`

Declaration

I declare that this is my original work and has not been presented for any award in any institution

in electrical and Electronics engineering

Name: ADONGO OMONDI LAWRENCE…………………

Signature:………………

Date:10/6/2022…………………

ii
Certification

This project has been submitted with my approval of college supervisor.

NAME: ADONGO OMONDI LAWRENC…………………

Signature :____________________

Date:_10/6/2022__________________________

iii
Dedication

I dedicate this research to my beloved parents and all those who helped me through financially

and in prayers. May God bless you all.

iv
Acknowledgement

I wish to take this opportunity to thank the almighty God. I would also like to express my sincere

heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor ……………... I also recognize the Electrical Engineering

lecturers and my colleagues.

v
List of Abbreviation

LED- Light emitting diode

V-Voltage

DC-Direct current

AC- Alternating current

vi
List Of Figures

Figure 1: transformer.....................................................................................................................13

Figure 2: bridge rectifier................................................................................................................14

Figure 4: light source.....................................................................................................................16

Figure 9: light emitting diode........................................................................................................20

Figure 7: resistor............................................................................................................................21

vii
List of tables

Table 4.1: Test results....................................................................................................................36

viii
List of symbols

Symbol Name

ix
Table of Contents

Declaration......................................................................................................................................ii
Certification....................................................................................................................................iii
Dedication.......................................................................................................................................iv
Acknowledgement...........................................................................................................................v
List of Abbreviation........................................................................................................................vi
List Of Figures...............................................................................................................................vii
List of tables.................................................................................................................................viii
List of symbols...............................................................................................................................ix
Abstract......................................................................................................................................xii
Chapter One.....................................................................................................................................1
1.0 Background Information...................................................................................................1
1.2 Purpose of Study....................................................................................................................2
1.3 Main Objective......................................................................................................................3
1.4 Specific objective...................................................................................................................3
1.5 Justification of Study.............................................................................................................3
1.6 Significance of Study.............................................................................................................3
1.7 Limitations.............................................................................................................................4
1.8 Assumptions Made................................................................................................................4
Chapter Two....................................................................................................................................5
Literature Review............................................................................................................................5
2.1 LPG Gas detection.................................................................................................................5
2.2. The Smart Gas Leakage Detection with Monitoring and Automatic Safety system............6
2.3. Monitoring The Gas cylinder Level and Gas Seepage.........................................................7
Chapter Three..................................................................................................................................9
Methodology....................................................................................................................................9
3.0 Block Diagram.......................................................................................................................9
3.1 Arduino (Micro-controller)..................................................................................................10
Data space (RAM).................................................................................................................12
PIC10 and PIC12...................................................................................................................13
PIC16.....................................................................................................................................14
PIC17.....................................................................................................................................14
PIC18.....................................................................................................................................15
3.2 Load Cell:...........................................................................................................................18
3.4 LCD Display:.......................................................................................................................18
3.6. Buzzer.................................................................................................................................19
3.7 Power supply.......................................................................................................................19
3.8 LED indicator’s...................................................................................................................23
Chapter Four..................................................................................................................................25

x
 4.0 Test Results..........................................................................................................................25
Chapter Five...................................................................................................................................26
5.0 Discussions and interpretations...........................................................................................26
5.1 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................27
5.2 Recommendations................................................................................................................28
5.3 Budget..................................................................................................................................29
References......................................................................................................................................31

xi
Abstract
The proposed design system explains about the most common problem experienced in our day-

to- day lives that is regarding GAS container going empty. The purpose of the system is, to

create awareness about the reducing weight of the gas in the container, and to place a gas order.

A load cell is used for the continuous weight measurement of gas container, which is interfaced

with an Arduino Uno (to compare with an ideal value). GSM modem is used to send the SMS to

user.. Whenever any change is subjected in any of the sensors (load cell, , Mq-2) a siren is

triggered.

xii
Chapter One

1.0 Background Information

Liquefied petroleum gas is being used for the past decades as industrial fuel and for domestic

purpose .It has a wide domestic usage in cooking and for heating. We are put into much

difficulty when the cylinder runs out of gas. For several reasons, there may be a delay in

providing a gas cylinder, for example, we may notify the service provider at the last moment or

there may be a delay in reporting to the gas supplier. Hence it is necessary in the busy world, to

detect the decrease in weight of the gas cylinder.

