set of real numbers)
x ∈ (1, ∞ ) 1 1 1 1
> 2 > 3 > 4 ... Range → R (i.e., set of real numbers)
x x x x
x ∈ (0, 1) 1 1 1 1 3. y = f ( x ) = x 1 4
< 2 < 3 < 4 ... y
x x x x
x ∈(− 1, 0) 1 1 1
< 4 < 6 … (positive values)
Range
2
x x x
1 1 1
> > … (negative values)
x x3 x5 x
Domain
x ∈ (− ∞ , − 1) 1
>
1 1
> … (positive values)
x 2 x 4 x6 Domain → R + ∪ {0} i.e., set of non-negative real
1 1 1 numbers
< < … (negative values)
x x3 x5 Range → R + ∪ {0} i.e., set of non-negative real
numbers
(A–3) Irrational Functions : The algebraic functions Relation between the values of x 1 2 , x 1 3 , x 1 4 ...
containing one or more terms having non-integral rational
powers of x are called irrational functions. For Order of the values
e.g., y = 4x + 2x , then y is undefined if x < 0

2 x ∈ (1, ∞ ) x 12
> x 1 3 > x 1 4 > x 1 5 > ....
y = x then y is undefined if x < 0 x ∈ (0, 1) x 1 2 < x 1 3 < x 1 4 < x 1 5 < ....
5x 3 + 7x 2 + 3 x x ∈ (− 1, 0) x 1 3 > x 1 5 > x 1 7 ....

y= , then y is undefined if x < 0
x+4 x ∈ (− ∞ , − 1) x 1 3 < x 1 5 < x 1 7 ....
and x+ 4 ≤0 (A– 4) Piecewise Defined Functions

These functions are not defined for f ( x ) < 0. They are also (A– 4.1) Modulus function (or absolute-value function )
not-defined if the denominator is zero.  x if x ≥ 0
y = f (x ) = x = 
Graphs of Important Irrational Functions  − x if x < 0
1. y = f ( x ) = x 1 2 (i.e., x) Q f (− x ) = f (x )
y y
y= x y
=
Range
–
=
x
y
x
x O
Domain
∴ f ( x ) is symmetric about y-axis.
Domain → R + ∪ {0} i.e., set of non-negative real Domain → R (i.e., set of real numbers)
numbers. Range → R ∪ {0} (i.e., set of non-negative real numbers )
Range→ R + ∪ {0} i.e., set of non-negative real numbers (A– 4.2) Signum function [Sgn ( x )]
 1 if x > 0 e.g., if y = f ( x ) = {x} = Smallest integer, greater than or


y = f ( x ) = Sgn ( x ) =  0 if x = 0 equal to x.
 − 1 if x < 0 Then, {2.8} = 3

y {7.5} = 8 ⇒ {– 3.6} = – 3 ⇒ {–7.4} = – 7
i..e, {n} = n, if n is an integer and {x} = n, if n < x ≤ n +1
y
x' x
3
y' 2
1
Domain → R Range → {−1, 0, 1} –3 –2 –1
x
Indicates that the points (0, 1) and (0, – 1) are not included 1 2 3
in the graphs. –1
Indicates that the point (0, 0) is included in the graphs –2
 x  x
 if x ≠ 0 
(a) Sgn ( x ) =  x (b) Sgn ( x ) =  x if x ≠ 0 Domain → R (Set of real numbers)
 0 if x = 0  0 if x = 0 Range → I (Integral values)
(A–4.3) Greatest integer function e.g., {– 3, –2 , –1, 0, 1, 2, 3 etc.}
y = [ x ] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x. Transcendental Function
e.g., [2.3] = 2 A function which is not an algebraic function is called a
[4.7] = 4; [5.2] = 5 transcendental function. e.g., trigonometry, logarithmic and
[– 8.3] = – 9; [– 13.2] = – 14 exponential function.
i.e., [ n] = n, if n is an integer and [ x ] = n, if n ≤ x < n +1Any (T–1) Trigonometric Function :
real number x can be expressed as. Integral part + Fractional (T–1.1) y = f ( x ) = sin x
part i.e., I + f where 0 ≤ f < 1 then [ x ] gives the integral part y
of x.
1
y
3 3π/2
x
0 π/2 π 2π
2
1 –1
–3 –2 –1
x' x
1 2 3 4 It is a periodic function with period 2π
–1
Domain → R (Set of real numbers)
–2
Range → [– 1, 1] i.e., {x ∈ R : − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1}
–3
(T–1.2) y = f ( x ) = cos x
y'
y
Domain → R (Set of real numbers)
1
Range → (Integral values) {…−3, − 2, − 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ... etc.}
(It is also called the step functions) π
x
0 π/2 3π/2 2π
(A–4.4) Smallest (or least) integer function
–1
The function whose value at any number x is the smallest
integer greater than or equal to x is called the least integer
Period = 2π
function
Domain → R Range → [ −1, 1]
920 QUANTUM CAT
y
(T–1.3) y = f(x) = tan (x) Period = π
Domain → {n π : n ∈ I }
−π π
π
x
Range → R (set of real numbers)
– 3π –π 3π
2 2
(T–2.1) y = sin − 1 x ⇒ x = sin y ∈[ − 1, 1]
2 2
π ∴ Domain = [– 1, 1]
 
Period = π Domain → R − (2n + 1) , n ∈ I 
 2  (T–2.2) y = cos − 1 x ⇒ x = cos y ∈[ − 1, 1]
Range → R (Set of real numbers) ∴ Domain = [– 1, 1]
(T–1.4) y = f ( x ) = cosec x (T–2.3) y = tan − 1 x ⇒ x = tan y ∈ R
y ∴ Domain = R
(T–2.4) y = cot − 1 x ⇒ x = cot y ∈ R
∴ Domain = R
x' x (T–2.5) y = sec − 1 x
– 2π – 3π – π π 0
–2 π π 3π 2π
3 2 2
⇒ x = sec y ∈ ( − ∞, − 1] ∪ [1, ∞ )
∴ Domain = ( − ∞, − 1] ∪ [1, ∞ )
y'
(T–2.6) y = cosec − 1 x ⇒ x = cosec y ∈ ( − ∞, − 1] ∪ [1, ∞ )
Period = 2π
Domain → R − {n π : n ∈ I } ∴ Domain = ( − ∞, − 1] ∪ [1, ∞ )
Range ( − ∞, − 1] ∪ [1, ∞ ) (T–3) Exponential Function y = a x
(T–1.5) y = f ( x ) = sec x (i) y = a x ;a >1
y
Domain → R Range → R +
y
x' x
– 2π – 3π – π – π 0 π π 3π 2π
2 2 2 2
x
y'
Period = 2π
(ii) y = a x ; 0 < a < 1
 π 
Domain → R − (2n + 1) : n ∈ I  y
 2 
Range → ( − ∞, − 1] ∪ [1, ∞ )
(T–1.6) y = f ( x ) = cot x x
y
Domain → R Range → R +
x' x
–π π π NOTE
– 2π – 3π
2
–2 0 2 π 3π
2 2π 0 < a < 1 function is decreasing i.e., a x > ay if x < y
a >1 function is increasing i.e., a x < ay if x < y
y'
(iii) (a) y = e x and (b) y = e| x| 17.6 Algebraic Operations on

y
y Real Functions
x Addition : If f and g are two functions, then the sum of the
y=e
|x | functions ( f + g ) ( x ) = f ( x ) + g ( x ) is defined only for those
y=e
values of x for which both f and g are defined i.e.,
x x x ∈Dom f ∩ Dom g
Fig. (a) Fig. (b) ∴ Dom ( f + g ) = Dom f ∩ Dom g
(a) Domain → R (b) Domain → R Subtraction : If f and g are two functions, then the
+ +
Range → R Range → R difference of the functions ( f − g ) x = f ( x ) − g ( x )
(T–4) Logarithmic Function Where x ∈Dom f ∩ Dom g
y ∴ Dom of ( f − g ) = Dom f ∩ Dom g
y = loge x
Multiplication : If k is any real number and f is a function,
then kf is defined for all x ∈ Dom f by ( kf ) x = k f ( x )
Hence, if f and g are two functions, then the pointwise
x Domain → R + product fg is defined for all x ∈ Dom f ∩ Dom g by
(1, 0) Range → R
( fg ) x = f ( x ) g ( x )
y ∴ Dom of ( fg ) x = Dom f ∩ Dom g
y = loga x ; a > 1
Division : If f and g are two functions, then f g is defined for
f (x )
all x ∈ Dom f ∩ Dom g ∩ {x : g ( x ) ≠ 0} by ( f g ) x =
g (x )
x Domain → R +
(1, 0) Range → R ∴ Dom ( f g ) x = Dom f ∩ Dom g −
{x : x ∈Dom g and g ( x ) = 0 }
Composition : Let f : A → B and g : B → C be functions,
y
then gof : A → C defined by ( gof ) x = g ( f ( x ))
y = loga x ; o < a < 1
Alternatively
( gof ( x )) = g f ( x ) i.e., gof is defined when
(a) input of f (i.e., x) ∈Domain of f and
x
Domain → R +
(1, 0)
Range → R
(b) input of g (i.e., f ( x ) ∈Domain of g
Note that gof is defined, then fog may not be defined
Introductory Exercise 17.1

1. The domain of the function f (x) = x is : 4. The domain of the function f (x) = x is :
(a) R (b) R + (a) R (b) R +
(c) R − {0 } (d) R + ∪ {0 } (c) R − {0 } (d) R + ∪ {0 }
2. The domain of the function f (x) = x is : 5. The domain of the function f (x) = x is :
+
(a) R (b) R (a) x ∈ (− ∞ , ∞ ) (b) x ∈ (0 , ∞ )
(c) R + ∪ {0 } (d) R − {0 } (c) x ∈ (−∞ , 0 ) ∪ (0 , ∞ ) (d) x ∈ [ 0 , ∞ )
1
3. The domain of the function f (x) = is : 6. The domain of the function f (x) = x is :
x
(a) R (b) R + (a) x ∈ (− ∞ , + ∞ ) (b) x ∈ (0 , ∞ )
(c) R − {0 } (d) R + ∪ {0 } (c) x ∈ (9 , 16 ) (d) x ∈ [ 0 , ∞ )
922 QUANTUM CAT
1 log2 (x + 3 )
7. The domain of the function f (x) = is : 20. The domain of definition of f (x) = is :
x x2 + 3 x + 2
(a) − ∞ < x < ∞ (b) 0 < x < ∞ (a) (− 3 , − 2 ) (b) (− 2 , − 1]
(c) R − {0 } (d) 0 ≤ x < ∞ (c) (− 3 , ∞ ) ~ {− 1, − 2 } (d) [ 0 , ∞ )
8. The domain of the function f (x) = x 2 is : 21. The domain of f (x) = 2 sin x + 3 cos x + 4 is :
(a) − ∞ < x < ∞ (b) 0 < x < ∞ (a) R (b) R +
(c) R − {0 } (d) R + ∪ {0 } (c) R − {0 } (d) R − {nπ : n ∈ I+ }
9. The domain of the function f (x) = ( x ) 2 is : 22. The domain of the function y = log
1
is :
(a) − ∞ < x < ∞ (b) 0 < x < ∞ sin x
(c) 0 ≤ x < ∞ (b) R ~  π ; n ∈ I
(d) none of these n
(a) R
2 
10. The domain of the function f (x) = log10 x is :
(c) [ 0 , ∞ ) (d) R ~ {nπ , n ∈I }
(a) − ∞ < x < ∞ (b) 0 < x < ∞
(c) 0 ≤ x < ∞ (d) none of these 23. The domain of f (x) = (x + x + 1)− 3 2is :
2
(a) (− ∞ , ∞ ) (b) (0 , ∞ )
11. The domain of the function f (x) = log x2 is :
3 
(b) R + (c)  , ∞ (d) none of these
(a) R 2 
(c) R − {0 } (d) R + ∪ {0 }
24. The domain of f (x) = log (5 x − 6 − x2 ) is :
1
12. The domain of the function f (x) = is : (a) (5, 6) (b) (2, 3)
log10 x
+ (c) [2 , ∞ ) (d) none of these
(a) R (b) R − {1}
(c) R + ∪ {0 } (d) R − {0 } 25. The domain of y = logx 5 is :
1 (a) x > 5 (b) (0 , ∞ ) (c) (0 , ∞ ) ~ {1} (d) [5 , ∞ )
13. The domain of the function f (x) = is
log10 x 26. The domain of y = 9 − 9 − x 2 is :
+
(a) R (b) R − (0 , 1] (a) x < − 3 (b) − 3 < x < 3
(c) R − {0 } (d) none of these (c) x ∈ [ − 3 , 3 ] (d) none of these
x
27. The domain of y = is :
14. The domain of the function f (x) = 3 x − 4 is : x − 5x + 6
2
3  4 
(a) [ 0 , ∞ ) (b) , ∞ (c) , ∞ (d) (4 , ∞ ) (a) R ~ {2 , 3 } (b) R ~ (2 , 3 )
 4   3 
(c) R − [2 , 3 ] (d) none of these
15. The domain of the function f (x) = 4 x − 3 + 2 x − 6 is x2
28. The range of the function y = is :
: 1 + x4
3  4   1  1
(a) [0, ∞) ,∞ ,∞ (d) [ 3 , ∞)
 4   3  (a) [ 0 , ∞ ) (c)  0 , 
(b) (c) (b) [0, 2] (d) 0 ,
 2  2 
1 x2 − 2
16. The domain of y = is : 29. Find the range of f (x) = :
x −x x2 − 3
(a) [0, ∞) (b) ( 0, ∞) (c) ( − ∞ , 0) (d) ( − ∞ , 0] (a) (1, ∞ ) (b) (− ∞ ,2 3 ]
x (c) (− ∞ , 2 3 ) (d) (− ∞ , 2 3 ] ∪ (1, ∞ )
17. The domain of y =
x2 − 3 x + 2 x + 2x + 3
2
30. If f (x) = , then the range of the function is
(a) (− ∞ , ∞ ) (b) [ 0 , ∞ ) x
(c) (− ∞ , 1] ∪ [2 , ∞ ) (d) none of these (a) [2 3 , 3 2 ] (b) R − (2 − 2 3 , 2 + 2 3 )
18. The domain of y = log10 ( 6 − x + x − 4 ) is : (c) R − (2 , 2 3 ) (d) none of these
(a) R (b) R − {0 } 31. Which of the following pairs are identical :
(c) [ 6 , ∞ ) (d) (4 , 6 ) (a) f (x) = x 2 , g (x) = ( x ) 2
19. The domain of definition of the function 1 , x
1 (b) f (x) = g (x) = 2
y= + x + 2 is : x 2 x
log10 (1 − x)
(c) f (x) = log (x − 1) + log (x − 2 ),
(a) [ − 2 , 1) (b) [ − 2 , 0 ) g (x) = log (x − 1) (x − 2 )
(c) [ − 2 , 0 ) ∪ (0 , 1) (d) (− 2 , 1] (d) none of the above
32. If f (x) =
1
and g (x) =
1 4x ,
, then 38. If f (x) = then the value of f (x) + f (1 − x) is :
x −x x− x 4x + 2
(a) dom f ≠ φ and dom g = φ (a) 0 (b) − 1
(b) dom f = φ and dom g ≠ φ (c) 1 (d) can't be determined
(c) dom f = φ and dom g = φ 39. If f (x) = 1 − f (1 − x), then the value of
(d) f and g have the same domain
 1   2   998 
x2 f  + f  + ...+ f   is :
33. If f (x) = x, g (x) = x and h(x) =
2
, then the set of  999   999   999 
x
(a) 998 (b) 1
values for which the given functions f (x), g (x) and h(x) (c) 499 (d) none of these
are identical is :
40. Let f (x) = x2 and g (x) = x, then :
(a) R − {0 } (b) R
(c) R + (d) R + ∪ {0 } (a) gof (3 ) = 9 (b) gof (− 3 ) = 9
(c) gof (3 ) = 3 (d) gof (− 9 ) = 3
34. If f (x) = log x and g (x) = 4 log x, then the domain for
4
 1
which f (x) and g (x) are identical ? 41. If g (x) = x2 − x + 7 and   gof (x) = x2 + x + 1, then
 9
(a) (−∞ , ∞ ) (b) [ 0 , ∞ )
(c) (0 , ∞ ) (d) none of these f (x) is :
(a) 2 x − 3 (b) 3 x + 2
35. If f (x) = Sgn x and g (x) = 1 + x − [ x]. Then for all x,
(c) 3 x − 2 (d) none of these
f ( g (x)) is equal to : x ,
(a) 0 (b) 1 42. Let f (x) = then f (x + 1) = ?
x+ 3
(c) x (d) f (x)
3x + 2 x+1 x+1 2x + 3
1 1 (a) (b) (c) (d)
36. If f (x) = 64 x3 + 3 and α , β are the roots of 4 x + = 2 , x+2 x+4 x+ 3 x+ 3
x x
then : x 1  1 
43. Let f (x) = , then − f  =?
(a) f (α ) = − 24 (b) f (α ) = − 16 x+ 3 f (x + 1)  x + 1
(c) f (β ) = − 16 (d) both (b) and (c) 3x 2 + 7x + 4 3 (x 2 + 5 x + 5 )
(a) (b)
x , 3 (x 2 + 5 x + 5 ) 3x 2 + 7x + 4
37. If f (x) = then f (f (f (x))) is :
1 + x2 −x (2 x + 3 ) − (x + 3 ) 2
(c) (d)
3x x (x + 3 ) 2
x (2 x + 3 )
(a) (b)
1+x 2
1 + 3x 2
x+ 1,
44. If f (x) = x ≠ 1, find f (f (f (f (f (2 )))))
x 3
x x −1
(c) (d)
1 + x2 3 + 3 x2 (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 6
17.7 Transformation of Graphs

Here we study some techniques for the following 1. f ( x ) → f ( x ) + k , k is a positive constant. Shift the
transformation. graph of f ( x ) upwards by ‘k’.
1. f ( x ) → f ( x ) + k 2. f ( x ) → f ( x ) − k y
1
3. f ( x ) → k f ( x ) 4. f ( x ) → f ( x )
k 4
5. f ( x ) → − f ( x ) 6. f ( x ) → f ( x ) 3
7. f ( x ) → f ( x + k ) 8. f ( x ) → f ( x − k ) 2
 x
9. f ( x ) → f ( kx ) 10. f ( x ) → f   1
k
x' x
11. f ( x ) → f ( − x ) 12. f ( x ) → f x –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
924 QUANTUM CAT
y
f (x ) = x
y 2
1
4 x' x
3 – 2π –π π 2π
2 –1
1 f (x) = 2 sin x –2
y'
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 1
4. f ( x ) → f ( x ) ; ( k >1) Shrink the graph of f ( x ) ‘k’
f (x ) = x + 2 k
times along y-axis.
2. f ( x ) → f ( x ) − k ; k is a positive constant
y
y
2
4
1
3
x
– 2π – 3π – π π
–2 π π 3π 2π
2 2 2 2
–1
1
f (x) = sin x –2
x
f (x ) = x
y y
2
4
1
3
1/2
2 x
– 2π –π 1/2 π 2π
1
–1
x f (x) = 1 sin x –2
2
–1
5. f ( x ) → − f ( x ) Turn the graph of f ( x ) by 180° about
–2
–3
x-axis. or Take the mirror image of f ( x ) in x-axis.
y
f (x ) = x − 2 4
3. f ( x ) → kf ( x ) ; ( k > 1) Stretch the graph of f ( x ), k’ 3
times along y-axis. 2
y 1
2 x
1 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–1
x
– 2π – 3π – π π
–2 0 π π 3π 2π –2
2 2 2
f (x) = |x| – 2
–1
f (x) = sin x –2
y
7. f ( x ) → f ( x + k ) Shift the graph of f ( x ) towards left
4 by ‘k’.
y
3
2 3
1 2
x' x 1
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–1 x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–2 –1
f (x) = |x| –2
y
f (x ) = – (|x | – 2)
 f ( x ) if f ( x ) ≥ 0 3
6. f ( x ) = f ( x ) , where f ( x ) = 
− f ( x ) if f ( x ) < 0 2
y 1
4 x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
3
–1
2 –2
1 f (x) = |x + 2|
–3
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 8. f ( x ) → f ( x − k ) Shift the graph of f ( x ) towards right
–1 by ‘k’
–2 y
f (x ) = |x | – 2 3
Turn the portion of the graph of f ( x ) lying below x-axis 2

by 180° about x-axis. Or, take the mirror image (in x-axis) 1
of the portion of the graph of f ( x ) which lies below x
x-axis. –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
y –1
f (x ) = |x |
4
y
3
2 3
1 2
x 1
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
x
–1 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–2 –1
f (x) = |x – 2| –2
f (x ) = |x | – 2
926 QUANTUM CAT
y
9. f ( x ) → f ( kx ) ; ( k > 1) Shrink the graph of f ( x ) ‘k’
times along x-axis.
y 1
x
1
– 2π –π 0 π 2π
x –1
– 2π –π 0 π 2π f (x ) = sin |x |
–1
f (x) = sin x
12. f ( x ) → f x
y
 f ( x ) if x ≥ 0
Q f x =
 f ( − x ) if x < 0
1
∴ On the right of y-axis, plot the graph of f ( x ) as
π
–π π
x such and on the left of y-axis, plot the mirror image of
– 2π – 3π – π 2
3π 2π
2 2 2 the graph of f ( x ) of the portion lying on the right of
–1 y-axis.
f (x) = sin 2x y
x
10. f ( x ) → f   Stretch the graph of f ( x ) ‘k’ times along
k 1
x-axis. x
y – 2π –π 0 π 2π
–1
1 f (x) = sin |x |
y
x
– 2π –π 0 π 2π
–1 1
f (x) = sin x
x
y
– 2π –π 0 π 2π
–1
1
–π f (x ) = sin |x |
2
–x′ π x
– 2π –π 0 π 2π
2
–1 17.8 Composite Functions

y'
a, e, i, o, u apple, An apple is
11. f ( x ) → f ( − x ) Turn the graph of f ( x ) by 180° about b, c, d, f, g, ... Banana .... heavier than
a banana.
y-axis or Take the mirror image of the graph of f ( x ) in
y-axis. Vowels and
⇒ consonants Words Sentences
y
When the output of the first operation is the input for the
1
second operation, then there is a composition of functions
x (operations).
– 2π –π 0 π 2π
If f : A → B and g : B → C , then (gof ) : A → C
–1 ⇒ (gof ) ( a ) = g{ f ( a )}
f (x ) = sin |x |
y
Exp. 1) a f p g x f g
b q y A B C
c r z
gof
A B C
(gof ) ( a ) = g{ f ( a )} = g ( q ) = x
(gof ) ( b) = g{ f ( b)} = g ( p) = y
(gof ) ( c) = g{ f ( c)} = g ( p) = y
x
Properties y = |x |
1. Associative : If f 1 : A → B , f 2 : B → C , f 3 : C → D NOTE Graph of an even function is symmetric about y-axis.

