the country’s pre-colonial cultural traditions and the
21st Century socio-political histories of its colonial and
Literature
Literature
- the word literature is derived from the latin term
litera which means letter
- Literature expresses the feelings of people to
society, to the government, to his surroundings, to
his fellowmen, and to his Divine Creator. (Brother
Azurin)
- Literature is anything that is printed as long as it is
related to the ideas and feelings of the people,
whether it is true, or just a product of one’s
imagination. (Webster)
- Others define literature as a faithful reproduction
of man’s manifold experiences blended into one
harmonious expression.
- “True literature is a piece of written work which is
undying. It expresses the feelings and emotions of
people in response to his everyday efforts to live, to
be happy in his environment and, after struggles, to
reach his Creator” (Atienza, et. al.)
WHY STUDY LITERATURE?
- As part of knowing our identity as Filipinos,
literature helps us trace our rich heritage of ideas
from our forefathers
- Our great and noble traditions can serve as a means
to assimilate or fit in other cultures
- It helps us appreciate our own cultural heritage,
and to take pride in our own literature
- To realize our literary limitations due to historical
factors and thus take steps to overcome them
- Helps us to understand ourselves better
Philippine Literature is a diverse and rich group of
works that has evolved side by side with the
country’s history
> The main themes of Philippine literature focus on
1X
contemporary traditions.
● Pre-colonial period- Literature had started
with folk tales, folk songs, epics, riddles, fables, and
legends made by the ancient Filipinos long before
the arrival of the Spanish colonizers
- During this period, Philippine literature served as a
way of preserving the culture and tradition of the
indigenous Filipinos
- Printing was not yet introduced.
Oral tradition - knowledge, ideas, art, and cultural
ideas are transmitted orally (word of mouth).
Folk Narratives - stories handed down from the
remote past by the words of mouth from one
generation to another
- Folk narratives reflect the people’s tradition,
feelings, beliefs, and judgements
Folk Speeches - includes bugtong and salawikain
Folk Songs - Can be sub-classified into those that
tell stories (Ballads) and those that do not
● Spanish colonial period (1565-1872) - the
Spaniards were able to manipulate literature by
monopolizing it under the religious orders
- Spread of Christianity in the islands
- Dramatization at home and on stage
- Spreading Christianity
* 3Gs
* One of Spain’s lasting legacies in its former
colonies is Christianity
- They introduced recreational plays that are mostly
in poetic form such as the Cenaculo, Panunuluyan,
Salubong, and Zarzuela (Sarswela) in addition to the
other forms of literature they introduced to the
islands.
Introduction of the printing press
⮚ Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Español y
Tagala (1593)
⮚ Libro de la Lengua Tagala by Fernando
Bagongbanta
⮚ Pasyon
⮚ 2 themes: European/Spanish culture, Roman
Catholicism
- Dramatization at home and at stage
- Religious playlets that are based from Bible stories,
such as the Panunuluyan, the dramatization of Mary
and Joseph’s experience in Bethlehem
- Pastores- playlets that show the journey of the
shepherds
● Propaganda Period (1872-196)- the
Illustrados started calling for reforms, equality,
and improvement during this period.
- This period was named after the Propaganda
movement which was prominent during the late 19th
century in the Philippines
- The prominent members of this movement are
Graciano Lopez Jaena, Marcelo del Pillar, and Jose
Rizal, are all Illustrados.
- Some of the reforms that the writers advocated
were:
1. To get equal treatment for the Filipinos and the
Spaniards under the law.
2. To make the Philippines a province of Spain.
3. To restore Filipino representation in the Spanish
Cortes.
4. To “Filipinize” the parishes.
5. To give the Filipinos freedom of speech, of the
press, assembly and for redress of grievances.
