1.

DEFINE NAVIGATION

In a more general sense, navigation may refer to any knowledge or practice that includes figuring out
one's location and direction. The specific knowledge that navigators utilize to carry out navigational
duties is frequently referred to as "art." All navigating methods include comparing the navigator's
current location to previously visited areas or patterns.

2. ENUMERATE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF NAVIGATION WITH EXPLANATION IN RESPECT OF THE

PHASE OF VOYAGE.

TYPES OF NAVIGATION
a. CELESTIAL NAVIGATION - Celestial navigation is an improvement over dead reckoning for sailors.
This method determines position by using the horizon, moon, sun, and stars. On the vast ocean,
where there are no landmarks, it is immensely beneficial.
b. DEAD RECKONING - Dead reckoning is the process of determining a ship's or an aircraft's
position without the use of celestial navigation by looking at the record of the courses taken, the
distance traveled (which may be inferred from velocity), the known starting point, and the
known or assumed drift.
c. INERTIAL NAVIGATION - Inertial navigation is a self-contained navigation approach that tracks an
object's location and orientation in relation to a specified beginning point, orientation, and
velocity by using data from accelerometers and gyroscopes.
d. ELECTRIC NAVIGATION - Ships, land vehicles, and humans can employ electronic navigation
methods that rely on electrically driven equipment. Satellite navigation and satellite navigation
systems are examples of electronic navigation techniques. Radio navigation uses radio
frequencies to pinpoint one's location.

PHASES OF VOYAGE
a. APPRAISAL STAGE - The evaluation stage is where voyage planning begins. The navigator should
create a thorough mental simulation of the whole journey before each expedition. The
collecting and consideration of all data pertinent to the travel constitutes the assessment stage.
The procedure of compiling all important data for the planned journey, including identifying
hazards and evaluating key regions.
b. PLANNING - The OOW is required by the Master to create a thorough plan for the passage after
doing a thorough assessment of the route utilizing all available information. At this point, any
new information is highlighted, and the ships' projected courses are actually set out on the
appropriate scale charts. From pier to pier, including the pilotage seas, the strategy is sketched
out.
c. EXECUTION - The navigating officers carry out the established strategy at this point. After
departure, the speed is modified in accordance with the ETA, the anticipated weather, and the
anticipated oceanographic conditions. In order to avoid arriving at the ship's intended port
either too early or late, the speed should be controlled. The Master needs to ascertain the
length of his planned cruise, taking into consideration the water and fuel supply. Any anticipated
changes in the local weather must also be considered. Appropriate limitations must be specified
with regard to the safety parameters in the event that an ECDIS is employed.
d. MONITORING - Monitoring is the process of keeping track of the vessel's location to ensure that
it is kept a safe distance from any dangerous locations. It is possible to keep a safe distance from
any navigational risks by using parallel indexing. Only by closely and continuously monitoring the
ship's movement along the pre-planned tracks can a journey be made safe and successful. There
 may be circumstances where the navigating officer decides it is wise to veer from the plan. In
this situation, he must alert the master and take all required steps to ensure the safety of the
ship and her crew. Every deck officer participates in this crucial stage by doing their share to
carry out the strategy. This

3. LIST THE DIFFERENT PLOTTING INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR USES, INCLUDE PICTURES.

DIVIDER
A tool with two legs that taper to a very sharp tip and is used to measure distance on a
navigational chart.

BINNOCULAR TELESCOPE
A portable device with two eyepieces that has optical zooming at large distances and can
magnify items.

PELORUS
It is an instrument sight vanes used to view an object's bearing, and Pelorus is employed as a
Dummy Compass.
SEXTANT
An instrument used to measure the vertical and horizontal angles as well as the height of
celestial bodies. The name of the instrument is derived from the 1/6 of a circle.

MAGNIFYING GLASS
A piece of glass, preferably broad glass in diameter and typically circular on its edge with a
handle grip, used to magnify small letters and symbolism on nautical charts or maps.

COMPASS AZIMUTH
A pit with a sight arm for getting bearings of far-off objects that is located above or on top of the
mag compass.
CHRONOMETERS
A flawless timepiece that displayed GMT, or Greenwich Mean Time.

FATHOMETERS
It is an expressed measurement in fathoms

PARALLEL RULERS
Are rulers used to depict bearing on maps to set the location of ships or other boats joined at
joints such that no matter which ruler is going ahead or, say, backward, they remain parallel to
one other.

PLOTTING SHEETS
Are pre-made nautical charts that plot the position of the ship using latitude, longitude, and a
compass rose.
NAUTICAL ALMANAC

publications that list celestial bodies' altitudes in relation to their Greenwich Mean Time.
GYROSCOPIC LAWS
A Natural Law on which the operation of the Gyro Compass hinges.

Gyroscopic Inertia is an illustration of one of these principles; it tends to maintain the rotating
wheel in the same plane and resists any forces depending on the moment of inertia and speed
of the spinning rotor.

Precession is a gyroscope characteristic that occurs when a torque or force is applied to the gyro
compass and causes the spin axis to shift direction.

Earth Rotation is when a torque or force is applied to the gyro, the spin axis's orientation
changes.

Gravity Effect. The gyro spin axis tilts in reference to the earth's surface due to the gravitational
effect of the horizontal earth rate. The result of this, whether it be a force that is exerted
mechanically or a force caused by accelerations or gravity.