then f 1 o( f 2 of 3 ) = ( f 1 of 2 ) of 3 2. Odd function : A function y = f ( x ) is said to be an
2. Non commutative : Let f ( x ) = cos x and g ( x ) = x 3 odd function if f ( − x ) = − f ( x ), ∀ x ∈ Dom ( f )
then, gof ( x ) = g ( f ( x )) = g (cos x ) = cos 3 x e.g., y = sin x, y = x 2n − 1 ∀ n ∈ N
y
and fog ( x ) = f ( x 3 ) = cos x 3
Hence gof ≠ fog 1
3. Range of ( gof ) may not be the same as the range of g x
– 2π –π 0 π 2π
a p x
b q y –1
c r z y = sin x
y
(gof) ( a ) = x
3
( gof )( b) = y
(gof) ( c) = y 2
∴ Range of ( gof ) = {x, y} 1

and Range of g = {x, y, z} x
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
17.9 Even and Odd Functions –1
1. Even function : A function y = f ( x ) is said to be an –2

even function if f ( − x ) = f ( x ) ∀ x ∈ Dom ( f ) –3
e.g., y = cos x, y = x 2n ∀ n ∈ N , y = x y=x
y
8
7 y
1 6
5
x 4
– 3π/2 – π/2 0 π/2 3π/2 3
2
–1 1
y = cos x 0 x
– 4– 3– 2– 1 1 2 3 4
y –1
–2
3
–3
y=x
–4
–5
–6
–7
–8
x
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
NOTE Graph of an odd function is symmetric about origin.
y = x2
928 QUANTUM CAT
Properties of Even and Odd Functions Even × Odd = Odd
1. Sum : Even + Even = Even Odd × Even = Odd
Odd + Odd = Odd NOTE If the number of odd functions in the product is odd
Even + Odd = (neither even nor odd) → odd function. If the number of odd functions in the product is
even → even function
Odd + Even = (neither even nor odd)
4. Division : Even ÷ Even = Even
2. Difference : Even – Even = Even ÷ Odd = Even
Odd – Odd = Odd Even ÷ Odd = Odd
Even – Odd = (neither even nor odd) Odd ÷ Even = Odd
Odd – Even = (neither even nor odd) 5. Composition : Even (Even) = Even
Remember Any function y = f ( x ) can be expressed uniquely
Even (Odd) = Even
as the sum of an even and an odd function as follows :
1 1 Odd (Even) = Even
f ( x ) = [ f ( x ) + f ( − x )] + [ f ( x ) − f ( − x )] Odd (Odd) = Odd
2 2
NOTE If all the functions in the composition are odd → Odd
3. Product: Even × Even = Even function. If at least one of the functions in the composition is even
Odd × Odd = Even → even function.

1. Which one of the following is correct for the following 3. Which one of the following is correct for the following
graph? graph?
y y
4 4
3
3
2
2 1
1 x' x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
x'
–1
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
y'
(a) f (x) = {x} (b) f (x) = [ x]
(a) f (x) = e x
(b) f (x) = log x
(c) f (x) = [ x] (d) none of these x
(c) f (x) = 2 (d) f (x) = x 2
2. Which one of the following is correct for the following
graph? 4. Which one of the following is correct for the given graph?
y y
5
3
4
2 3
1 2
1
x' x x' x
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–1 –1
–2 –2
y' –3
2 y'
1  1
(a) f (x) = −2 (b) f (x) =  
x  x (a) f (x) = x3 − 2 (b) f (x) = x2 − 2
1
(c) f (x) = 3 (d) f (x) = log x x3
(c) f (x) = −2 (d) f (x) = log x − 1
x 4
x2 14. If f (x) = x n , n ∈ N and ( gof ) (x) = ng (x), then g (x)

5. The equation = 1 has n real solutions, then
1− x−2 can be
(a) n = 0 (b) n = 1 (c) n = 2 (d) n = 3 (a) n x (b) 3 x
6. The number of real solutions of the equation (c) e x (d) log x
log0.5 x = 2 x is : 15. Let f : N → R ; f (x) = 2 x − 1
(a) 0 (b) 1 x2
(c) 2 (d) none of these g : z → R; g (x) = , then ( gof ) (0 ) is :
2
7. The graph of the function f : R → R defined by 1 1
(a) − (b)
3 2 2
x + x
f (x) = may lie in : (c) 1 (d) none of these
1 + x2
 1 1
16. Let f  x +  = x2 + 2 ; (x ≠ 0 ), then f (x) is equal to :
(a) I st and II nd quadrant (b) II nd and III rd quadrant  x  x
(c) III rd and IV rd quadrant (d) none of these (a) x2 − 1 (b) x2 − 2
2
 x + 8 (c) x (d) none of these
8. The two roots of the equation f (x) = f   are :
 x − 1
(a) 2, – 2 (b) 4, – 2 17. Let f (x) = x5 , then f (5 x) is equal to :
(c) – 4, – 2 (d) 2, 4 (a) 5 x 5 x (b) 25 x2 5 x
9. If the functions f , g , h are defined from ‘R’ to ‘R′ by (c) 5x (d) 5 x5
0 , if x ≤ 0 18. If f (x) = 4 x − 5 , g (x) = x2 and h(x) =
1,
then f ( g (h(x))) is :
f (x) = x2 − 1, g (x) = x2 + 1, h(x) =  then x
 x, if x ≥ 0 4 1
hofog is equal to : (a) (b)
(x − 5 ) (4 x − 5 )2
(a) x2 (b) x4 − 1
4 
(c)  − 5
x
(d)  2 − 5
(c) 0 (d) none of these 4  x 
10. If f (x) = (a − x n )1/ n, where a > 0, then f (f (x)) is : 19. If [ x] is greatest integer function (GIF) and{x} is
(a) x n (b) x2 smallest integer function (SIF), and x ∈ R ~ I , then
(c) 2x (d) none of these [ x] − {x} is equal to :
 x − 1 (a) – 1 (b) 0
11. If f (x) =   , then f (f (ax)) in terms of f (x) is (c) 1 (d) 2
 x + 1
ax − 1
equal to : 20. If the graph of the function f (x) = is
f (x) + 1 f (x) + 1 x (a x + 1)
n
(a) (b)
a (f (x) + 1) a (f (x) − 1) symmetric about y-axis, then n is equal to :
1 1
f (x) − 1 f (x) + 1 (a) − (b)
(c) (d) 3 4
a (f (x) + 1) a (f (x) − 1)
(c) 2/3 (d) 2
x
12. If f (x) = , then fofof (x) is equal to : 21. f (x) = ln (x + x2 + 1 ) is :
1 + x2
(a) an even function (b) an odd function
x 3x
(a) (b) (c) neither even nor odd (d) none of these
(1 + 3 x2 ) (1 − x2 )
22. If a function f satisfies the conditions
3x f (x + y) = f (x) + f ( y) ∀ , x, y ∈ R, then f is :
(c) (d) none of these
(1 + x2 ) (a) an even function (b) an odd function
(c) neither even nor odd (d) none of these
1 + x ; x < − 1
13. If f (x) =  Also, [.] is greatest integer 23. Which of the following function is an even function ?
[ x] ; x ≥ −1
ax + 1 a x − a −x
function then f (f (− 2.4 )) is equal to : a) f (x) = x (b) f (x) = x
a −1 a + a− x
(a) – 3 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
ax + 1
(c) f (x) = x (d) f (x) = sin x
ax − 1
930 QUANTUM CAT
24. Which of the following function is odd ? 27. Which of the following function is an odd function ?
1 + x3  e ax − 1 (a) f (x) = 2 − x
2
(b) f (x) = 2 x − x
4
(a) ln   (b) x ⋅ ax
1 − x 
3
e +1 (c) f (x) = cos x (d) none of these
(1 + 2 x )2 x x
(c) (d) none of these 28. The function f (x) = x + + 1 is :
2x e −1 2
25. Which of the following function is even function ? (a) even (b) odd
1−x (c) constant (d) neither even nor odd
(a) f (x) = log
1+ x 29. The graph of the function y = f (x) is symmetrical about
ax + 1
(b) f (x) = x ⋅ x the line x = 2, then :
a −1 (a) f (x + 2 ) = f (x − 2 ) (b) f (2 + x) = f (2 − x)
(c) f (x) = log x + [ ]
(1 + x2 ) (c) f (x) = f (− x)
1
(d) none of these
(d) f (x) = (1 + x + x ) − 2
(1 − x + x2 ) 30. Given f (x) = , g (x) = f (f (x)) and h(x) = f (f (f (x))),
(1 − x)
26. If f (x) = 3 (1 −x2 ) + 3 (1 + x2 ), then f (x) is: then the value of f (x) . g (x) . h(x) is :
(a) an even function (b) an odd function (a) 0 (b) – 1
(c) constant function (d) none of these (c) 1 (d) 2
17.10 Surjective and Injective

Functions
Function In order to show that a function f : A → B is one-one we may
take any x, y → A such that f ( x ) = f ( y) and try to show that
Many One One one (or injective) x = y. Graphically,if every horizontal line intersects the
Many inputs produce Only one input produce any graph of a given function at not more than one point, i.e., the
one output one output i.e., no two inputs function is strictly increasing (or decreasing) then the
produce same output function is one-one.
e.g., a p e.g., a p NOTE 1. Functions which are not one to one are called
b q b q many-one function.
c r c r 2. One many function does not exist.
d s d s
A B A B Onto (or Surjective Function)
Function If a function f : A → B is such that each element in B is the
f -image of at least one element in A, then we say that f is
Into Onto (or surjective) function of A ‘onto’ B. Equivalently a function f is an onto
There are at least one Every element of B is necessa- function if codomain of f = Range of f .
element of B which is rily an output (or image) of an In order to show that a function f : A → B is onto we start
not the output (or image) element of A.
of any element of A.
with any y ∈ B and try to find x ∈ A such that f ( x ) = y.
e.g., a p e.g., a NOTE If there exists at least one element in B which is not the
p f -image of any element of A, then f is called an into function.
b q b
q
c r c Bijective Function :If a function f is both one-to-one and
r
d s d
onto then f is said to be a bijective function e.g., an identity
A B A B
function is a bijective function.
One to One (or Injective) Functions
A function f is said to be one-to-one if it does not take the 17.11 Inverse Function
same values at two distinct points in its domain. For If f : A → B is a bijection, we can define a new function
example, f ( x ) = x 3 is one to one whereas f ( x ) = x 2 is not, as from B to A which associates each element y ∈B to its
f (1) = 1 and f ( − 1) = 1 pre-image f − 1 ( y) ∈ A.
Such a function is known as the inverse of function f and is Generally binary operations are represented by the symbols
denoted by f − 1 . ∗ , ⊕ etc. instead of letters f , g etc.
Inverse of a function is defined iff the function is
Types of Binary Operations
one-to-one and onto.
In the inverse function inputs and outpts interchange their
1. Commutative binary operation : A binary
operation ∗ on a set S is said to be commutative if
roles.
a ∗ b = b ∗ a for all a, b, ∈ S .
Inverse of a function is not defined if the given function is
2. Associative binary operation : A binary operation ∗
a many-one function or into function or both.
on a set S is said to be associative if
If the graph of a function f ( x ) is symmetric about the line
( a ∗ b) ∗ c = a ∗ ( b ∗ c) for all a, b, c ∈ S .
y = x, then f ( x ) and f − 1 ( x ) are identical function.
−1 3. Distributive binary operation : Let ∗ and ⊕ be two
The graph of f ( x ) and f ( x ) is symmetric about binary operations on a set S. Then ∗ is said to be :
y=x (i) Left distributive over ⊕ if
a ∗ ( b ⊕ c) = ( a ∗ b) ⊕ ( a ∗ c) for all a, b, c ∈ S ,
17.12 Binary Operations (ii) Right distributive over ⊕ if
Let S be a non-emply set. A function f from S × S to S is ( b ⊕ c) ∗ a = ( b ∗ a ) ⊕ ( c ∗ a ) for all a, b, c ∈ S .
called a binary operation on S If ∗ is both left and right distributive over ⊕, then ∗ is said to
be distributive over ⊕.
i.e., f : S × S → S is a binary operation on S.
Composition table : Le S = {a1 , a 2 , a 3 , ... a n } be finite set and ∗ be a binary operation on S. Then the composition table is
constructed in the manner given below :
∗ a1 a2 … ai … aj … an
a1 a1 ∗ a1 a1 ∗ a2 … a1 ∗ ai … a1 ∗ aj … a1 ∗ an
a2 a2 ∗ a1 a2 ∗ a2 … a2 ∗ ai … a2 ∗ aj … a2 ∗ an
…
ai ai ∗ a1 ai ∗ a2 … ai ∗ ai … ai ∗ aj … ai ∗ an
… …
aj aj ∗ a1 aj ∗ a2 … aj ∗ ai … aj ∗ aj … aj ∗ an
an an * a1 an * a2 … an * ai … an * aj … an * an
Example Consider the set S = {1, 2, 3, 4}. Define a binary 17.13 User Defined functions
operation ∗ on S as follows : These functions are defined as per the requirement of user.
For any a, b ∈ S define a ∗ b = r , where ‘r’ is the least
Basically these functions are not standard function. There
non-negative remainder when ab is divided by 5.
are some examples illustrated below :
Solution We have
1 ∗ 1 = 1, 1 ∗ 2 = 2, 1 ∗ 3 = 3, 1 ∗ 4 = 4 Exp. 1) If f ( A, B) = A # B = A 4 − B 3 + A 2 − B + AB, then
2 ∗ 1 = 2, 2 ∗ 2 = 4, 2 ∗ 3 = 1, 2 ∗ 4 = 3 find the value of f ( 3, 4).
3 ∗1 = 3 , 3 ∗ 2 = 1, 3 ∗ 3 = 4, 3 ∗ 4 = 2 Solution f ( 3 , 4) = 3 # 4 = 3 4 − 4 3 + 3 2 − 4 + ( 3 × 4)
4 ∗ 1 = 4, 4 ∗ 2 = 3 , 4 ∗ 3 = 2, 4 ∗ 4 = 1 = 81 − 64 + 9 − 4 + 12 = 34
Thus, the following is the composition table for the binary
operation ∗ on S. Exp. 2) If A # B = A + B + AB. If for any A there is a
number C such that A # C = A, then C = ?
∗ 1 2 3 4
Solution A # C = A , we get
1 1 2 3 4
A + C + AC = A
2 2 4 1 3 ⇒ C (1 + A) = 0
3 3 1 4 2 ⇒ C = 0 or A = − 1
4 4 3 2 1
932 QUANTUM CAT
a+b
Exp. 3) If f ( a, b) = 2 ; g( a, b) = a + b h ( a, b) = max ( a, b)
2 2
Exp. 1) What is the minimum value of the expression
Find the value of f ( g( 3 , 9), h( − 1 , 1)). x 2 + 8x + 10 ?
Solution
Solution f ( g( 3 , 9), h( −1, 1)) = f (( 3 2 + 92 ), 1) = f ( 90, 1) = 45.5
Method 1. x 2 + 8x + 10 = x 2 + 8x + 16 − 6
 f n − 1 if n is even ⇒ = ( x + 4) 2 − 6
Exp. 4) f n =  2 f and f 0 = 1, find the value
 n − 1 if n is odd Now the smallest possible value of the above
of f 4 + f5 expression can be − 6
Since, ( x + 4) 2 can be minimum 0, when x = − 4
Solution f 4 + f5 = f 3 + 2 f 4 = 2 f 2 + 2 f 3 = 2( f 2 + f 3 ) = 2( f1 + 2 f 2 )
Method 2. Compare the given expression with the standard
= 2( 2 f 0 + 2 f1 ) = 4 ( f 0 + f1 ) quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0
= 4 (1 + 2 f 0) = 4(1 + 2) = 12 ∴ a = 1, b = 8, c = 10
 f n − 1 if n is even − ( b 2 − 4ac)
Now, minima = ) (D = b 2 − 4ac
Exp. 5) f n =  and f 0 = 1, find the value 4a
 2 f n − 1 if n is odd
of f16 . D→ Discriminant)
Solution f16 = f15 = 2 f14 = 2 f13 = 22 f12 = 22 f11 = 23 f10 = ...... − ( 64 − 40)
= =−6
4
f16 = 28 f 0 = 28 = 256
Method 3. By differentiating the given expression twice w.r.
Exp. 6) If f (n) defines the number of pages read by a to the given variable, we get minima or maxima.
person in nth hour, where f (n) = { n} ; {x} → least integer Let y = x 2 + 8x + 10
dy
greater than or equal to x and n is the n th hour. If a person ∴ = y′ = 2x + 8
reads the book for 10 hours, then find the total number of dx
d2y
pages read by him. Again = y′′ = 2
dx 2
Solution Total number of pages read by him
d2y
= f1 + f 2 + f 3 + ... + f10 Since, 2 = 2 (+ve value), hence the given
dx
f1 = { 1} = {1} = 1
expression gives minima.
f 2 = { 2} = {1.414} = 2 Now since y′ = 2x + 8
f 3 = { 3} = {1.732} = 2 Let y′ = 0
⇒ 2x + 8 = 0 ⇒ x = − 4
f 4 = { 4} = 2
∴ y = x 2 + 8x + 10 = ( − 4) 2 + 8( − 4) + 10 = − 6
f5 = { 5} = 3 2
dy
f 6 = { 6} = 3 NOTE If 2 is a –ve value then we get maxima.
dx
f 7 = { 7} = 3 Hence, the minimum value of the expression is – 6.
f 8 = { 8} = 3
Exp. 2) What is the maximum value of the expression
f 9 = { 9} = 3 5 − 6x − x 2
f10 = { 10} = 4 Solution
∴ Total number of pages read by a person Method 1. 5 − 6x − x 2 = 14 − ( 3 + x) 2
= 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 4 = 26 pages Thus the expression can have maximum value 14,
when x = − 3
Since, the minimum value of ( 3 + x) 2 is zero.
17.14 Maxima and Minima
Method 2. −x 2 − 6x + 5 = 0 …(i)
In this topic we study the maximum and minimum value of
Comparing the above expression with standard
various functions. In advance mathematics, we find the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, we get
maxima and minima through differentiation of the function
a = − 1, b = − 6, c = 5
(As in calculus). But for those students who are not Since, a is negative, therefore the expression gives
well-versed with calculus, they can solve these problems maxima.
with some unconventional methods. − D − ( b 2 − 4ac)
Now, = =
Recall that we have been already studied the maxima and 4a 4a
minima in the chapter ‘‘Theory of Equations.’’ − ( 36 + 20)
= = 14
−4
Method 3. Let y = − x 2 − 6x + 5 …(i) Exp. 7) If f ( x) = min ( 4x + 3, x + 4) for x ∈[0, 2], what is