LPG was first discovered as a significant component of gasoline, which included propane,

butane, and other hydrocarbons in addition to LPG. Natural gas is widely used as fuel in homes

for cooking, as they are efficient, portable, and cleaner than most other fuels and possesses

greater caloric value. It is also used in industry, heating, and motor fuel. Since gases are heavier

than air, they do not disperse easily and can cause an explosion if they leak . LPG catches fire

quickly and has a serious threat to the lives of the people whenever it admits a leakage, which

leads to an explosion . Since LPG is heavier than air it is not easy to disperse quickly and so it

gets to settle on the low points of the floor. When the leakage gas is inhaled, it causes

suffocation. Therefore, detection of gas leakage has gained prime importance in the recent

technology in the fields of industry, safety, household, and environment and emission control.

The continuous measure is done using the load cell. When a gas container is placed on the load

cell it measures the weight and sends an electric pulse to the Arduino Uno microcontroller which

will compare the pulse with an ideal value in form of digital (the electric pulse is converted in to

equivalent digital value). ). If the compared output is less than ideal value, then SMS has been

sent to the user about reduction of gas level, buzzer will be ON and the same information is

1
updated in the thing speak application. Safety is most important for anything which we have in

our daily life, especially in the home to prevent the explosion of gases.

1.2 Purpose of Study

The purpose of the study is to design, construct –a most common problem experienced in our

day- to- day lives that is regarding GAS container going empty. The purpose of the system is, to

create awareness about the reducing weight of the gas in the container, and to place a gas order

using Arduino. A load cell is used for the continuous weight measurement of gas container,

which is interfaced with an Arduino Uno (to compare with an ideal value). GSM modem is used

to send the SMS to user.

1.3 Main Objective

 Design and construction of a gas Level indictor.

1.4 Specific objective

 To make use of weight sensor to measure the weight of a gas cylinder.

 To design a system that will be able to notify whenever the gas cylinder is empty.

1.5 Justification of Study

Having considered all challenges faced by gas customers These days the usage of the liquid

petroleum gas(LPG) is widely used in many fields, especially in household purposes. As the

usage of the LPG increases, the accidents occur by these LPG explosion is also increases. The

leakage of the LPG may lead to high explosion. So it's necessary to have a system which

continuously monitor the LPG and alarming. The aim of this proposed system is to monitor the

2
LPG in house hold applications and leakage detection. The system shows remaining time of LPG

cylinder can be used in full flame. The gas sensor used to detect the amount of LPG in

atmosphere and alerts the consumer about the gas leakage if any by sending SMS to a particular

mobile number.

1.6 Significance of Study

The research aimed to design a mobility aid Here we intend to propose a microcontroller based

system . This unit is incorporated into an alarm unit, to sound an alarm or give a visual indication

of the LPG . The sensor has good sensitivity combined with a quick response time at low cost. If

leakage is detected, message to the authorized person or family member using cellular network

called GSM is sent automatically. It also provides a feature to measure weight of LPG cylinder

with its value on GSM as text.

1.7 Limitations

 Availability of the appropriate technical information is limited and therefore slows the

implementation process.

 Limited time to carry out adequate research is another challenge.

1.8 Assumptions Made

It is assumed that most of household faces a problem on detecting the level of gas in the cylinder

3
 Chapter Two

Literature Review

2.1 LPG Gas detection

LPG, first produced in 1910 by Dr. Walter Snelling is a mixture of Commercial Propane and

Commercial Butane having saturated as well as unsaturated hydrocarbons. Because of the

versatile nature of LPG it is used for many needs such as domestic fuel, industrial fuel,

automobile fuel, heating, illumination etc and the demand for LPG is on an exponential raise day

by day. The leaked gases when ignited may lead to explosion. The number of deaths due to the

explosion of gas cylinders has been increasing in recent years. Thus there is a need for a system

to detect and also prevent leakage of LPG. Before the development of electronic household gas

detectors in the 1980s and 90s, gas presence was detected with a chemically infused paper that

changed its colour when exposed to the gas. Since then, many technologies and devices have

been developed to detect, monitor, and alert the leakage of a wide array of gases. Today, booking

an LPG cylinder is now just a text message away. Petroleum companies have launched the

4
customer-friendly service called as IVRS (Interactive voice Response) technique for their

customers.

