K to 12 Basic Education

Senior High school

(Saysay/Husay/Sarili)
Introduction to BSMT & BSMar-E
 Introduction to Marine
Transportation and
Engineering

K -to 12 BASIC EDUCATION

CURRICULUM
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PRE-
BACCALAUREATE MARITIME
SPECIALIZATION
 Lesson 2:
Explain Marine Navigation (EMN)
(11hours)
 I see you did well
in school, but what
real-world skills do
you have?
 Guide Questions

WHAT IS A COMPASS?

Compass use on board ship?

Advantage
 Guide Questions
2. Navigation
3. communication
Lesson 1: Introduction to Marine Transportation
and Engineering (IMTE) ( hr)

• PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
The learners shall be able to
independently demonstrate
an understanding of the
marine transportation
 LEARNING COMPETENCIES
• LO 1. Discuss that a ship navigates the vast ocean
using
1.1 Terrestrial -
1.2 Celestial -
1.3 Electronic -

• LO 2. Discuss importance of passage planning

Discuss the importance of passage planning to
arrive at the desired destination.
 Types of Maritime Navigation

1.Terrestrial- Piloting
2.Celestial - Heavenly bodies
3.Electronic - Technology
 What is Navigation
• Is the art conducting a vessel and determining
the ship’s position from one place to another.

The problems of navigation are those of ;

a) Position - Lat & long
b) Direction - compass
c) Distance – Nautical miles
 Obtaining position
Terrestrial (Piloting) - near-shore navigation
method by which the movement of a ship is
directed by reference to landmarks, navigational
aids or soundings. .
Celestial – the position of the ship is determined
by the observation of celestial bodies such as the
sun, moon, planets and stars.
Electronic – a method of navigation which
employs the use of various electronic equipment,
devices.
 Cont..
WHAT IS TERRESTRIAL NAVIGATION?

It is the method of navigation used by

mariners that uses landmarks as reference
points.

What is Celestial Navigation?

It is a method of navigation observing the

sun, moon, stars and planets
 Basic Terms use in Maritime
Navigation
Directions
• Bearing – the direction from the compass
(Terrestrial)
• Azimuth – (celestial) Altitude
• Range – Distance from marine radar
• Marine Radar – an instrument for detecting
object from the surface of the water (radio
detecting and ranging)
• Compass – An instrument for telling direction
base on geographical or magnetic North.
 Cont..
Compass use on the ship
• Gyro compass – geographical North seeking
compass- use of electricity.

• Magnetic compass – seeking the Magnetic

North - use of Magnets
 Basic terms in Maritime
Navigation (charting)
• Latitude – angular distance measured 0° – 90°
from the Equator to North.
• Longitude – angular distance measured from 0°-
180°West or East from the Prime Meridian.
• Equator – an imaginary great circle that divides
the Earth from 0° to 90 North and 0° to 90° South
hemisphere
• Prime Meridian –separates the Eastern and
Western hemisphere from 0°- to 180° East or
West.
 Navigation - Positioning
• DR, EP, Fix,
• 1. Dead Reckoning (DR) – a method of
navigation by which the position of the ship is
calculated from the direction and rate of
progress through the water from the latest
well determined position.
• It also enables to calculate the future position
from the calculated current position.
DR Position (approx.)
 EP - estimated position
Estimated position- is the best guess a
mariner can make for the vessel
movements.
It is almost the same of DR positioning
whereas you are applying the affect of
current and wind

Q’ – why you need the EP or DR?

EP Estimated Position
EP or DR (voyage plan)
 Terrestrial
Ability to determine the ship's position by the use of:
landmarks and aids to navigation.
• Lighted buoys
• Lighthouses
• Mountains
• Islands
• Cliffs
• Points
• Prominent objects
 Terrestrial
Ability to determine the ship's
position by use of: landmarks.
Lighthouse
Position- Cross bearing
 <<<<<<Cross bearing

Range and bearing>>>>

 Celestial
Is a navigation using the
angular measurements
(sights) between celestial
bodies and the visible
horizon to locate one's
position at sea.
At a given time, any
celestial body is
located directly over
one point on the
Earth's surface.
Instruments use for Celestial
navigation
Publications and plotting sheet use for
Celestial navigation
Plotting sheet
 Electronic Navigation
Navigation that which rely on technology powered by electricity.