2
dy d y the maximum value of f ( x) ?
∴ = − 2x − 6 ∴ 2 = − 2
dx dx Solution f ( x) = min ( 4x + 3 , x + 4) is an increasing function
d y 2
for every x ∈[0, 2]
Since, = − 2 (– ve value), therefore we get maxima
dx 2 It means the value of f ( x) increases as x increases.
Now, let q
dy
= 0 ⇒ − 2x − 6 = 0 ⇒ x = − 3 ∴ at x = 2, f ( x) will be maximum
dx f ( x) max = min (11, 6) at x = 2
Substituting x = − 3 in equation (1), we get the f ( x) max = 6
maxima = − ( − 3) 2 − 6 ( − 3) + 5 Hence, the maximum value of the function is 6.
= − 9 + 18 + 5 = 14
Exp. 8) If f ( x) = max ( 4x + 3, 3x + 6) for x ∈ [− 6, 10], Find
Exp. 3) What is the maximum value of the function the maximum value of f ( x).
2x 2 + 3x + 4 Solution Since the function f ( x) = max( 4x + 3 , 3 x + 6) is an
y= 2 increasing function.Therefore at x = 10 we get the maximum
x + x+ 3
value.
2x 2 + 3 x + 4
Solution y = f ( x) max = max ( 43 , 36)
x2 + x + 3 f ( x) max = 43
⇒ ( y − 2) x 2 + ( y − 3) x + ( 3 y − 4) = 0
∴ ( y − 3) 2 − 4( y − 2) ( 3 y − 4) ≥ 0
Exp. 9) What is the maximum value of
f ( x) = min ( 4 − 5x, x − 3) for every x ∈( 0, 4) ?
23
⇒ 11y 2 − 34y + 23 ≤ 0 ∴ 1 ≤ y ≤ Solution At x = 0 f ( x) = min ( 4 , − 3) = − 3
11
23 x = 1, f ( x) = min( − 1, − 2) = − 2
∴ The maximum value of the expression is
11 x = 2, f ( x) = min ( − 6, − 1) = − 6
(and minimum value is 1) x = 3, f ( x) = min ( − 11, 0) = − 11
x = 4, f ( x) = min ( − 16, 1) = − 16 etc.
Points to remember
(i) When a1 + a 2 + a 3 + ... a n = k , then the maximum y
value of a1 . a 2 . a 3 .... a n is obtained when 5
a1 = a 2 = a 3 = ... = a n . 4
(ii) When a1 . a 2 . a 3 ... a n = k , then the minimum value of 3
a1 + a 2 + a 3 + ... a n is obtained when 2
a1 = a 2 = a 3 =... a n . 1 2 3 4 5 6
x
0
Exp. 4) If a + b = 20, then the maximum value of ab is :
(a) 19 (b) 75
–1
–2
(
(x, y) = 7 , – 11
6 6 )
(c) 100 (d) 120 –3
Solution Maximum of ( ab) = 10 × 10 (Q a + b = 20) –4
= 100 ( a = b = 10) –5
–6
Exp. 5) If a + b + c = 24, then the maximum value of abc is –7
(a) 215 (b) 512 (c) 125 (d) 576
Solution abc can be maximum only when a = b = c for a given It is clear from the graph that f ( x) max will lie between x = 1 and
sum a + b + c = 24 x = 2 i.e., when x ∈(1, 2) and the f ( x) max will be obtained when
∴ ( abc) max = ( 8 × 8 × 8) (Q a = b = c) 7
4 − 5 x = x − 3 ⇒ 6x = 7 ⇒ x =
= 512 6
∴ f ( x) max = min( 4 − 5 x , x − 3)
Exp. 6) If ab = 25, then the minimum value of a + b is :  11 11 11
= min  − , −  = −
(a) 10 (b) 8 (c) 24 (d) 16  6 6  6
Solution Minimum value of ( a + b) can be obtained when NOTE In case of f ( x ) max = min ( x , y ) f ( x ) max will be obtained
a = b then a + b = 5 + 5 (Q ab = 25 and a = b) when x = y Similarly in case of f ( x ) min = max ( x , y ) f ( x ) min will be
= 10 obtained when x = y
QUANTUM CAT
Directions (for Q. Nos. 1 to 4) 8. The function f : N → N (N is the set of natural
Mark (a) if function is one–one and into numbers defined by f (n) = 2 n + 3 is :
Mark (b) if function is one–one and onto (a) surjective (b) injective
Mark (c) if function is many one and into (c) bijective (d) none of these
Mark (d) if function is many one and onto 9. The function f : R → R defined by
1. f (x) = x2 f :R→ R f (x) = (x − 1) (x − 2 ) (x − 3 ) is :
y (a) one–one but not onto
(b) onto but not one–one
(c) both one–one and onto
(d) neither one-one nor onto
10. If the function f : R → R be such that f (x) = x − [ x],
x where [ k] denotes the greatest integer less than or
2. f (x) = x2 f : R → R + ∪ {0 } equal to k, then f − 1 (x) is :
y (a) [ x] − x (b) 1 / x − [ x]
(c) not defined (d) none of these
11. If f (x) = x2 + 2 then f − 1 (x) is :
(a) x −2 (b) x+2 (c) x +2 (d) x + 4
−1
12. If f (x) = 5 , then f
x
(x) is :
x (a) x5 (b) 5 − x
+
3. f (x) = x2
f :R → R (c) log5 x (d) none of these
x ,
y 13. If f (x) = then f −1 (x) is :
x+1
x+1 x
(a) (b)
x 1−x
x −1
x x
x −1
4. f (x) = x2 f : R + →R + 14. If f (x) = , then f − 1 (x) is :
x+1
y
1+x x+1
(a) (b)
1−x x−1
1
x+1
x
15. Let f : (− ∞ , 1] → (− ∞ , 1] such that f (x) = x (2 − x), then
e − e− x
x
5. Let f : R → R be a function defined by f (x) = , f − 1 (x) is :
e x + e −x
(a) 1 + 1 − x (b) 1 − 1 − x
then :
(a) f is both one–one and onto (c) 1−x (d) none of these
(b) f is one–one but not onto 16. If f (x) is a one to one function, where f (x) = x2 − x + 1,
(c) f is onto but not one–one then find the inverse of the f (x) :
(d) f is neither one–one nor onto  1 3 1
(a)  x −  (b) x − +
6. Let n (A) = 3 and n (B) = 5 , then the number of one–one  2  4 2
functions from A to B is : 3 1
(c) x − − (d) none of these
(a) 15 (b) 60 (c) 125 (d) 10 4 2
7. Let A = R − {3 }, B = R − {1}. Let f : A → B be defined by  3  3
17. In the above question find the value of f   + f − 1  
 4  4
 x − 2
f (x) =   , then 21 4
 x − 3 (a) (b)
16 5
(a) f is bijective (b) f is one–one only 16
(c) f is onto only (d) f is one–one but not onto 5
CAT-Test
Questions Helping you bell the CAT
LEVEL 01 > BASIC LEVEL EXERCISE

Directions (for Q. Nos. 1 and 2)  a − b , if a ≥ b
a∨b=
P ( A, B ) = A × B, S ( A, B ) = A − B, D ( A, B ) = A + B  a ∪ b , otherwise
1 D (P (3, 5), S (5, 3)) is equal to  a
, if a ≥ b
(a) 15 (b) 17 a ∨ ∨ b = b
(c) 0 (d) 30  a ∪ ∪ b , otherwise
2 P (S (D(7, 3), P (2, 3)), P (6, 5))) is equal to :  1
 , if a ≥ b
(a) 120 (b) 60 a ∨ ∨ ∨ b =  ab
(c) 30 (d) none of these  a ∪ ∪ ∪ b , otherwise
Directions (for Q. Nos. 3 to 5) For every a, b ∈ N 8 Find the value of [(5 ∪ 4) ∨ ∨ (2 ∪ ∪ ∪ 3)] ∪ (8 ∨ 3) :
a @ b = a2 when ( a + b ) is even (a) 1 (b) 2
= a2 − b 2 when ( a + b ) is odd (c) 3 (d) 4
a # b = b 2 when a × b is odd 9 Which of the following is true?
(a) 2 ∪ ∪ 8 = 2 ∪ ∪ ∪ 4 (b) 8 ∪ ∪ 2 = 4 ∪ ∪ ∪ 2
= a2 − b 2 when a × b is even
(c) 8 ∪ ∪ ∪ 2 = 2 ∨ ∨ ∨ 5 (d) none of these
3 Find the value of 20 # (21 @ 22) : 10 Which one of the following is/are true?
(a) 0 (b) 2249 (a) a ∪ b = a ∨ b for all real values of a and b
(c) – 1849 (d) can’t be determined (b) a ∨ ∨ b = a ∪ ∪ b is true for integer values of a and b
4 What is the value of (a # a)@ (a @ a) ? (c) a ∨ ∨ ∨ b = a ∪ ∪ ∪ b is true only for natural number
(a) 0 (b) a4 a, b
(c) either (a) or (b) (d) neither (a) nor (b) (d) none of the above
5 Find the value of ( p # q) − (q @ p); p is even and q is odd : Directions (for Q. Nos. 11 to14)
(a) 0 (b) 2( p2 + q2 ) x @ y = ( x + y )2
(c) 2( p − q )
2 2
(d) none of these x # y = ( x − y )2
6 If M (a, b) = a2 + b2 + ab; N (a, b) = a2 + b2 − ab. Find the
11 Find the value of (20 @ 4)# 35 :
value of M (7, N (9, 4)).
(a) 280081 (b) 292681
(a) 5197 (b) 3197
(c) 262781 (d) 301756
(c) 4197 (d) none of these
7 If f ( x ) = x 3 − x 2, then f ( x + 1) is : 12 Find the value of 12 # (14 @ (12 # 13)) :
(a) 4539
(a) x 3 − x 2 + 1 (b) x ( x + 1)2
(b) 42336
(c) x 2 ( x − 1) (d) none of these
(c) 45369
Directions (for Q. Nos. 8 to 10) (d) 89719
 a + b , if a < b 13 Find the value of (9 # 7) @ (21 # 5) :
a∪b= (a) 67600 (b) 62500
 a ∨ b , otherwise
 a × b , if a < b
a∪∪ b= 14 (2 @ 2) + (3 # 3) – (4 @ 4) + (5 # 5) is equal to :
 a ∨ ∨ b , otherwise (a) 64 (b) – 48
 a b , if a < b (c) 28 (d) none of these
a∪∪∪ b=
 a ∨ ∨ ∨ b , otherwise
936 QUANTUM CAT
Directions (for Q. Nos. 15 and 16) 22 Which of the following is true?
 ab , if a > 0 and b ∈ I (i) 6 @ 2 = 12 #2
CAT ( a, b ) =  (ii) 6 # 3 = (14 @ 12) + (2@ 6)
 0, otherwise (iii) (6 @ 2) + (6 # 3) = (12 # 2) + (14 @ 12) – (2 @ 6)
 b − a − 1, if b > 0
MAT ( a, b ) =  (a) (i) and (ii) only (b) (i) and (iii) only
1, otherwise (c) (ii) and (iii) only (d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
 remainder ( b / a), if a > 0
XAT ( a, b ) =  Directions (for Q. Nos. 23 to 25)
 2, otherwise a # b = a2 + b − 1
15
XAT [MAT {2, CAT (3, XAT [3, 2])}, 5]
: a $ b = a2 + b2 + 1
CAT [4, XAT {MAT (2, − 5), 4}] Max (a, b) = a + b
(a) 0 (b) 2 Min (a, b) = a − b
(c) 5 (d) none of these 23 Max [(2 #3) $ (3 #4), (3 #4) $ (4 $ 4)] is equal to :
XAT (r, s ) (a) 1234 (b) 1236
16 = 2:
MAT (r, s ) (c) 1335 (d) none of these
(i) r = 3, s = 5 (ii) r = − 3, s = − 5 24 Max [ Min ((1 $ 2), (2 $ 3)), Max ((3 # 4), (4 # 5))] is equal
(a) (i) is true (b) (ii) is true to :
(c) both are true (d) none is true (a) 24 (b) 40
Directions (for Q. Nos. 17 to 19) a and b are any numbers (c) 42 (d) none of these
and x and y are any non negative integers. 25 Find the value of
l ( a) = the greatest integer less than or equal to a Min [(1 # 2) $ 3, 4#(5 $ 6)] $ Max (6 # 7), (7 # 8)] :
g ( a) = the smallest integer greater than or equal to a (a) 13574 (b) 14573
r ( x, y ) = the remainder when x is divided by y. (c) 13575 (d) 14674
17 r (16, 7 ) − 2 is equal to : a
26 If a∆b = ab + ab + , then (9∆ 3) is equal to :
(a) 0 (b) 1 b
(c) 2 (d) 3 (a) 729 (b) 927
18 g (4 . 7 ) − l (2) is equal to :
27 a ∗ b # c = (ab)c :
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4 a # b ∗ c = ab . c, then find the value of 3 # 4 ∗ 5 + 3 ∗4 # 5
19 r ( x, y ) with both x and y not equal to zero, is equal to : (a) 35287 (b) 249237
 x   x 
(a) l   (b) x −  yl   
 y Directions (for Q. Nos. 28 and 29)
  y 
  x    x  a # b = (− 1)ab (ab + ba )
(c) y −  xl    (d) l   − y  f ( x ) = x 2 − 2x if x ≥ 0
  y    y 
= 0 if x < 0
Directions (for Q. Nos. 20 to 22) g( x ) = 2x ; if x ≥ 0
 x + 2 y ; if | x + y| is even = 1 ; if x < 0
x# y = 
 2 x @ 2 y ; if | x + y| is odd 28 Find the value of f (2 # 3)# g (3 # 4) :
(a) 2045 (b) (17 )18
 3 x − y ; if | x + y| is even
x@ y =  (c) (180)81
(d) none of these
 2 x # 2 y ; if | x + y| is odd
29 Find the value of f (g(2 # 3) ) + g ( f (1 # 2)) :
20 Find the value of 2 # ((7 @ (4 # 5)) @ 3) :
(a) 9401 (b) 1049
(a) 204 (b) 306 (c) 1094 (d) none of these
(c) 408 (d) 102
21 Which of the following is true? Directions (for Q. Nos. 30 and 31)
(i) If q = 2p and p + q is even, then p # q = q # p a ⊕ b = (a + b)2 − ab
(ii) If q = 3p, p @ q will always be zero a ∗ b = (ab)2 − ab
(iii) If q = 2p and p is odd, then p @ q will be even a @ b = (a − b)2 − ab
(a) (ii) only 30 Find the value of (5 ⊕ 6) − (6 @ 3) + (2 ∗ 4)
(b) (iii) only
(a) 156 (b) 256
(c) (i) and (iii) only
(d) (ii) and (iii) only
31 Find the vlaue of (((1 ⊕ 2)* 3)@ 20) : Directions (for Q. Nos. 39 and 40)
(a) 151600 (b) 141500 P∆Q = P + Q , if PQ < 0 P∆Q = P − Q , if PQ > 0
(c) 161500 (d) none of these 39 [(2∆ 3) ∆ (− 2∆ 3)] is equal to :
(a) 0 (b) 1
Directions (for Q. Nos. 32 and 33)
(c) 2 (d) 3
If m < n then m Dn = m Cn else mDn = nCm
m 40 If (a∆b) ∆ (a∆ − b) = 0 and a > 0 then which of the
If m = n then mEn = mn else mEn = mCn where mCn =
n following is true?
32 Find the value of (3 D 4) D (12 D 5) : (a) a < b and b > 0 (b) a > b and b < 0
(a)
9
(b)
5 (c) a > b and b > 0 (d) all of these
5 9 41 If f ( x ) = x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x, then f ( x + 1) is equal to
2 5
(c) (d) (a) x 3 + 6 x 2 + 12x + 7 (b) x 3 + 4 x 2 + 5
3 3
33 Find the value of (12 D 60) E (2 C 10) : (c) 3x + 12x + 4 x + 1
3 2
(d) 2x 3 + 6 x 2 + 3
1 42 x @ y = xy − 1, if x > y = 0 ; otherwise
(a) 1 (b)
5 x+ y
(c) 1/25 (d) 0 and x#y = if x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 = 1; otherwise.
x− y
Directions (for Q. Nos. 34 to 38) The operands in the (4 # 2)@ (9 # (− 1))
The value of :
Devic Mathematics are as follows : (2 @ 3)# (5 @ 2)
+ → multiplication
(a) 1 (b) – 2
– → division
× → addition
/ → subtraction Directions (for Q. Nos. 43 and 44) The following functions
^ → power (or index) for exponential expression. are defined for any two distinct, non zero integers a and b
But Devic Mathematics must follow the same conventional f1(a , b) = a × b2; f 2 (a , b) = a2 × b
BODMAS rule of mathematics. Solve the following questions
in Devic Mathematics. (a2 + b2 )  a b
f 3 (a , b) = ; f 4 (a , b) =  + 
2  2 2
34 30 + 20 − 4 × 6 is equal to :
(a) 156 (b) 276 43 Which of the following is equal to (a + b)2?
(c) 330 (d) none of these (a) f 3(a, b) ÷ f 4(a, b) (b) 2 × f 3(a, b) × f 4(a × b)
35 50 / 40 − 5 + 4 × 54 is equal to : (c) 4 × f 3(a, b) × f 4(a, b) (d) none of these
(a) 720 (b) 72 44 Which one of the following is necessarily greater than
(c) 144 (d) none of these zero?
(a) f1(a, b) × f 2(a, b) × f 3(a, b)
36 (5 ∧ 5) × (4 ∧ 4)/ (3 ∧ 3) × (2 ∧ 2)/ (1 ∧ 1) is equal to :
(b) f1(a, b) × f 2(a, b) × f 4(a, b)
(a) 2987 (b) 4013 (c) f1(a, b) × f 3(a, b) × f 4 (a, b)
(c) 3357 (d) none of these (d) f 2(a, b) × f 3(a, b) × f 4(a, b)
37 The value of the following expression in Devic mathematics
is : Directions (for Q. Nos. 45 to 47)
 lt ( p ) → the least possible integer greater than or equal to p.
 x  2 
[( x 2 × y 2 ) − ( x + y )2] + ( x + y )3 −   × 2 + x + y  gt ( p ) → the greatest possible integer less than or equal to p.
  y   ∆( p, q) = Min (lt ( p), gt (q))
x
(a) (b) x + y 45 What is the value of lt (8.3) – gt (5.3) + lt (6.8 ) + gt (9.4)
y (a) 15 (b) 20
(c) x × y (d) x ∧ y (c) 19 (d) none of these
38 The value of the following expression in Devic mathematics 46 Find the value of
is a + a + a − a + a + a / a + a − a : ∆ (3, 2) − ∆ (2, 3) + gt (4.8) − lt (2.7 ) + ∆ (4, 5)
(a) 1 (b) 0 (a) 4 (b) 5
1 (c) 6 (d) none of these
(c) 1 − a (d)
a
938 QUANTUM CAT
47 Which of the following statements is always true about Directions (for Q. Nos. 54 and 55)
p+ q lt( p) + gt(q) a@b= a−b
(a − b) where a = and b =
2 2 a ∗ b = ab
1 1, a # b = a2 − b2
(a) − ≤ (a − b) ≤ always
4 4
1 1 a ∆ b = a2 + b2
(b) − ≤ (a − b) ≤
2 2 where a, b ∈ R and a ≠ b and the real algebraic operations
(c) − 1 ≤ (a − b) ≤ 1 are unchanged.
(d) − 1 ≤ (a − b) ≤ 1, except zero
54 Find the value of (a ∆ b) + (a # b) :
Directions (for Q. Nos. 48 and 49) (a) 2a2 (b) 2b2
a a+ b (c) 2(a2 + b2 ) (d) can't be determined
a@ b = and b # a =
a+ b b
55 The value of the expression
48 Which of the following is true ? [(a # b) ÷ (a @ b)]2 − 2(a ∗ b)
a@ b a
(a) = (b) (a @ b)(b # a) = a b
2 2 (a) a# b
b# a b (b) a∆b
a a@ b a + b (c) (a # b)(a @ b)
(c) (a @ b)(b # a) = (d) =
b b# a b + a (d) can't be determined
49 Which of the following is true? Directions (for Q. Nos. 56 to 58) A function
a2 + b2 + 3ab f ( x ) = log ( g ( x )), where g ( x ) is any function of x.
(a) a @ b + b # a =
a (b + a) 56 For what value of g( x ), g( x ) = g( f ( x )) ?
a2 + b2 + ab (a) e (b) ex
(b) a @ b − b # a =
b (b + a) (c) log x (d) none of these
a2 + b2 + ab 57 For what value of g( x ) is the function of f ( x ) = g( x ) ?
(c) b # a − a @ b =
b (a + b) (a) g( x ) = e (b) g( x ) = ex
(d) a @ b + b # a = 1 (c) g( x ) = log x (d) none of these
Directions (for Q. Nos. 50 and 51) The following operations 58 If g( x ) = ex , then f ( f ( x )) is equal to :
are defined for any two real number a and b. (a) e (b) ex
mn ( p, q) = min ( p, q) (c) log x (d) none of these
mx ( p, q) = max ( p, q) 59 If f ( x ) = 2x + 3 and g( x ) = 9 x + 6, then find
md ( p) = p g[ f ( x )] − f [ g( x )]
(a) 18 (b) 22
50 Find the value of mn (md ( p), mx (q, mn ( p, md(q)))); if (c) 20 (d) none of these
p = − 2, q = 5 : 60 If f ( x ) = x 2 + 2x + 2 ; x ≥ − 1
(a) – 2 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) – 7 = − x 3 + 3x + 1; x < − 1
51 Find the value of md (mn (P , mx (md (q), mn (P , r)))); if then find the value of f ( f (− 2)) :
p = − 2, q = 5, r = 7. (a) 15 (b) 17
(a) − 1 (b) 0 (c) 22 (d) none of these
(c) 2 (d) none of these Directions (for Q. Nos. 61 to 63)
Directions (for Q. Nos. 52 and 53) [ m] is defined as the greatest integer less than m.
{ m} is defined as the least integer greater than m.
a @ b = (a + b)(ab + b)
f ( x, y ) = {x} + [ y]
a # b = (a − b)(ab − b)
g ( x, y ) = [ x] − { y}
a∆b = (a @ b) − (a # b)
F ( f ( x, y )) = { f ( x, y )} − [ g ( x, y )]
52 Find the value of ((1 @ (2 ∆ 3))# 4) :
G ( g ( x, y )) = [ f ( x, y )] − {g ( x, y )}
(a) 35500 (b) 482420
(c) 123400 (d) none of these 61 Given that x 2 = 4 and y 2 = 9 and
53 Find the value of (1 @ 1) ∆ (2 # 2) F ( f ( x, y )) = G (g( x, y )) then find the vlaue of x + y :
(a) – 1 (b) 0
(a) 5 (b) 22
(c) 1 (d) 5
62 If x and y are consecutive integers, then find g( x, y ) x+1

