Sixth 4 MEC-601; Design of Machines Elements — 11 vac allowed: 3 Hours -, Aniempt five questions in all, including Question Ne ic compulsory No. I y and selecting ee questions from each Part Use of design data bak vue pos Max. Marks: 50 1. Write briefly: — a. What is Chordal action in Case of chain drive. What are the different modes of fai Design of disc clutch is based on What are the active coils of 2 Spri lure of a gear. uniform wear theory. Why. mig. Why are connecting rods made of | sections. rer Ss PARTA A 15 kW and 1200 r-p.m motor drives a compressor at 300 rp.m through a pair of spur gears having 20° stub teeth. The centre to centre distance between the shafts is 400 mm. The motor pinion is made up of forged steel having an allowable static stress as 210 MPa, while the gear is made of cast steel having the allowable static stress 25 140MPa. Assuming that the dive operates 8-10 hours per day under light shock conditions, find from the strength considerations, (i) Module (ji) Face width (iii) Number of teeth and pitch circle diameter of each gear. Also check the gears thus designed from the wear considerations. The surface endurance limit may be taken as 700 MPa. (10) Wa) A V belt drive is required for a 15kW, 1440 r-p.m electric motor, which drives a centrifugal pump running 2t 360 r-p.m for a service of 24 hours per day.From the ‘Space considerations, the centre distance should be approximately Im Determine | belt specifications number of belts, and the correct centre distance.VI. (a) A cone clutch is to be designed to trans! /il. . (a)Design a helical spring for a spring loaded safety valve for the fol -2- b) What is the importance of beating modulus in the d PART B owing data: re=0.7MPa, Maximum : pressure rises from 0.7 to jodulus of rigidity=84*! tu) Diameter of the valve seat=65mm, operating pressul when the valve blows off=0.75MPa, Maximum lift when 0.7SMPa=3.Smm, allowable shear stress=550 MPa and M N/mm? for spring material. Take spring index equal to 6. (b) Why is nipping done in leaf springs. @ mit 7.5kW at 900 rpm. The cone has a face angle of 12°.The width of the face is half of the mean radius and maximum pressure between contact surfaces is not to exceed 0.09MPa Determine the main dimensions of the clutch if the coefficient of friction is 0.2.Also find the axial thrust required to engage © the clutch. (©) Derive an expression forthe braking torque for an internal expanding brake, @ Design a connecting rod for an IC engine running at 1800 r.p.m and developing a 2 The diameter of piston is 100mm, mass of maximum pressure of 3.15 N/mm’. reciprocating parts per cylinder 2.25kg , length of connecting rod=380mm stroke of d piston=190mm and compression ratio is 6:1.Take factor of safety =6, length to diameter : ratio for big end bearing is 1.3 and for the small end bearing as 2 and the corresponding 3 bearing pressure are 10MPa and 15 MPa respectively. The density of the rod material may be taken as 8000kg/m’ and the allowable stress in bolts and cap as 60MPa and — respectively. _ 0) Bera, oefixam,Code:0942 ‘Sub, Code: 7058 Max. Marks: 50 = yime allowed: 3 Hours NOTE: Ait ; , ee questions in all, including Question No. I which ts compulsory and selecting questions from each Part, Use of design data book is allowed. XX 1. Write briefly: 2x5) What is Chordal action in case ©! ‘What are the different modes of failure of a gear - Design of disc clutch is based on uniform wear theory. Why. ‘What are the active coils of a spring. ‘Why are connecting rods made of I sections. chain drive. pees PARTA 'A.15 kW and 1200 r.p.m motor drives @ compressor at 300 r.p.m_ through & pair of spur gears having 20° stub teeth. The centre to centre distance between the shafts is 100 mm, The motor pinion is made up of forged steel having an allowable static stress as 210 MPa, while the gear is made of cast steel having the allowable static stress as 140MPa. Assuring that the dive operates 8-10 hours per day under light shock conditions, find from the strength considerations, (i) Module (ji) Face width Gii) Number of teeth and pitch circle diameter of each gear. Also check the gears thus designed from the wear considerations. The surface endurance fimit may be taken as 700 MPa. (10) tric motor, which drives @ per day.From the AV belt drive is required for a 15kW, 1440 r.p.m elec ly Im Determine the > centrifugal pump running at 360 -p.m for @ service of 24 hours space considerations, the centre distance should be approximate! ‘pelt specifications snumber of belts, and the correct centre distance. Q of teeth in the sprocket and even number of hain drive there are odd number 8 erates on following work cycle of 1 minute duration, Dynamic load ngis 16600 N. DOIN at 720 rpm for 18 sec 720 rpm for 30 sec. 20 rpm for 12 see- ie in hours.