21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World ● Mythological stories answer questions on the creation,

st
1 Quarter Notes natural phenomena, and everything that happens around us.
● Epigrams/Kasabihan- is to serve as an advice to the youth.
Philippine Literature is the body of works, both oral and written, that ● Bugtong’s/Riddles is associated with death.
Filipinos, whether native, naturalized, or foreign born, have created
about the experience of people living in or relating to Philippines Example:
society. “Kahapon ay apat ang paa, ngayon ay dalawa, bukas ay
tatlo na”- MAN Example:
4 Dimensions of Philippine Literature “Isang maling kalabit, buhay ang kapalit”- GUN
Example:
1. Pre-Spanish Period “Bulaklak muna ang gawin bago ito makain-
2. Spanish Period BANANA
3. American Regime ● Proverb/Salawikain Example:
4. Post-Colonial Period PRE-SPANISH PERIOD “Kapag maikli ang kumot, matutong mamaluktot.”
Example:
● Our ancient literature shows our customs and traditions in “Nasa Diyos ang awa, nasa tao ang gawa.”
everyday life as traced in our folk stories, old plays, and ● Sawikain/Idiom Example:
short stories. “Isulat sa tubig” means “to forget” Example:
● The first alphabet used by our ancestors was similar to the “Dumanak ang Dugo” sa Ukraine at Russia noong mga
Malayo-Polynesian alphabet. nakaraang buwan.
● Whatever record our ancestors left were either burned by Example:
Spanish friar. Maraming pamilya ang “Nagdildil ng Asin” noong nagkaroon
ng pandemya.
E. Arsenio Manuel’s Division of Philippine Literature ● “Literature allows a person to step back in time and learn
about life on Earth from the ones who walked before us.”
1. Mythology – creation of human beings, natural phenomena,
deities and spirits.
SPANISH PERIOD
● The Creation Story (Tagalogs)
● How the Stars and the Moon Came to Be (Bukidnon) ● Ferdinand Magellan
- landed in the Philippines in 1521
2. Epics – deeds and adventures of legendary hero, warrior, -was killed by Lapu-Lapu in Battle of Mactan (Datus of Mactan vs.
god, or king. Datus of Cebu c/o Rajah Humabon).

● Biag ni Lam-ang
● Hinilawod ● 1872
-revolution from Filipino Nationalits began.
● Ibalon
● Hudhud
● Darangan ● 1898

3. Folktales – characteristically anonymous, timeless, and - Spanish-American War ended with a treaty.
placeless tales circulated orally among people. - Spain ceded the Philippines to USA.

● The Monkey and the Turtle

First Three Books in the Philippines
● Why the Fish has Scales ● Juan Tamad
1. Doctrina Christiana (The Christian
Doctrine)
– First book in the Philippines in 1593.– Talks about the
catechism of the Catholic church.
● Salawikain – “Kapag may tiyaga, may nilaga”; “Ang pag-
aasawa ay hindi biro, hindi tulad ng kanin na iluluwa kapag – Basis of religious practices.
napaso.” – It contains “Our Father”, “Ave Maria”,
“Regina Coeli”, “The Ten
Commandments of God”, “The
● Sawikain – “Saksi ako sa kanilang pag-iisang dibdib” (kasal)
Commandments of Catholic Church”,
“The Seven Mortal Sins”, “How to Confess”, and “The Catechism”
● Bugtong – “Malambot na parang ulap, kasama ko sa 2. Pasion
pangangarap.” (unan) – an epic narrative of the passion, death, and resurrection of
Jesus and is usually chanted during Lenten season.
● Legends – stories about origins of something. 3. Ang Pagsusulutan ng Dalauang Binibini na si Urbana at
Feliza – written by Modesto de Castro, Father of Classical Prose
History and Dimensions of Philippine Literature in Tagalog – relates the importance of purity and ideal virtues that
(Pre-Spanish Period) married people should practice and enrich

