Implementation Of Quail Cage Monitoring System
Using Wireless Sensor Network with Lora Protocol
Heru Nurwarsito Primantara Hari Trisnawan
Faculty of Computer Science Faculty of Computer Science
University of Brawijaya University of Brawijaya
Malang, Indonesia
heru@ub.ac.id
Abstract— Quail is an easy animal that gets stressed besides
that, the smell of quail droppings is sharper than other birds so
that the placement of quail cages is usually in an area that is
far from settlements. However, with the placement of the cages
far from the settlements, problems arise in terms of
2021 2nd International Conference on ICT for Rural Development (IC-ICTRuDev) | 978-1-6654-3375-4/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/IC-ICTRUDEV50538.2021.9655712
monitoring, the owners of the cages need to go back and forth
to check the state of the cages, besides that, with the distance of
the cages from the settlements, there is a chance for theft.
Therefore, this underlies this research to implement a
monitoring system by applying the concept of a Wireless
Sensor Network using the LoRa protocol. The result of the first
system evaluation is that the functionality of the system can
run well. Second, the communication from the system can
properly transmit the detection results from the sensor node to
the owner of the quail cage. Third, LoRa performance with
good packet loss results is at a distance of 100m and the bad
one is at a distance of 400m. Finally, the performance of
MQTT namely the delay obtained is 521.885ms and is in a bad
category, and the packet loss obtained is 1% which is in the
very good category.
Keywords— Quail, LoRa, monitoring, packet loss,
Wireless Sensor Network.
I. INTRODUCTION
Breeding is one of the most popular businesses in
Indonesia. One of the favorite animals to be bred in
Indonesia is the quail. It was recorded that in 2017 the
population of quail livestock in Indonesia increased by
3.42% with a total of 14.6 million heads [1]. In raising quail
there are important factors in maintaining the quality of
production of quail such as feed, drinking water, cage
placement, temperature, and humidity [2]. In the production
of quail, the ideal temperature in the cage is 20°C-25°C with
a humidity of 30–80% [3].
The quail is an animal that is easily stressed [2]. More
noise can increase quail stress [4]. Besides, that, which can
cause stress to quail, the smell of quail droppings can also be
very disturbing because it has a sharper smell than other
poultry [5]. Therefore, the placement of quail cages is
usually in an area far from settlements. With the placement
of cages in areas far from settlements, problems arise in
monitoring the state of the cages. Checking the temperature
and humidity of the cage that is carried out makes the owner
of the cage have to go back and forth to check the state of
the cage, the availability of drinking water also needs to be
checked directly so that it doesn't run out, and not only that,
placing the cage far from the settlement can also cause
livestock theft.
With the problems described above regarding monitoring
the state of the cages located in areas far from settlements, it
is important to make a tool that can monitor the cage
remotely. In this study, WSN is used in its application by
utilizing the LoRa protocol because it has a long range and
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Zaki Fahmi Dwi Putra
Faculty of Computer Science
University of Brawijaya
Malang, Indonesia Malang, Indonesia
prima@ub.ac.id zakifahmi2@student.ub.ac.id
low energy consumption. The LoRa protocol is assisted by
an ESP32 microcontroller to be able to collect data on
temperature, humidity, ultrasonic sensors, reed switches, and
also PIR sensors. The system also uses MQTT so that it can
send the data obtained to the broker so that the owner of the
cage can see it as long as it is connected to the internet. This
paper is organized as follows. Section II is the related works,
which discusses previous researches. Section III is the
method, which explains what method is used for this paper.
Section IV is results and discussion, which explains the
results of the research and its evaluation. And finally section
V conclusion, which concludes the paper and what
conclusion is obtained.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
The first research is about implementing IoT for water
control and temperature monitoring in quail cages. To
monitor the temperature in the cage in this study using a
DHT11 sensor. In addition, sensors to measure the water
level used a float switch sensor and an ultrasonic sensor. The
two sensors are used to determine the water level in the
reservoir so that it can trigger the servo motor to be able to
turn the faucet to drain water or stop the flow of water. All
sensors are connected and controlled by the ESP8266
microcontroller, in addition to controlling these sensors the
ESP8266 microcontroller is also tasked with being able to
send data to the broker using MQTT with the help of WiFi.
The testing in this study only tested the functionality of the
sensors and applications to see whether the sensor data could
run as expected [6].
The second research is about making Smart-home AI
that can perform remote monitoring and maintenance using
LoRa. In this study, LoRa is designed to be used as a
communication medium in bridging sensor devices and
home devices that exist in smart homes to be sent to a data
server that has artificial intelligence so that it can be
monitored and controlled by the server. All IoT devices used
are regulated so that they can take energy from solar panels
and batteries. Researchers use LoRa compared to other
LPWAN technologies because LoRa is cheaper than other
technologies, besides that it also has flexible bandwidth
requirements, namely between 7.8-500khz, has a long
battery life, long-range, and has an unlicensed spectrum.
[7].
The next research is about making a water quality
monitoring system in aquaculture ponds using WSN and
utilizing the LoRa protocol. This study uses several sensors,
namely dissolved oxygen sensors, pH sensors, temperature
sensors, and also turbidity sensors, all of these sensors are