‘ML. b) What is the importance of bearing jnpdulus in the design of journal PART B V. (a)Design a helical spring for a spring Joaded safety valve for the following. Diameter of the valve seat=65mm, operating pressure=0,7MPa, Maximum P when the valve blows off=0.75MPa, Maximum lift when pressure rises from 7 0.75MPa=3.5mm, allowable shear stress=550 MPa and Modulus of rigidity=84x1 N/mm for spring material. Take spring index equal to 6. (b) Why is nipping done in leaf springs. VI. (a) A cone clutch is to be designed to transmit 7.5kW at 900 rpm. The cone has a face angle of 12°.The width of the face is half of the mean radius and maximum pressure between contact surfaces is not to exceed 0.09MPa Determine the main dimensions of the clutch if the coefficient of friction is 0.2.Also find the axial thrust required to engage the clutch. ©. (b) Derive an expression for the braking torque for an internal expanding brake, (4) Design a connecting rod for an I.C engine running at 1800 r.p.m and developing a maximum pressure of 3.15 N/mm?. The diameter of piston is 100mm, mass of reciprocating parts per cylinder 2.25kg , length of connecting rod=380mm ,stroke of piston=190mm and compression ratio is 6:1.Take factor of safety =6, length to diameter ratio for big end bearing is 1.3 and for the small end bearing as 2 and the corresponding bearing pressure are 1OMPa and 15 MPa respectively. The density of the rod may be taken as 8000kg/m’ and the allowable stress in bolts and cap as 60MPa respectively. * BorPa.MEC-602: Finite Element Methods i Time allowed; 3 Hours Max. Marks: 50 NOTE: Attempt five questions in all, including Question No. 1 (Section-A) which is compulsory and selecting two questions each from Section B-C. XXX QI: Write short answers of the followi need a) Briefly state with the help of a figure, the plane stress condition b) Refer to figure 1 (b), let 8 be the extension of the point P after a force of F is applied on it. Write F potential energy equation of the system. | _¢) Write down stiffness matrix for the problem shown in figure 1(c) d) State the important rules for placing the nodes in a FEM model. ¢) State Saint Venant’s principle with the help of a neat sketch. f) What is the purpose of shape function in FEM modelling? g) What is the difference between a FE modelling of a problem with dynamic consideration with one without dynamic considerations? Z bh) A problem shown in the figure 1 (h) is to be presented as a simplified finite element model with appropriate boundary conditions. Draw figure of the simplified model. i) The temperature of the bar shown in the figure 1 (j) is increased. How this is going to affect the stresses of the bar? Draw a 2 noded beam element with the degrees of freedom indicated on it. (@) For a plane triangular element shown in ae 2, find out the shape functions at the point P lying inside it. (6) A spring cart system is shown in the figure. Find out the combined stiffness matrix and displacement of the carts using finite element method approach. : (a) Use the Ralyleigh Ritz method to find the displacement ficld of the rod shown in the figure 3. Element | is made of Aluminium and clement 2 is made of Steel. The properties of the material are Ey = 80 GPa, A; = 800 mm’, L; = 200 mm, Ex = 200 Gpa, A2 = 1000 mm?, L2 = 400 mm. Load P is 20 KN. Assume @ wise displacement field u = a; + a.x for element 1 and u = a; + a,.x for element 2. ~M method with the analytical solution obtained from mechani of materials. (3) 10-4: Consider the bar loaded as shown in the figure 4. Determine the nodal displacements, element stresses, and ‘Support reactions. Solve this problem by hand calculations, adopting the elimination approach method for nding bound iti 10) Grass dhown In the figure 5 Is loaded witha force of 1000 KN at node 2 in the x direction. Write down () stiffiess matrix (li) Combined stiffiiess matrix (lil) Nodal displacements (Iv) Element stresses for “i 3 (v) Reaction force at node 2. 