ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY NOTES

ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY:
▫ Abnormal behaviour
▫ Psychopathology
▫ Mental illness
▫ Psychotic disorder
▫ Mental disorder

Abnormal Psychology as a scientific study of abnormal behaviour or psychopathology

▫ complex concept.
▫ Abstract in nature
▫ Difficult to assess
▫ Not easy to diagnose
▫ Tentative diagnosis
▫ Not easily identifiable

How to indicate the tendency of the disorder?

There are two types of tests objective and subjective ones.

Tests both overt and covert behaviour

1- Objectives tests:
Definition:

An objective psychological test is essentially a standardized measure of a sample of behaviour.

Characteristics:

• Stimuli: contains a stimulus or set of items to measure characteristics of human beings that
pertain to the behaviour or self.
• Norms and standards: Most of the objective tests have norms and standards such as
reliability and validity by which the results can be used predict behaviour.
• Measures overt attributes of behaviour

Types:

• Achievement test
• Aptitude or ability test
• Personality test or inventories
• Intelligence test
• Tests of Interests, Values, Opinions and Attitudes: These tests can be administered to only
one person (individual test) or to a group of persons (group test)

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

• In 1937 at the University of Minnesota
 • The most widely used and researched clinical assessment tool used by mental health
professionals
• helps diagnose mental health disorders
DASS
• 500 questions, revised to 300 questions
• True and false form
• Used to find tendency of disorder
• Lying tendency

2-Structured interview:
Reveal about the patient's behaviours, experiences, and ever-changing personal
circumstances tell the treatment requirements at any given point in time

3- Subjective Tests:
Projective Personality Test you priject whats inside you
ego externalises and potraus whats hidden inside
Theoretical Foundations of PT
Projection defence mechanism:
A defence mechanism with which the ego externalizing and portrays what is hidden inside a
person to some experiential element.
It is based on this defence mechanism where you project what's inside you though a stimulus
Concept of projection hypothesis:
what you feel, you portray on others

• Unconscious projection
• Don’t restrict the respondents
• No limitations for the respondents; when you instruct the respondents you shout
limit them as if you restrict, then they won't project and draw what comes to thru
mind
• The ambiguous the stimulus, better the projection

Characteristics or advantages of the tests:

Ambiguous material: -Projective techniques often use ambiguous material to which the subject
must respond freely, often in descriptive form. Ambiguous material means that every subject can
interpret the test stimuli in his own way depending on what is inner most part of his personality.

2. Evoke responses from unconscious of the subject even without his awareness: -
Projective tests evoke responses from unconscious of the subject and internal world of the
subject is revealed even without his awareness that he is doing so. Hence the purpose of
projective test is not disclosed to the subject otherwise he becomes test conscious and may
hide his real feelings.
3. Multi dimensionality / wholistic responses: -The dimensions in which the subject can
respond are various as physical intellectual, social and emotional. In sort the totality of
behaviour as a whole.

4. Freedom to respond: The freedom projective tests provide full freedom to the subject to
respond to the test stimuli.
5. Answers are not right or wrong: -In projective tests the responses of the subject are not
scored or evaluate as right or wrong

Professional / Practical Uses and Advantages of PT

• Psychologists use these tests to examine the personality of a person for the purpose of
selection for a job. They are commonly used in clinical settings, in forensic assessments.
Doctors, therapists, and police use them for examining people (multiple uses).
• A better way of understanding interaction and communication of others
• Best usage is with low literate, children and adolescents
• A culturally free test

Concerns or disadvantages about Projective Methods

• Too many other variables besides internal feelings may enter into drawing
• Stimuli may not be always ambiguous
• Every aspect may not necessarily relate to a personality attribute such as: Situational
Variables, testing situation is a matter of concern
• Psychometric Considerations reliability and validity estimates are low

Classification of projective techniques

1- Rorschah
The inventor of the test, Hermann Rorschach
Inkblot test: association to inkblots or word
Ambiguous, meaningless image (i.e., an inkblot): It is shown and the mind starts to work on
imposing meaning on the image. That meaning is generated by the inner mental processes.
Concept of projection hypothesis:
what you feel, you portray on others and hence by asking the person to tell you what they
see in the inkblot, they are actually telling you about themselves, and how they project
meaning on to the real world.
Example: see clouds they picture of aeroplane Butterly
Characteristics:

• Valid: utilised over many years

• Reliable:
• Tested
• unstructured
• Diagnostic tool is required: 1 year of training and can't interpret yourself

2- (TAT) The Thematic Apperception Test, or TAT

Construction of stories or sequences: People express their inner motives through the stories
they make up about ambiguous cards
Thirty-one picture cards: serve as stimuli for stories and descriptions about relationships or
social situations. Deeds on the person and how much cards client gives
Unconscious association with the hero: shown in picture constructs a story and ending
outcome to decipher what is in mind

3- HTP TEST
• Author: John N Buck
• Developed in 1947 with revisions in 1948, 1949, 1992
• Publisher: Western Psychological Services – Los Angeles