- Some of the Propagandists and their works:
⮚ Jose Rizal- Noli at Fili, Sobre La Indolencia de
los
Filipinoss, Filipinas Dentro de Cien Años
⮚ Marcelo del Pillar - Diariong Tagalog, Dasalan
at
Tocsohan, La Soberania in Filipinas, Pasiong dapat
Ipag-aalab ng Puso sa Taong Babasa
- Literature during this period was ethical and
satirical
*Friar Botod (Jaena)
> isinulat ni Graciano Lez Jaena
> tungkol sa karaniwang prayleng espanyol na
dumarating sa Pilipinas at ginagamit ang relihiyon sa
pagmamalabis sa iba
*Noli at Fili (Rizal)
Marcelo H. Del Pilar founded Diariong (Diaryong)
Tagalog with the help of Don Francisco Calvo
*Bilingual: Tagalog and Spanish
*Was founded to act as the voice in asking reform
and to keep the people updated
2X
Contributions of propaganda period:
- exposed the abuses of the spaniards through
writings
- prepare the filipinos to fight against the spaniards
● Revolutionary Period (1896-1900)
- The rise of the KKK (Kataastaasan,
Kagalanggalang Katipunan ng mga anak ng bayan)
* Had its own publication, Kalayaan, that only had
one issue (March 1896)
- Bonifacio and Mabini wrote patriotic writings in
Tagalog
* Bonifacio- Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa, Pag-
Ibig, Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog and also
translation of Rizal’s Mi Ultimo Adios
* Mabini- El Verdado Decalogo (The True
Decalogue),
- Poem “FILIPINAS” by Jose Palma – became the
text of Phil. National Anthem
- The Filipino struggles against the Spaniards ended.
Contributions of revolutionary period:
- Literature express love of country were
nationalistic.
-Paved way to independence.
● American Colonial Period(1900-1942)-
during this period, Philippine Literature in Spanish is
starting to lose its track on the first decade
- English was the medium of instruction
- the Sedition Law was implemented
- Juan Abad - Tanikalang ginto
- University if the Philippines was founded
- Zarzuela was overpowered by English
- Short story writers in English like Manuel Arguilla
in his “A Son is Born” was one of the foundations of
the Philippine literature, not in Tagalog or in
Spanish, but during this time, in English. Poetry in
English was also founded.
- Jose Abad’s Tanikalang Ginto was a play that used
symbolism to tell a story of Nationalism and the
American Colonialism
- Aurelio Tolentino’s Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas
was an anti-imperialistic play against America,
Spain, and also Old China
- During the American period, there are prominent
periods that also emerged from it:
1. Period of Reorientation (1898-1910)
2. Period of Imitation (1910-1924)
3. Period of Self-discovery and growth (1925-
1941)
4. Period of Emergence (1920-1945)
5. Period of Maturity and Originality (1945-
1960)
● Japanese Colonial Period (1942-1945)
- Almost all of Newspapers in English were stopped
by the Japanese
- Philippine literature in English came to a halt
- There was no freedom of speech and of the press
- Filipino literature was given a break during this
period
> Plays, poems, short stories, etc. were written in
tagalog
- Haiku and Tanaga were introduce
- English plays were translated into tagalog, and
plays written in tagalog flourished (such as Sa Pula,
Sa Puti)
● Rebirth of Freedom (1945-1972) - the
Philippines was
liberated from the Japanese and eventually gained its
independence from the Americans in July 4, 1946.
- CHED mandated the teaching of Philippine
literature in tertiary level
- “Struggle of mind and spirit” posed by the sudden
emancipation from the enemy, and the wild desire to
see print
- Social Changes
> This period also saw the rapid rise in journalistic
writing with the appearance of new publications
especially after the martial law years
- Fiction written during this period focused on the
courageous deeds and sacrifices/sufferings in the
lives of Filipinos
- Subject and themes: Faith, superstitions, fantasy,
social problems, nationalism, morality
- Some of the notable writers during this period
include
* Manuel Viray - Heart of the Islands
* Nick Joaquin - Prose and poems, May day Eve
* F. Sionil Jose - Waywaya
* Alejandro Roces - We Filipinos are mild drinkers
* Edith L. Tiempo - The return
● Period of Activism (1970-1972)
- Many young people became activists to ask for
changes in the government.
- In the expression of this desire for change, keen
were the writings of some youth who were fired with
nationalism in order to emphasize the importance of
3X
their petitions.
They held pens and wrote on placards in red paint
the equivalent of the word MAKIBAKA (To dare!)
- The rise of nationalism and student activism, or the
literary revolution
● Period of the New Society (1972-1980) - The
New
Society tried to stop pornography or those writings
giving bad influences on the morals of the people.
All school newspapers were temporarily stopped and
so with school organizations.
- Curtailment of human rights, including press
freedom
- Filipino Poetry during the Period of the New
Society- Themes of most poems dealt with patience,
regard for native culture, customs and the beauties of
nature and surroundings.