10iy Ky, at Fig 4b) > 03,5). ry °° be Ve 74S) C1? PCRS, 49 Fig ata) 2 Reema Se OR ¥ y Ayz2ce Aare ” oe j Pc) Wri —_ Beerdereh y= <1 @ Sta Iso Ise wh 150 me 10 Care PAH SEM P= 300kN = DM E = 200 Ga sp-Consih ee — eo... nak tc Slee cm if) AY apt gi) Th A: OF 9ie Sixth Semester f s MEC-602; Finite Element vasa Time allowed: 3 Hours NOTE: Attempt five questions in all, including Question No. I (Section-A) which ls compulsory and selecting two questions each from Section B-C. MeNoX Ql: Wri Bexion® —QI: Write short answers of the followin, question: a) Briefly state with the help of a figure, the plane stress condition |b) Refer to figure 1 (b), let 5 be the extension of the point P after a force of F is applied on it. Write | __ potential energy equation of the system. ¢) Write down stiffness matrix for the problem shown in figure 1(c) d) State the important rules for placing the nodes in a FEM model. F ¢) State Saint Venant’s principle with the help of a neat sketch. f) What is the purpose of shape function in FEM modelling? g) What is the difference between a FE modelling of a problem with dynamic consideration with one without dynamic considerations? : hy Aproblem shown in the figure 1 (h) is to be presented as a simplified finite element mode! with q appropriate boundary conditions, Draw figure of the simplified model. i) The temperature of the bar shown in the figure 1 (i) is increased. How this is going to affect the stresses of the bar? }) Draw a 2 noded beam element with the degrees of freedom indicated on it. (a) Fora plane triangular element shown in the figure 2, find out the shape functions at the point P lying (6) A spring cart system is shown in the figure, Find out the combined stifiness matrix and displacement the carts using finite element method approach. (a) Use the Ralyleigh Ritz method to find the displacement field of the rod shown in the figure 3. Element 1 is made of Aluminium and clement 2 is made of Steel, The properties of the material are Ey = 80 ‘4, = 800 mm?, Ly = 200 mm, Ex = 200 Gpa, Az = 1000 mm’, La = 400 mmm. Load P is 20 KN. Assume» ce-wise displacement field u = a; + 82.x for element 1 and u = a3 + a4.x for element 2. Mm Jighs method with the anal; cal solution obtained from mechanics of materials. Consider the bar loaded as shown in the figure 4. reactions. Solve this problem by hand calculations, adoptin;hey Ka. madara " Fiy den)» 3,59, y ae C43 Ch? Pas, ud Fig. ala) asemve 40° an ¥ oS 10 Cone PA SCM B= 200 GPa Sp-Oonsih @ = 6 Gm[em> FigQuestion 2; Find the natura} frequency of Parta(an Three 5 8 and (All questions carry 10 marks each) toa rigid, weightless bar as shown in Fig. 12 Tesponse of the system. Asasaie Lad Soke as @ mass are attached vibratio; ‘x’ and initial velocity ag 3y° an Fig. 1 (Question 2) mn and find the s state response of the system shown in hinge O for following dase t= Sone aan ee Mo = 100 N-m, speed = 1000 rpm. . 7EEE ere Fig. 3 (Question 4) Part B (All questions carry 10 marks each) ‘Question 5: A two-mass system alone a piston of mass m1 , connected by two elastic springs, that moves inside a tube as shown in Fig. 4. A pendulum of length ! and end mass m2 is connected the piston. Derive the equations of motion of the system in terms of x: (t) and u(t). (b) Derive ¢ equations of motion of the system in terms of the x; (t) and xz (t). (c) Find the natural frequencies vibration of the system. fora Fig 4 (Question 5) Question 6; The mass matrix and eigen vectors of a vibrating system is given by 100 1 [m)=|0 2 0 -1 D6 Quid, modal matrix of theExam.Code:0942 Sub. Code: 7060 \ BE, MechanieS® Si MEC.693: |: 3 Hours . ne allowed: 3 a “ti fixe questions in ali, ual : ; Attempt tWo questions trom e, 907 selecting * ixth 6 Eger, ixth Semester at M ‘anical Vibrations Max, Marks: 50 including Question No 1 ach Payy Assume Suitable day may Answer following question i een degrees of freedom of a Vibrating system, te F < frequencies ee Define harmonic Motions hay; 8 different freq e (ow do you aa ce determining the damping constant of highly damped vibrating ) a meth z ‘ : al pe ae finding the natural frequency of a Single-degree-of. ns ee the energy method? @ ea ig oy and what is its importance? is crit ‘What is @ which is compulsory ila Wherever necessary, ‘2 marks each=10 marks ‘h) in Fig. 12 A (All questions carry 10 egies tar Qas i a ie are