connected to the Arduino microcontroller which is in charge
of collecting data from these sensors which will then be sent
to the Raspberry pi gateway and forwarded to the cloud
server. using the HTTP protocol so that it can be displayed
on applications made by researchers. The tests carried out in
this study were to see whether each node worked as expected
and also how the performance of LoRa as a data transmission
protocol from the sensor node to the gateway [8].
A. Quail
Quail is a bird that has the characteristics of a small body,
unable to fly, and short legs [9]. This bird with the Latin
name Coturnix-coturnix japonica is a bird that was
domesticated in Japan from wild quail (Coturnix-coturnix)
and entered Indonesia and began to be cultivated at the end
of 1979 [5].
In raising quail there are important factors in maintaining
the quality of production of quail such as feed, drinking
water, cage placement, temperature, and humidity [2]. In the
production of quail, the ideal temperature in the cage is
20°C-25°C with a humidity of 30–80% [3]. Stress levels also
affect the quality of quail, according to Ratnasari [4]
excessive noise can make quail stress levels increase. In
addition, the smell of quail droppings can also be very
disturbing because it has a sharper smell than other poultry
[5]. Therefore, the placement of the cage also plays an
important role in the quality of the quail, so that the cage is
far from settlements and noise is important for the quality of
quail production and can avoid odors that can disturb the
surrounding settlements.
B. Wireless Sensor Networks
WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) is a modern technology
that combines sensors, automatic control, data processing,
data transmission, and data storage into a single unit [10].
WSN is part of IoT (Internet of Things) and has been
implemented in several research areas such as smart
building, health, military, agriculture, and others [11]. WSN
has several advantages in its application to the IoT world,
namely cheap implementation, flexibility, and can reach
remote areas [12].
C. MQTT
MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport) is a
lightweight and publish-subscribe-based technology for
messaging with ISO standards which can be used with
TCP/IP technology [13]. This MQTT technology requires a
broker whose job is to share all data published by clients on
other clients who subscribe to published topics, the use of
this technology is widely used in IoT applications because it
has the advantage that it is lighter in terms of resources and
data.
D. LoRa
LoRa is a technology from LPWAN (Low-Power Wide
Area Network) which mostly works at 125kHz, 250kHz,
500kHz bandwidth [14]. LoRa has a payload size with a
maximum of 255 bytes, along with a data transmission range
with low power consumption, making this technology
suitable for monitoring systems [15]. In addition, LoRa is
also inexpensive to implement and also has resistance to
interference, multipath, and fading [16].
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III. METHODOLOGY
A. General Description of The System
The following is a general system design which can be
seen in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. General System Design
The design of the system consists of 3 sensor nodes,
namely the temperature and humidity sensor node consisting
of the ESP32 microcontroller and the DHT11 sensor module
to detect the temperature and humidity of the enclosure, the
PIR sensor node, and the reed switch consisting of the
ESP32 microcontroller, the HCSR501 infrared sensor
module, and the reed sensor module. switch MC-38 to detect
if the door is open and detect if someone is entering the cage,
and the ultrasonic sensor node consists of the ESP32
microcontroller and the HCSR04 ultrasonic sensor module to
monitor the water level in the quail drinking water reservoir
so that it can know if the reservoir needs to be filled or not. .
The three sensor nodes will collect sensor data and send it to
the LoRa gateway node using LoRa communication from the
sx1278 module which is installed on the sensor node and
gateway node, the data sent by the sensor nodes is then
published to the broker using the home owner's WiFi so that
the data can be seen by the cage owner as long as it is
connected to the internet.
B. Design of Sensor Nodes
In this design, it consists of 3 microcontrollers and the
three microcontrollers will be connected to several sensors
such as temperature and humidity sensors, PIR and reed
switches, and ultrasonics to form 3 different sensor nodes,
namely temperature and humidity sensor nodes DHT11, PIR
sensor nodes HC -SR501 and reed switch MC-38, and
ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04. The three sensor nodes are
installed with the LoRa SX1278 module as well to be able to
carry out LoRa communication and can send the collected
data to the LoRa gateway.
C. Design of Gateway Node
The design of the gateway node consists of 2
components, namely the ESP32 microcontroller and the
LoRa SX1278 module. The gateway node works by
connecting to the WiFi located at the homeowner of the cage
first, then the gateway node will make calls to each sensor
node in the quail cage using LoRa communication so that the
sensor nodes will send detection data to the gateway using
LoRa communication as well. , after the gateway receives the
data then the received data will be changed which was
originally a struct to JSON and publish the changed data to
the broker using MQTT.
D. Sensor Node Implementation
1) Implementation of Temperature and Humidity Sensor
Nodes
The temperature and humidity sensor nodes in this study
consisted of an ESP32 microcontroller, a DHT11
temperature sensor module, and a LoRa sx1278
communication module. This temperature and humidity
sensor node is useful for monitoring temperature and
humidity in the quail cage and sending detection results from
the sensor to the LoRa gateway using the LoRa sx1278
communication module. The following is the implementation
of the temperature and humidity sensor node in Fig. 2. Fig. 4. Ultrasonic Sensor Node