● Our ancestors passed their literature from one generation to

The Focus of Literature in the Spanish
another through Oral Traditions/Word of Mouth. Period
● Baybayin is the first alphabet in the Philippines. 1. Christian Faith
● “Baybayin” was derived from the Tagalog word “Baybay” 2. Lives of Saints
which means Spelling.
3. Religious Hymns
● Our ancestors used to record/whrite their literature on
materials that are easy to perish such as Bark of Trees,
Dried Leaves, Bamboo Cylinders. ● 1565
● Spaniards destroy the records of our ancestors’ literature - start of Spanish colonization of the
because they believed that these are works of the Devil Philippines
● Mythological Age, Heroic/Epic Age,
Folktale Age are the three major divisions/literary forms of ● Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
Philippine Literature. -first spanish governor-general in the Philippines
 Sudden Events in the lives of Filipinos during the Spanish JAPANESE-AMERICAN PERIOD
Period
1. Embraced the Catholic Religion ● Thomasites
2. Change of names - first American teachers

3. Baptism - influenced the Philippines’ educational system

4. Fiestas to honor saints, pope, and governor

● English Language
5. Finished courses (Medicine, Law, Agriculture, Teaching)
- became medium of instruction in all levels
- used by Filipino writers - was also banned
● Roman Alphabet
- replaced the Filipino Alphabet, Baybayin Forms of Literature Used by Filipinos in Japanese-American
Period
1. News Reporting
● Spanish
2. Poetry
- the literary language during the time 3. Stories
- influenced the Filipino language 4. Plays
5. Essays

● Grammar Books and Ancient Literature

6. Novels

- were printed in Filipino and were translated to Tagalog and

other dialects. ➔ Spanish Writers: wrote about Nationalism
➔ Tagalog Writers: wrote about lamentations, and love for
native tongue
● Printing Press
- were owned by religious orders until
● December 8, 1941
19th century
- military installations were attacked:
Baguio, Clark Field, Tuguegarao, Iba,
Non-Secular Literature ● TIBAG – A ritual about the Tarlac, and Davao
search of St. Helena and Constantine for the Holy Cross on
which Jesus died.
Policies
● CENACULO – The reenactment of Christ’s passion and death.
1. Co-prosperity
● PANUNULUYAN – The dramatization of the search for
Bethlehem by Joseph and Mary right before the birth of Jesus 2. Asia for the Asiatics
Christ. ● Guerillas
- people fighting for freedom or against government
● SALUBONG – This ritual reenacts the meeting of Jesus Christ
and Mary after his resurrection.
● 1942-1945
● LAGAYLAY – A two-hour praise to the holy cross and a
reenactment of the finding of the Holy Cross by St. Helena and - Freedom of Speech was taken away from Filipinos
her female entourage. - All forms of writing were censored
● CARILLO – a shadow play that usually features religious stories - USA and Europe’s books and magazines were banned