attached to a rigid, eae ‘Assume initial 2: Three springs a eres and response of the sy ion 2: yuency pei ialaral peduet 2, Pea ical velacky os ° ‘yan Fig. 1 (Question 2) in shown | the system ie the st and find of leimc= Nim, : k = 5000 ee lowing equation of m HO : Derive the about the = hep sta = 100 Nem, sped i = 10kg, | 1000 N-s/m, mFig. 3 (Question 4) Part B (All questions carry 10 marks each) ic connected by two elastic Question 5: A two-mass system consists of a piston of mass mi , c that moves inside a tube as shown in Fig. 4. A pendulum of length I and end mass m2 is connectal to the piston. Derive the equations of motion of the system in terms of x: (t) and u(t). (b) Detive ty gaia: of motion of the system in terms of the x; (t) and x2 (t). (c) Find the natural frequencies a vibration of the system. | a) | j-94 Fig 4 (Question 5) Question 6: The mass matrix and eigen vectors of a vibrating system is given by 1 0 0 1 1 0 [m)=|0 2 0 -1), 1), andExam Code; 0942 Sub. Code: 7061 1 Engincering) Sixth Semester “604: Heat Transfer Max, Marks: 50 : in all, including Question No, 1 which is compulsory 0 questions from each Tt Make suitable assumptions, wherever xx Solve the following examples, wall of thickness L and area A. Under what istributions in the wall be a straight line? ance of the Nusselt number? How is it denned? ¢) What is the difference between evaporation and boiling? conditions will the temperature di: 4) What is the physical signifc (5x2) UNIT ~I : I oA 6-m-long 2-kW electrical resistance wire is made of 0.2-cm-diameter stainless steel (k= 15.1 Wim . °C). The resistance wire operates in heat transfer coefficient of 140 W/m 2. temperature of the wire. an environment at 30°C with a °C at the outer surface. Determine the surface (10) IIL. Heat is to be conducted along a circuit board that has a copper layer on one side. The circuit board is 15 cm Jong and 15 cm wide, and the thicknesses of the copper and epoxy layers are 0.1 mm and 1.2 mm, respectively. Disregarding heat transfer from side surfaces, determine the Percentages of heat conduction along the Copper (k = 386 ‘Wim . °C) and epoxy (k = 0.26 Wim . °C) layers. Also determine the effective thermal conductivity of the board. (10) A hot surface at 100°C is to be cooled by attaching 3-cm-long, 0.25-cm-diameter ‘aluminum pin fins (k=237 W/m . °C) to it, with a center-to-center distance of 0.6 om. medium is 30°C, and the heat transfer coefficient Determine the rate of heat transfer from the surface > determi the overall effectiveness of the fins.v V1 Vil. The top surface of the passenger car of a train moving at a velocity 7 ate of 200 m wide and 8 m long. The top surface is absorbing solar radiation 2 | of the car Wim 2, and the temperature of the ambient air is 30°C. Assuming "PE © ings to be to be perfectly insulated and the radiation heat exchange with the re top surface small relative to convection, determine the equilibrium temperatur® ©" (4 of the car, Saturated steam at 30°C condenses on the outside of a 4-cm-outer-diameter, > me vertical tube. The temperature of the tube is maintained at 20°C by the £00 * vie cate Determine (a) the rate of heat transfer from the steam to the cooling Wate, a atthe of condensation of steam, and (c) the approximate thickness of the liquic (10) bottom of the tube. and side surfaces tures of 500, 700, or from (10) A furnace is of cylindrical shape with R = H = 2 m. The base, top, of the furnace are all black and are maintained at uniform temperal and 1200 K, respectively. Determine the net rate of radiation heat transfer to the top surface during steady operation, XXExam Code, 0942 Sub. Code: 7061 Mecessary "® Mo g Sele le MeSHIOns in a : Max, Marks: 59 iz " Meluding Ques ry. MeSTONS frm "ach Uni Wate Which is compulsory assumptions, Wherever Ray Solve the follow ing: a) i mty ©ondition? He POE foray aN i many boundary SOnditions do we Reed to 5 iG Wo-dimensiong) heat fer Problem? lat is hy ee as i Benerationy Give some examples, T heat Sin Sonduction through a Wall of thickness 1, and area A, Under what “ic ONS Will th, temperature distributions im the wall be a Straight line? : hat j i lat is the Physica} Significance Of the Nusselt number? How is it denned? ©) What is the dij fference between ©vaporation and boiling? (5x2) F : UNIT~ i a Ai 6-n-long 2-kW electrical esistance wire jg made of 0.2-cm-diameter