69 Find f ( f ( f ( f ( f (2))))) if f ( x ) = ; x ≠1
(a) – 1 (b) – 3 x −1
(c) – 1 or – 3 (d) none of these (a) 1 (b) 2
63 Which of the following is false? (c) 3 (d) 5
(a) f ( x, y ) + g( x, y ) = F ( f ( x, y )) + G(g( x, y )) Directions (for Q. Nos. 70 and 71)
(b) F ( f ( x, y )) − G(g( x, y )) = − 2[ g( x, y )]
f ( x ) = 1 − h( x ), g( x ) = 1 − k( x ), h( x ) = f ( x ) + 1
(c) F ( f ( x, y ) + G(g( x, y )) = 2 { f ( x, y )} + 2
(d) none of the above j( x ) = g( x ) + 1, k( x ) = j( x ) + 1
j ( f ( x )) + k(h( x ))
Directions (for Q. Nos. 64 to 66) A decimal number ‘m’ 70 Find the value of :
(say) can be expressed as h(k( x )) + f ( j( x ))
m=I +D (a) 0 (b) 1
where I → integral part (c) 2 (d) none of these
and D → decimal part, 0 ≤ D < 1
h( f (k( x ))) + j (g(h( x ))) + k ( j( f ( x )))
and [ m] = greatest integer less than or equal to m if 71 is equal to :
[ f ( x ) + j( x ) + k( x )][ f ( x ). j( x ) k ( x )]
0 < D < 0.5
also { m} = least integer greater than or equal to m (a) 0 (b) 3
if 0.5 ≤ D < 1 (c) 3/2 (d) none of these
[ x + y ] if 0 < D < 0.5 72 If f ( x ) and g( x ) are odd functions of x, then which of the

Hence, f ( x, y ) = { x + y } if 0.5 ≤ D < 1 following is true?
 ( x + y ) otherwise (a) f + g is odd, fg is odd (b) f + g is odd, fg is even
Also, F ( f ( x, y )) = − f ( x, y ) (c) f + g is even, fg is odd (d) f + g is even, fg is even
and G( f ( x, y )) = − F ( f ( x, y )) 73 If f ( x )is an even function of x and g( x )is an odd function
then which of the following is true?
64 What is the value of the following
(a) f [ g( x )] is odd , g[ f ( x )] is even
f (G( f (1.2, 1.3))), f (F ( f (0,1))), G( f (0.8, 0.4)))) ? (b) f [ g( x )] is odd, g[ f ( x )] is odd
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (c) f [ g( x )] is even, g[ f ( x )] is even
65 Which of the following statements is true if x and y are (d) f [ g( x )] is even, g[ f ( x )] is odd
positive ? 74 If y = min ( x 2 + 2, 6 − 3x ), then the greatest value of y for
(a) F ( f ( x, y )). G ( f ( x, y )) = − F ( f ( x, y )). G( f ( x, y ))
x>0
(b) F ( f ( x, y )). G ( f ( x, y )) > − F ( f ( x, y )). G( f ( x, y ))
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) F ( f ( x, y )). G ( f ( x, y )) ≠ G( f ( x, y )). F ( f ( x, y ))
(d) F ( f ( x, y )) + G ( f ( x, y )) + F ( x, y )) = F ( x, y )
75 If p2 + q2 + r2 = 1, then the maximum value of pqr is :
66 Which of the following expressions will yield a number
1
which has a positive integral square root if x, y are positive (a) 1 (b)
3 3
(a) G( f (1.2, 1.3)) × f (F ( f (2, 1), G ( f (4, 1))
(b) F ( f (2, 2)) + G( f (2, 2)) (c) 3 (d) none of these
(c) f (1.1, 1.2) × G( f (1.1, 1.2)) Directions (for Q. Nos. 76 to 78) Following functions are
(d) G( f (0, 1)) × G ( f (0, 1)) defined for three distinct positive numbers, such that
1  1 x < y < z.
67 f ( x ) = ; g( x ) =  x +  , then which of the following
x  x f ( x, y , z ) = min (max ( x + y , y + z ), max ( z + x, x + y ))
is true? g ( x, y , z ) = max (min ( x + y , y + z ), min ( z + x, x + y ))
(a) f (g( x )). g( f ( x )) = 1 (b)
f (g( x ))
=1 h( x, y , z ) = max (max ( x + y , y + z ), max ( z + x, x + y ))
g( f ( x )) j( x, y , z ) = min (min ( x + y , y + z ), min ( z + x, x + y ))
(c) f (g( x )) + g( f ( x )) = 1 (d) none of these k( x, y , z ) = int. (( x + y + z ) / 3)
68 If f ( x ) = 2x 2 + 7 x − 9 and g( x ) = 2x + 3, then find the such that k ( x, y , z ) ≤ ( x + y + z )/ 3
value of g( f ( x )) at x = 2
l ( x, y , z ) = min ( x, y , z ); m ( x, y , z ) = max ( x, y , z )
(a) 92 76 Which of the following expression is necessarily
(b) 39 equal to 1?
(c) 29 ( f ( x, y, z ) − m ( x, y, z )) g( x, y , z )
(a) (b)
(d) none of the above (m ( x, y, z ) − l ( x, y, z )) j( x, y, z )
(m( x, y, z ) − f ( x, y, z )) (h( x, y, z ) − f ( x, y, z ))
(c) (d)
k( x, y, z ) + j ( x, y, z ) f ( x, y, z )
940 QUANTUM CAT
77 Which of the following expression gives 80 The value of D (0, 1, 2) is :
negative value? (a) – 1 (b) 1
(m( x, y, z ) − f ( x, y, z )) (c) 0 (d) none of these
(a)
h ( x, y, z ) × k ( x, y, z ) × l ( x, y, z )
81 What is the value of A (2, 3, 4) + B (2, 3, 4) ?
(m( x, y, z ) −l( x, y, z ) + j( x, y, z ))
(b) (a) 13 (b) 4
k( x, y, z )
l( x, y, z ) −m( x, y, z )
(c) 82 What is the value of C (0, 1, D(1, 2, 3)) ?
g ( x, y, z ) − j ( x, y, z )
h( x, y, z ) −g( x, y, z ) (a) 1 (b) 2
(d) (c) – 2 (d) none of these
k ( x, y, z )
83 What is the value of D (1, 2, C (0, 1, 2)) ?
78 Which of the following expressions is necessarily greater
than 1 ? (a) 1 (b) 2
[ h( x, y, z ) − j( x, y, z )] (c) 3 (d) 4
(a)
k ( x, y, z ) 84 What is the maximum possible value of xy, where
(b) [ g( x, y, z ) − j( x, y, z )] × m ( x, y, z ) x + 5 = 8 and y = 9 − x − 4
g( x, y , z ) (a) 401
(c)
j ( x, y, z ) (b) 124
f ( x, y, z ) + h( x, y, z ) − g( x, y, z ) (c) 104
(d)
j ( x, y, z ) (d) none of these
85 For real x, y, such that f ( x ) ≠ 0, if f ( x + y ) = f ( x )⋅ f ( y ),
Directions (for Q. Nos. 79 to 83)
what’s the value of f (100 x )?
A( x, y , z ) = min ( x + y , y + z , z + x )
(a) ( f ( x ))100 (b) ( f ( x ))99
B( x, y , z ) = max ( x − y , y − z , z − x )
C ( x, y , z ) = max ( A( x, y , z ), B ( x, y , z )) ( f ( x ))99
(c) 99( f ( x ))100 (d)
D( x, y , z ) = min ( A( x, y , z ), B ( x, y , z )) 100
79 The value of C (1, 2, 3) is : 86 Find the number of solutions of| x|⋅e|x| = 9.
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
LEVEL 02 > HIGHER LEVEL EXERCISE

ax + a− x
1 Let a function is defined as f ( x ) = ; a > 0 , what is 5 Which of the following graph represents e−x ?
the value of f ( x + y ) + f ( x − y ) ? 2 y y
(a) f ( x ) + f ( y ) (b) f ( x ) f ( y )
(c) 2 f ( x ) f ( y ) (d) 4 f ( x ) f ( y )
30 − x x x
2 If < 4, then find x :
5
(a) − 6 < x < 6 (b) 10 < x < 50
(c) x > 10 (d) none of these (a) (b)
3 Let f ( x, y ) = x + y and g( x, y ) = x − y , then how y y
many ordered pairs of the form ( x, y ) would satisfy
f ( x, y ) = g( x, y )?
x x
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 4 (d) infinitely many
4 What is the value of x if x − 1 + x = 2 :
(c) (d)
1 3
(a) − (b)
2 2
(c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of these
2
6 Which of the following represents the graph of e−x : 9 f (x) = x :
y y (a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
10 f ( x ) = − | x| :
(a) E (b) B (c) A (d) F
x x
11 f ( x ) = x :
(a) E (b) F (c) A (d) B
(a) (b) 12 f ( x ) =| x| − x :
y y (a) A (b) C
(c) B (d) none of these
13 f ( x ) = || x| − x| :
x x
(a) B (b) D
(c) A (d) none of these
14 If x = 10 y then the graph of inverse of this function is :
(c) (d) y y
7 A function is defined as f ( x ) = ax ∀ x ∈ R and 0 < a < 1,
then which of the following is true?
(i) It is an increasing function x x
(ii) It is a decreasing function
(iii) All such functions must meet at (0, 1)
(a) only (i) is true (b) only (ii) is true (A) (B)
(c) (i) and (iii) are true (d) (ii) and (iii) are true
y y
Directions (for Q. Nos. 8 to 13) The following figure
represents various functions. Match the figure with the
appropriate function. x x
y y
(C) (D)
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
x x  1 − x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2

15 If f ( x ) =  x − 1, 2 ≤ x ≤ 4 ,
1, 4≤ x≤6

(A) (B)
 1  45
then find, f (0) + f   + f (1) + f  :
y y  2  18
(a) 1 (b) 2
x x
16 Which one of the following is true about the given graph ?
y y
(a) x = , y≠0
y
(C) (D) x
(b) y = , x≠0 x
x –1 1
y y y
(c) x = − , y≠0
y
− x
(d) y = , x≠0
x x x
Directions (for Q. Nos. 17 and 18) In each question there are

two graphs f ( x ) and g ( x ) for the real values of x.
(E) (F) Mark ( a) if g ( x ) = f ( − x )
Mark ( b ) if g ( x ) = − f ( x )
8 f (x) = − x :
Mark ( c ) if g ( x ) = f ( x )
(a) B (b) C (c) E (d) D Mark ( d) if none of the above is true.
942 QUANTUM CAT
17 y y 23 In the following graph for x ∈[ − 1, 1], f ( x ) is defined by :
y
1
–1 2
x x
–1
–1 1
x
f (x) g (x) 0 1 2 3
–3 –2 –1
y y –1
18
–2
x x (a) x + 1 (b) − x + 1
2 –2 (c) − x + 1 (d) − x − 1
–2 –2 24 How many times does the graph of y = x 3 − 3x 2 − x + 3
f (x) g (x ) intersects the x-axis :
(a) 1 (b) 2
Directions (for Q. Nos. 19 to 22) In the following questions (c) 3 (d) none of these
a function is represented by the graph.
25 Which one of the following is true for x ∈ R :
Mark ( a) if f ( x ) = f ( − x )
x
Mark ( b ) if f ( x ) = − f ( − x ) (a) f ( x ) = log x (b) f ( x ) =
Mark ( c ) if f ( x ) does not exist log x
Mark ( d) if none of the above is true. (c) f ( x ) = log ( x 2 + 2) (d) f ( x ) = log x 100
19 y 26 Which one of the following is correct about the given graph
y
of f ( x ) :
2
(a) xy = 1
3
1 2
1 2 3
x
(b) x y = 1 1
–3 –2 –1 (c) x y = 1 x
–1 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
(d) x y = 1 –1
–2 –2
–3
20 y
25 ,
3 27 A function is defined as f ( x ) = then the value of
2 f (x) : ( x + 5)2
1
1 2 3 (a) decreases as the value of x increases, only if x is
x
–3 –2 –1 negative
–1 (b) increases as the value of x increases, only if x is
–2
–3 negative
(c) decreases as the value of x increases, only if x is positive.
21 y (d) both (a) and (c) are true
4
Directions (for Q. Nos. 28 and 29) The following functions
3
2 are defined for the set of variables x1, x2, x3, . . . . xn
1  x i + j if i + j ≤ n2
1 2 3 4 f ( x i, x j )= 
x
 x i + j − n if i + j > n
2
–3 –2 –1 –1
–2 g( x i, x j ) = x m,
–3 where m is the remainder when i × j is divided by n.
28 Find the value of f ( f ( x 2, x 3 ), f ( x 5, x 6 ))if n = 3
22 y
(a) x 5
2 (b) x10
1 (c) x13
1 2 3
x (d) none of the above
–3 –2 –1 29 Find the value of g(g( x 2, x 3 ), g( x7 , x 8 )) if n = 5
–1
(a) x1 (b) x 2
–2
(c) x 5 (d) none of these
Directions (for Q. Nos. 30 to 34) In each of the following (a) y = x − 1 x − 2 (b) y = − ( x − 1)( x − 2)
questions a graph of a function is being shown. Select the (c) y = x −1 − 2 (d) y = ( x − 1)( x − 2)
correct equation of the function of the graph.
y
30 Directions (for Q. Nos. 35 to 37) In each of the following
3 questions a pair of graphs f ( x ) and g ( x ) is given, defined for
2
every x ∈ ( − 1, 1). Choose the correct answer as
1
(a) if f ( x ) = − g ( x ) for every x
x
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 (b) if f ( x ) = g ( x ) for x < 0 and f ( x ) = −g ( x ) x > 0
–1 (c) if f ( x ) = − g ( x ) for x < 0 and f ( x ) = g ( x ), x > 0
–2 (d) none of the above
–3 y y
35
(a) y = x − 1 (b) x = y + 1 1 1
(c) y = x − 1 (d) y = x − 2
y 0
31 x x
4 –1 0 1 –1 1
3
2 –1 –1
1 f (x) g (x)
x y y
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 36
–1 1 1
–2
–3 x x
–1 0 1 –1 0 1
(a) x = y + y (b) y = x + x
(c) y = x (d) x = y –1 –1
32 f (x) g (x)
y y y
37
1 1
(0, 1) x x
x –1 0 1 –1 0 1
(– 1, 0)
–1 –1
f (x) g (x)
(a) x = y + 1 (b) y = x − 1(c) x = y − 1 (d) y = 1 − x 38 In the adjacent diagram two graphs of equal magnitude are
33 y being shown. Their maxima and minima are also same,
then the correct choice for the two equation of functions is :
3
y
2
1
x
– 4 –3 – 2 – 1 1 2 3 4 x
–1
–2
(a) y = x − 1 x − 2 (b) y = ||| x| − 1| − 2| − 1

(c) y = || x − 2 − 1 (d) none of these (a) y = ax 2 + b and y = ax 2 − b
34 y (b) f ( x ) = ax 2 and f ( x ) = bx 2; a ≠ b
(c) f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx and f ( x ) = − ax 2 + bx
2
(d) y + ax 2 + c = 0 and y − ax 2 − c = 0
1
1
39 If f ( x ) = ; x ≠ 0 and f n + 1( x ) = f n( f ( x )), find the product
x x
0
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 of f 11(1). f 33(1). f 55(1) f 77 (1). f 99(1) :
–1
(a) 110 (b) 88
–2 (c) 275 (d) 1
944 QUANTUM CAT
1 Directions (for Q. Nos. 47 and 48) There are three bottles of
40 If f ( x ) = , x ≠ 0 f n( x ) = f ( f n − 1( x )) and f 12 = 11, what is
x water K, L, M whose capacities are 9 litres, 5 litres and 4 litres
the value of f ( x ) = ? respectively. For transferring water from one bottle to another
(a) 1 (b) 2 and to drainout the bottles, there exists a piping system. The flow
(c) 1/11 (d) none of these through these pipes is computer controlled. The computer that
controls the flow through these pipes can be fed with three types
Directions (for Q. Nos. 41 to 43) A program module is given
of instructions, as explained below. Initially K is completely filled
below with various steps involved , which starts with the values
up with water and L, M are empty.
of a, b, c as 1, 2, 3 respectively. These values remain unchanged
till step 1. Instruction type Explanation of the instruction
The program is executed with the help of following operators.
Fill (X, Y) Fill bottle labelled X from the water in bottle
Milan 2( P ) = P × 2 labelled Y, where the remaining capacity of X is
Milaap 2( P ) = P + 2 less than or equal to the amount of water in Y.
and b = a means the value of a is assigned to b. Empty (X, Y) Empty out the water in bottle labelled X into
START bottle labelled Y, where the amount of water in X
Step 1. Read (a, b, c) is less than or equal to remaining capacity of Y.
Step 2. Milan 2(a)
Drain (X) Drain out all the water contained in bottle X.
Step 3. Milaap 2(b)
Step 4. c = a + b 47 How much water would be there in bottle labelled L after
Step 5. If, c > 111, then go to step 6 else go to step 2. the execution of the sequence of the following four
Step 6. STOP instructions :
41 How many times in the above program does c take a perfect First instruction : Fill (L, K)
square value ? Second instruction : Fill (M, L)
(a) 1 (b) 2 Third instruction : Empty (L, K)
(c) 0 (d) none of these Fourth instruction : Empty (M, L)
42 In a particular cycle a, b and c get the values such that (a) 0 litre (b) 4 litres
(c) 5 litres (d) none of these
9a = 8c, then the value of b is :
(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 16 (d) none of these 48 After executing a sequence of 6 instructions, bottle K has half
of the water that the bottles L and M together have and the
43 How many times is the program module repeated?
bottle L has half of the water that the bottle M has. Find the
(a) 6 (b) 7
fourth instruction if the rest instructions are given below.
Instruction 1. Fill (L, K)
Directions (for Q. Nos. 44 to 46) In the following algorithm Instruction 2. Fill (M, L)
x, y and z are variables which change their values in each step Instruction 3. Empty (M, K)
such that the value of the expression on the right hand side is Instruction 5. Fill (L, K)
assigned to the variable on the left hand side of the equation. Instruction 6. Fill (M, L)
Each cycle consists of 5 steps. S1, S2, S3. . . are the sum of each (a) Fill (L, M) (b) Empty (L, M)
corresponding cycle 1, 2, 3.... (c) Fill (M, K) (d) Empty (M, L)
START 49 The graph of y − 3x against y–3x
Step 0. x = 1, y = − 2, z = 3 y + 3x is shown in the adjacent.
Step 1. x = y − z
All graphs in questions are drawn
Step 2. y = z − x
to scale and the same scale has
Step 3. z = x − y
Step 4. S = x + y + z been used on each axis. Which of y+3x
Step 5. Go to step 1. the following shows the graph of
y against x?
44 Which one of the following is correct for each cycle? y y
(a) S = 2x (b) S = 3x
(c) S is an odd number (d) none of these (a) (b)
45 What is the value of S4 ? x x

(a) 987 (b) 754
y y
(c) – 178 (d) none of these
46 Which of the following is correct? (c) (d)
(a) S11 is an odd number (b) S13 is a negative number
x x
(c) S15 is an even number (d) both (b) and (c)
LEVEL 03 > Final Round
(The questions in this exercise given are very similar to the 11 What is the value of P [ K (3)] ?
questions which are asked in XAT for XLRI, XIM etc. (a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 32 (d) 137
Directions (for Q. Nos. 1 to 10) Solve the following 12 What is the value of QRS [ K (1)] :
questions on the basis of following functions
(a) 112 (b) 224
(a) P( n + 1) = P( n) − P( n − 1), P is the term of the sequence and (c) 448 (d) none of these
P( 0) = 0, P(1) = 1
13 What is the value of R [ K (5)] − S[ K (10)] :
(b) Q( n + 1) = Q( n) + Q( n + 1) ; Q is the term of the sequence and
(a) 43 (b) – 19
Q( 0) = 0, Q(1) = 1
1 What is the 10 th term of series Q( n + 1) starting from n = 0 ? + ∞ 4
(a) 34 (b) 89
14 What is the value of ∑ R [ K ( x )] if ∑ R[ K ( x )]
x=−∞ x =1
(c) – 1 (d) 55
= R[ K (1)] × R[ K (2)] × R[(K (3)] × R [ K (4)]?
2 What is the 12 th term of the series P( n + 1) starting from
(a) – 1 (b) 0
n = 0? (c) 1 (d) none of these
(a) – 1 (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) none of these Directions (for Q. Nos. 15 to 20) These questions are
based on the given data.
3 The value of Q cannot be :
A polynomial can be represented in an equivalent sequence
(a) 144 (b) 55 (c) 98 (d) 34 form.
4 The value of P cannot be : The polynomial P1 x k1 + P2 x k2 + P3 x k3 + . . . Pn x kn where
(a) – 1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 4 k1 > k2 > k3 . . . > kn and ai ≠ 0 for 1 ≤ i ≤ n will be represented
5 Which of the following can be a positive value of as the sequence ( P1, k1, P2, k2, P3, k3. . . Pn, kn )
Q n + P( n + 1) ? Also, we add, subtract, multiply as we do for corresponding
(a) 55 (b) 234 polynomials. The resulting polynomial is again represented as
(c) 146 (d) none of these a sequence.
6 The value of Q n + Pn cannot be : 15 (3, 4, 2, 2, 5, 1) + (2, 4, 3, 3, 7, 2) equals :
(a) (5, 4, 3, 4, 9, 3, 5, 1) (b) (5, 4, 5, 5,12, 3)
(a) 2 (b) 22 (c) 55 (d) 88
(c) (5, 4, 3, 3, 9, 2,5,1) (d) none of these
7 The value of Q[ Q ( n + 1)] can be :
16 (6, 5, 7, 4, 8,3) – (3, 5, 5,3, 7, 1) equals
(a) 55 (b) 13 (c) 21 (d) 89 (a) (3, 5, 2, 2, 1, 2) (b) (3, 5, 7, 4, 3, 3, – 7, 1)
8 The value of Q n × Pn can be : (c) (3, 5, 7, 3, 8, 2) (d) none of these
(a) – 34 (b) 89 (c) – 233 (d) 377 17 (1, 1, 2, 0) × (1, 1, 2, 0) × (1, 1, 2, 0) equals :
Pn
9 The value of [Q( n)] can be : (a) (1, 3, 6, 2, 12,1, 8, 0) (b) (1, 3, 2, 2, 3, 1, 4, 0)
(a) – 1 (b) 0.2 (c) – 13 (d) 5.5 (c) (1, 8, 2,4, 3, 2) (d) none of these
3, 3, − 10, 2, 7, 1
10 The value of Q( n − 1) + Q( n + 1) + L( n − 1) + L( n + 1) cannot be : 18 The expression equals :
3, 2, − 7, 1
(a) 30 (b) 75
(a) (1, 1, –1, 1) (b) (1, 1, – 1, 0)
(c) 18 (d) 122
(c) (2, 2, – 2, 0) (d) none of these
Directions (for Q. Nos. 11 to 14) Let S be a sequence of the 19 Which of the following is incorrect?
form [ K (1), K ( 2), . . . K ( m )]. Each term can be defined by the (a) (1, 1, 1, 0) × (1, 2, − 1, 1, 1, 0) = (1, 3, 1, 0)
following four functions : (b) (2, 2, 1, 1) × (4, 4, 4, 4) = (16, 6, 10, 5)
P [ K ( x )] = 3Q [ K ( x )] − 4 (c)
(1, 2, 4, 1, 4, 0)
= (1, 1, 2, 0)
Q [ K ( x )] = 2R [ K ( x )] + R [ K (2x )] (1, 1, 2, 0)
R [ K ( x )] = S [ K (2x )] − S[ K ( x )] (d) none of the above
 0 if x < 0 20 (4, 4, 3,3) × (2, 2, 1, 1) + (2, 2, 1, 1) – (3, 5, 2, 4) equals :