- Plays- The government led in reviving old plays
and dramas, like the Tagalog Zarzuela, Cenaculo
and the Embayoka of the Muslims
FILIPINO FILMS
- In 1982, the first ever Manila International Film
Festival was held in the Cultural Center of the
Philippines.
*Poetry: Romantic and revolutionary poems; openly
*criticizing the government
*Films: love for bomba films still unabated
*Themes: grief, poverty, love of country, god,
fellowmen
COMICS, MAGAZINES AND OTHER
PUBLICATIONS
- in this period of the New Society, newspapers
donned new forms
- News on economic progress, discipline, culture,
tourism and the like were favored more than the
sensationalized reporting of killings, rape and
robberies.
[ Boycott of “controlled media” during the
dictatorship ]
1981 - Martial Law lifted
- After ten years of military rule and some changes
in the life of the Filipino which started under the
New Society, Martial Rule was at last lifted on
January 2, 1981.
- Poems during this period of the Third Republic
were romantic and revolutionary. Writers wrote
openly of their criticism against the government.
- The supplications of the people were coached in
fiery, colorful, violent, profane and insulting
language.
- Many Filipino songs dealt with themes that were
really true-to-life like those of grief, poverty,
aspirations for freedom, love of God, of country and
of fellowmen.
● Period of Third Republic (1986-1999)
- Branded crony newspapers became instant
opposition papers overnight
- New Filipino songs, newspapers, speeches, and
television programs
Carlos Bulosan
- (English- Language filipino novelist and poet)
- He is best known for his semi-autobiographical
work titled America is in the Heart and his 1943
essay The Freedom from Want
- His other works are The cry and the dedication, My
Father’s Tragedy, The Romance of Magno Rubio, If
You Want to know What we Are.
Manuel Arguilla
- (Winner of the first prize award for short stories in
English in the first Commonwealth Literary Contest)
- Ilokano writer in English
- He secretly organized a guerrilla intelligence unit
against the Japanese.

● 21st Century (2000s-present) Francisco Sionil Jose

- (Most critically Acclaimed Filipino Author
- TV and films became more popular
Internationally)
University presses have published their own
- Born in Rosales, Pangasinan, and studied in
collections and anthologies
University of Sto. Tomas
- More writing workshops and contests for aspiring
- His novels’ themes were drawn from his own
writers
peasant beginnings and social justice
- New literary forms appeared
- The period of technological migrants, generation Z,
Juan Crisostomo Soto
and millennials
- (Father of Pampangueño Literature)
- Oral, printed, and technological transmission of
- Wrote plays and short stories
literature
- Wrote 50 plays, more than 100 poems in addition
to essays, novels, and short stories.
REPRESENTATIVE TEXT AND AUTHORS
- Wrote under the pseudonym Crissot
FROM THE REGIONS
Edith L. Tiempo
“We write from life and call it literature, and
- ( national artist for literature)
literature lives because we are in it.”
- Born in Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya, and is a poet,
-F. Sionil Jose
fiction writer, teacher, and a literary critic
- She is a Carlos Palanca awardee famous for her
Pedro Bucaneg (1552-1624)
works “The Little Marmoset” and “Bonsai”
- Father of Ilocano Poetry and Literature
- First known Ilocano poet
Francisco Balagtas y De La Cruz
- believed to have authored parts of the Biag ni Lam-
- Aka Francisco Balagtas and Francisco Baltasar
ang
- Known for his famous works Florante at Laura and
-Bukanegan, the Ilocano equivalent of the
Orosman at Zafira
Balagtasan, was derived from his surname
Rolando S. Tinio
Lorena Florentino
- (Writer, poet, essayist, critic, actor, and director)
- Mother of Philippine Women’s Literature
- Born in Gagalangin, Tondo, Manila, and is Writer,
Pioneer in Philippine Lesbian Literature
poet, essayist, critic, actor, teacher, and director
- Was a Filipina poet who wrote in both Filipino and
- Also known as the sole inventor of Taglish in
Spanish
Philippine Poetry
- Due to the feminist nature of her writings, she was
shunned by her family and lived in exile until she - Married to theatre actress Ella Luansing and had
died two Children
- His notable works include Larawan (1997) and
4X
Ang Kwento ni Ah
Nicomendea “Nick” Marquez Joaquin
- Born in Paco, Manila, and is one of the 10 children
of Leocadio Joaquin and Salome Marquez
- Was an avid reader. His interests in reading
eventually grew into an interest in writing as well
- His other literary works are May Day Eve, The
woman who had two navels, La Naval de Manila
and Other Essays, A question of heroes, and
Tropical Gothic
Historical Content
- Refers to the historical event that is behind the text
an author writes
- Provides a historical background of the text
Biographical Content
- Refers to the life of the author
- Texts often contain elements that are derived from
the author’s life itself
Historical Criticism
- A type of literary analysis in which we look
beyond the literature, and see it in the light of the
historical and cultural events occurring when it was
written
- An understanding of the world the author lived in
allows for a more comprehensive understanding of
the work
* Noli Me tangere
Biographical Criticism
- In this type of literary analysis, we investigate
details about the author’s life that could be used to
better understand the text
- These details may be his family, birthplace,
educational background, and the like
In every text, the author consciously or
unconsciously write details related to his life and
himself
LITERARY
APPROACHES
what is LITERARY CRITICISM?