Recommended Use and HTP advantages

• Preferred to be used in combination with other projective tests, it is usually given first as
an “ice- breaker”.
• Anyone over 3 years of age
• culture or language free test: especially appropriate for individuals who are non-English-
speaking, culturally different, educationally deprived, etc
Administration:
Client draws three objects:
a house, a tree, a person on plain paper
• Administrator also uses specific questions to enable client to describe, define, and interpret
his/her drawings
• Client responses are organized under categories
Categories for client responses:
 ▫ General Observations
▫ Proportion
▫ Perspective
▫ Detailing
▫ Essential or Relevant Details
▫ Non-essential or Irrelevant Details
▫ Line Quality
▫ Pencil Pressure
▫ Placement of the drawing
▫ Erasure
▫ Order of Drawing

4- ROTTER INCOMPLETE SENTENCE BLANK (RISB)

Completion of sentences or stories

Phrases to be completed by the respondents
Characteristics:

• Semi structured stimulus: phrase to be competed

• Instant: no time is given

5- (Zongdi)
Arrangements / Selection of pictures or verbal choices

Construct a story and arrange them

5- Stanford-Binet intelligence test

provided a single number, known as the intelligence quotient (IQ), to represent an individual's
score on the test.

Cognitive impairment
Assess the IQ
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY:

A psychological disorder/ mental disorder

• symptoms that impact multiple life areas and create distress and dysfunction for the
person experiencing
• sufferer possess harmful thoughts feelings and / or behaviour.
• Abnormal mental processes effect everyone one way or another, however not
everyone can be given a diagnosis.

Classification system of disorders used for diagnosis

1. DSM-V (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders used by
USA)
• Released by the American psychological association
• It is used by clinical psychologists, and professional psychologists
• Tells the types and intensity of the disorder
• The DSM-V describes approximately 250 different psychological disorders, most of
which fall under a category of similar or related disorders
• Followed by everyone around the world except China and Malaysia
• “Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders (CCMD)” China does not follow any
diagnostic system as above rather have developed their own
Prominent diagnostic categories:

• eating disorders
• mood disorders
• somatoform disorders
• sleep disorders
• anxiety disorders
• personality disorders.

Use

• For diagnostic purposes as well.

• Research purpose by the APA
Characteristics:
 • Lie on the continuity- mild moderate sever and very severe
• mental illness as spectrum i.e., it diagnoses and describes only symptoms of
abnormal behaviours rather than explaining the origins of them or suggesting any
treatments.
• Criteria is identified for a mental disorder
• Identifies the intensity of the disordered
• Description is based on symptoms and syndromes

2. ICD-10: (International Classification of Disorders)

It is another classification system of disorders used by psychiatrists for diagnosis.

Used by the psychiatrist

These two systems are not exactly compatible.
Dangers of Diagnosis
Problem of stigmatization

The field of Abnormal Psychology is concerned with description, diagnosis, understanding

causes, planning treatment (Psychosocial and Biological) and evaluating the treatment
outcome of psychological disorders.
Psychopathology: Psychopathology refers to the study of mental disorders in terms of their
causes, development, course, classification, and treatment.

• Give anti-anxiety and depressants and

• Dependency: caused by it and can cause if consumer for a long period of time
• Withdrawal symptoms: The dose has to be increased to get fufillment5

Phytomedicine: it can be defined as the herbal medicine with therapeutic and healing
properties.

• Alternative- herbs
• Herbal medicine to treat anxiety
• Not much side effects

Types:

• Kava: Kava have reported reduced symptoms of stress and anxiety, increased coping
ability, elevated mood, improved sleep and improved physical symptoms of stress
• Chamomile eta: chamomile may have a number of health benefits including
Lowering depression and anxiety
• Hypericum perforate: is a perennial plant, used in traditional medicine for the
treatment of several disorders, such as minor burns, anxiety, and mild to moderate
depression.
 • Amorin: Reduces feelings of sadness and worry. Used for cod tendency and
depressing anxiety
Assessment diagnosis or understanding
of any case it is essential to take into account clients cultural, religious, traditional and
familial background etc.

Projective tests can be used to assess the mental health hence have multiple usages.
Projective tests are common assessment procedures for neurosis. For psychosis depending
on the case there are various methods such as neuropsychological tests which assess brain
and behaviour relationship. Examples include CT scan MRI or fMRI.

Cultural Bound Syndromes: Are the symptoms according to the culture

shenjing shairou
Culturally specific: have been identified such as sheening Shirou in China which appears
similar to the DSM classification of major depression, but patients report more somatic
complaints and less sad mood. Same is the case with AMOK in Malaysia i.e., depression
without any sad mood. That means there are different types of depressions in different
cultures.

In total 36 such CBS identifiers have been identified all over the world.
Issues:

• individual
• dysfunctional families
• Workplaces
• Neighbourhoods
• cities,
• Universities
• cultures.