Satellite navigation using Global navigation satellite system (GNSS)

History: Electronic navigation using low radio frequency

Loran A
Loran C
Omega
Decca

Position taking the cross hyperbolic lines

 Overview of electronic equipment
use for Marine Navigation
LORAN, short for long range navigation,[a] was
a hyperbolic radio navigation system
Loran Chart
 Omega Navigation
OMEGA was the first global-range radio navigation system, operated
by the United States in cooperation with six partner nations. It was a
hyperbolic navigation
 GPS Navigation

Antennae GPS RECEIVER

Principles of GPS
 Navigation instruments

Today, Navigations makes simpler for the

officer of the watch. (OOW)

Thanks to the advancement in technology.

Moreover, seafarers today are trained so as to
know the functioning and operation of all
modern day navigational equipment that have
made the voyage smoother and safer.

37
 Cont..
• The start of e-Navigation concept took place
way back in the year 2006,

• when the IMOInternational Maritime

Organization (IMO) decided to include the E
navigation as the future of safer Navigation.

38
 Modern ships use digital equipment
Radar – Radio Detection And Ranging
ARPA – Automatic Radar Plotting Aid
ECDIS – Electronic Chart Display and Information System
Echo Sounder
Compass

AIS – Automatic Identification System (Safety and

Security)

GMDSS and several other sophisticated equipments.

39
 Integrated Bridge System

• With modern day

facilities and
automation –

a ship today has

several advanced
navigational
equipment systems
which give accurate
data for the voyage.
 These systems also helps in
• Search and Rescue during emergency, and responding
to any form of marine pollution from ships,
• improving port and
ship security, and
planning and
executing cargo
operations.

• However, maritime accidents still continue to take place

around the world.
 in spite of highly advance equipment
system used in modern ships,
accidents related to navigation
continues to occur.

And why ?????

42
 Because …….of …….

• Hu
man
erro
r

43
44
 Common causes of Accidents

1. Inadequate lookout
2. Inability to understand the risk of accident.
3. Not giving time to assess the situation
4. Not in appropriate speed
5. Failure to take avoiding action in time
6. Reluctance to deviate from the plotted course
7. Communication problems, Misunderstanding

45
 Gyrocompass - Accurately Locating
Directions Aboard Ship
• Locating directions on the
It is used for
high seas is fundamental •
to navigation. finding the right
direction. It is used
Of these, the primary to find correct
instrument for locating North Position,
directions is the Gyro
Compass.

• Use of electricity
46
Gyro compass
 Auto Pilot Gyro compass

It is a combination of
hydraulic, mechanical,
and electrical system
and is used to control
the ship’s steering
system from a remote
location (Navigation bridge).
48
 Rudder Angle Indicator

• the name indicates,

provide the angle of
the rudder. The
display is provided
on bridge to control
the rate of turn and
rudder angle of the
ship.
51
 Rudder Angle Indicator

• This indicator provides the helmsman the angle of rudder

• The officer of watch and or
the maritime pilots
required them visibly to
control the maneuvering

52
 RPM (REVOLUTION PER MINUTES

• Revolutions per minute is

a measure of the frequency
of rotation of the engine
revolution
• It is used to control the
speed of the ship

53
COMPASS
 Windicator
Instruments for
measuring :
-velocity of the
wind.

-Direction of wind

55
u CARDINAL POINTS
N EW S

u INTER
CARDINAL POINTS

NE, NW, SE, SW

32 POINTS OF THE COMPASS
 Gyrocompass
Pro’s and Con’s
Advantages:
• Seeks geographic (true) north
instead of magnetic.
• Can be used near the earth’s
magnetic poles, where
magnetic compass is useless.
• Unaffected by surrounding
metals.
• Signal can be fed to other
systems (weapons, nav).
Disadvantages
• electronic instrument.
• Requires a constant source
of electrical power and is
sensitive to power
fluctuations.
• Requires periodic
maintenance by qualified
technicians.
58
 Magnetic compass

An instrument that
uses a magnetized steel
bar to indicate
direction relative to the
earth's magnetic poles.

59
 Radar (radio detection and
ranging)
ü system for detecting the
presence, direction,
distance, and speed of
ships, and other floating
objects on the surface of
the sea

by sending out pulses of high-RADIO frequency

waves thru scanner that are reflected back to radar receiver
60
 Automatic Radar Plotting Aid
• The radar displays
the position of the
ships in the vicinity
and selects the
course for the
vessel by avoiding
any kind of
collision.