Secular Literature ● Voice of Freedom

● AWIT – a poem written in 12 syllables with rhyming stanzas; tales - an underground radio program which became the contact of the
of chivalry (Florante at Laura by Francisco Balagtas) country with the outside world
● KORIDO – generic name for Philippine romances; 8 syllables
(Ibong Adarna) ● Carlos P. Romulo
● PROSE NARRATIVES – a literary work that tells a definite story - one of the Filipino writers who could write freely
which uses paragraphs instead of stanzas (Urbana at Feliza)
- Works: I Saw the Fall of the Philippines,
Mother America, I see the Philippines
Period of Enlightenment Rise
● PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT–
spearheaded by the ILLUSTRADOS (Jose Rizal, Mariano Ponce,
Antonio Luna, ● President Manuel L. Quezon
Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Graciano Lopez - The Good Fight
Jaena)
● LA SOLIDARIDAD – voice of the propaganda movement ● Liwayway Magazine
● DIARIONG TAGALOG – first bilingual newspaper exposing the - was put into strict surveillance
maladministration of the Spaniards and the oppression of the - managed by Japanese, Ishiwara
friars
● DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN – Marcelo H. Del Pilar; satirical ● Nippongo/Nihonggo
versions of Catholic Prayers - was forcefully introduced by the
● EVERYTHING IS HAMBUG – Graciano Japanese but not well embraced by
Lopez Jaena Filipinos
● FRAY BOTOD – Graciano Lopez Jaena
● NOLI ME TANGERE – Jose Rizal ● Filipino Literature
- was also given a break
● REVOLUTIONARY LITERATURE – Katungkulang Gagawin ng
mga Anak ng
Bayan (Andres Bonifacio); Ang Dapat ● Tagalog and Other vernacular Language
Mabatid ng mga Tagalog (Andres - used by Filipino writers in writing plays, poems, short stories,
Bonifacio); Liwanag at Dilim (Emilio etc.
Jacinto); El Filibusterismo (Jose Rizal) ● Life in Provinces to Escape Japanese control and
censorship
 - Used topics and themes ● Rolando Tinio
- - wrote poetic collections
● JOSE CORAZON DE JESUS – “Huseng Batute”; Tagalog - Works: Rage and Ritual, Sitsit sa Kuliglig
poetry on the desires of the Filipinos for independence;
Gintong Dahon; Sa Dakong Silangan.
● Rogelio Mangahas
● SEVERINO REYES – The Father of Tagalog Drama; - wrote “Mga Duguang Plakard”, a collection of poems which
Walang Sugat (talks about the cruelty and corruption of the won a Palanca 1st Prize Award
friars)
● PAZ MARQUEZ BENITEZ – Dead Stars; Doing what is right Post-EDSA Revolution
vs. Doing what the heart says
● HAIKU – a poem with three lines (5-7-5 or 7-5-7); the first
Haiku written in the Philippines was TUTUBI by Gonzalo K.
● Post-EDSA Revolution happened after the downfall of late
President Ferdinand Marcos.
Flores
● TANAGA – a 31-syllable poem (5-7-5-7-7
or 7-5-7-5-5) ● Ferdinand Marcos, Sr. - Enemy of the people
● SENRYU – similar to haiku although themes are more satiric
and ironic ● 1986
- marked a new beginning for a new
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD scene for Filipino writers and artists - Award giving
bodies, Annual Competitions and Publication were produced to
4 Timelines of Post-Colonial Period identify significant established writers and give attention to
1. Post-War Philippines emerging new talents

2. Period of Activism - many gambled on “non-traditional” projects

3. Post-EDSA Revolution
● Killing Time in a Warm Place
4. 21st Century Philippines
- one of the famous novels during the post-colonial period
written by Jose Dalisay.
➔ Assassination of Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino, Jr. - tells the story of every man, woman, and child who lived
➔ Literature became true-to-life and talked about grief, during the time of Martial law, the human desire to stay alive,
poverty, aspirations for freedom, love of God, countrymen, thus, silencing the inner cries that long to be heard and
and the country simply learning to survive.

➔ Writers wrote openly of their criticism against the

government and used insulting, violent, and profane ● Kabilang Sa Mga Nawawala
language - talks about a person who lost during the time of martial law
and because of his fear and pain he experienced with the
➔ Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature
people who adopted him, he was able to escape and find
(1950)
himself in the middle of nowhere.
➔ Dekada ’70 – Lualhati Bautista
Post-War Philippines
● “Sa Wakas, nagbalik na ang nawawala”
- a famous line in Ricardo Lee’s novel, Kabilang Sa Mga
Main Themes of Literature Nawawala
1. Romanticism
2. Nationalism 21st Century
3. Independence
4. Nature ● 21st Century includes usage of new trends to meet the
5. Expression of Feelings needs and tastes of the new generation.

● Short Stories and Novels ● 21st Century Learners

- character-driven and emphasized the growth and impact of - they are demanded to be ICT inclined to compete with the
the characters style and format of writing as well

Period of Activism ● New Codes or Lingos

- used to add flavor in the literary pieces produced nowadays.
● Youth
- became vocal with their sentiments 21st Century Literary Genres
- demanded change in the government
● 21st Century started at the year
● Youth Activism 2000-present

- 1970-1972 they seek reforms

Traditional Literary Genres
- was due to domestic and worldwide causes according to
Pociano Pineda 1. Non-Fiction- real-life; facts; truth
Examples: La Solidaridad at Diariong
- many became rebellious: campus newspaper showed
Tagalog
rebellious emotions
➔ Some believed democratic government is stable
2. Fiction- imagination
Example: Noli Me Tangere
and people running it are at fault.
➔ Some believed socialism and communism must
3. Poetry- rhymes; lines; stanza; meter Example: Florante at
Laura
replace democracy
4. Drama- acting; theatre; play
➔ Armed groups were formed to destroy democratic
Example: Cenaculo at Walang Sugat
form of government

21stCentury Fiction
● Activism
- connected to history of Filipino Youth ● Graphic Novel
 - A graphic novel is a narrative in a comic book format. - a contemporary type of poetry and it combines theater
- features the use of graphic arts (drama), poetry, and music.