Stainless stee} : (k= 151 Wim °C). The Tesistance wire Operates in an envi . heat transfer Coefficient of 149 Wim 2 : environment at 30°C with a face. Determine the surface (10) Ml, Heat is to be conduc Circuit board is 15 poxy layers are Side surfaces, de Wim . °C) and thermal conducti ted along a Circuit board cm long and 15 cm wide, 0.1 mm and 1.2 mm, Tespei termine the Percentages of epoxy (k = 0.26 Wim , ity of the board, that has a copper layer on one side. The » and the thicknesses of the copper and ing heat transfer from ng the copper (k = 386 letermine the effective (10) BOR et ear ctively, Disregardi heat conduction alo, °C) layers. Also de aluminum pin fins (k =237 Wim . °C): toit, The temperature of the Surrounding medi on the surfaces is 35 W/m? , °C, aa : for a 1-m section of the plate, Also determiee VL Vil. Sub, Code: 7061 Q) UNIT = The top surface of the passenger car of a train moving at a velocity of 70 knv/h oa m wide and § m long. The top surface is absorbing solar radiation at a rate 0 Wim 2, and the temperature of the ambient air is 30°C. Assuming the roof ‘of the car to be perfectly insulated and the radiation heat exchange with the surroundings to be small relative to convection, determine the equilibrium temperature of the top surface of the car, (10) Saturated steam at 30°C condenses on the outside of a 4-cm-outer-diameter, 2-m-long Vertical tube. The temperature of the tube is maintained at 20°C by the cooling water. Determine (a) the rate of heat transfer from the steam to the cooling water, (b) the rate of condensation of steam, and (c) the approximate thickness of the liquid film at the bottom of the tube. (10) A furnace is of cylindrical shape with R = H = 2 m. The base, top, and side surfaces of the furnace are all black and are maintained at uniform temperatures of 500, 700, and 1200 K, respectively. Determine the net rate of radiation heat transfer to or from the top surface during steady operation. (10)Exam.Code:0942 Sub. Code: 7062 MEC-605: Materials and Heat Treatment Time allowed: 3 Hours NOTE: Attempi five questions in all, includin ‘wo questions from each Section. Max. Marks: 50 '8 Question No. I which is compulsory and selecting ex A. (a) What do you understand by ‘Miller indices’? 28521 {b) Explain the importance of Manganese as alloying element in steel. (c) In general, HCP metals are hard and brittle while FCC metals are soft and ductile. Why? (4) _ Why solubility of carbon is more in austenite than in ferrite? (e)_ What is GIBBS phase rule? Section A Q2, _{a) Discuss various volume imperfections in a crystal. 5 (b) Calculate A.P.F. for BCC and FCC crystal structure. s Q3. (a) Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation. 5 (b)_ Write the various stages of growth of a crystal. 3 Qa. (a) Classify engineering materials. Explain any two of them, ‘ (b) State the effect of adding following elements to steel : Ni, Cr, V, Si, W. : Section B : QS. (a) What is critical cooling rate (CCR)? With neat sketch explain time temperature transformation (TTT) diagram and give its applications. (b) Draw a neat and labeled Iron-iron Carbide diagram and explain eutectic and eutectoid reaction in it. Distinguish between austempering and martempering. Compare normallzing and hardening processes. "Explain the following methods: Carbonitriding, Cyaniding.Exam,Code:0942 Sub. Code: 7062 1088 BLE, (Mechanical Engineering) Sixth Semester MEC-605: Materials and Heat Treatment Max. Marks: 50 NOTE: Ar i fv efi questions inal, including Question No. Iwhich is compulsory and selecting uestions from each Section | nex ae 5 ‘What do you understand by ‘Miller indices? 25-10 Explai Pisin the importance of Manganese as alloying element in steel. (c) In (6) Ingeneral, HP metas are hard and brittle while FCC metals are soft and ductile. Why? d) wi ili 2 (0) Why solubility of carbon is more in austenite than in ferrite? (e) What is GIBBS phase rule? Section A Q2, (a) Discuss various volume imperfections in a crystal 2 (b) Calculate A.P.F. for BCC and FCC crystal structure. 3 3. a) Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation, 5 (b) Write the various stages of growth of a crystal. 