Such as there are some cultures in which people link mental illness with supernatural causes
(e.g., witchcraft, evil eye) and are less likely to seek help from a mental health professional
and more likely to seek help from a traditional healer or medicine man (Mateus, dos Santos,
& de Jesus Mari, 2005).
There is not much evidence that disorders are actually categorically distinct from one
another (both within and across diagnostic categories). Hence Line between normal and
abnormal is blurred especially in case of mild to moderate disorders.
 MAJOR CATEGORIES OF DISORDERS

▫ Major Categories of Disorders or Clinical Syndromes

▫ Problems of Stress and Anxiety
o Anxiety Disorders
o Stress Disorders
o Somatoform (Conversion) and Dissociative Disorders
o Psychosomatic Disorders
▫ Problems of Mind and Body
o Eating Disorders (Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Obesity)
o Substance-Related Disorders (alcohol drug dependence)
o Sexual Disorders and Gender Identity Disorder
(Discomfort with sexual identity as male or female, paraphilia's i.e., preference for unusual
acts to achieve sexual arousal), sexual dysfunctions (impairment in sexual functioning)
▫ Problems of Psychosis
o Schizophrenia
▫ Problems of Mood
o Mood Disorders
▪ (Suicide, Major Depression, Bipolar Disorder, dysthymic disorder,
cyclothymic disorder).
▫ Other Severe Mental Disorders
▫ Life-Span or Developmental Problems
o Personality Disorders
▪ (Such as Borderline, histrionic, Obsessive Compulsive, Antisocial etc)
o Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence
▪ (Attention Deficit Disorders, Autism, Mental Retardation, Enuresis and
Stuttering).
o Disorders of Aging and Cognition
▪ (Dementia, Delirium, and Amnesia)

Administration and scoring of DAS

DASS Depression anxiety stress scale:
The DASS is a 42-item self-report instrument designed to measure the three related
negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and tension/stress

• Objective tool
• Anxiety and depression sores
• Tendency to indicate the depression anxiety and dress
• Not a clinical diagnosis
 • If severe score, see a psychologist
• Questionnaire determines neurosis vs psychosis
Neurosis:
• Mild- severe symptoms
• You’re aware if neurotic
• Neurologically depressed: mild- moderate
• Too much anxiety
• Not psychotic
Psychosis:
• Severe- very severe symptoms
Nature of psychosis:

Characteristics: Paranoid schizoid

• Loss the Contant with reality

• Disoriented
• Actively schizophrenic
• Hallucinate
• Paranoid Schizoid: individual cuts with reality and Ie, food u think is
opinions
 • Psychotic
• Others are more affected by it
• Fails to be an unhappy person
• Distressed
• Uneasy
• Great level of discomfort
Depression- neurosis+ psychosis

ANXIETY DISORDERS
Who is afraid of?
▫ small insect
▫ specific category of animals
▫ speaking to a large audience
▫ or speaking in front of a small specific group
▫ meeting new people
▫ attending social gatherings
▫ failing in an important exam despite best preparation etc
ANXIETY DISORDERS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
Anxiety: diffuse, vague very unpleasant, uncomfortable feelings under stressful fearful or
apprehensive situations.
Situations can be real or imaginary.
Anxiety as a physiological reaction
Symptoms:
• such as rapid heart rate
• shortness of breath
• Diarrheal
• loss of appetite
• Fainting
• Dizziness
 not pathological in nature
and can be normal experiences n life
maladaptive when excessive
• Sweating fear is present ortiented
• Sleeplessness result form neaurotic an d moral anxiety
no tranquilizers
• frequent urination
• Tremors.
The experience of anxiety can be best understood on a continuum from a normal adaptive
response to a hectic life full of pressures deadlines and stress to a more severe form which
disrupts a person’s daily functioning. Hence it is not always pathological in nature and both
panic and anxiety can be very much “normal” experiences in life, they become maladaptive
when they become excessive, chronic, and in absence of any real danger.
Fear and anxiety are different from one another. In fear no conflict is involved and threat is
known. Another difference- Fear is the Present-Oriented Mood State and Anxiety is Future-
Oriented.
Anxiety Disorder result from neurotic and moral anxiety.
Tranquilizers never eliminate the root cause of anxiety, only result in excessive sleeping. The
word “Clinomania” means excessive desire to stay in bed.

Generalised anxiety disorder: GAD

Definition:
it is defined as the worry of everything

Time duration: 6 months or more

Characteristics:
• Fely very worried
• Doune hard to stop worrying
• Anxiety made it defect to car oy everyday activities Ie work study seeing
fiend send family
Generalised anxiety disorder DSM Diagnosis:
Example case study
Anjum periodically suffers from extremely high levels of anxiety but he cannot pinpoint
the source or otherwise say why he is so anxious. He is terrified at times, his heart often

races, he feels wobbly, and has difficulty concentrating .

Case study on GAD
• Dana was 52-year-old supervisor at a company.
• He was reasonably successful in his work” I don’t know I think about the money all the
time”.
• The three children were doing well in studies still he was sleepless for hours and hours
continuously worrying about them.
• He said it is strange that I am worrying when I find nothing as such to worry about. He said I
worry about worry, I want to run away, I don’t want anyone to see me. He further said going
to work is a burden I can’t stand any noise. I expect something awful is likely to happen.
• My doctor kept on trying one medicine after the other later said all relevant medicines are
exhausted now and he has no solution to my problem.