- The lens through which we like to examine
literature
- The study, discussion, evaluation, and
interpretation of literature
Critic/Critique
From Gk. Kritikos (to judge or to decide)
- It is the practice of studying, evaluating, and
5X
interpreting works of literature. It offers new ways
of understanding an author’s work
- In using literary criticism, it is important to take
into consideration the following questions:
1.) What are the scope and limits of each form of
criticism?
2.) Is there a “right” or “wrong” form?
3.) Are some forms more “correct” than the others?
4.) Can a mode of criticism alter the entire meaning
of a text?
PURPOSE OF LITERARY CRITICISM
- The primary purpose of literary criticism is to
broaden a reader’s understanding of an author’s
work by summarizing, interpreting, and exploring its
value
- It begins with a close reading of the text, and then
a critic formulates a comprehensive literary analysis
that can inform or challenge another reader’s
understanding of the text
FUNCTIONS OF LITERARY CRITICISM
1.) Expanding worldview - By examining works of
literature through different approaches of literary
criticism, readers are able to expand their
understanding of the world around them.
- Each literary style encourages the critic and the
reader to consider different perspectives from their
own
2.) Helps in understanding literature better.-
Applying literary criticism gives the readers tools to
study, evaluate, and interpret literary works.
3.) Creates opportunities in assessing author’s works
4.) Creates opportunities for new styles of writing
CRITICAL
APPROACHES TO
LITERATURE
Formalist Approach or New Criticism
- This critical approach focuses on the literary text
itself, excluding context outside of it
- Sees the text as a separate and individual entity
- Extremely close textual analysis
- A good example of applying this approach is doing
book reviews.
- Common questions asked in applying this approach
is: who, how, what
- In this approach, we try to understand the meaning
of the text by paying attention to the details
contained within the text itself
BIOGRAPHICAL APPROACH
- This criticism focuses on the details of the author’s
life and tries to attain a better understanding of the
text by understanding the person who wrote it
- Looks for the author’s influence in the text
- Looks into the author’s background, Difficulties in
creating the text, and how these life experiences are
applied into the author’s works
- Common questions in doing a biographical
criticism of a text:
MORAL/ETHICAL/HUMANISTIC
CRITICISM
- Literature is viewed as a discussion between man
and his nature, intellect, and free will
- Close to the “morality” of literature, to questions of
ethical goodness or badness
HISTORICAL CRITICISM
- This criticism focuses on the historical and social
circumstances that surround the writing of the text
- As a reflection and product of the ties and
circumstances in which it was written
- It may examine parts of the author’s life as well as
the influence of social, political, national, and
international events
READER-RESPONSE CRITICISM
- Based on the belief that a reader’s reaction to or
interpretation of the text is as important as the text
itself.
- Gives emphasis on the reader’s experience with the
text
- Rejects the idea of an absolute singular correct
interpretation of a text
*How does the interaction between the text and
reader create meaning?
*How do the imagines and language in the work
influence or affect the reader
*What shapes our knowledge of reading, what is
our purpose of reading and how does that influence
how we read a particular text?
FEMINIST CRITICISM
- Focuses on the prevailing societal beliefs about
women in an attempt to expose the oppression of
women on various levels by patriarchal systems both
contemporary and historical
POST-COLONIAL CRITICSM
- This approach focuses on the impact of
colonialization on literature, specifically literature
6X
from colonized countries
- How colonization have shaped the portrayals of the
relationship and status differentials between
Europeans and colonized people
MARXIST CRITICISM
- This approach is based on the writings of Karl
Marx
- Sees literature as a reflection of class struggle and
materialism
- Literature is viewed “not as works created in
accordance with timeless artistic criteria, but as
'products' of the economic and ideological
determinants specific to that era.”