S [ K ( x )] = 3x + 4 if 0 ≤ x ≤ 6 (a) (8, 6, 5, 5, 7, 4, 2, 3, 2, 1)
 4 x + 3 if x > 6 (b) (8, 6, 7, 5, 1, 4,2, 2, 1, 1)

(c) (8,6,7,5,2, 4, 3,2, 1,1)
Also if Q [ K ( x )] = y then PQ [ K ( x )] = P [ K ( y )] (d) none of the above
946 QUANTUM CAT
Directions (for Q. Nos. 21 to 25) 30 If a = 4, b = − 17 and c = − 18, then for what value of x,
If p, q, r, s be the distinct integers such that : f (x) = 0 ?
f ( p, q, r, s) = maximum of ( p, q, r, s) 1 4
(a) 4 or 9 (b) or (c) – 1 or 18 (d) none
g ( p, q, r, s) = minimum of ( p, q, r, s) 2 9
h ( p, q, r, s) = remainder when p × q is divided by r × s if 31 If a = 12, b = 10 and c = 8, then for what value of x ,
p × q> r × s
f (x) < 0 ?
= remainder when r × s is divided by 3
p × q if r × s > p × q (a)
4
(b) 1 (c) – 2 (d) none
Also, the same operations are valid with two variable
32 If b = − a , c = a , f ( f (1)) equals :
functions of the form f ( p, q )
Also a function fgh( p, q, r, s) (a) a + a2 + a3 (b) a + a2 − a3
= f ( p, q, r, s) × g ( p, q, r, s) × h( p, q, r, s) (c) a − a + a
2 3
(d) none of these
21 What is the value of h(3, 2, 8, 7 ) ÷ g(4, 7, 10, 8) ? Directions (for Q. Nos. 33 to 37)
(a) 1 (b) 1/2 A function f (z1, z2, z3, . . . zn) = f (z1, zn) + f (z2, z3, . . . zn − 1 )
(c) 24 (d) none of these + (z1 + z2 + . . . zn); for n > 0
22 What is the value of h( fg(2, 5, 7, 3), 9) ? f ( y, z ) = f (z, 0) + f (0, y ); f ( y, 0) = y + f ( y − 1, 0)
(a) 2 (b) 3 f (0, y ) = y − f (0, y − 1); f (0, 0) = 1
(c) 5 (d) none of these 33 Find the value of f (1, 2, 3, 4, . . . n), where n is a perfect
23 What is the value of h(h(7, 13, 5, 9), h(4, 6, 12, 14) ? cube less than 50 and n is greater than 25 :
(a) 1 (b) 1/7 (a) 1665 (b) 1089
(c) 7 (d) not defined (c) 729 (d) not defined
24 If A = h(3, 7, 6, 5), B = h(16, 11, 13, 3) 34 Find the value of f (0, 1, 0, 1) :
C = h(9, 4, 8, 7 ), D = h(19, 14, 18, 7 ), then which of the (a) 2 (b) 4
following is true? (c) 8 (d) none of these
(i) A > B > C > D (ii) D > A > C 35 Find the value of f (8, 8, 8, 2, 2, 2) :
(iii) A < D < B (iv) B = C < D (a) 22 (b) 88 (c) 77 (d) 66
(a) only (i) is true (b) only (iii) is true 36 Find the value of f (1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 3) :
(c) (ii) and (iii) are true (d) (iii) and (iv) are true. (a) 17 (b) 28 (c) 21 (d) none
25 If ak × bk is an integral multiple of 37 f (9, 2, k, 0, 9, 4) = 124, then the value of k is :
ck × dk or ck × dk is an integral multiple of ak × bk , which of (a) 0 (b) 5 (c) 9 (d) none
the following is indeterminable ?
(a) f (g(a1, b1, c1, d1 ), h(a2, b2, c2, d2 )) Directions (for Q. Nos. 38 to 40) A function is defined as
(b) h(h(a1, b1, c1, d1 ), h(a2, b2, c2, d2 )) follows :
(c) h(hh(a1, b1, c1, d1 ), g(a2, b2, c2, d2 )) f ( a1, a2, a3, . . . , an ) = a1 2n − 1 + a2 2n − 2 + a3 2n − 3 +. . . an 20
(d) none of the above The above function is repeated until the value of function
reduces to a single digit number.
Directions (for Q. Nos. 26 to 32) Following questions are
based on the given information for the following functions f ( x ) 38 f (128) equals :
f ( x ) = 2bx + f (− x ); if x < 0 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 8
f ( x ) = a if x = 0; f ( x ) = b + c − 2cx + f ( x − 1); if x > 0 39 What is the value of f [ f (888222) + f (113113)] :
26 f (8) equals : (a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9
(a) a + 8b − 32c (b) a + 8(b − 8c) 40 f (9235) + f (9450) equals :
(c) 8(a + b − c) (d) none of these (a) 5 (b) 3
27 f (− 19) equals : (c) 2 (d) none of these
(a) a − 19b + 361c (b) a + 19 (b − 19c) 41 Let f , g and h be real-valued functions defined on the
(c) a − 19 (b + 19c) (d) none of these 2 2 2 2
interval [0, 1] by f ( x ) = ex + e− x , g( x ) = xex + e− x ,
28 If a = 15, b = 11, c = − 3, then f (7 ) equals : 2 2
(a) 239 (b) 115 h( x ) = x 2ex + e− x

(c) – 147 (d) none of these If a, b and c denote, respectively, the absolute maximum of
29 If a = 10, b = − 7, c = 6, then f (− 10) equals : f , g and h on [0, 1], then
(a) – 660 (b) – 520 (a) a = b but b ≠ c (b) a = c but a ≠ b
(c) – 250 (d) none of these (c) a ≠ b but b ≠ c (d) a = b = c
42 If the functions f ( x ) and g( x ) are defined on R → R such (a) Does not exist (b) 1
that (c) −1 (d) 0
 0, x ∈ rational  0, x ∈ irrational x2 + x + 2
f (x) =  and g( x ) =  44 Range of the function f ( x ) = ; x ∈ R is
 x , x ∈ irrational  x, x ∈ rational x2 + x + 1
(a) One-one and onto (b) neither one-one nor onto (a) (1, ∞ ) (b) (1, 11/7) (c) (1, 7/3) (d) (1, 7/5)
(c) One-one but onto (d) onto but not one-one  1  2  1 
45 Let f x + = x +  2  ; ( x ≠ 0), then f ( x ) is equal to
x2 − 1  x    x 
43 If , for every real number x, then the minimum value
x2 + 1 (a) x − 1
2
(b) x 2 − 2
of f is (c) x 2 (d) None of these
Answers
1 (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (d) 30. (b)
31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (c) 34. (c) 35. (b) 36. (d) 37. (b) 38. (c) 39. (c) 40. (c)
41. (b) 42. (b) 43. (b) 44. (b)

1 (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (a)
21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (b)

1 (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (a)
Level 01 Basic Level Exercise
1 (b) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (d) 22. (d) 23. (d) 24. (b) 25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (a)
31. (a) 32. (b) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (b) 36. (c) 37. (b) 38. (d) 39. (a) 40. (d)
41. (a) 42. (b) 43. (d) 44. (a) 45. (b) 46. (b) 47. (b) 48. (c) 49. (d) 50. (b)
51. (c) 52. (d) 53. (d) 54. (d) 55. (b) 56. (b) 57. (d) 58. (d) 59. (a) 60. (b)
61. (a) 62. (c) 63. (a) 64. (c) 65. (d) 66. (c) 67. (a) 68. (c) 69. (c) 70. (c)
71. (d) 72. (b) 73. (c) 74. (c) 75. (b) 76. (b) 77. (a) 78. (d) 79. (c) 80. (b)
81. (c) 82. (b) 83. (a) 84. (c) 85. (a) 86. (c)
Level 02 Higher Level Exercise
1 (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (c)
31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (a) 36. (c) 37. (b) 38. (d) 39. (d) 40. (c)
41. (d) 42. (c) 43. (a) 44. (a) 45. (b) 46. (d) 47. (b) 48. (b) 49. (a)
Level 03 Final Round

1 (d) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (b) 25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (b)
31. (c) 32. (b) 33. (d) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36. (b) 37. (b) 38. (d) 39. (b) 40. (a)
41. (d) 42. (a) 43. (c) 44. (c) 45. (b)
QUANTUM CAT
Hints & Solutions
1 x is defined for all real numbers (R ) 12 log10 x is defined for only x > 0
∴Domain of x is R also denominator must be non-zero
2 Q x is not defined for negative values of x 1
∴ Domain of f ( x ) = is R + − {1}
hence x ≥ 0 log10 x
∴ x ∈ R + ∪ {0} 13 log x is defined for only x > 0
3 Since a rational number is not defined if denominator is Also denominator be non-zero real number
zero. Again square root of negative numbers is not defined.
1 1
Hence is defined for only non zero numbers. Hence domain of f ( x ) = is 1 < x < ∞
x log10 x
Thus x < 0 and x>0
i.e., R + − (0, 1]
⇒ (− ∞ < x < 0) ∪ (0 < x < ∞ )
14 f ( x ) = 3x − 4 (Q k is not defined for k < 0)
⇒ x ∈ (− ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞ )
⇒ 3x − 4 ≥ 0
⇒ x ∈ R − {0}
4
4 Q x is defined for all real values ⇒ 3x ≥ 4 ⇒ x ≥
3
∴ x is also defined for all real values
4
Hence x ∈R ∴ ≤x<∞
3
5 Q x ≥ 0 ∀ x ∈R 4 
⇒ x∈ ,∞
 3 
∴ x is defined for all real values of x.
15 f ( x ) = 4 x − 3 + 2x − 6
Hence, domain of x is R.
∴ 4 x − 3 ≥ 0 and 2x − 6 ≥ 0
6 Since domain of x is [ 0, ∞ )
⇒ 4 x ≥ 3 and 2x ≥ 6
therefore domain of x is also [ 0, ∞ ) 3
⇒ x≥ and x ≥ 3
7 x is defined only when x ≥ 0 4
1 ∴ x ∈[ 3, ∞ )
but is defined only when x > 0
x (since if x < 3, 2x − 6 is not defined)
Since rational expressions are not defined for zero Therefore we consider only common values of domain.
denominator so, x ≠ 0
1
∴ Domain of is (0, ∞ ) i.e., R + –1 0 1 2 3 ∞
x
8 Since x 2 is positive for all values of x
3 
Domain of 4 x − 3 = ,∞
i.e., x2 ≥ 0 ∀ x ∈R  4 
∴ x 2 is defined for all values of R
Hence domain of x 2 is R. –1 0 1 2 3 4 ∞
9 Since x is defined for only non-negative real numbers.
Domain of 2x − 6 = [ 3, ∞ )
Hence domain of ( x )2 is [ 0, ∞ )
16 x −x>0 (Q x − x ≠ 0)
10 log a x is defined only for x > 0
⇒ x > x also x − x > 0 for the condition of square root.
Hence the domain of log10 x is (0, ∞ ) Since x is positive value and x , x are numerically equal.
11 x 2 is positive for all values of x except at x = 0 Therefore x < 0
Since log a b is defined only if b > 0 1
Hence, the domain of f ( x ) = is (− ∞, 0)
x −x
∴ Domain of log10 x 2 is R − {0}
17 x ∈ R ⇒ x ∈R
but x − 3x + 2 > 0
2 1
but >0
sin x
⇒ ( x − 1)( x − 2) > 0 (Q x − 3x + 2 ≠ 0)
2
⇒ sin x > 0
⇒ x < 1 and x>2
⇒ x ∈ R (Q k is always positive)
+ – +
1 2 Again sin x ≠ 0
x ⇒ x ≠ nπ, n ∈ I
∴ Domain of f ( x ) = is (− ∞, 1) ∪ (2, ∞ )
x − 3x + 2
2 ∴ Domain of f ( x ) is R ~{nπ , n ∈ I}
18 ( 6− x + x − 4) > 0 23 f ( x ) = ( x 2 + x + 1)− 3 2
Now x2 + x + 1 ≠ 0
Also (6 − x ) > 0 and ( x − 4) > 0
2
⇒ 6> x and x>4  1 3
⇒ x +  + ≠ 0
 2 4
∴ 4< x<6
2
∴domain of given function is (4, 6).  1
 x +  is always positive for all the values of real
 2
19 (1 − x ) > 0 ⇒ 1 > x
numbers and the whole expression is never zero and never
⇒ x <1 …(i) negative for any value of R.
Also log10(1 − x ) ≠ 0 Hence domain of f ( x ) = ( x 2 + x + 1)− 3 2
is R.
°
⇒ 10 ≠ (1 − x ) ⇒ 1 ≠ 1 − x 24 5x − 6 − x > 0
2
⇒ 0≠− x ⇒x≠0 …(ii) + – +

Again ( x + 2) ≥ 0 ⇒x≥−2 …(iii) 2 3
∴ x ∈[ − 2, 0) ∪ (0, 1) ⇒ x 2 − 5x + 6 < 0
or x ∈[ − 2, 1) − {0} ⇒ ( x − 2)( x − 3) < 0
or − 2 ≤ x < 1, excluding zero. ⇒ 2< x < 3
log ( x + 3) ⇒ x ∈(2, 3)
20 f (x) = 2 2
x + 3x + 2 log 5
25 y = log x 5 =
( x + 3) > 0 ⇒ x>−3 …(i) log x
Also x 2 + 3x + 2 ≠ 0 log x ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠1
⇒ ( x + 1)( x + 2) ≠ 0 and x>0
⇒ x ≠ − 1 or x≠−2 …(ii) ∴ x ∈ (0, ∞ )~{1}
∴ Domain of f ( x ) = (− 3, ∞ ) − {− 1, − 2} or x ∈ (0, 1) ∪ (1, ∞ )
or (− 3, − 2) ∪ (− 2, − 1) ∪ (− 1, ∞ ) 26 f (x) = 9 − 9 − x 2
∞ ∞ ∴ 9 − x2 ≥ 0
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2
+ – +
NOTE –3 3
‘o’ indicates absence of domain
‘ ’ indicates presence of domain on the real number line. ⇒ x 2− 9 ≤ 0
21 Domain of sin x is R and Domain of cos x is also R ⇒ ( x − 3)( x + 3) ≤ 0

∴ Domain of given function is R ⇒ − 3≤ x ≤ 3
1 ⇒ x ∈[ − 3, 3]
22 log10 ≥0
sin x 27 x 2 − 5x + 6 ≥ 0
1 1
⇒ 100 ≤ ⇒ 1≤ + – +
sin x sin x 2 3
⇒ sin x ≤ 1 but x 2 − 5x + 6 ≠ 0
⇒ − 1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 ∴ x 2 − 5x + 6 > 0
950 QUANTUM CAT
⇒ ( x − 2)( x − 3) > 0 and co-domain of g( x ) =
x
is R + i.e., g ( x ) ∈ (0, ∞ )
⇒ x < 2 or x>3 x2
⇒ x ∈ (− ∞, 2) ∪ (3, ∞ ) i.e, g ( x ) ∈ (− ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞ )

1 x
or x ∈ (−∞, ∞ )~[ 2, 3] ∴ ≠ 2
2 x
x2 x
28 Clearly ≥ 0 for any x ∈ R
1 + x4 Again, Domain of f ( x ) = log ( x − 1) + log ( x − 2) is (2, ∞ )
Again ( x 2 − 1)2 ≥ 0 and Domain of g( x ) = log ( x − 1)( x − 2) is

(− ∞, 1) ∪ (2, ∞ )
⇒ x 4 + 1 − 2x 2 ≥ 0
∴ log ( x − 1) + log( x − 2) ≠ log( x − 1)( x − 2)
⇒ x 4 + 1 ≥ 2x 2
Since in each point domain of definition of f ( x )is unequal,
x2 x2 therefore the given pairs of functions are not identical.
∴ ≤ Hint See the concept of ‘‘Equal functions’’.
1+ x 4
2x 2
1
x2 1 32 Domain of f ( x ) = is (− ∞, 0)
⇒ ≤ x −x
1+ x 4
2
1
 1 and domain of g( x ) = is φ
Hence, the range of f is 0, .
 2 x− x
+ – + ∴ dom f ≠ φ
x2 − 2
29 Let y= 0 2/3 1 and dom g = φ
x2 − 3
Hint φ → There is no any single value of x, which satisfy
⇒ yx 2 − 3y = x 2 − 2 the given function.
⇒ x 2 ( y − 1) = 3y − 2 33 Dom. of f ( x ) = x is (− ∞, ∞ )
3y − 2
⇒ x2 = Dom. of g( x ) = x 2 is (− ∞, ∞ ), butRange ≡ [ 0, ∞ )
y −1
x2
3y − 2 Dom. of h( x ) = is (− ∞, ∞ )~{0}
∴ ≥0 x
y −1
∴ The common domain is [ −0, ∞ )~{0} = R +
 2
∴ y ∈  −∞, ∪ (1, ∞ ) (Since for every f ( x ), g( x ), h( x ) ∈ R + the range of each
 3
f ( x ), g( x ) and h( x ) is same)
x 2 + 2x + 3
30 Let y = 34 Dom. f ( x ) is R − {0} i.e., (− ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞ )
x
⇒ x 2 + (2 − y )x + 3 = 0 and Dom. g( x ) is R + i.e., (0, ∞ )
Q x ∈R ∴ Common domain of f ( x ) and g( x ) is (0, ∞ )

∴ (2 − y ) − 4 × 1 × 3 ≥ 0
2 Hence if x ∈ (0, ∞ ), then f ( x ) = g( x )
35 Since [ x] ≤ x or x ≥ [ x]
⇒ y 2 − 4 y + 4 − 12 ≥ 0
or y2 − 4y − 8 ≥ 0 ⇒ x − [ x] ≥ 0
∴ 1 + x − [ x] > 0
or [ y − (2 − 2 3)][ y − (2 + 2 3)] ≥ 0
∴ f (g( x )) = f (1 + x − [ x]) = 1
⇒ y ∈ (− ∞, 2 − 2 3] ∪ [ 2 + 2 3, ∞ )
i.e., y ∈ R − (2 − 2 3, 2 + 2 3) Hint See the definition of Signum function.
3
31 Domain of f ( x ) = x is R i.e., x ∈ (− ∞, ∞ )
2 1  1  1
36 f ( x ) = 64 x 3 + =  4 x +  − 3 .4  4 x + 
x 3  x   x
Domain of g( x ) = ( x )2 is R + ∪ {0} i.e., x ∈[ 0, ∞ )
So f (α ) = 23 − 3.4.2 = − 16
∴ x ≠( x)
2 2
Also f (β ) = 23 − 3.4.2 = − 16
1
Again co-domain of f ( x ) = is R + ∼ {0} Hence option(d).
x2
37 Let y=
x 40 f (3) = 9
1 + x2
∴ g( f (3)) = g(9) = 3
y x 1 + x2 Alternatively gof = g( f ( x )) = g( x 2 ) = x 2 = x
∴ f ( f ( x )) = f ( y ) = =
1+ y 2
 