E. Gateway Node Implementation

The LoRa gateway node in this study consisted of an
ESP32 microcontroller, and a LoRa SX1278 module. This
LoRa gateway node is useful for calling and receiving data
from sensor nodes in the form of a struct using the LoRa SX
1278 module and converting the data into JSON which then
publishes the JSON data to a broker with the MQTT protocol
using WiFi located at the owner's house. The following is the
implementation of the temperature and humidity sensor node
in Fig. 5.

Fig. 2. Temperature and Humidity Sensor Node

2) Implementation of PIR Sensor Node and Reed switch

The PIR sensor node and reed switch in this study
consisted of the ESP32 microcontroller, the HC-SR501 PIR
(Passive InfraRed) sensor module, the MC-38 reed switch
sensor module, and the sx1278 LoRa communication
module. This PIR sensor node and reed switch are useful for
monitoring the cage in terms of security at the entrance of the
cage. The data is then sent to the LoRa gateway using the
Fig. 5. Gateway Node
LoRa sx1278 communication module. The following is the
implementation of the temperature and humidity sensor node
in Fig. 3. IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Functionality Testing
The tests carried out show that the temperature and
humidity sensor nodes, PIR sensor nodes and Reed Switch,
Ultrasonic sensor nodes, and client nodes can run well. The
following are the results of the functionality test which can
be seen in Table I, Table II, Table III, Table IV, and Fig. 6.

TABLE I. TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY SENSOR NODE TEST

RESULTS

Fig. 3. PIR Sensor Node and Reed Switch Iteration 1 Iteration 2 Iteration 3
Test Temp Humid( Temp Humi Temp Humid
3) Ultrasonic Sensor Node Implementation (°C) %) (°C) d (%) (°C) (%)
1 32,9 72 32,8 73 32,8 77
The ultrasonic sensor node in this study consisted of the 2 32,8 72 32,8 72 32,9 86
ESP32 microcontroller, the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor 3 32,8 73 32,8 73 33,1 91
module, and the LoRa sx1278 communication module. This 4 32,8 73 32,8 73 33,2 94
ultrasonic sensor node is useful for monitoring high water 5 32,8 72 32,8 73 33,3 89
levels in quail drinking water reservoirs so that it can be 6 32,8 73 32,8 72 33,3 80
7 32,8 73 32,8 73 33,3 76
known when the reservoir needs to be filled with water or 8 32,8 73 32,8 72 33,4 74
not, the data obtained will then be sent to the LoRa gateway 9 32,8 73 32,8 72 33,5 74
using the LoRa sx1278 communication module. The 10 32,8 73 32,8 72 33,5 73
following is the implementation of the temperature and Avg 32,81 72,7 32,8 72,5 33,23 81,4
humidity sensor nodes in Fig. 4. Table 1 shows that the temperature and humidity sensor
nodes can retrieve temperature and humidity data with

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relatively small differences between data, this data is taken in
each successive iteration at 10 am, 12 am and 2 am.

TABLE II. ULTRASONIC SENSOR NODE TEST RESULTS

True
Iteration 1 Iteration 2 Iteration 3
No Height
(Cm) (Cm) (Cm)
(Cm)
1 43,5 43,6 43,59 43,59
2 31,5 31,7 31,7 31,69
3 28 28,07 28,07 28,08
4 25 25,21 25,21 25,21
5 20,5 20,55 20,55 20,55
Avg error (%) 0,44 0,44 0,44
Total Avg error
0,44
(%)
In Table II the ultrasonic sensor node can properly
retrieve water level data with a total average error of 0,44%.
Iteration on this data collection is done by repeating
reservoir filling so that it is known whether the next iteration Fig. 6. Client Node Test Results
has the same value as the previous iteration so that it is
known whether the sensor can detect it correctly or not. Fig. 6 shows that client nodes can subscribe and view
detection data from sensor nodes properly
TABLE III. REED SWITCH SENSOR TEST RESULTS
B. Communication Test
Test (Data)
No Condition In the communication test, it was found that data
Iteration 1 Iteration 2 Iteration 3 transmission using LoRa and MQTT can run smoothly.
1 Open Open Open Open Sending data from sensor nodes using LoRa communication
2 Open Open Open Open can run well which can be seen in Fig. 7, Fig. 8, and Fig. 9.
3 Open Open Open Open
4 Open Open Open Open
5 Open Open Open Open
6 Closed Closed Closed Closed
7 Closed Closed Closed Closed
8 Closed Closed Closed Closed
9 Closed Closed Closed Closed
10 Closed Closed Closed Closed
Avg error (%) 0 0 0 Fig. 7. LoRa Communication Temperature and Humidity Sensor Node
Total Avg error (%) 0