61
 GPS Receiver (Global Positioning System)

Receiver display
system used to
show the ship’s
location with the
use of Global
positioning
satellite.
62
 Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
= consist of a network of 24
satellites orbiting the Earth.

These satellites communicate

with GPS receivers on the
ships, helping mariners
determine their positions on
the planet through
triangulation between the
signals from 3 or more
satellites.

63
 Speed & Distance Log Device
• The device is used
to measure the
speed and the
distance traveled
by a ship by using
motion sensors
installed on the
keel
64
 Echo Sounder

• An instrument used to measure the depth of the water

below the ship’s bottom using sound waves.
65
 ECHO SOUNDING

• Echo sounding
is a type of
SONAR used to
determine the
depth of water
by transmitting
sound pulses
into water.

66
• An Electronic Chart Display & Information System
(ECDIS) is a computer-based navigation information system
that complies with International Maritime Organization (IMO)
regulations and can be used as an alternative to paper nautical
charts. 67
ECDIS (ELECTRONIC CHART DISPLAY AND
INFORMATION SYSTEM

68
1.Compass (magnetic & gyro)
2.Radars
3.Echo sounder
4.GNSS (Gps)
5.Ecdis
 AIS (Automatic Identification System)

• is an automatic tracking
system used on ships and by
vessel traffic services (VTS) for
identifying and locating
vessels by electronically
exchanging data with other
nearby ships, AIS base
stations, and satellites.
The regulation requires that AIS shall: • 3. Position (lat/Long)
provide information –300 gross tonnage
and upwards engaged on international • 4. course (degrees)
voyages • 5. speed (knots)
• 1. ship's identity (Name of Vessel) • 6. navigational status (underway,
• 2. type (Tanker, passenger, etc moored etc) 70
Navtex (NAVIGATIONAL TELEX

• Navtex
- international automated
medium frequency direct-
printing service for delivery of
navigational and meteorological
warnings and forecasts, as well
as urgent maritime safety
information to ships.
- Uses radio frequency

71
 GMDSS (GLOBAL MARITIME DISTRSS AND
SAFETY SYSTEM)

• VHF radio
• MF/HF radio
• Inm C telex
• Navtex
• EPIRB
• SART
• Handheld radio

72
 VHF Radio (VERY HIGH FREQUENCY)

on board radio
communication
equipment is for mobile
communication inside of
ship, ship-to-ship and
ship-to-shore.

The equipment will provide high quality and easy

communication at ship. 73
 Inm – C (INMARSAT C )
• Inmarsat C –

- is a telex type two-way

store and forward
communication system
that transmits messages
in data packets in ship-
to-shore, shore-to-ship
and ship-to-ship
direction.

74
 MF/HF Radio (MEDIUM AND HIGH)
• MF/HF RT radio is often known as SSB radio. It is a transmitting-receiving
system often referred to as a Transceiver (Tx/Rx), which allows the
operator to either transmit or receive information by voice.

• One of the disadvantages of

an MF/HF RT radio is that it
is not able to "address" a
particular radio. A voice
broadcasted over MF/HF RT
radio can be heard by all
other MF/HF radios within
range.
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Voyage Data Recorders

• :
Passenger ships and ships other than passenger ships of 3000
gross tonnage and upwards constructed on or after 1 July 2002
must carry voyage data recorders (VDRs) to assist in accident
investigations, under regulations adopted in 2000, which entered
into force on 1 July 2002.
The mandatory regulations are contained in chapter V on Safety of
Navigation of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at
Sea, 1974 (SOLAS).
Like the black boxes carried on aircraft, VDRs enable accident
investigators to review procedures and instructions in the
moments before an incident and help to identify the cause of any
accident.
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 Handheld VHF
• The heavy duty design for use
maritime severe conditions and
equipped with 13 single-
frequency voice channels
including Channel 16 (156.800
MHz), providing 0.25 to one
watt of transmitted power.
This equipment can be used as
an on-board communication
equipment.
77
 EPIRB (Emergency Position Indicating
Radio Beacon)
• A safety device carried by the ship
when activated to alert the search
and rescue allowing them to
quickly locate the position.

• It transmit the vessel’s particulars

when activated which is monitored
by the COSPAS-SARSAT satellite
system and recived earth stations
to the nearest rescue co-ordination
centre. 78
 SART (search and rescue transponder)

• Is a device when activated will be

received by the Xband radar of the
ship
• The purpose is to easily locate the
survivors

• the SART transmits a coded

response signal to inform the
searcher of the survivors’ position
through the radar display

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