2
41 Solve through options
x
1+  
 1 + x2  Let us consider f ( x ) = 3x + 2
 
x ∴ g( f ( x )) = (3x + 2)2 − (3x + 2) + 7
= = z (say)
1 + 2x 2 ⇒ gof ( x ) = 9( x 2 + x + 1)
 1
z x 1 + 2x 2 ⇒   gof ( x ) = x + x + 1
2
∴ f ( f ( f ( x ))) = f (z ) = =  9
1 + z2  
2
x
1+   Hence choice (b) is correct.
 1 + 2x 2  ( x + 1) x+1
 
42 f ( x + 1) = =
( x + 1) + 3 x + 4
x
=
1 + 3x 2 1  1  x+ 4 1 ( x + 1)
43 − f = −
f ( x + 1)  x + 1 x + 1 1 ( x + 1) + 3
4x 41 − x 2
38 f (x) = ∴ f (1 − x ) = 1 − x = x+4 1 ( x + 1)
4 +2
x
4 + 2 2 + 4x = −
x + 1 (3x + 4) ( x + 1)
4x 2
∴ f ( x ) + f (1 − x ) = + x =1 x+4 1 3( x 2 + 5x + 5)
4 +2
x
4 +2 = − =
x + 1 (3x + 4) 3x 2 + 7 x + 4
Hence (c) is correct
2+ 1 3+ 1
44 f (2) = = 3 ⇒ f ( f (2)) = f (3) = =2
39 f ( x ) = 1 − f (1 − x ) ⇒ f ( x ) + f (1 − x ) = 1 2−1 3−1
 1   2   997   998 2+ 1
Now, f   + f  + ... f   + f  f ( f ( f (2))) = f ( f (3)) = f (2) = =3
 999  999  999   999 2−1
  1   998    2   997   3+ 1
= f  + f  +  f  999 + f  999   + . . . f ( f ( f ( f (2)))) = f (3) = =2
  999   999    3−1
 1    2  2  2+ 1
= f 
1 
+ f 1 −  + f

 + f 1 −  + ....
  999   999     999   999  
f ( f ( f ( f ( f (2))))) = f (2) = =3
2−1
= 1 + 1 + 1 + . . . 499 times = 499

1 Choice (a) is ruled out since the given graph is the graph of 3
at x = 2, f ( x ) =
GIF (greatest integer function). Again the graph of [ x] is 2
parallel to the graph of y = x. But since in the left part (i.e., 1
left of y-axis) all the values of y are positive which are at x = , f ( x ) = 0, etc.
2
transformed by the modulus.
Go through options and put the values (e.g., – 3, – 2, – 1, 0, 3 Choice (a) is wrong, since graph is even
1, 2, 3, etc) and then verify the correct option. also at x = 1, ex = f ( x ) = 2.714
2 Best way is to check the option by substituting the values of choice (d) is wrong since at x = 0, f ( x ) = 0
x eg., x = – 3, – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, 3,....
choice (b) is wrong since at x = 1, f ( x ) = 0
1
choice (b) is wrong since at x = 2, f ( x ) = also at x = 0, f ( x ) is not defined
4
choice (d) is wrong since at x = 1, f ( x ) = 0 choice (c) is correct, since at x = 0, f ( x ) = 1
1 at x = 1, f ( x ) = 2
choice (c) is wrong since at x = 2, f ( x ) =
8 at x = 2, f (x) = 4
∴ choice (a) is correct, since at x = 1, f ( x ) = 1 at x = − 1, f ( x ) = 2
at x = − 2, f ( x ) = 4
952 QUANTUM CAT
4 Choice (a) is wrong since at x = 1, f ( x ) = 1 Graphical Solution :
y
at x = 2, f ( x ) = 6
choice (b) is wrong since at x = 2, f ( x ) = 2
4
choice (d) is wrong since at x = 0 f ( x ) = 0
3 f (x) = 2|x |
choice (c) is correct since at x = 0, f ( x ) = − 2 2
at x = 2, f ( x ) = 0 1
x
at x = 3, f ( x ) = 4.25 – 5– 4– 3– 2– 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
at x = − 2, f ( x ) = 0
–1 f (x) = log0.5 |x |
at x = − 3, f ( x ) = 4.25 –2
5 Algebraic solution –3
x 2 is always positive ∀ x ∈ R
1 1
1 − x − 2 is positive , if 1 < x < 3 ( x − 2 ≠ 1) Clearly at x = − and x = the graphs of log( 0.5) x and
2 2
but when 1 < x < 3, x 2 ∈ (1, 9) 2 x intersect each other.
and (1 − x − 2 ) ∈ (0, 1) Thus there are two solutions.
therefore there is no real solution of the given expression. 7 y
Graphical solution :
4
x2
=1 3
1− x−2
2
⇒ x2 = 1 − x − 2
1
y x' x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
4 –1
3 f(x) = x2 –2
2 –3
1 y'
3
x + x
f (x) =
1 + x2
f (x) =1– |x – 2|
 x + 8
8 f (x) = f  
 x − 1
x+8
⇒ x=
x −1
Hence it is clear from the graph that there is no real
⇒ x 2 − 2x − 8 = 0 ⇒ x = 4, − 2
solution, since the two graphs do not cut each other at any
point. Alternatively Go through options
6 Algebraic solution : 9 g( x ) = x2 + 1
log 0.5 x = 2 x
2 x
f (g( x )) = ( x 2 + 1 )2 − 1
⇒ (0.5) = x
2 x
⇒ f (g( x )) = x 2
 1
⇒   = x ∴ h( f (g( x ))) = h( x 2 ) = x 2 (Q h( x ) = x, x ≥ 0)
 2
x 10 f ( x ) = (a − x ) n 1/ n
 1 1/2
⇒   = x
 2 ∴ f ( f ( x )) = (a − ( f ( x ))n)1/ n
1 1 = (a − ((a − x n)1/ n)n)1/ n
⇒ x =− ,
2 2
= (a − (a − x n))1/ n = ( x n)1/ n = x
x −1 14 Go through options
11 At y = f (x) =
x+1 Let us consider g( x ) = log x,
⇒ y ( x + 1) = x − 1 ∴ f (x) = x n
y+1
⇒ x= …(i) and g( f ( x )) = g( x n) = log x n
1− y
x −1 = n log x = ng ( x )
−1
 x − 1 x + 1 1 Hence, choice (d) is correct.
Now, f ( f ( x )) = f   = =−
 x + 1 x − 1 + 1 x 15 Since f : N → R
x+1
but 0 ∉N
1 1 ∴ f (0) is not defined
∴ f ( f (ax )) = − =−
ax  y + 1 Hence (d) is correct
a 
1 − y 16 Go through options.
y −1 f (x) − 1 Let us consider f ( x ) = x 2 − 2
= =
a ( y + 1) a( f ( x ) + 1) 2
 1  1
x ∴ fx +  = x +  − 2
12 f (x) =  x   x
1 + x2
1 1
x = x2 + 2
+ 2 − 2 = x2 + 2
x x
1 + x2 x
∴ f ( f ( x )) = = Hence choice (b) is correct.
 
2
1 + 2x 2
x 17 f (x) = x5
1+ 
 1 + x2 
  ∴ f (5x ) = (5x )5 = 25x 2 5x
x
1
1 + 2x 2 x 18 h( x ) =
∴ f ( f ( f ( x ))) = = x
 
2
1 + 3x 2  1  1
2
x
1+  g(h( x )) = g   =  
 x  x
 1 + 2x 2 
 
 1 2
 =  4 ⋅ 2  − 5 = 2 − 5
1 4
Alternatively Consider some value for x, then match f (g(h( x ))) = f   
the correct option  x   x  x
f (2) =
2
=
2 19 Let x = 2.6, then [ x] − { x} = 2 − 3 = − 1
1+ 4 5
and x = 3.8, then [ x] − { x} = 3 − 4 = − 1
2
and x = − 3.6, then [ x] − { x} = (− 4) − (− 3) = − 1
 2 5 2
∴ f ( f (2)) = f   = = and x = − 7.3, then [ x] − { x} = (− 8) − (− 7 ) = − 1
 5 2 3
 2
1+   Hence (a) is the correct choice
 5
ax − 1 1 ax − 1
2 20 f ( x ) = = n ⋅ x
x (a + 1)
n x
x
{ a +1
 2 3 2 123
∴ f ( f ( f (2))) = f   = = g ( x) h ( x)
 3 2 13
 2 (By breaking the function)
1+ 
 3 f ( x )is even since graph of f ( x )is symmetric about y-axis.
Now, verify the options. a− x − 1 1 − ax
Now, h(− x ) = = = − h( x )
Consider option (a) a− x + 1 1 + ax
2 2 i.e., h( x ) is an odd function.
f ( f ( f (2))) = =
1 + 3(2) 2 13 Hence, g( x ) × odd function = even function
∴ g( x ) is an odd function
Hence option (a) is correct.
(Q odd × odd = Even but even × odd = odd)
13 f (− 2.4 ) = 1 + − 2.4 1
∴ g( x ) = n is an odd function, which is positive only when
(Q − 2.4 < − 1); f (− 2.4) = 3.4 x
∴ f ( f (− 2.4 ) = f (3.4 ) = [ 3.4] (Q 3.4 > − 1) 1
n=−
3
=3
954 QUANTUM CAT
21 f ( x ) = ln ( x + x2 + 1)  1 − x3 
∴ − f (− x ) = − ln  
1 + x3
∴ f (− x ) = ln (− x + (− x )2 + 1 )
−1
 1 − x3  1 + x3
= ln (− x + x2 + 1) = ln   = ln  
1 + x3  1 − x3 
Here it is not obvious whether f is an odd or even function.
So in such case we check for ⇒ f ( x ) = − f (− x )
f ( x ) + f (− x ) = 0 ⇒ f is an odd function 1 + x3

Hence f ( x ) = ln   is an odd function.
f ( x ) − f (− x ) = 0 ⇒ f is an even function  1 − x3 
(1 − x )
Now, f ( x ) + f (− x ) = ln ( x + x2 + 1) 25 f ( x ) = log is an odd function.
(1 + x )
+ ln (− x + x2 + 1)
ax + 1
f (x) = x ⋅ is an even function.
= ln (( x + 1 + x )( x + 1 − x ))
2 2 ax − 1
= ln ( x 2 + 1 − x 2 ) f ( x ) = log [ x + (1 + x 2 ) is an odd function.

(Q ln x + ln y = ln x . y ) f ( x ) = (1 + x + x 2 ) − (1 − x + x 2 ) is an odd function
= ln 1 = 0 (Q ln 1 = 0)
26 f ( x ) = 3 (1 − x 2 ) + 3 (1 + x2)
Hence, f is an odd function.
ax + 1 ∴ f (− x ) = 3 (1 − (− x )2 ) + 3 1 + (− x )2
23 f (x) =
ax − 1 or f (− x ) = 3 1 − x 2 + 3 1 + x 2 ⇒ f ( x ) = f (− x )
a− x + 1 1 + ax Hence f ( x ) is even function
∴ f (− x ) = =
a− x − 1 1 − ax 2
27 f ( x ) = 2− x
⇒ f ( x ) ≠ f (− x ), hence f ( x ) is not an even function 2 2
∴ f (− x ) = 2− ( − x ) = 2− x
−x
a −a
x
Again f (x) = Q f ( x ) = f (− x ), hence f ( x ) is an even function
ax + a− x
4 2x
Again f ( x ) = 2x − x = 4
a− x − ax
∴ f (− x ) = 2x
a− x + ax 4 4 1
∴ f (− x ) = 2− x − ( − x ) = 2− x − x =
∴ f ( x ) ≠ f (− x ), hence f ( x ) is not an even function x + x4
2
ax + 1 Q f ( x ) = − f (− x ), Hence f ( x ) is not an odd function.
Again f (x) = x ⋅
ax − 1 Again f ( x ) = cos x is an even function
Hence (d).
(1 + ax )
−x
+1 x x
∴ f (− x ) = (− x )
a
= (− x ) a x
x 28 f (x) = x + +1
a− x −1 1−a e −1 2
ax −x (− x )
∴ f (− x ) = +
−x
+1
1+a x
1+ a x e −1 2
= (− x ) = (− x )
1−ax
− (ax − 1) − xex x xex x
= − +1= x − +1
1 + ax ax + 1 1 −ex
2 e −1 2
=x = x⋅ x
a −1
x
a −1 If f ( x ) − f (− x ) = 0, then f ( x ) is an even function.
∴ f ( x ) = f (− x )  x x   xex x 
∴ f ( x ) − f (− x ) =  x + + 1 −  x − + 1
Hence, f ( x ) is an even function. e −1 2  e −1 2 
1 + x3 x (1 − ex )  x x 
24 f ( x ) = ln   (ln → natural logarithm) = +  +  + (1 − 1)
 1 − x3  (ex − 1)  2 2
 1 + (− x )3  1 − x3 − x (ex − 1)
∴ f (− x ) = ln   = ln   = + x + 0=− x + x
 1 − (− x )3  1 + x3 (ex − 1)
f ( x ) − f (− x ) = 0, hence the given function is an even function.
1  x − 1
30 f (x) = …(i) ∴ h( x ) = f ( f ( f ( x ))) = f (g( x )) = f  
1− x  x 
 1  1
∴ g( x ) = f ( f ( x )) = f   ⇒ h( x ) =
1 − x  x − 1
1− 
 x 
1 1 − x x −1
⇒ g( x ) = = = …(ii) h( x ) = x …(iii)
 1  −x x (1 − x )
1 −  ∴ f ( x ) . g( x ) . h( x ) =
1
× × x = −1
1 − x 1− x −x

1 f (x) = x 2 Again for x > 0, this equation gives − e−x = e−x which is not
possible
f (1) = 1
Again for x < 0, the above equation gives − e− x = ex , which
and f (− 1) = 1 is also not possible.
⇒ f ( x ) is many-one 6 If n ( A ) = m and n (B ) = n ≥ m, then the number of one-one
Q f :R → R functions from A to B is nPm : n > m
(x) (y ) n!
n
Pm =
but the negative values of y are not the actual output (n − m)!
(or images) of any element of x. Hence function is into.
Hence n = 5 and m = 3
2 f : R → R + ∪ {0}
∴ Number of one-one function from A to B
f ( x ) = x 2; f (1) = 1 5! 5 . 4 . 3 . 2 . 1
= 5P3 = = = 60
and f (− 1) = 1 2! 2
Hence f ( x ) is many-one 7 Let x, y ∈ A be such that f ( x ) = f ( y )
again f : {R → R + ∪ {0} x−2 y−2
1424 3
(x )
( y) ⇒ =
x−3 y−3
Since each element of y is the actual output of some
element of x therefore function is onto. ⇒ xy − 3x − 2y + 6 = xy − 3y − 2x + 6
+
3 f :R → R ⇒ − 2y + 3y = 3x − 2x ⇒ x = y
f (x) = x 2
⇒ f (0) = 0, f (1) = 1, f (2) = 4 etc. Hence f is one-one.
Let y ∈ B, we want to got x ∈ A such that f ( x ) = y,
Since non-positive values of x ( i.e., input) are not in the x −2
domain therefore no two inputs produce same output i.e., =y
hence function is one-one. x−3
Also function is into since non-positive values of y are not 3y − 2
the images (output) of any value of x (i.e., input) ⇒x= ∈ A, Hence f is onto
y −1
4 f : R+ → R+
Thus f is bijective.
f (x) = x 2 8 For any x, y ∈ N , we have
f (1) = 1 f ( x ) = f ( y ) ⇒ 2x + 3 = 2y + 3 ⇒ x= y
f (2) = 4; f (3) = 9 etc. Also, f is not surjective
Q1 ∈ N does not have its pre image.
Since there are no two inputs which produce same output
hence the function is one-one. 9 We have, f ( x ) = ( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)
Again the function is onto since every element of y is an
⇒ f (1) = f (2) = f (3) = 0
actual output/image of some element of x.
5 f is not one-one as f (0) = 0 and f (− 1) = 0 ⇒ f ( x ) is not one-one
For every y ∈ R , there exists x ∈ R such that
f is not onto as for y = 1, there is no x ∈ R f ( x ) = y. Therefore f is onto.
such that f ( x ) = 1 Hence f : R → R is onto but not one-one.
10 Since x − [ x] = 0 for all integral values of x.
− e− x = ex + e− x clearly
x
If there is such a x ∈ R then e
Therefore, the function is many-one and therefore inverse
x≠0 (Qat x = 0, f ( x )≠ 1) function is not defined.
956 QUANTUM CAT
11 y = x2 + 2 ⇒ x2 = y − 2 2± 2 1 − y
⇒ x= =1 ± 1 − y
⇒ x= y−2 2
⇒ f − 1( x ) = x−2 But x <1
So x =1 − 1 − y
12 y = 5x ⇒ log 5 y = x ⇒ x = log 5 y
−1
∴ f (x) = 1 − 1 − x
⇒ f − 1( x ) = log 5 x
x 16 y = x2 − x + 1
13 y= ⇒ yx + y − x = 0
x+1 1 3  1 3
2
⇒ y = x2 − x + + ⇒ y = x −  +
⇒ x ( y − 1) = − y 4 4  2 4
2
⇒ x=−
y
=
y
⇒ f −1 ( x ) =
x 3  1  1 3
⇒ y− = x −  ⇒x −  = y −
y −1 1 − y 1−x 4  2  2 4
x −1
14 y= ⇒ yx + y = x − 1 ⇒ x= y−
3 1
+ ⇒ y= x−
3 1
+
x+1 4 2 4 2
⇒ yx − x = − ( y + 1) 3 1
17 f ( x ) + f 1( x ) = ( x 2 − x + 1) + x− +
⇒ x ( y − 1) = − ( y + 1) 4 2
− ( y + 1) y + 1 1 + y 1+ x 2
⇒x= = = ⇒ f − 1( x ) =  3 3
=  − +1+
3 3 1
− +
( y − 1) 1 − y 1 − y 1− x  4 4 4 4 2
15 Let f ( x ) = y = x (2 − x ) 9 1 1 9 + 4 + 8 21
= + + = =
⇒ x − 2x − y = 0
2 16 4 2 16 16
Level 01 Basic Level Exercise

1 P (3, 5) = 3 × 5 = 15 q @ p = q2 − p2
S (5, 3) = 5 − 3 = 2 ∴ p2 − q2 − (q2 − p2 )
D (P (3, 5)), S (5, 3) = D(15, 2) = 15 + 2 = 17 = 2p2 − 2q2 = 2 ( p2 − q2 )
2 P (S(10, 6), 30)) = P (4, 30) = 120 6 M (7, N (9, 4)) = M (7, (92 + 42 − 9.4))
3 20 # (– 43) (Q 21 @ 22 = – 43) = M (7, 61) = 7 2 + 612 + 7.61 = 4197
We cannot determine further the value of 20 # (– 43) since
we don’t know a # b takes what value in case of negative 7 f (x) = x 3 − x 2
product as a, b is defined only for natural numbers. ∴ f ( x + 1) = ( x + 1)3 − ( x + 1)2
Hence (d)
= ( x + 1)2 ( x + 1 − 1) = ( x + 1)2 ( x )
4 (a # a)@ (a @ a)
Since, it is given that a and b are natural numbers. Two 8 [(5 ∪ 4) ∨ ∨ (2 ∪ ∪ ∪ 3)] ∪ (8 ∨ 3) = [1 ∨ ∨ 8] ∪ (5)
cases arise. = 8 ∪ 5= 3
Case I. a is even
9 2 ∪ ∪ 8 = 2 × 8 = 16
a # a = a2 − a2 = 0
and 2 ∪ ∪ ∪ 4 = 24 = 16
a @ a = a2
Hence (a) is true.
∴ 0 @ a2 = 0 (Q 0 + a2 is even) 10. a ∪ b = a ∨ b if a ≥ b
Case II. a is odd a ∨ b = a ∪ b if a < b
a # a = a2, which is odd ∴ a ∪ b = a ∨ b for all real values.
∴ a2 @ a2 = a4 (Q a2 + a2 will be even) 11. (20 @ 4)# 35 = 576 # 35
Hence (c) is correct. = (541)2= 292681
5 ( p # q) − (q @ p) 12. 12 # (14 @ (12 # 13)) = 12 # (14 @ 1)

Since p is even and q is odd = 12 # 225 = (− 213)2 = 45369
p # q = p2 − q2 13. (9 # 7) @ (21 # 5) = 4 @ 256 = (260)2 = 67600
14. (2 @ 2) + (3 # 3) − (4 @ 4) + (5 # 5) 23 Max [(2 # 3) $ (3 # 4), (3 # 4) $ (4 $ 4)]