Commonly experienced anxiety symbols overlap with cardiac symptoms

Bnw ddhss ttff
1. Breathlessness
2. Nervousness bnw
dd hh ss
3. Worry send apprehension tt ff
4. Dizziness
5. Difficulty I concentrating
6. Heart palpitations
7. Hyper vigilance
 8. Sleeplessness
9. Sweaty
10. Tension
11. Tremba nag
12. Frequency urination or edification
13. Feeling fair
Similarity between Anxiety and cardiac illness
Longitudinal case study you collect the data of the respondents again and
again
• Worthwhile
• Valuable
Case study:
Psychologist and cardiologists investigated alomgigytadal study case study of
5000 patients having risk factors existed and wee bowed Ove the period of 5
years and many passed away
Risk indicators:
• Hypertension
• diabetes
• History of smoking
• History of alcohol
• Genetic history
Findings:
Vital exhaustion: Foun the 24 indicators which were the variables of vita
exhaustion: meaning that those who died of a heart attack possessed at least
50% on these parameters
Shows the significance of the vital exhaustion variable: it is a predictor of
future heart attacks
Significance foe the cardiologist field:
24 indicators/ items/ variables of vital exhaustion
1. Feel weak
2. Don’t feel fine
3. often tired
 c
d
4. Feel dejected f
h
5. Feel listless i
6. Easily irritated l
t
7. Feel hopeless w
8. Feel like crying
9. Trouble falling asleep
10. Often wale up during night
11. Wake up exhausted
12. Secula interest lessened
13. Have strange bodily sensations
14. Have spells of shaking and resembling all over
15. Feel as though not accomplish enough
16. Difficulty in concentrating
17. difficulty in coping with everyday periblems
18. Difficulty in graphism new problem
19. Shrink from regular work
20. Want to give up trying
21. Body is like battery losing power
22. just don't have what it takes anymore
23. Believe to have come to dead end
24. Want to be dead at times
Result
• If you have 50% score in it and then high chance of heart attack
• If you are male in the last 20 and 4 and then heaty attack symptoms that
give them first aid or die of heart attack
Conclusion
it's the predictor of heart attack in near future predicotr of myocardial infarction

Type A behavioural pattern

• Type is closely associated and interlined with heart disease
• Heart patients have this personality
Characteristics
• Anxious at everything
• Pressure at life
• Job stress
 after cardiovascuar diseases cancer is the
• Workaholic second
• Pressure for reaching the target
Behavioural risk factors in cancer
suppression of emotions
• Identified by Shaffer graves swank and Pearson in 1987
• it’s a specific behaviour astern identified with the increased risk of
developing cancer
• Loneliness is a risk factor for developing cancer

PHOBIA
• It is the most common anxiety disorder
• Irrational, illogical intense recurrent exaggerated and unrealistic fear of
some specific object or situation disproportional to the actual situation
Characteristic:
phobic eprson
• Intense Irrational illogical fear of objects (comp) recognises fear is
excessive and insight
• You see images of people, objects exists
cultural myths like
• Common in children nazar shouldnt be
• Exposure to phobia can lead to a panic attack cnsidered as the

• Durain is 6 months of the indivisibles under 18 years of age

• Different phobia appears at different ages
Categories of phobias:

1. Specific phobia: intense irrational fear of object places or situation

Types of specific phobias:
Zoo phobia:
• The phobia of animal and insects
• Common among the children's
• Minimisation by positive interaction: if you have a positive interaction
with an animal, it may minimise
Agoraphobia: common along elders;
• Fear of stepping out in unfamiliar spaces
• Fear of change
• Suppression anxiety: you can't leave your comfort zone and go outside
 • temporary withdrawal
Example case study
• Rashid complains that he is experiencing recurrent episodes of light-headedness,
rapid breathing, and dizziness, especially as he attempts to leave his house. The
symptoms have become so severe that, in fact, he is leaving his house less and less
frequently. He now only goes the grocery store in the company of his sister. Once in
the store, he checks immediately for the exits and windows.
2. Social phobia or social anxiety disorder:
fear or rejection and fear of criticism
Fear of rejection manifests itself of the concern for approval and disproval of
your boss or other people
Stage fright:
It is mainly in performers and marked by persistent fear across social or
performance situations
The performance group includes people who have strong anxiety at the idea of doing
something in front of, or in the presence of, other people. Such situations include dining out,
working, giving a speech or using a public restroom.
The interactional group includes people whose fears centre on circumstances where they
have to converse or otherwise engage with others, such as meeting new people.

