ABSTRACT

When an automobile engine is running it produces more friction and wear

between the sliding components and lubrication is required for reducing the
frictional effect. Friction and wear reduce engine life, reliability and increase
the maintenance cost. This study investigated and compared the wear
characteristics of diesel, Annona Squamosa biodiesel and their blends, by using
four-ball tribometer.

Annona Squamosa biodiesel was produced by using trans-esterification

process and the investigated fuels were 20% (ASB30), 60% (ASB60) of
biodiesel blended with pure diesel. Experiment was conducted during one hour
with constant temperature at 75ºC and constant sliding speed of 1200rpm load
of 40kg for all tested fuels. The worn surface of the ball were examined by SEM
analysis.

The average coefficient of friction of diesel was 28.8% and the wear scar
diameter of diesel was higher than biodiesel blends at different temperatures
and load. ASB60 exhibits a lower worn scar surface area than diesel.

Annona Squamosa biodiesel blend (ASB60) have good lubricity in the

fuel to reduce the wear in the sliding components in the engine. The possibility
to form highly lubricating film without breaking down over a long time.

i
NOMENCLATURE

 AS Annona Squamosa
 ASB Annona Squamosa Biodiesel
 SEM Scanning Electron Microscope
 FTP Flash Temperature Parameters
 COF Coefficient of Friction
 EDX Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy
 HFRR High Frequency Reciprocating rig
 FBT Four Ball Tribometer
 POME Palm Oil Methyl Ester
 FAME Fatty Acid Methyl Ester
 JOME Jatropha Oil Methyl Ester
 WSD Wear Scar Diameter
 W Load
 d Diameter
 Kg Kilogram
 mm Millimeter
 KOH Potassium Hydroxide
 (CH3OH) Methanol
 RPM Revolutions Per Minute
 KW Kilowatt
 KJ Kilojoule
 N Newton

ii
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT iv
NOMENCLATURE v
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF GRAPHS xii
1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. LITERATURE SURVEY 4

3. BIOFUEL 7

3.1 BIOENERGY 7
3.2 BIOMASS ENERGY 7
3.3 THE CARBON CYCLE 8
3.3.1 THE CARBON CYCLE
AND BIOFEULS 9
3.4 BIOFUELS 10

4. BIOFUEL GENERATION 15

4.1 BIODIESEL 17
4.2 USE OF BIOFULES 17
4.3 BIODIESEL LIFE-CYCLE 18
4.4 SUSTAINABLE BIODIESEL 18
4.5 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 19
4.6 GLOBAL STATUS OF BIODIESEL

iii
 REQUIREMENTS 20

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

4.6.1 BIODIESEL CROPS 20

4.6.2 HANDLING AND STORAGE
OF BIODIESEL 21
4.6.3 STABILITY OF BIODIESEL 21
4.7 BIODEGRADABILITY OF BIODIESEL 22
4.7.1 REASON TO MOVE FOR
BIODIESEL 22

5. PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL 25

5.1 INTRODUCTION 25
5.2 TYPICAL OIL CROPS USEFUL FOR
BIODIESEL PRODUCTION 25
5.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF ALCOHOLS
USED IN BIODIESEL PRODUCTION 26
5.3.1 ALCOHOLS USED IN BIODIESEL
PRODUCTIONS 26
5.4 BIODIESEL PRODUCTION PROCESS 26
5.4.1 TRANSESTERFICATION REACTION 27
5.4.2 TREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS 28
5.4.3 STAGES OF BIODIESEL
PRODUCTION PROCESS 29
5.4.4 ALCOHOL CATALYST MIXING 30
5.4.5 CHEMICAL REACTION 30
5.4.6 CATALYST 32
5.4.7 SEPERATION OF THE REACTION

iv
 PRODUCTS 33
5.4.8 PURIFICATION OF THE REACTION
PRODUCTS 33

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

5.5 GLYCERIN 34

5.6 USES 35

6. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND WORK 37

6.1 PREPARATION OF ANNONA

SQUAMOSA BIODIESEL 37
6.1.1 PROCEDURE FOR
TRANSESTERIFICATION OF
ANNONA SQUAMOSA 38
6.2 ADVANTAGES OF ANNONA
SQUAMOSA BIODIESEL 40
6.3 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 41
6.4 TEST PROCEDURE 44
6.4.1 WEAR EVALUATION 45
6.4.2 FLASH TEMPERATURE
PARAMETERS 46

7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 47

7.1 WEAR BEHAVIOR 47

7.2 FLASH TEMPERATURE PARAMETERS 53
7.3 SEM/EDX ANALYSIS 54

8. CONCLUSION 55

REFERENCES 56

v
 LIST OF FIGURES
FIG.NO NAME OF THE FIGURE PAGE NO

3.1 THE CARBON CYCLE 9

3.2 BIOFUELS AND THE CARBON

CYCLE 10

3.3 SOURCE OF MAIN LIQUID

BIOFUELS FOR AUTOMOBILES 11

3.4 THE WORLD’S TOP ETHANOL AND

BIODIESEL PRODUCERS 12

3.5 GLOBAL ETHANOL AND

BIODIESEL PRODUCTION 13

3.6 BIODIESEL PRODUCTION CYCLE 14

4.1 THE WORLD’S AND EU’S

BIOFUELS CONSUMPTION 16

5.1 BASIC TRANSESTERIFICATION

REACTION WITH METHANOL 28

5.2 BASIC TRANSESTERIFICATION

REACTION WITH ETHANOL 28

6.1 ANNONA SQUAMOSA FRUIT 37

vi
6.2 ANNONA SQUAMOSA SEEDS 37

6.3 ANNONA SQUAMOSA FRUIT INSIDE 37

6.4 ANNONA SQUAMOSA TREE 37

6.5 ANNONA SQUAMOSA BIODIESEL 39
6.6 FOUR BALLS OF THE WEAR
TESTER 42
6.7 INTERIOR COMPONENTS OF
FOUR BALL WEAR TEST MACHINE 42
6.8 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF
FOUR BALL TRIBOMETER 44
6.9 FOUR BALL WEAR TEST MACHINE 45
6.10 (a) THE BALL BEARING 46
(b) OPTICAL MICROSCOPE 46
7.2 ASB20 BALL 1 48
7.3 ASB20 BALL 2 49
7.4 ASB20 BALL 3 49
7.5 ASB60 BALL 1 50
7.6 ASB60 BALL 2 50
7.7 ASB60 BALL 3 51
7.8 DIESEL BALL 1 51
7.9 DIESEL BALL 2 52
7.10 DIESEL BALL 3 52
7.12 SEM ANALYSIS 54

vii
 LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO NAME OF THE TABLES PAGE NO

3.1. MAJOR BENEFITS OF BIODIESEL 11

4.1. CHG EMISSION / MILE FOR A

PASSENGER CAR 19

6.1. PROPERTIES OF SAMPLES 39

6.2. DETAILS OF THE FOUR BALL

TESTER 42

6.3. CONDITIONS FOR THE FOUR-BALL

WEAR TEST 43

viii
 LIST OF GRAPHS
GRAPH NO. NAME OF THE GRAPHS PAGE NO.

7.1. WEAR SCAR DIAMETER 48

7.11. FLASH TEMPERATURE

PARAMETERS 53

ix
x