- It reflects the author’s own class or analysis of
class relation, however piercing or shallow that
analysis may be?
- In doing a Marxist analysis of a text, keep in mind
the issues of power and money
TEXT AND ITS
CONTEXT
STRATEGIES IN USING CONTEXTS IN
READING A TEXT
BIOGRAPHICAL CONTEXT
- When reading a literary piece through a biological
context, it is important to take note of the following:
* The year the text is written and published
* Significant events that happened in the author’s
life
* Circumstances that happened to the author before
and while he was writing the text
* Characters and situations in the text that could
be a representation of the author’s life and
experiences
- Additional Strategies in using the biographical
include researching the author’s beliefs and how it
might be reflected in his works
SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXT
- If one were to analyze a literary text through
sociocultural context, he must focus on the
following:
* Relationship between the characters or the
speakers of the text and their society in which they
belong in
* Are there any issues of gender, race, or class in
the text? How were they resolved in the text?
* Who has power? And who does not? What is the
reason for this.
* Does the story reflect the nation? What does it
say about the country and its inhabitants?
- Take note of who has the economic or social
power in the text, and if there is any presence of
class struggle that may or may not have been
overcome by the characters.
- The role of money or finances in the story
- It is also important to look if there is a prevailing
social order and does the literary piece accept it
- Using the sociological context will involve the use
of several sociological, economic, and cultural
perspectives.
Some of these include Marxism, Feminism, Queer
Theory, historicism, post-colonialism, or the literary
theories that you may use
NOTE: In doing a critique through the sociocultural
context, personal political ideologies should be set
aside. You must be unbiased in reading.
21ST CENTURY
7X
LITERARY GENRES
WHAT IS 21ST CENTURY
LITERATURE?
- These are the new literary works
developed from the period 2000s up to the
present
- These are authored by modern authors and
deal with current topics/issues while
reflecting a technological culture
- It frequently violates established writing
rules
21st CENTURY READERS
- The 21st century reader is someone who
grew up with technology as their major
learning tool
- They are capable of navigating and
deciphering digital forms and media
messages
- They have literacy skills that encompass
technological talents such as keyboarding,
internet navigation, technological speech,
interpreting and communicating coded
language, and deciphering visuals
5 MAIN LITERARY GENRES
Literary Genre is a particular type or
category of literature. It may be determined
by literary technique, tone, content, or
length.
- It is the style of writing literature
- Some literary works comprise more than
one type of genre, but most have a primary
category they fall into.
Ex: Historical fiction with romance genre
: Subgenres are smaller and more specific
versions of a genre
Basic Literary Genres:
1. POETRY - Literature that evokes a
concentrated imaginative awareness of
experience or a specific emotional response
through language chosen and arranged for
its meaning, sound, and rhythm.
- It is written based on musicality and
rhythm, and is written in lines and stanzas.
- It is written in a metrical structure
- Subgenres of poetry: epic, narrative, lyric,
and dramatic
2. FICTION - Created by using the
imagination
- Utilizes figurative language to create
stories of completely untrue events,
characters, and settings to stimulate the
imaginations of the readers.
* Fictional literature includes a variety of
subgenres from which an author may
choose to write in a single one or from a
combination of several genres in a single
work.
* Subgenres: mystery, historical fiction,
realism, magical realism, fantasy, romance,
science fiction, dystopian, horror, fable,
mythology
3. NON-FICTION - Aims to inform,
inspire, or persuade audience by using
actual events, people, places, or facts.
- Involves intensive research
- Subgenres of this genre includes
autobiography, memoirs biography, and
essay
- Some also include literary criticism and
literary journalism into this genre as well
4 . DRAMA - Representations of fiction
that involves dialogues meant to be recited
8X
on a stage and a performance
- Can also be performed through radio,
film, and/or television.
- Dramatic literature includes epic poetry,
lyric poetry, and novels.
- This is usually inspired by novels, short
stories, poems, and real-life events.
- Contains a dialogue and the actors portray
the characters
- A drama also includes acts or scenes that
rely on props or imaginative dialogue
- Subgenres: tragedy, comedy, musical,
melodrama
5 . PROSE - The prose is a literary genre
with no formal metrical structure. Instead of
relying on rhythmic structure, as in
traditional poetry, it relies on a natural flow
of speech and ordinary grammatical
structure.