Types of fear:
• the Fear of rejection is due top early childhoods as a result pf parents
giving conditional love
• Fear across performance
• Fear of the interaction situation
• Fear of interpersonal communication skills
• Fear of getting ridiculed and humiliated
• Fear of interpersonal and communication skills
• Fear of criticism
• Fear of assertion
• Fear of making a mistake
• Fear of public speaking
Characteristics
• These people are hypertensive to civicism
 he personal life of these individuals is often
typically bleak if intensity too high because they
have no friends
• Have low self esteem
• Negative evaluation of rejection of themselves
• Feelings of inferiority
• Have a history of shyness Ie, Gettig embarrassed Infront of others

Typical age of the onset of phobias:

Cases Mean age of the onset

Animal 50 7
injection 59 8
blood 40 9
dental 60 12
social 80 16
claustrophobe 40 20
Agoraphobe 100 30

OBSESSIVE -COMPULSIVE DISORDER

Characteristics:
l features of Obsessive Compulsive
in children have no urge to minimise the obsession Disorder are recurrent and unwanted
thoughts (i.e. obsessions) and or
Adults mire severe and in trouble unwanted rituals or behaviors (i.e.
Compulsions) that are severe
Reason:
enough to be time consuming i.e.
Aware the aver germs and aware of the obsessive thoughts and are helpless they take more than one hour in a
day, also they are so severe as to
cause marked distress or significant
COMPULSIONS and rituals impairment.
Unwanted ritual or behaviour

Time consuming more than one hour in a day and causes acute distress

Obsessions:

Irrational and recurrent thoughts and imagines comes to mind that causes him
great distress
Inability to focus
Presentations of OCD in children
Forms of obsessions: is similar to that of adults.
OCD should not be mixed with
Obsessional ruminations Obsessive Compulsive
Personality, both are different
however OCPD and OCD can
occur in the same individual.
Internal debates whether to do the simplest every day actions or such as
turning off the gas tap or securing a door, and cheeking if locked door or not
Obsessional impulse:
these are the urges to perform certain acts usually of a violent or embarrassing
kind
Miscellaneous actions:
▫ need to saying
know or remember
▫ Fear of seeing certain things
▫ Fear of not saying the right things
thing
▫ Fer of losing rhinos
▫ Having certain iagesbithered by certain noises
▫ Intrusive nonsense sounds works or music
▫ Lucky unlucky number
supertecious fears
▫ Need for symmetry exactness or order
Compulsion types
▫ Checking Ritul- check if the fan is off or not
▫ Cleaning washing ritual
▫ Ordering and arranging ritual- in specific order clothing
▫ perfectionism
▫ Hoarding collecting compulsion – keeping old notes
Obsession vs normal:
Any obsession that bothers you to the extent that what ulu want to do, yoyo
entered and enjoyment is polluted and you don’t enjoy due to the disturbance
and I > 1 hour Youa re a disordered one
Not disordered:
successful elimination
The thought can disturb but shouldn't take much of your energy
If you not able to then you are
Disordered: If your unable to concentrate on task be distracted, you are
Example: In a day 24 Hours and you spend
30 mins class, 30 driving, 3o cooking
 GAD
GAD and cardiac arrest
social anxirtey disorder or social phobia
OCD
INtenret use disorder

On average it takes >1 Hour everyday then you are a person who is obsessive
Example:
Case study:
Zahida is extremely concerned with cleanliness. In fact, before she retires at night, she goes
through a cleaning ritual of her clothes and body that sometimes lasts for up to 2 hours. If
she misses a step in the ritual or performs part of it imperfectly, she starts the ritual all over
again

The obsessive-compulsive disorder case study:

• Pat a 40 years old woman was referred to a clinical psychologist for the treatment of
anxiety disorders.
• during her high school years (e.g., she was more concerned with cleanliness than her
peers appeared to be). After 6 years of this her symptoms given the diagnosis of
Underreported that both her sister and father had sought treatment for anxiety
disorders.
• Since the symptoms were intensified, she developed fear of coming into contact with
persons who had been to a funeral.
• compulsion of washing and inability to do certain things, he also supported her by
allowing her to take “contaminated” things out of house and buy separate food for
herself.
• During the course of treatments, she later reported a fear of snakes, feeling down most
of the time, symptoms of poor appetite, trouble falling asleep, and decreased interest in
activities which she used to enjoy in the past

is characterized by an excessive use of

Internet use disorder (IUD)
excessive
• Internet use gaming disorder internet
• web dependency behavour
• Internet addiction disorder
computers or other devices, e.g.
smartphones, tablet-pcs etc., for online
activities, to an extent that other
activities of daily life are severely
compromised.

Definition:
It is excessive internet behaviour and is the use of computer and other devices Ie, smartphone tablet
pc for online activities to the extent that other activities of daily life are compromised

Symptoms:

• Overwhelming preoccupation with online activities to the extent that leads to impairment or
distress
• Loss of other interest
• Need to spent increasing time on internet
• Unsuccessful attempts to quit internet use
• Use of internet to improve or ascertain condemns such as gloomy mood anxiety or
unaffirmable duties

Related to conditions:
o
 • Anxiety disorder
• Attention deficit, hyperactivity disorder ADHD
• Mood disorder
• Personality disorder
• OCD make up fo the self esteem and fill the gap of intimacy

Selfie- a mental disorder

Identified in march 2014

Selfitis:
It is an obsessive-compulsive desire to take one's photos and post them on social media to
make up for lack of self-esteem and fill the gap of intimacy