TABLE IV. PIR SENSOR TEST RESULTS

Test (Data)
No Condition
Iteration 1 Iteration 2 Iteration 3
Fig. 8. LoRa Communication PIR Sensor Node and Reed Switch
there is there is there is there is
1
movement movement movement movement
there is there is there is there is
2
movement movement movement movement
there is there is there is there is
3
movement movement movement movement
there is there is there is there is
4 Fig. 9. LoRa Communication Ultrasonic Sensor Node
movement movement movement movement
there is there is there is there is
5 The data sent can be received by the gateway node
movement movement movement movement
6 No movement Quiet Quiet Quiet properly using LoRa communication which can be seen in
7 No movement Quiet Quiet Quiet Fig. 10, Fig. 11, and Fig. 12.
8 No movement Quiet Quiet Quiet
9 No movement Quiet Quiet Quiet
10 No movement Quiet Quiet Quiet
Rata-rata error (%) 0 0 0
Rata-rata total error (%) 0

In Table III and Table IV the PIR Sensor Node and

Reed Switch can retrieve data on open or closed doors and
when there is movement or not in the door area with an
average total error of both 0. Iteration on this data collection
is carried out by testing the door three times so that it can be
seen whether the results of the next iteration are the same as Fig. 10. LoRa Communication Node Gateway Temperature and Humidity
the previous iteration so that it is known whether the sensor Data
can detect it correctly or not.

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Fig. 11. LoRa Communication Node Gateway Data PIR and Reed Switch
Fig. 12. LoRa Communication Ultrasonic Data Gateway Node
Gateway nodes can also connect to WiFi and MQTT
and publish data to brokers using MQTT as shown in Fig. 13
and Fig. 14.
Fig. 13. Testing WiFi Connection and MQTT Node Gateway
Fig. 14. MQTT Node Gateway Communication
C. Performance Testing
In the performance test, there are 2 tests, namely LoRa
performance testing and MQTT performance testing, each of
which tests packet loss and delay. Here are the test results.
1) LoRa Packet Loss Performance Testing
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Here are the results of the LoRa packet loss in Fig. 15.
Fig. 15. LoRa Packet Loss Test Chart
The calculation of packet loss in Fig. 15 shows the
percentage distance of 100 meters for Line Of Sight 0.66%
and Non-Line Of Sight 0.33%, a distance of 200 meters for
Line Of Sight 3% and Non-Line Of Sight 3.66%, a distance
of 300 meters for Line Of Sight 4.66% and Non-Line Of
Sight 8.66%, and a distance of 400 meters for Line Of Sight
7.33% and Non-Line Of Sight 38% so that it can be
concluded that the most packet loss good is at a distance of
100 meters Non-Line Of Sight which is 0.33% and the worst
is at a distance of 400 meters Non-Line Of Sight is 38%.
2) LoRa Delay Performance Testing
The following is the result of the LoRa packet loss
in Fig. 16.
Fig. 16. LoRa Delay Testing Chart
Delay is obtained with values at a distance of 100 meters
for Line Of Sight 21.57 ms and Non-Line Of Sight 23.05 ms,
a distance of 200 meters for Line Of Sight 20.63 ms and
Non-Line Of Sight 22.43 ms, distance 300 meters for Line
Of Sight 21.57 ms and Non-Line Of Sight 20.97 ms, and for
a distance of 400 meters for Line Of Sight 22.04 ms and
Non-Line Of Sight 21.54 ms so it can be concluded that the
most delay the lowest is at a distance of 200 meters Line Of
Sight which is 20.63 ms and the highest is at a distance of
100 meters Non-Line Of Sight which is 23.05 ms.
3) MQTT Delay Performance Testing
The following are the results of the MQTT delay in
Table V. In the MQTT delay test, The test was carried out 4
times, each of which sent 50 of data, in iteration 1 it has a
delay of 430.84 ms which then increases in iteration 2 which
is 542.18 ms and increases again in iteration 3 which is
567.32 ms and decreased in the fourth iteration, which is
547.2 ms, so it can be concluded that the quality of the
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