Hence the requirement of an efficient system to measure and display the level of LPG is

inevitable, which may be used for domestic purposes. Here we intend to propose a

microcontroller based system where a gas sensor, MQ6 is used to detect dangerous gas leaks.

This unit is incorporated into an alarm unit, to sound an alarm or give a visual indication of the

LPG leakage. The sensor has good sensitivity combined with a quick response time at low cost.

If leakage is detected, message to the authorized person or family member using cellular network

called GSM is sent automatically. It also provides a feature to measure weight of LPG cylinder

with its value on LCD display. A gas quantity of less or equal to10kg books the cylinder

automatically by sending text message to a dealer. Also when cylinder weighs less than or equal

to 0.5 Kg, it informs the family members by sending a message to refill the cylinder.

2.2. The Smart Gas Leakage Detection with Monitoring and Automatic Safety system

Gas leakage has become a serious problem and now days it is used in many places like

residences, industries and vehicles like Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), buses, cars, etc. It is

noticed that due to gas leakage dangerous accidents occurs. The Liquefied Petroleum Gas is an

extension of LPG. The LPG is a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases. It is a mixture of 48%

propane, 50% butane and 2% pentane. Which makes the LPG gas cylinder more dangerous and

extremely inflammable gas. With the increasing demand of LPG gas users, most of the time user

have to face many dangerous accidents occurs by gas leakage due to inappropriate and

unavailable of timely action. In gas leak situations an efficient method to establish a safety

system as well as monitor the level of LPG in the cylinder is required, so that the users are aware

of the LPG level within the cylinder. The objective of the proposed system is to continuously

5
measure the weight of the cylinder and as soon as it reaches the minimum threshold it will

automatically sends notification on android application. The main aim of this proposed system is

to monitor for Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) leakage to avoid major fire accidents. The system

detects the leakage of the LPG using gas sensor and give notification to the user on android

application. and another feature is to ON/OFF gas from android application. The system

measures the weight of cylinder by using weight sensor and display it on android application.

The proposed system uses Wi Fi module to alert the user about gas leakage via sending

notification on android application. A proposed system is an effective combination of features

which are LPG leakage detection system, Gas regulation and monitoring, Android based safety

system. The proposed system is used to detect gas leakage and also send notification to android

application. An android application will help to on/Off the gas from anywhere in home and

surrounding. This system also useful to regulate the gas flow.

2.3. Monitoring The Gas cylinder Level and Gas Seepage

Liquefied petroleum gas is being used for the past decades as industrial fuel and for domestic

purpose .It has a wide domestic usage in cooking and for heating. We are put into much

difficulty when the cylinder runs out of gas. For several reasons, there may be a delay in

providing a gas cylinder, for example, we may notify the service provider at the last moment or

there may be a delay in reporting to the gas supplier. Hence it is necessary in the busy world, to

detect the decrease in weight of the gas cylinder. The continuous measure is done using the load

cell. When a gas container is placed on the load cell it measures the weight and sends an electric

pulse to the Arduino Uno microcontroller which will compare the pulse with an ideal value in

form of digital (the electric pulse is converted in to equivalent digital value). ). If the compared

output is less than ideal value, then SMS has been sent to the user about reduction of gas level,

6
buzzer will be ON and the same information is updated in the thing speak application. Safety is

most important for anything which we have in our daily life, especially in the home to prevent

the explosion of gases. The discovery of a gas leak in residential buildings has become one of the

main problems in recent times. Gas leakage is a most important apprehension for housing and

gaseous transportation vehicles. The setting up of a gas leak identifier in unprotected areas is the

protective strategies to maintain a strategic distance from the threat of gas leaks. Usually the

accident is due to negligence and technical error.

Another purpose of the system is to propose a low-cost automatic alarm system that can detect

LPG leaks in various locations. In recent years, the death toll from gas bomb explosions has been

steadily increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically detect and prevent LPG leakage.