- Writers divide the text into clear, concise
paragraph and use regular grammar that can
be serious or humorous.
6. FOLKLORE - Also referred to as
mythology
- Tells stories of originally oral literature
and are meant to pass on particular moral
lessons
WHAT ARE THE 21ST
CENTURY LITERARY
GENRES?
● COMIC STRIPS
- Short form of sequential art
- Often humorous
- Typically found in newspapers or as online
“webcomics”
- May or may not feature story arcs, but still use the
same characters in each issue.
● COMIC BOOKS
- Sequential art in pamphlet or magazine format
- Contains excerpts of serialized narratives
● GRAPHIC NOVELS
- Narrative in prose form conveyed in comic book
format
- Akin to novel in length and narrative complexity
- Its narrative is contained in a single book and is
standalone
May include works of fiction, short stories, and
other works of fiction
Graphic novels are often used as a way for readers
to have interest in literary classics.
● ILLUSTRATED NOVELS
- Stories that are narrated through text and
illustrated images
- Can be described as a hybrid of sequential art and
prose but without panels
- The textual portion of an illustrated novel is
presented in traditional form.
● DIGI-FICTION
- Utilizes three types of media in presenting a plot:
movie/video, website, book
- Readers must navigate, read, and watch all three
media in order to understand the story
- Examples: Skeleton Creek by Patrick Carman and
Level 26 by Anthony Zuiker
● MANGA
- Japanese word for comics
- The English phrase for all Japanese-published
comic books and graphic novels
- Both an artistic and narrative technique
- Manga types are based on demographics based on
age groups, and are characterized by certain traits
- It also has specific genres such as mecha, slice of
life, mahou shoujo, isekai, yaoi, yuri, and ecchi
✔ Kodomo - targets young children
- Simple light-hearted stories with colorful scenes
- Usually action, adventure, or comedy
- they usually are crafted in a way that will teach
very young audiences about values and morals
✔ Shoujo - targeted towards girls up to the age
18, and often focuses on romance, friendship,
and comedy.
- often features idealized drawings
- Emotions conveyed through large expressive eyes
and symbols
- Can be drawn by both male and female artists
✔ Shounen- targeted towards boys (12-18)
- Most popular genre
- The Shonen anime or manga has a central male
9X
protagonist (female in rare cases), and it includes a
mix of a wide variety of genres
- Often focuses on values friendship and family
✔
Josei - targets older female readers (18-40)
Drawings are less idealized than in shoujo
Focuses on more mature plot lines and realistic
romance among other things
✔ Seinen - targets older male readers 18 and
above
Drawings are less idealized than in shoujo
Focuses on more mature plot lines but has theme or
story restrictions unlike Shounen mangas
● DOODLE FICTION
- The author incorporates doodle writing and
drawing, and handwritten graphics in place of a
traditional font
- The drawings enhance the story and the humorous
elements of the piece
* diary of a wimpy kid
● TEXT-TALK NOVEL
- The novel is presented almost entirely in dialogue
format to simulate social network exchanges
- Written in blog, email, IM
● CHICK LIT
- Addresses the issues of modern womanhood,
often humorously and lightheartedly
- Typically features a female protagonist whose
womanhood is heavily thermalized in the plot
● FLASH FICTION
- Fiction of extreme brevity
- There is no widely accepted word limit for this
category but flash fiction can range from 6 words up
to a thousand
● SCIENCE FICTION
- The “literature of ideas”
- Explores the potential consequences of scientific
and other innovations
- A subgenre of speculative fiction dealing with
imaginary concepts such as futuristic science and
technology, parallel universe, and extraterrestrial
life
● BLOG
- web log: a website containing short articles called
posts that are changed regularly. Some blogs are
written by one person containing their own
opinions, interests and experiences, while others
are written by many different people

● CREATIVE NON-FICTION
- Literary non-fiction or narrative non-fiction
- Uses literary styles and techniques to create
factually accurate narratives
- Contrasts with other non-fiction, such as technical
writing or journalism, which is rooted in accurate
fact but is not primarily written in service of its craft
● HYPERPOETRY
- a form of digital poetry that uses links using
hypertext mark-up. It is a very visual form, and is
related to hypertext fiction and visual arts. The links
mean that a hypertext poem has no set order, the
poem moving or being generated in response to the
links that the reader/user chooses.

10X