- divided by Panels, the boxes we can see every page - it trains us its origin to the Hip-Hop culture (Rap, DJ,
Breakdancing)
- combination of illustrations and texts
Examples: Trese, Katipunan Warrior, - In 2010, Alaric Riam Yuson (Anygma)
Pasig Unbound started fliptop battle in the Philippines
● Flash Fiction - “Modern Balagtasan”- like a debate but poetic format
- works of extreme brevity; very concise; observes maximum Three Elements Involved
number of words to use 1. Content- poetry component of Fliptop Battle
- Dagli in Filipino 2. Flow, Rhythm, and Rhyme of Verses
- Do not exceed 1500 words 3. Delivery- being observed
- delivers complete narrative with plot, characters, and - observes freedom of expression and from censorship
settings Example: Balut Vendor
● TextTula
- traces its origin to the traditional Tagalog from of poetry
Variations of Flash Fiction called Tanaga (4 lines with 7 syllables)

1. Twitterature – Flash fictions that are being published in the

- Tanaga – Filipino adaptation of Haiku and Tanka
Social Media Platform, Twitter; 280 words - Frank G. Rivera – “Makata ng Cellphones” (2005); sends
poems about different criticisms and opinions about issues
2. Nanofiction – stories that would not exceed 300 words
to close friends
3. Dribble – around 50 words are only used
- unique feature is the way of typing or writing ( /- slash)
4. Drabble – exactly 100 words
5. Six-Word Story – 6 words are being used to narrate a story Different Rhyme Scheme
1. The Basic- same from start to end
(A, A, A, A)
● Realistic Fiction 2. Sunuran- first and second same, third and fourth same; two
sets (A, A, B, B)
- could possibly happen in real life
- realistic fictional stories that are based on real life;
3. Salitan- alternating (A, B, A, B)
characters face real life problems 4. Inipit- one set between another set (A, B, B, A)
- plot is on present time; situations are true but characters are
still fictional ● Spoken Word Poetry
Examples: Sid and Aya, Starting Over - spoken word refers to an oral poetic performance art that is
Again based mainly on the poem as as the performer’s aesthetic
qualities.
- also incorporates drama like Fliptop
● Chicklit
- performed on stage; has roots in story telling and Monologue
- usually written by women for women
Theater Examples:
- lead characters are mostly younger women (our age) “Mga Basang Unan” at “Ang Huling
- talks about important issues about womanhood Examples: Tulang Isusulat ko Para sayo”- Juan
Miguel Severo
1. Romantic relationships
2. Female friendships
- allows to convey emotions and convictions

3. Puberty/Adolescence Struggles
Elements that Convey Meaning to the Poem
4. Daily Struggles)
1. Stone of Voice
Examples: Diary ng Panget, Girlfriend for Hire 2. Energy
3. Gestures
4. Facial expressions

● Speculative Fiction
● Blogs
- encompasses genres with elements that do not actually
exists in reality - written or published in a website – Web
Blog
- impossible to happen in real life Examples:
1. Fantasy
- “Web Blog” – refers to a regularly updated journal on the internet.
Examples:
2. Sci-Fi “HAHA”- Araby/Twitter
3. Time Travel
4. Futuristic Forms of Blog
5.
Supernatural 1. Diary
Examples: Lawriat, I Love You Since 2. Letter
1892
3. Short Story
4. Poem
● Text-Talk Novel
- it stimulates social network exchange
- are called through dialogues in a social network
conversation format
- involves 2 people talking over text, messenger, etc.

21st Century Poetry

● Fliptop Battle