5 Q4. (a) Classify engineering materials. Explain any two of them. (b) State the effect of adding following elements to steel : Ni, Cr, V, Si, W. 5 Section B Q5. (a) What is critical cooling rate (CCR)? With neat sketch explain time temperature 5 transformation (TTT) diagram and give its applications. (b) Draw a neat and labeled Iron-Iron Carbide diagram and explain eutectic and eutectoid 5 reaction init. Distinguish between austempering and martempering. f “Compare normalizing and hardening processes. following methods: Carbonitriing, Cyaniding. hardening and induction hardening with neat sketches. zExam.Code:0942 ‘Sub. Code: 7063 B.E. (Mechanical Engineering), Sixth Semester _ MEC-606: Non Conventional Manufacturing "Time allowed: lowed: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 50 NOTE: Atte; : Aone" five questions in al, including, Question No. I which is compulsory and ing two questions from each Group. an XOX = ). Now Questions : What are the limitations in ultrasonic machining process? - List the process capabilities of electron beam machining? How will you select an electrode material for EDM process? Answer with justifications. Distinguish between conventional and electrochemical grinding. ‘Write four applications of abrasive flow machining. . What are the ranges of inter electrode gap usually maintained during electro chemical machiningand why? “Write the name of the various components used in abrasive flow machining. What is chemical machining? ‘What is Laser beam machining? ‘Write the principle of water jet machining? Group-A How is the development taking place in the area of modern machining processes? Give trends in manufacturing machining in support of your answer. (b) ‘What do you understand by transducer and magneto-striction effects? Explain the function of hom in ultrasonic machining process? During ‘electrochemical machining ‘of iron using aqueous solution of ‘NaCl as electrolyte, what are the possible reactions at anode and cathode? Explain why such ions occur at anode and cathode? x Pee ee ee —)—| oleae[limitations of Electro-chemical Grinding? 7 i ite Explain the effect of focusing on material removal by laser beam machining. Wri the advantages of such machining State and explain the mechanism of fmaterial removal in plasma machining Process? Write its working principle, Give simple sketch of this machining process. What are the safety precautions that should be taken during such machining operation?Exam.Code:0942 iss Sub. Code: 7063 .E. (Mechanical Engineering), Sixth Sem , ester MEC-606: Non Conventional Manufacturing “ime allowed: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 50 NOTE: Attempt five questions in all, including Question No. I which is compulsory and selecting two questions from each Group. ee ste. Q. No. Questions Marks ta "What are the limitations in ultrasonic machining process? b List the process capabilities of electron beam machining? c How will you select an electrode material for EDM process? Answer with justifications. Distinguish between conventional ‘and electrochemical grinding. ‘Write four applications of abrasive flow machining. f What are the ranges of inter electrode gap usually maintained during electro eet chemical machining and why? g “Write the name of the various components used in abrasive flow machining. h ‘What is chemical machining? i ‘What is Laser beam machining? i ‘Write the principle of water jet machining? Group-A. 2(a) | How is the development taking place jn the area of modern machining processes? Give trends in manufacturing machining in support of your answer. ‘What do you understand by transducer and magneto-striction effects? Explain the function of hom in ultrasonic machining process? During electrochemical machining of iron using aqueous ‘solution of NaCl as electrolyte, what are the possible reactions at anode and cathode? Explain why such types of reactions occur at anode and cathode? : ‘With a simple sketch explain the working principle of electrochemical honing process, How this process is different from electro chemics) deburing Pisce ype sketch of electro chemical deburring process and explain its working?limitations of Electro-chemical Grinding?’ 7 Ee 8 achining, Waite Explain the effect of focusing on material removal by laser beam m: | the advantages of such machining — State and explain the mechanism of jnaterial removal in plasma machining process? Write its working principle. Give simple sketch of this machining process: What are ‘the safety precautions that should be taken during such machining operation?