3 levels according to American psychiatric association: atleast

1. Borderline selfitis: taking photos of oneself artily three times a day but not posting o social
media
2. Acute selfies: at least 3 times a day and posting each on social media
3. Chronic selfitis: uncontrollable urge to take photos a=of obese self-round the clock n posting
A state when some loss of memory
more than 6 times a day occurs. The person is unable to recall
specific events often as a result of
Treatment: extreme stress.
Significant memory loss occurs about
CBT cognitive behave therapy personal information that is not due to
an organic cause. It is reversible in
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS nature.
This disorder vanishes abruptly as it
1. Dissociative amnesia: begins and rarely re-occur

Definition: a state when some loss of memory occurs and memory impairment person not able to
recall specific events due pt. extreme stress

Types:
• Short term amnesia: short term where you can't retain new information
• Lomg term amnesia: causes long term Emmory loss
• Selective amnesia: involves forgetting only some of the events during a certain oweniid of
time or only part of the traumatic event
• Continuous amnesia: Forgetting everything before and remember after the trauma

Characteristics:
• Reversible in nature: memory loss not sue to organic cause and is reversible
• Disconnection of the consciousness and pre consciousness
• Disconnection of the superego, ego and id
• No memory recall: Person unable recall some events because of extreme stress
• Vanishes abruptly as it begins snd rarerly recoocrus
• Rarely re occurs
 2. Psychogenic amnesia:
• Memory loss is Reversible in nature
• forgetfulness
• memory impairment

3. Dissociative fugue
Fugue means flight

Definition:

A form of amnesia in which sufferer leaves home establishes new identity and forgets his previous
identity

Characteristics

• Memory loss: you forget everything in rare cases

• time duration: brief last few days, weeks months extreme case sears
• Not a psychotic state
• Unconscious wandering in which people have limited social contacts

4. Dissociative Identity disorder: multiple personality

Definition:
Rare disorder where person takes over attest two or more disorders that are entirely
afferent from one anorthite
Often confused with schizophrenia but is not
Female: 15 similimutanousy occurring personalities
Entirely different: the mannerism, vocal movements entirely different from one another

Male: 7 simultaneously occupying personalities

Examples:

• King vs rude
• introvert vs extrovert
• Driving vs, no driving
• Dull vs very bright

Clinical picture of the disorder:

Did patient talk with different voices and sounds

Cause:

• Continuous experience of tortuous s trauma

• Trauma from home The first one is usually restrained, restricted and dull but
the other one is entirely different from the previous one;
one’s mannerisms, vocal, movements are entirely
different from one another.
Research indicate that on average there may exist up to
15 such personalities in case of women and 7 in men.
opteh confused with schizphrena
 • The conscious constantly negates and forgets it because it's too painful

COMES AFTER BEHAVIUOURAL RISK FACTOR IN CANCER

PHYSICAL STRESS DISORDER
Somatoform and related disorder
Definition IMPORTANT TO DIFFERNETIATE BETWEEN PHYSICAL STRESS
AND THE SOMATOFORM
A disorder where takes over psychical form into any apparent cue

Characteristics;

• Physical symptoms no medical cause

• Physical- medical

Difference between physical treeing psychosomatic disorder desired fire

somatoform disorder
Psychosomatic / psycho- physiological somatoform
Medial deterioration psychosomatic Pretend and apparent physical
illness.
Physical symptoms
Result in actual physical damage No actual damage to any part of
the body. Physiological problem
takes physical form without an
physical symptoms, usually lacking a medical explanation
apparent physical cause
Physical illness worsened by psychological Exaggeration and excessive
factorise anxiety stress and depression concern adbot health
Examples: Examples:
• asthma • ana Goh conversion
common cold shyster
• insomnia • Pain disorder
• Chronic headache • hypochondria
• Migraine headache
• Menstrual pain Psycho-physiological disorders result into actual
• Pregnancy complicates physical damage whereas somatoform disorders
are “apparent” physical illnesses only and no
• Ulcers actual damage to any part of the body exists.
These disorders indicate some hidden needs,
repression or reinforcement.

A true story based on Somatoform (Conversion Disorder)

• A 46-year-old married housewife described being overcome with feelings of extreme faintness,
with slight nausea, four or five nights a week. During these attacks she would have the feeling
that she was “floating” and unable to keep her balance. These attacks almost occurred at about
 4:00 pm. She usually had to lie down on the couch and often did not feel better until around
7:00 or 8:00 pm. After recovering she would spend most of the evening watching TV or relaxing
in the living room.
• The patient had been described physically fit during almost all visits to the doctor.
• When inquired by the psychologist the patient described her husband as a tyrant, frequently
demanding verbally abusive of her and four children. She admitted that she feared upon his
arrival to home he would make complaints and become a source of unrest for the family.
Recently she found that during her illness she along with the kids were taken to McDonald’s or
KFC. After that, her husband would settle in his bed room not engaging in fights or arguments
anymore. In spite of all these troubles the patient claimed that she loved her husband and did
not want to leave him.