= 16 + 0 − 64 + 0 = − 48 = Max[(6 $ 12), (12 $ 33)]
XAT [MAT {2, CAT (3, XAT [3, 2])}, 5]
15. = Max [181, 1234]
CAT [4, XAT {MAT (2, − 5), 4}]
= 181 + 1234 = 1415
XAT [MAT {2, CAT (3, 2)}, 5]
= 24 Max [Min ((1 $ 2), (2 $ 3)), Max ((3 # 4), (4 # 5))]
CAT [4, XAT {1, 4)}]
XAT [MAT {2, 9}, 5] = Max [Min (6, 14), Max (12, 20)]
=
CAT [4, 0] = Max [8, 32] = 40
XAT [6, 5] 25 Min [(1 # 2) $ 3, 4 # (5 $ 6)] $ Max [(6 # 7 ), (7 # 8)]
= =5
1 = Min [(2 $ 3), (4 # 62)] $ Max [ 42, 56]
XAT (3, 5) 2
16. = = 2, hence true = Min [14, 77] $[ 98]
MAT (3, 5) 1
= 63 $ 98 = 13574
XAT (− 3, – 5) 2
and = = 2, hence true 9
MAT (− 3, − 5) 1 26 9 ∆ 3 = 9 + 9 × 3 + = 729 + 27 + 3 = 759
3
3
Thus, (c) is correct.
27 3 # 4 * 5 + 3 * 4 # 5
17. r (16, 7 ) − 2 = 2 − 2 = 0
= 34 × 5 + (3 × 4)5 = 81 × 5 + (12)5
18. g(4.7) − l(2) = 5 − 2 = 3
19. Q Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder = 405 + 248832 = 249237
∴ x=y×k+r (k is a quotient and k ∈ I) 28 f (2 # 3)# g(3 # 4) = f (17 )# g(145)
 x = 255 # 290
But k =l 
 y = 255290 + 290255
∴ r = x − yk 29 f (g(2 # 3)) + g( f (1 # 2)) = f (g(17 )) + g( f (3))
  x  = f (34) + g(3)
⇒ r = x − y . l 
  y  = 1088 + 6 = 1094
20. 2 # ((7 @ (4 # 5))@ 3) = 2# ((7 @ 14)@ 3) 30 (5 ⊕ 6) − (6 @ 3) + (2 ∗ 4) = 91 − (− 9) + 56
= 2# (70 @ 3) = 91 + 9 + 56 = 156
= 2 # 152 = 306 31 (((1 ⊕ 2) ∗ 3)@ 20) = ((7 ∗ 3)@ 20)
 p # q = p # 2p = 5p
21. (i)  (Q p + q is even) = (420 @ 20)
q # p = 2 p # p = 4 p
= 160000 − 8400
(ii) p @ q = p @ 3p = 0 (Q p + 3p = 4 p is even)
= 151600
(iii) p @ q = p @ 2p (p + 2p is odd) 5
= 2p # 4 p (2p + 4 p = 6 p is even)  3  5  12 5
32 (3 D 4) D (12 D 5) =   D   = =
= 2p + 8 p  4  12 3 9
4
= 10 p, which is even
 1  1 1
Hence (ii) and (iii) are true 33 (12 D 60) E (2 C 10) =   E   =
 5  5 25
Thus (d) is correct.
22 6 @ 2 = 18 − 2 = 16 34 30 + 20 − 4 × 6 = 30 × 20 ÷ 4 + 6
12 # 2 = 12 + 4 = 16 = 30 × 5 + 6 = 156
Hence (i) is true 35 50 / 40 − 5 + 4 × 54
Again 6 # 3 = 12 @ 6 = 36 − 6 = 30 = 50 − 40 ÷ 5 × 4 + 54 = 50 − 8 × 4 + 54
(14 @ 12) + (2 @ 6) = 30 + 0 = 30 = 50 − 32 + 54 = 72
Hence (ii) is true
36 (5 ∧ 5) × (4 ∧ 4)/ (3 ∧ 3) × (2 ∧ 2)/ (1 ∧ 1)
Again (6 @ 2) + (6 # 3) = 16 + 30 = 46
= (55 ) + (44 ) − (33 ) + (22 ) − (11 )
(12 # 2) + (14 @ 12) − (2 @ 6) = 16 + 30 − 0 = 46
Hence (iii) is also true = 3125 + 256 − 27 + 4 − 1 = 3357
Thus (d) is correct option.
958 QUANTUM CAT
37 [( x 2 × y 2 ) − ( x + y )2 + [( x + y )3 − {( x / y )2 × 2 + x + y}] Also k + m = 1 (Actually it is just less than 1)
= [( x 2 + y 2 ) ÷ ( xy )2] × [( xy )3 ÷ {( x − y )2 + 2xy}] p + q ( p + k ) + (q − m)
∴ (a − b) = −
2 2
 x2 + y2   ( xy )3 
= × p+ q p+ q+ k −m
2   ⇒ (a − b) = −
 ( xy )   ( x − y )2
+ 2 xy  2 2
( x 2 + y 2 ) k−m
( xy )3  ⇒ (a − b) =
= × 2  = xy 2
 ( xy )
2
( x + y 2 )
k − (1 − k )
Now, (a − b) = (Q k + m = 1)
= x + y (In Devic Mathematics) 2
38 a + a + a − a + a + a / a + a − a 1
=k−
2
= a × a × a÷ a × a × a − a × a÷ a (1 − m) − m
and (a − b) = (Q k + m = 1)
= a3 ÷ a3 − a2 ÷ a = 1 − a 2
1 1
= (In Devic maths) = −m
a 2
1
39 [(2 ∆ 3) ∆ (− 2 ∆ 3)] = [(2 − 3) ∆ (− 2 + 3)] (a − b) = k −
2
[(− 1) ∆ (1)] = − 1 + 1 = 0 1 1
⇒ ≤ (a − b) ≤ (Q 0 ≤ k ≤ 1)
40 Q a ∆ a = 0 ∀ a ∈R 2 2
1 1
Given a>0 (Similarly − ≤ (a − b) ≤ , since 0 ≤ m ≤ 1)
2 2
If b>0 1 1
NOTE The correct result (in practical) is − < ( a − b) < since
(a ∆ b) ∆ (a ∆ (− b)) = (a − b) ∆ (a − b) (Q a × − b < 0) 2 2
0 ≤ k < 1 and 0 ≤ m < 1.
=0 a a+ b a
48 (a @ b)(b # a) = × =
Again if b < 0, then a+ b b b
(a ∆ b) ∆ (a ∆ (– b)) (Q b is negative, ∴− b is positive) Hence (c) is correct.
= (a + b) ∆ (a + b) = 0 (a + b) a (a + b)2 − ab
49 b # a − a @ b = − =
Hence, (d). b (a + b) b (a + b)
41 f ( x ) = x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x a2 + b2 + 2ab − ab a2 + b2 + ab
= =
b (a + b) b (a + b)
∴ f ( x + 1) = ( x + 1)3 + 3 ( x + 1)2 + 3( x + 1)
50 mn (md (− 2), mx (5, mn (− 2, md (5))))
= x 3 + 1 + 3x ( x + 1) + 3( x 2 + 1 + 2x ) + 3x + 3
= mn (2, mx(5, mn (− 2, 5)))
= x 3 + 1 + 3x 2 + 3x + 3x 2 + 3 + 6 x + 3x + 3 = mn (2, mx (5, − 2)) = mn (2, 5) = 2
= x 3 + 6 x 2 + 12x + 7 51 md (mn (− 2, mx (md(5), mn (− 2, − 7 ))))
(4 # 2)@ (9 # (− 1)) 3 @ 1 2 = md(mn (− 2, mx (5, − 7 )))
42 = = =−2
(2 @ 3)# (5@ 2) 0# 9 −1 = md (mn (− 2, 5)) = md (− 2) = 2
43 Solve the options as per the directions. 52 ((1 @ (2 ∆ 3))# 4) = ((1 @ ((2 @ 3) − (2 # 3))# 4))
44 Since, f 4 can assume negative values also, but f1, f 2 and f 3 = ((1 @ (45 − (− 3))# 4
always give positive values only. = ((1 @ 48)# 4)
Hence choice (b), (c) and (d) are not possible.
= (4704 # 4) = 88416400
45 lt (8.3) − gt (5.3) + lt (6.8) + gt (9.4)
53 (1 @ 1) ∆ (2 # 2) = 4 ∆ 0 = (4 @ 0) − (4 # 0) = 0 − 0 = 0
= 9 − 5 + 7 + 9 = 20
54 (a ∆ b) + (a # b) = (a2 + b2 ) + (| a2 − b2 |)
46 ∆ (3, 2) − ∆ (2, 3) + gt (4.8) − lt (2.7) + ∆(4, 5)
Case I. When (a2 − b2 ) is positive
= 2− 2+ 4 − 3+ 4 = 5
(a2 + b2 ) + (a2 − b2 ) = 2a2
p+ q lt ( p) + qt (q)
47 a = ,b=
2 2 Case II. When (a2 − b2 ) is negative
Now, lt p = p + k ; 0 ≤ k ≤ 1 (a2 + b2 ) − (a2 − b2 ) = 2b2
gt q = q − m; 0 ≤ m ≤1 Hence we cannot determine the required value.
where p, q ∉ I Hint k ⇒ ± k
55 [(a # b) ÷ (a @ b)]2 − 2 (a ∗ b) 63 f ( x, y ) = x + 1 + y − 1 = x + y
= [| a − b | ÷ a − b ] − 2ab
2 2 2
(Q k ≥ 0) g( x, y ) = x − 1 − y − 1 = x − y − 2
F ( f ( x, y )) = x + y + 1 − x + y + 2 + 1 = 2y + 4
= ( a + b )2 − 2ab
G(g( x, y )) = x + y − 1 + x − y − 2 + 1 = 2x − 2
= a2 + b2 = a ∆ b Hence, only (a) is false.
56 Consider g( x ) = ex (from the given options) 64 F ( f ( x, y )) = − f ( x, y )
∴ e = g( f ( x ))
x G( f ( x, y )) = − F ( f ( x, y )) = f ( x, y )
∴ f (G( f (1.2, 1.3)), f (F ( f (0, 1)), G( f (0.8, 0.4))))
⇒ e = g log (g( x ))
x
= f ( f (1.2, 1.3)), f (− f (0, 1)), f (0.8, 0.4)))

⇒ ex = g log (ex )
= f ({2.5}), f (− (1)), [1.2])))
⇒ ex = g( x )
= f (3, f (− 1, 1)) = f (3, 0)
⇒ ex = ex
= 3, hence (c) is correct.
Hence, choice (b) is correct.
57 Going through options, we find that none of the choices 65 F ( f ( x, y )) + G( f ( x, y )) = 0
(a), (b) and (c) satisfy the relation, hence (d) Hence (d) is correct.
58 None of the options (a), (b) and (c) satisfy the given 66 f (1.1, 1.2) × G( f (1.1, 1.2)) = f (1.1, 1.2) × f (1.1, 1.2)
conditions.
= [2.3] × [2.3] = 2 × 2 = 4
59 g[ f ( x ) − f [ g( x )] = g(2x + 3) − f (9 x + 6)
 1 1 x
67 f (g( x )) = f  x +  = =
= [ 9 (2x + 3) + 6] − [ 2 (9 x + 6) + 3]  x 1 x2 + 1
x+
= [18 x + 27 + 6] − [(18 x + 12) + 3] = 18 x
 1 1 x2 + 1
60 f ( f ( − 2)) = f (8 − 6 + 1) g( f ( x )) = g   = + x =
 x x x
(Q − 2 < − 1)
x x2 + 1
= f (3) ∴ f (g( x )). g( f ( x )) = × =1
x +1
2
x
= (9 + 6 + 2) (Q 3 > − 1)
= 17 68 g( f ( x )) = g( f (2)) = g(13) = 29
61 x = 4 ⇒ x = ± 2; y = 9 ⇒ y = ± 3
2 2 Q f (2) = 2 . (2)2 + 7(2) − 9 = 13
(2, 3) (− 2, 3) (− 2, − 3) (2, − 3) and g(13) = 2 × 13 + 3 = 29

f ( x, y ) = 5 1 –5 –1  2+ 1 
69 f ( f ( f ( f ( f (2))))) = f ( f ( f ( f (3)))) Q f (2) = = 3
g( x, y ) = –3 –7 –1 3  2−1 
F ( f ( x, y )) = 10 10 –2 –2  3+ 1 
G(g( x, y )) = 2 –6 –6 2 = f ( f ( f (2))) Q f (3) = = 2
 3−1 
Also, F ( f ( x, y )) = G(g( x, y )) , which is true for x = 2
and y = − 3 = f ( f (3)) = f (2) = 3
∴ x + y = −1 Solutions (for Q. Nos. 70 and 71)
62 Let x = 8, y=9 f ( x ) = 1− h ( x ) …(i)
g (x ) = 1 − k (x ) …(ii)
∴ [ x] = 7 and { y} = 10
h(x ) = f (x ) + 1 …(iii)
∴ g( x, y ) = − 3
j( x ) = g ( x ) + 1 …(iv)
Again if x = 9 and y = 8, then k ( x ) = j( x ) + 1 …(v)
[ x] = 8 and { y} = 9 ∴ g( x, y ) = − 1 From eqs. (i) and (iii)
Hence (c) is correct choice. f (x ) + h(x ) = 1 − h(x ) + f (x )+ 1
Hint There are two cases (i) when x < y (ii) when x > y ⇒ h(x ) = 1 …(vi)
Alternatively Let x = n ∴y = n + 1 ⇒ f (x ) = 0 …(vii)
∴ g( x, y ) = (n − 1) − (n + 1 + 1) = − 3 From eqs. (ii) and (iv)
Also, if x = n, y = n −1 g ( x ) = 1 − k ( x ) = 1 − ( j ( x ) + 1)
g( x, y ) = (n − 1) − (n − 1 + 1) = − 1 g ( x ) = − j( x ) …(viii)
From eqs. (iv) and (viii)
Hence (c).
j( x ) − g ( x ) = 1
960 QUANTUM CAT
and g ( x ) = − j( x ) 83 D (1, 2, C (0, 1, 2)) = D (1, 2, 2) (Q C (0, 1, 2) = 2)
⇒ j( x ) =
1
…(ix) = min ( A(1, 2, 2), B(1, 2, 2))
2 = min (3, 1) = 1
∴ g (x ) = −
1
…(x) 84 x + 5 = 8 ⇒ x = 3 and x = − 13
2 and 9 − x − 4 = y = f (x)
3 x = 3, y = f ( x ) = 8
∴ k ( x ) = j( x ) + 1 = …(xi) for
2 and for x = − 13, y = f ( x ) = − 8
Hence f (x ) = 0 Max. ( x . y ) = (− 13 ) × (− 8) = 104
1 85 f (100 x ) = f ( x + 99 x )
g (x ) = −
2 = f ( x )⋅ f (99 x ) = … = f ( x )⋅ f ( x )… f ( x )⋅ f ( x )
h(x ) = 1 1444424444
100 times
3
1
j( x ) = ⇒ f (100 x ) = f ( x ))100
2
3 Hence, choice (a) is the correct one.
k ( x )= 9
2 86 | x|⋅e|x| = 9 ⇒ e|x| =
| x|
Thus all the functions are constant.
9
1 3 Let f ( x ) = e|x| and g( x ) =
+ | x|
j( f ( x )) + k(h( x )) 2 2 2
70 = = =2
h(k( x )) + f ( j( x )) 1 + 0 1 Now, look at the graphs of f ( x ) and g( x ), as given below.
1 3 f(x) g(x) g(x) f(x)
1+ +
2 2 3 8
71 = =∞
 1 3  1 3 0
0 + +  0 ⋅ ⋅ 
 2 2  2 2 6
i.e., not defined

4
72 Since, odd function + odd function = odd function
and (odd function) (odd function ) = even function. 2
73 Even (Odd ) = Even and Odd (Even) = Even

–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
74 y is maximum when x 2 + 2 = 6 − 3x
i.e., x 2 + 3x − 4 = 0 ⇒ x 2 + 4 x − x − 4 = 0
Since the graphs intersect at 2 distinct points, so the number
⇒ x ( x + 4) − 1 ( x + 4) = 0
of solutions is 2. Hence, choice (c) is the correct one.
⇒ x = 1 or x = − 4
∴ at x = 1, y = 3 (Q x > 0) NOTE The actual graph of the given equation is shown below.
1
75 p2 × q2 × r2 is maximum when p2 = q2 = r2 =
3 4
1 1
∴ ( pqr)2max = ⇒ ( pqr)max =
27 3 3
g( x, y , z ) 3 2
76 = =1
j( x, y, z ) 3
(m ( x, y, z ) − f ( x, y, z )) 3− 4 −1
77 = = –4 –2 0 2 4
h( x, y, z ) × k( x, y, z ) × l( x, y, z ) 5 × 2 × 1 10
f ( x, y, z ) + h( x, y, z ) − g( x, y, z ) 4 + 5 − 3 –2
78 = = 2>1
j( x, y, z ) 3
79 C (1, 2, 3) = max ( A (1, 2, 3), B (1, 2, 3)) = max (3, 2) = 3 –4
80 D (0, 1, 2) = min ( A (0, 1, 2), B (0, 1, 2)) = min (1, 2) = 1
81 A(2, 3, 4) + B(2, 3, 4) = 5 + 2 = 7 –6
82 C (0, 1, D(1, 2, 3)) = C (0, 1, min ( A (1, 2, 3), B (1, 2, 3)))

= C(0, 1, min (3, 2)) = C(0, 1, 2) –8
= max ( A(0, 1, 2), B (0, 1, 2))
= max (1, 2) = 2
Level 02 Higher Level Exercise

ax + a− x a y + a− y 14 Inverse of an exponential function is a logarithmic
1 f (x) = , f (y ) =
2 2 function.
x+ y
a +a −(x + y ) ∴ x = 10 y ⇒ log10 x = y
∴ f (x + y ) = …(i)
2 graph (A) is an exponential function
x− y − (x − y ) graph (B) is a logarithmic function
a +a
and f (x − y ) = …(ii) graph (C) is also an exponential function
2
1
adding eqs. (i) and (i), we get graph (D) represents inverse function like
x
ax + y
+ a− x − y ax − y + a− x + y
f (x + y ) + f (x − y ) = + Logarithmic function is defined only for positive values
2 2 hence choice (a), (c) and (d) are wrong.
=
1 x y
[ a (a + a− y ) + a− x (a y + a− y )] Also the inverse function (i.e., f − 1( x )of a function f ( x ))is
2 symmetric about x = y
1  1
= (ax + a− x )(a y + a− y ) = 2 f ( x ) f ( y ) 1 1
15 f (0) = 1 − 0 = 1, f   = 1 − = = 0.5
2  2 2 2
30 − x
2 <4  45
5 f (1) = 1 − 1 = 0, f   = 2.5 − 1 = 1.5
 18
⇒ 30 − x < 20
 1  45
⇒ − 20 < (30 − x ) < 20 ∴ f (0) + f   + f (1) + f   = 1 + 0.5 + 0 + 1.5 = 3
 2  18
⇒ − 20 < 30 − x < 20
y y
⇒ − 50 < − x < − 10 16 x = , y ≠ 0 if y > 0, x = = 1
y y
⇒ 50 > x > 10 or 10 < x < 50
3 x+ y = x−y ⇒ ( x + y )2 = ( x − y )2 ⇒ 4 xy = 0 ∴ for all values of y > 0, x = 1
and for all values of y < 0, x = − 1
⇒ either x = 0 or y = 0
If x = 0 and y is any real number, we have infinite possible 17 Since the reflection of g( x ) is about x-axis therefore
values of y as 0 + y = 0 − y ⇒ y = − y g( x ) = − f ( x )
Similarly ( x, 0) where x can be any real number also 18 Since the reflection of g( x ) is about y-axis
satisfies x + 0 = x − 0
So there are infinite number of solutions. ∴ g( x ) = f (− x )
2 1 19 f ( x ) is an even function
6 e−x = 2
ex 20 Since for each x there are more than 1 value of f ( x )
2
Since x 2 is an even function therefore e− x is also an even 21 f ( x ) is an even function
function, hence it is symmetric about y-axis. 22 f ( x ) is an odd function
Also it is always positive.
2
and at x = 0, e− x = 1 23 f (x) = x
y
Hence (b) is not true. Thus only choice (d) is correct.
7 y = ax ⇒ at x = 0, y = 1 2
1
x
–2 –1 1 2
(0, 1) –1
–2
f (x) = − x
Hence (iii) statement is true. y
x
1  1 2
at a = , f (x) =  
2  2 1
–2 –1 1 2
x x
1  1
e.g., a = , then f ( x ) = ax =  
2  2 –1
Hence the function is decreasing. –2
962 QUANTUM CAT
f (x) = − x + 1  2× 3 
29 g ( x 2, x 3 ) = x1 → m =1
 