PERSONALITY DISORDER OT NEUROTIC STYLES

• Personality disorders or styles refers to those consistent pervasive unhealthy traits or
characteristics of a person that account for consistent patterns of unhealthy feeling, thinking,
behaving, relating to others.

Characteristics:

• Not disorder in medical terms- personality or person’s behaviour creates disorder for his /
herself and for others. - not
• There is an inner impulse control problem- not situation specific
• Hardly recognises nature This pattern is stable and is
• Range on a continuum- mild moderate sever very sever of long duration
• Lifelong conditions
• Not disorder in medical sense
• Those with this personality are Lazy or evil people
• Some are lifelong conditions

Multi-Factorial Aetiology – Psycho-Social or environmental Factors

• Bad interface: ETIOLOGY
Personality Disorders are not disorders at all in
the medical sense, rather they are variety in
behavioral patterns or styles in which the
personality or person’s behavior creates
disorder for his / herself and for others
bad interface between a child's temperament and character with the family on there

• Childhood trauma verbal base

• chaotic home environment.
In a study of 793 mothers and children, researchers asked mothers if they had screamed at their
children, or told them they didn’t love them or threatened to send them away. Children who had
experienced such verbal abuse were three times as likely as other children to have borderline,
narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive or paranoid personality disorders in adulthood.
How to avoid the personality disorders?
Peers. Certain factors can help prevent children from developing personality disorders.

• Even a single strong relationship with a relative, teacher or friend can offset negative
influences, and can have a profound positive impact say psychologists.

Clusters as per ds M
Odd or eccentric (suspicious behaviours)
• Paranoid
• schizoid or schizotypal personality disorder
Dramatic, emotional or erratic (inconsistent, changeable) behaviours
• Antisocial
• Borderline
• Histrionic
• narcissistic personality disorder
Anxious or fearful behaviours
• Avoidant
• Dependent
• obsessive-compulsive disorder

ODD ECCENTRIC CLUSTER

Type Characteristics

Paranoid Suspicious & mistrust

 Schizoid Hermit like lifestyle, aloneness

Types of personality disorder types and problems

1. Paranoid personality disorder
It comprises patterns of distrust and suspicion without sufficient basis of others motives that they are
exploiting, harming or deceiving the person

Characteristics of the person:

• Bear grudges
• unforgiving of insults
• Reads interpret hidden meaning as threating
• Reluctant to confide in others
• Do not accept criticism and blame others for shortcoming
• Ma exabit feeling s grandiose fantasies
• work Related Issues of this personality - Poor interpersonal relationships with boss
and peer group. However, if highly ambitious may meet work demands if
organizational environment is non-threatening.
Case study- unique irrational thoughts

• After texting girlfriend and if after 5 minutes I do not receive a reply, then I would be
wondering every minute why she has not texted me back. Specifically, I would have
thoughts such as She hates me, she must be talking to others who are more important
than me, she likes another guy and not me.
• I would then text to my girlfriend and ask why you hate me why you ignore me, now
you are getting interested in someone else and being unfaithful to me etc.
• Hours later I would receive a reply from my girlfriend saying “Sorry Hunny! my phone
battery had died or that I forgot my phone in the car hence could not reply you in time”.
• I am single today at age 45 and have lost almost all my close relations because of this
doubt and suspicion.

2. Schizoid or schizotypal personality disorder

• It is a pattern of detachment from social or interpersonal relationships and restricted
range of emotional expressions, beginning by early adulthood.
Characteristics;

• Person does not enjoy close relationships and being part of the family
• No sexual please
• Work Related Issues of this personality – Work involving interpersonal interactions is
difficult. May work in an environment that provides social isolation.
 DRAMATIC ERRATIC CLUSTER OF PDS
Type Characteristics

Antisocial Disregard of others’ rights without guilt

Borderline Problems with self-identity, IPRs, mood
shifts, & self-destructiveness.

Narcissistic Over-evaluation of self, arrogance, &

indifference to the criticism of others

Histrionic Dramatic behaviours, attention seeking, &

superficiality

1. Antisocial personality disorder

It is a pattern of disregard for violation of the rights of others. This personality
is associated with crime violence and delinquency occurring after the age of
15.
Features:

• Failure to conform to social norms

• Violating laws
• Don’t acre about feelings and suffering of tours
• Deceitfulness
• Manipulation
• Impulsivity
• Failure to plan areas
• Playing games
• Recklessness
• Disregard fry safety of self and others
• Consistent irresponsibility However the disorder may decline with
• Lack of guilt after Hurtig others increasing age and may disappear in 40’s
punishment
• Punchmen has little impact ton behaviour
• Difficult in sustaining productive work
• Punishment seems to have little effects on their behaviour. However, the disorder may
decline with increasing age and may disappear in 40’s.

Work Related Issues of this personality – Difficulty in sustaining productive work. Persons who share
only some of the above characteristics may function successfully in a work role, however if typical
characteristics exist then that interferes with work roles effectively and a person can land into trouble.

2. Borderline personality disorder

This disorder is a pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationship, unstable self-image

and affects and marked impulsivity .

Characteristics

• Intense anger
• Chronic feeing of emptiness
• Maked by identity disturbance
• Marked reactivity o moods
• Difficult in controlling anger
• Sudden changes implosions and plans about career, value and types of friends
• Declines with increasing age
Work Related Issues of this personality – Impulsive behaviour interferes with work role and
interactions at work place resulting in poor commitment to work.

3. Historic personality disorder:

It is a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking beginning by early adulthood.
This person is uncomfortable in situations where he / she is not the centre of attention
Characteristics

• Unconfutable in situation not centre of attention

• Interaction characterised by sexually seductive or provocative behaviour
• Shallow expression of emotions
• Uses physical appearance to draw attention to hereof
• Self-dramatization
• Exaggerated expression of emotions
• Conders relations to eb more intimate than they actually are
• Unnecessarily intimate with people

4. Narcissistic personality disorder

• There is an exaggerated feelings of grandiosity (in fantasy or actual behaviour i.e.,
exaggerates achievements and talents, and expects to be recognized as superior
without achievements even)
Characteristics:
• need for excessive admiration
• lack of empathy
• preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty or ideal love
• believes that he / she is special and unique
• Believes it is interpersonally exploitative (takes advantages of others)
• shows arrogance behaviour or attitude.
 • Work Related Issues of this personality – Exploitation of co-workers, because of
strong need for success and power they are able to meet job demands and may excel in
work.

ANXIOUS FEARFUL CLUSTER OF PDS

Type Characteristics

Dependent Submissiveness, helplessness, fear of

responsibility, & reliance on others for
decision making
Avoidant Timidity, social withdrawal behaviour, &
hypersensitivity to criticism

Obsessive- Indecisiveness, perfectionism, inflexibility,

compulsive & difficulty expressing feelings

Dependent Personality Disorder –

Has difficulty making everyday decisions without reassurances from others, gives others
responsibility for most areas of life
Characteristics:
• has difficulty expressing disagreement with others because of fear of loss of support or
approval
• goes to excessive lengths to obtain nurturance and support from others,
• feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone
• urgently seeks another relationship as a source of care and support when any close
relationship ends
• unrealistically preoccupied with fears of being left alone to take care of one's own self.
Work Related Issues of this personality – Unable to start or initiate projects at one's own
despite capability.

Avoidant Personality Disorder –

It is a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy and hypersensitivity to
negative evaluation, criticism, disapproval or rejection
Characteristics:
• unwilling to get involved with people unless sure of being liked
• In new asocial situations view himself as inferior
• reluctant to engage in new activities because they may prove embarrassing.
Work Related Issues of this personality – Poor interpersonal skills effect work role. Work
behaviour is limited to environment that are nonthreatening and only requires minimum social
contacts

Personality View of Self View of Others Main Beliefs

Disorders

Paranoid Righteous, innocent, noble, Interfering, Others motives are

Personality vulnerable Malicious, suspect. I must always be
Discriminatory, on guard. I cannot trust
abusive motives people.
Schizoid Self-sufficient, loner, Intrusive Others are unrewarding
personality Relationships are
undesirable and messy so
better stay away
Schizotypal Unreal, detached, loner, Un trust worthy It’s better to be isolated
personality vulnerable, from others

Anti-Social A loner, autonomous, strong Vulnerable, I am entitled to break rules

Personality exploitative

Personality Disorders View of Self View of Others Main Beliefs

Borderline Personality Vulnerable to Idealization or Others are fool, I am

rejection, betrayal, expectation of others better than them. I
domination, deprived as powerful, loving, can’t cope on my own.
of needed emotional perfect when I need someone to
support, powerless, devaluing rejecting, rely on. I can’t bear
out of control, controlling, betraying unpleasant feelings.
defective, unliveable, and abandoning It’s impossible for me
bad others to control myself. I
deserve to be
punished. If I rely on
someone I Ll be
mistreated found
wanting and
abandoned.
Personality View of Self View of Others Main Beliefs
Disorders

Histrionic Glamorous, Impressive Seductive, receptive, People are there to

Personality admirers serve and admire me.
They have no right to
deny me. I can just go
by my feelings.

Avoidant Vulnerable to depreciation, Critical, Criticizing, It’s terrible to be

personality rejection, socially
ineffective, incompetent
Dependent Needy, weak, helpless,
Personality incompetent
OCPD Responsible, accountable,
competent, Fastidious
Superior rejected. If people
know the real me,
they will reject me, I
can’t tolerate those
feelings so better to
avoid
Idealized, nurturant, I need people to
supportive, survive, be happy, I
competent need to have a steady
flow of support from
others
Irresponsible, Casual, I know what’s the
incompetent, careless best, details are
crucial, people should
do best always, they
should try harder

Personality Disorders View of Self View of Others Main Belief

Narcissistic Special, unique, Inferior Admirers Since I am special, I
personality deserve special deserve special rules
attention, superior, and I am above these
above the rules rules. I am better than
others.