Q
y 5
 7×8 
2 g ( x7 , x 8) = x1 → m =1
 
Q
1 5
–2 –1 1 2 ∴ g (g ( x 2, x 3 ), g ( x7 , x 8 ))
 1 ×1
x

= g ( x1, x1 ) = x1 → m =1
 
–1 Q
5
–2
30 Q at x = 1 y=0
x = −1 y =0
24 f ( x ) = x 3 − 3x 2 − x + 3 x=0 y = −1
x=2 y =1
f ( x ) = ( x − 1)( x + 1)( x − 3) x=−2 y =1
y
31 y= x + x
3
at x=0 y=0
2
x =1 y=2
1
1 2 3 x=2 y=4
x x = − 1, y=0
–3 –2 –1 0
–1 x = − 2, y=0
–2 32 x = y −1
–3 ⇒ y=x+1
at x = 0, y =1
x = − 1, y = 0
⇒ x = − 1, 1, 3
x = 1, y=2
Thus the graph of f ( x ) intersects the x-axis three times x = − 2, y = 1
viz., at x = − 1, 1, 3
33 Option (a) is wrong since at x = 1, 2, y = 0
25 Choice (a) → at x = 0 f ( x ) is not defined Option (c) is wrong since at x = 0, y = 1
Choice (b) → at x = 0 and x = 1, f ( x ) is not defined Option (b) is correct since at x = − 2, 2 ; y = 0
Choice (d) → x is defined for only positive real numbers also x = 0, y = 0 etc. Also the graph is symmetric about
except 1. y-axis hence x is must to be appeared.
Hence choice (c) is correct as x 2 is always positive and
x2 + 2 ≠ 0
34 The graph intersects x-axis at four different points
therefore choice (c) is wrong. Since graph is symmetric
26 Since x is always positive and y can assume both positive about y-axis therefore choice (a) is wrong since at
and negative values therefore (c) is the correct choice. x = 1, y = 0 but at x = − 1, y = 6
1 choice (d) is wrong since at x = 0, y = + 2
x y =1 ⇒ x = for x > 0
y Hence choice (b) is correct.
27 − x x < 0
35 f (x) = 
 x x>0
 x x<0
g( x ) =  ∴ f ( x ) = − g( x )
y
−x x>0
3
x ∀ x <0
2 36 f ( x ) = 
1  x ∀ x>0
− x x < 0
g( x ) = 
 x x>0
x
–11– 10 – 9 – 8 – 7 – 6 – 5 – 4 – 3 – 2 – 1 0 1 2 3 4
∴ f ( x ) = − g( x ) for x < 0
and f ( x ) = g( x ) for x > 0
28 f ( x 2, x 3 ) = x 2 + 3 = x 5 (Q 2 + 3 < (3)2 )
− x x < 0 − x x < 0
f ( x 5, x 6 ) = x 5 + 6 − 3 = x 8 (Q 5 + 6 > (3)2 ) 37 f ( x ) =  ⇒ g( x ) = 
 − x x > 0  x x>0
∴ f ( f ( x 2, x 3 ), f ( x 5, x 6 )) = f ( x 5, x 8 ) = x 5 + 8 − 3 ∴ f ( x ) = g( x ) for x < 0
= x10 (Q 5 + 8 > (3)2 ) and f ( x ) = − g( x ) for x > 0
38 Choice (b) is wrong since at x = 0, f ( x ) = 0. Choices (a) 46 S1, S3, S5, S7 . . . etc are negative integers. Hence S13 is
and (c) are also wrong. Now, choice (d) is correct, since negative and each sum S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6. . . is an even
y = − (ax 2 + c) and y = (ax 2 + c) number. Hence (d)
These two equations give equal but opposite values. 47. K L M
39 f (1) = 1; f (1) = f ( f (1)) = 1
2
initially 9 0 0
f 3(1) = f 2( f (1)) = f 2(1) = 1 Fill (L, K) 4 5 0
f 4 (1) = f 3 ( f (1)) = f 3 (1) = 1 Fill (M, L) 4 1 4
Empty (L, K) 5 0 4
therefore f 11(1) f 33(1). f 55(1) f 77 (1) f 99(1)
Empty (M, L) 5 4 0
=1 ×1 ×1 ×1 ×1=1
∴ L has 4 litres of water.
 1
40 f 2( x ) = f ( f ( x )) = f   = x 48 Note that we can feed the instruction of Empty (L, M) since
 x
the amount of water in L is less than the remaining capacity
1 of M.
f 3( x ) = f ( f 2( x )) = f ( x ) =
x 49 In the normal coordinate plane the equation of X-axis
∴ f 2( x ) = f 4( x ) = f 6( x ) = f 8( x ). . . = x corresponds to y = 0 and the equation of Y-axis
1 corresponds to x = 0.
and f ( x ) = f 3( x ) = f 5( x ) = f 7 ( x ). . . = Y
x
∴ f 12( x ) = f 2( x ) = 11 ∴ f ( f ( x )) = 11
 1 1
⇒ f   = 11 ⇒ f (x) =
 x 11
X
Solutions (for Q. Nos. 41 to 43)
Cycle Values of But y − 3x = 0 ⇒ y = 3x and y + 3x = 0 ⇒ y = − 3x. And
these two lines are perpendicular to each other. So you can
a b c show them in the x − y coordinate plane as shown below,
Start 1 2 3 fig. (ii).
Y y–3x=0
1 2 4 6
2 4 6 10
3 8 8 16 y+3x=0
4 16 10 26
5 32 12 44 X
6 64 14 78
Now, since y − 3x = 0 corresponds to Y + 3X axis and
7 128 16 144
y + 3x = 0 corresponds to Y − 3X axis. Therefore
comparing the given graph with the above graph you will
41 16 and 144
get the following graph (iii).
42 b = 16 Y+3X
Y
43 Basically the module takes 7 cycles to reach step 6
(i.e., to stop), Hence the number of repetitions
Y–3X
=7 −1 = 6
Solutions (for Q. Nos. 44 to 47) X
Cycle x y z Sum
Thus from the above graph (iii) you can filter out the
C0 1 –2 3 2 = S0 requisite information as shown in the following graph (iv).
C1 –5 8 – 13 − 10 = S1 y
C2 21 – 34 55 42 = S2
C3 – 89 144 – 233 − 178 = S3
C4 377 – 610 987 754 = S4
44 We can see from the above table that sum of each cycle is
twice the each corresponding value of x in the same cycle.
x
45 S4 = 754 Hence, choice (a) is the correct one.
964 QUANTUM CAT
Level 03 Final Round
Solutions (for Q. Nos. 1 to 10) 17 (1, 1, 2, 0) → ( x + 2)
P0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 ∴ ( x + 2)3 = x 3 + 6 x 2 + 12x + 8
0 1 1 0 –1 –1 0 1 1 0 –1 –1 0 = (1, 3, 6, 2, 12, 1, 8, 0)
Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 18 (3, 3, − 10, 2, 7, 1) ÷ (3, 2, − 7, 1)
0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 = (3x 3 − 10 x 2 + 7 x ) ÷ (3x 2 − 7 x )
= x (3x 2 − 10 x + 7 ) ÷ x (3x − 7 )
5 Q13 = 233, P14 = 1
= x ( x − 1)(3x − 7 ) ÷ x (3x − 7 )
∴ Q13 + P14 = 234
= ( x − 1) = (1, 1, − 1, 0)
6 Q10 + P10 = 55 + (− 1) = 54
20 (4 x 4 + 3x 3 ) × (2x 2 + x ) + (2x 2 + x ) − (3x 5 + 2x 4 )
7 Q 6 = 8 ∴Q 8 = 21 = (8 x 6 + 10 x 5 + 3x 4 ) + (2x 2 + x − 3x 5 − 2x 4 )
i . e. Q [ Q ( 6) ] = Q [ 8] = 21 = (8 x 6 + 7 x 5 + x 4 + 2x 2 + x )
8 Q (a), (b) and (c) are wrong = (8, 6, 7, 5, 1, 4, 2, 2, 1, 1)
1
9 (Q 5 )P5 = (5)− 1 = = 0.2 Solutions (for Q. Nos. 21 to 25)
5
1
Solutions (for Q. Nos. 11 to 14) 21 h(3, 2, 8, 7 ) ÷ g(4, 7, 10, 8) = 2÷ 4 =
2
11 P[ k(3)] = 3Q [ k(3)] − 4 = 3 (2R [ k(3)] + R [ k(6)]) − 4 22 h( fg(2, 5, 7, 3), 9) = h( f (2, 5, 7, 3) × g(2, 5, 7, 3), 9)
= 3 (2(S [ k(6)]) − S [ k(3)] + (S [ k(12)] − S [ k (6)])) − 4 = h((7 × 2), 9) = h(14, 9) = 5
= 3 (2 (22 − 13) + (51 − 22)) − 4 23 h(h(7, 13, 5, 9), h(4, 6, 12, 14)) = h(1, 0)
= 3(18 + 29) − 4 = 141 − 4 = 137 1
= , which is not defined
12 S [ k(1)] = 7 0
R [ k(7 )] = S [ k(14)] − S[ k(7 )] 24 A = 9, B = 20, C = 20, D = 14
= 59 − 31 = 28 ∴ B =C > D > A
Hence (b) is the appropriate answer
Q [ k(28)] = 2R [ k(28)] + R [ k(56)]
25 h(h(a1, b1, c1, d1 ), h(a2, b2, c2, d2 )) = h(0, 0)
= 2(S [ k(56)] − S [ k (28)] + S [ k(112) − S (k(56))]
0
= 2(227 − 115) + (451 − 227 ) = is not defined, while 0 × 0 = 0 is defined
0
= 2(112) + (224) = 448
Solutions (for Q. Nos. 26 to 32) In case of x > 0, we get the
∴ QRS [ k(1)] = QR [ k(7 )] = Q [ k(28)] = 448 following pattern.
13 R [ k(5)] = S [ k(10)] − S [ k(5)] f (1) = b + c − 2c + a = a + b − c
= 43 − 19 = 24 f ( 2 ) = b + c − 4 c + a + b − c = a + 2b − 4 c
f ( 3 ) = b + c − 6c + a + 2b − 4 c = a + 3b − 9c
and S [ k(10)] = 43
f ( 4 ) = b + c − 8c + a + 3b − 9c = a + 4 b − 16c
∴ R[ k(5)] − S [ k(10)] = 24 − 43 = − 19
(i.e., f ( x ) = a + bx − cx2 )
14 ∀ x < 0, R [ k( x )] and S [ k( x )] are equal to zero. Therefore
26 Hence f (8) = a + 8b − 64c = a + 8 (b − 8c)
the whole product will be zero.
Hence (b) is correct.
Solutions (for Q. Nos. 15 to 20) 27 f (− 19) = 2b × (− 19) + f (− (− 19))
15 (3x 4 + 2x 2 + 5x ) + (2x 4 + 3x 3 + 7 x 2 ) = − 38b + f (19)
= 5x 4 + 3x 3 + 9 x 2 + 5x = − 38b + a + 19b − 361c
= (5, 4, 3, 3, 9, 2, 5, 1) = a − 19b − 361c = a − 19 (b + 19c)
16 (6, 5, 7, 4, 8, 3) − (3, 5, 5, 3, 7, 1) Hint For x < 0 i.e., f (− x ) = a + b(− x ) − c(− x )2
= (6 x 5 + 7 x 4 + 8 x 3 ) − (3x 5 + 5x 3 + 7 x ) 28 f (7 ) = a + 7 b − 49c
= (3x + 7 x + 3x − 7 x )
5 4 3 ∴ when a = 15, b = 11 and c = − 3
f (7 ) = 15 + 7 × 11 − 49 (− 3)
= (3, 5, 7, 4, 3, 3, − 7, 1)
= 15 + 77 + 147 = 239
29 f (− 10) = a − 10b − 100c = 4 + 5 + [ 2 f (8, 2) + 20] + 30

∴at a = 10, b = − 7 and c = 6 = 9 + [ 2 (9) + 20] + 30 = 9 + [ 38] + 30 = 77
f (− 10) = 10 − 10(− 7 ) − 100 × 6 36 f (1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 3)
= 10 + 70 − 600 = − 520 = f (1, 3) + f (1, 3, 1, 1) + (1 + 1 + 3 + 1 + 1 + 3)
30 f ( x ) = a + b( x ) − c( x )2 for every x
= f (3, 0) + f (0, 1) + [ f (1, 1) + f (3, 1) + (1 + 3 + 1 + 1)] + 10
∴ 0 = 4 − 17 x + 18 x 2 = 7 + 0 + [ f (1, 0) + f (0, 1) + f (1, 0) + f (0, 3) + 6] + 10
Now, for convenience go through options. = 17 + [ 2 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 6] = 17 + 11 = 28
31 f (x) < 0 37 f (9, 2, k, 0, 9, 4)
⇒ a + b( x ) − c( x )2 < 0 = f (9, 4) + f (2, k, 0, 9) + (9 + 2 + k + 0 + 9 + 4)
⇒ 12 + 10( x ) − 8( x )2 < 0 …(i) = f (4, 0) + f (0, 9) + [ f (2, 9) + f (k, 0)
Now, for convenience go through options. + (2 + k + 0 + 9)] + 24 + k

Alternatively Solve the quadratic inequality (i) and = 11 + 4 + [{ f (9, 0) + f (0, 2)} + f (k, 0)
then get the required set of values. + (11 + k )] + 24 + k
32 f (1) = a + b − c = − a (Q b = − a, c = a) = 15 + [ 48 + f (k, 0) + (11 + k )] + 24 + k
∴ f ( f (1)) = f (− a)  k (k + 1) 
= 98 + 2k + f (k, 0) = 98 + 2k + + 1 = 124
= a + b(− a) − c(− a)2  2 
= a − ab − ca2 ⇒ k 2 + 5k − 50 = 0
= a + a2 − a3 ⇒ k = − 10 or k = 5
Since k is a positive integer, hence k = 5
Solutions (for Q. Nos. 33 to 37)
38 f (128) = 1.22 + 2.21 + 8.20 = 4 + 4 + 8 = 16
f ( y, 0 ) = y + f ( y − 1, 0 ) ∴ f (16) = 1.21 + 6.20
= y + ( y − 1) + f ( y − 2, 0 )
= 2+ 6 = 8
= y − ( y − 1) + ( y − 2 ) + ... + 1 + f ( 0, 0 )
39 f (888222) = 8.25 + 8.24 + 8.23 + 2.22 + 2.21 + 2.20
y ( y + 1)
= +1 = 28 + 27 + 26 + 23 + 22 + 21
2
and f ( 0, y ) = y − f ( 0, y − 1) = 26(7 ) + 14
= y − [( y − 1) − f ( 0, y − 2 )] = 448 + 14 = 462
= y − ( y − 1) + f ( 0, y − 2 ) f (462) = 4.22 + 6.21 + 2.20 = 30
= 1 + ( y − 2 ) − f ( 0, y − 3 ) f (30) = 3.21 + 0.20 = 6
= 1 + ( y − 2 ) − ( y − 3 ) + f ( 0, y − 4 )
Again f (113113) = 1 .25 + 1.24 + 3.23 + 1.22 + 1.21 + 3.20
= 2 + f ( 0, y − 4 )
= 32 + 16 + 24 + 4 + 2 + 3 = 81
 y−1

, if y is odd f (81) = 8.21 + 1.20
Thus, f ( 0, y ) =  2
y+2 = 16 + 1 = 17
 ; if y is even
 2 f (17 ) = 1.21 + 7.20
33 f ( y1, y 2, y 3, . . . y n) is not defined for every odd n.
= 2+ 7 = 9
Here n = 27
∴ f [ f (888222) + f (113113)] = f (6 + 9]
34 f (0, 1, 0, 1) = f (0, 1) + f (1, 0) + (0 + 1 + 0 + 1 )
= f (15) = 1.21 + 5.20
= 0 + 2+ 2= 4
= 2+ 5=7
35 f (8, 8, 8, 2, 2, 2) = f (8, 2) + f (8, 8, 2, 2)
40 f (9235) = 9 2 + 2 2 + 3 2 + 5.20
. 3 . 2 . 1
+ (8 + 8 + 8 + 2 + 2 + 2) = 72 + 8 + 6 + 5 = 91
= f (2, 0) + f (0, 8) + [ f (8, 2) + f (8, 2) f (91) = 9.21 + 1.20 = 19
+ (8 + 8 + 2 + 2)] + 30 f (19) = 1.21 + 9.20 = 11s
966 QUANTUM CAT
f (11) = 1.21 + 1.20 = 3 It implies that the function h( x ) is one-one and onto.
f (9450) = 9.23 + 4.22 + 5.21 + 0.20 Hence, choice (a) is the answer.
x2 − 1
= 72 + 16 + 10 = 98 43 f ( x ) =
x2 + 1
f (98) = 9.21 + 8.20 = 26
2
⇒ f (x) = 1 −
f (26) = 2.21 + 6.20 = 10 x2 + 1
f (10) = 1.21 + 0.20 = 2 2
When x = 0, x 2 + 1 will be minimum, so will be
x2 + 1
∴ f (9235) + f (9450) = 3 + 2 = 5 2
x2 2 2 1 maximum and so 1 − will be minimum.
41 f ( x ) = e + e−x ⇒ f ( x ) = ex + 2 x2 + 1
ex
2
2 2 2 1 Therefore, minimum of f ( x ) = 1 − = 1 − 2 = −1
g( x ) = xex + e− x ⇒ g( x ) = xex + 2 x2 + 1
ex
Hence, choice (c) is the answer.
2 2 2 1
h( x ) = x 2ex + e− x ⇒ h( x ) = x 2ex + 2 x2 + x + 2 1 1
ex 44 f ( x ) = =1 + 2 =1 +
x2 + x + 1 x + x+1  1 
2
3
f ( x ), g( x )and h( x )all of them are the increasing functions x +  +
 2  4
in the interval [0, 1], so the maximum value of f , g and h
will be attained at x = 1.  1 3
2
Now, when the denominator  x +  + will be highest,
1 1  2 4
∴ f max = f (1) = e + and g max = g(1) = e +
e e f ( x ) will be lowest which can be achieved when x is
1 highest (close to infinity) and thus f ( x ) > 1
and hmax = h(1) = e + 2
e  1 3
Similarly, when the denominator  x +  + will be
∴ f max = g max = hmax ⇒ a = b = c  2 4
least, f ( x ) will be greatest which can be achieved when
Hence, choice (d) is the answer.
−1 7
2 x= , and thus f ( x ) =
Hint e, ex, ex all are increasing functions. So the other 2 3
terms, given in the problem, are also increasing. The best
Therefore, the range of f ( x ) is (1, 7/3)
way to test the increasing/decreasing nature of the
function, in case you don’t know differentiation method of Hence, choice (c) is the answer.
calculus, is to substitute the values from the given interval 45 The best way is to go through the choice. Let us consider
in the stated function. choice (b), then f ( x ) = x 2 − 2
To get the maximum value replace x by 1, the highest value 2
of the interval [0, 1], as the functions are increasing.  1  1
⇒ fx +  = x +  − 2
 x  x
42 Let h( x ) = ( f − g )( x )
1
⇒ h( x ) = f ( x ) − g( x ) = x2 +
x2
 x, x ∈ irrational
⇒ h( x ) =  Hence, choice (b) is the answers
− x , x ∈ rational

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CHAPTER 17

If a pre-image is denoted by x and an image is denoted by y 5. Equation (or formula) : f : R → R f (x ) = x 2 ∀ x ∈ R

Here, f ( x ) is called the value of the function f at the point x. 4

D=R (all real numbers),

Function Domain defined for Domain not defined for

Function Domain defined for

following form is known as polynomial function.

Range → R (set of real numbers)

Domain → R −{0}; set of non-zero rational numbers

Here, P ( x ) and Q ( x ) are polynomial functions and x' x

e.g., y = 4x + 2x , then y is undefined if x < 0

y = x then y is undefined if x < 0 x ∈ (0, 1) x 1 2 < x 1 3 < x 1 4 < x 1 5 < ....

5x 3 + 7x 2 + 3 x x ∈ (− 1, 0) x 1 3 > x 1 5 > x 1 7 ....

and x+ 4 ≤0 (A– 4) Piecewise Defined Functions

 1 if x > 0 e.g., if y = f ( x ) = {x} = Smallest integer, greater than or

(iii) (a) y = e x and (b) y = e| x| 17.6 Algebraic Operations on

Introductory Exercise 17.1

17.7 Transformation of Graphs

Turn the portion of the graph of f ( x ) lying below x-axis 2

–1 17.8 Composite Functions

1. Associative : If f 1 : A → B , f 2 : B → C , f 3 : C → D NOTE Graph of an even function is symmetric about y-axis.

∴ Range of ( gof ) = {x, y} 1

1. Even function : A function y = f ( x ) is said to be an –2

Introductory Exercise 17.2

x2 14. If f (x) = x n , n ∈ N and ( gof ) (x) = ng (x), then g (x)

17.10 Surjective and Injective

Method 3. Let y = − x 2 − 6x + 5 …(i) Exp. 7) If f ( x) = min ( 4x + 3, x + 4) for x ∈[0, 2], what is

LEVEL 01 > BASIC LEVEL EXERCISE

62 If x and y are consecutive integers, then find g( x, y ) x+1

LEVEL 02 > HIGHER LEVEL EXERCISE

Directions (for Q. Nos. 17 and 18) In each question there are

(a) y = x − 1 x − 2 (b) y = ||| x| − 1| − 2| − 1

45 What is the value of S4 ? x x

(a) 239 (b) 115 h( x ) = x 2ex + e− x

Introductory Exercise 17.2

Introductory Exercise 17.3

Level 03 Final Round

⇒ 0≠− x ⇒x≠0 …(ii) + – +

21 Domain of sin x is R and Domain of cos x is also R ⇒ ( x − 3)( x + 3) ≤ 0

⇒ x ∈ (− ∞, 2) ∪ (3, ∞ ) i.e, g ( x ) ∈ (− ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞ )

Again ( x 2 − 1)2 ≥ 0 and Domain of g( x ) = log ( x − 1)( x − 2) is

Q x ∈R ∴ Common domain of f ( x ) and g( x ) is (0, ∞ )

Introductory Exercise 17.2

f ( x ) + f (− x ) = 0 ⇒ f is an odd function 1 + x3

= ln ( x 2 + 1 − x 2 ) f ( x ) = log [ x + (1 + x 2 ) is an odd function.

Introductory Exercise 17.3

Level 01 Basic Level Exercise

5 ( p # q) − (q @ p) 12. 12 # (14 @ (12 # 13)) = 12 # (14 @ 1)

14. (2 @ 2) + (3 # 3) − (4 @ 4) + (5 # 5) 23 Max [(2 # 3) $ (3 # 4), (3 # 4) $ (4 $ 4)]

= f ( f (1.2, 1.3)), f (− f (0, 1)), f (0.8, 0.4)))

(2, 3) (− 2, 3) (− 2, − 3) (2, − 3) and g(13) = 2 × 13 + 3 = 29

i.e., not defined

73 Even (Odd ) = Even and Odd (Even) = Even

82 C (0, 1, D(1, 2, 3)) = C (0, 1, min ( A (1, 2, 3), B (1, 2, 3)))

Level 02 Higher Level Exercise

29 f (− 10) = a − 10b − 100c = 4 + 5 + [ 2 f (8, 2) + 20] + 30

Now, for convenience go through options. + (2 + k + 0 + 9)] + 24 + k

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