Therefore, as a gas leaks it remains close to the ground. We have an MQ-2(gas sensor), LM

35(temperature sensor), which will detect the surrounding environment for any chance of

accident. Whenever any change is subjected in any of the sensors (load cell, LM35, Mq-2) a

siren is triggered. The most reliable concept is the internet of things which is a basic

interconnected system providing a basic structure that includes the implementation of hardware

components, programming part, different sensors which accumulate the information later which

preserve it and further can be accessed remotely. To make or produce a self-ruling more

intelligent machine to associate with the outer world, IOT is being utilized which has machine to

machine correspondence. IoT solutions not only offers a real time monitoring in every sector but

surges to increase in the economic condition of the world by providing better ,easy to use device

(IoT connected). From associated homes and urban communities to associated autos and

machines to gadgets that track a person's conduct and utilize the information gathered for new

sort of administrations

7
 Chapter Three

Methodology

3.0 Block Diagram

Power supply

Load sensor

Display

Micro-
controller

Switching Buzzer
circuit

8
3.1 Arduino (Micro-controller)

Arduino Uno which includes a microcontroller that is ATMega328, with clock generating path

providing crystal frequency 16MHz. It has dual input/output port so that we can attach the pin

either input or output, as other microcontroller have single input port and the output port.

Microcontroller basically operates at 5V to 3.3V voltage. First AC 230V voltage is step down

through transformer to 12V DC, then it is regulated with 7805 or other type of regulator to obtain

5V, 3.3V. Arduino consist of in-built 5V and 3.3V power supply port so we don’t need all

components which has been used by other controller. Arduino include Rx and Tx port for fast

serial communication like other microcontroller. We are using 5V and 12V adapter which has

inbuilt RPS circuit, 5V is connected to external power jack of Arduino, load cell, gas sensor,

temperature sensor, LCD display and 12V is given to gsm modem.

PIC is a family of modified Harvard architecture microcontrollers made by Microchip

Technology, derived from the PIC1650 originally developed by General Instrument's

Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially referred to "Peripheral Interface Controller"

now it is "PIC" only.

9
PICs are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists alike due to their low cost, wide

availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes, availability of low cost or

free development tools, and serial programming (and re-programming with flash memory)

capability.

The PIC architecture is characterized by its multiple attributes:

 Separate code and data spaces (Harvard architecture).

 A small number of fixed length instructions

 Most instructions are single cycle execution (2 clock cycles, or 4 clock cycles in 8-bit

models), with one delay cycle on branches and skips

 One accumulator (W0), the use of which (as source operand) is implied (i.e. is not

encoded in the opcode)

 All RAM locations function as registers as both source and/or destination of math and

other functions.

 A hardware stack for storing return addresses

 A small amount of addressable data space (32, 128, or 256 bytes, depending on the

family), extended through banking

 Data space mapped CPU, port, and peripheral registers

 ALU status flags are mapped into the data space

 The program counter is also mapped into the data space and writable (this is used to

implement indirect jumps).

10
There is no distinction between memory space and register space because the RAM serves the

job of both memory and registers, and the RAM is usually just referred to as the register file or

simply as the registers.

Data space (RAM)

PICs have a set of registers that function as general purpose RAM. Special purpose control

registers for on-chip hardware resources are also mapped into the data space. The addressability

of memory varies depending on device series, and all PIC devices have some banking

mechanism to extend addressing to additional memory. Later series of devices feature move

instructions which can cover the whole addressable space, independent of the selected bank. In

earlier devices, any register move had to be achieved via the accumulator.

Pic Microcontroller Architecture

Figure 8: micro controller

11
PICmicro chips are designed with a Harvard architecture, and are offered in various device

families. The baseline and mid-range families use 8-bit wide data memory, and the high-end

families use 16-bit data memory. The latest series, PIC32MX is a 32-bit MIPS-based

microcontroller. Instruction words are in sizes of 12-bit (PIC10 and PIC12), 14-bit (PIC16) and

24-bit (PIC24 and dsPIC). The binary representations of the machine instructions vary by family

and are shown in PIC instruction listings.

PIC10 and PIC12

These devices feature a 12-bit wide code memory, a 32-byte register file, and a tiny two level

deep call stack. They are represented by the PIC10 series, as well as by some PIC12 and PIC16

devices. Baseline devices are available in 6-pin to 40-pin packages.

Generally the first 7 to 9 bytes of the register file are special-purpose registers, and the remaining

bytes are general purpose RAM. Pointers are implemented using a register pair: after writing an

address to the FSR (file select register), the INDF (indirect f) register becomes an alias for the

addressed register. If banked RAM is implemented, the bank number is selected by the high 3

bits of the FSR. This affects register numbers 16–31; registers 0–15 are global and not affected

by the bank select bits.

Because of the very limited register space (5 bits), 4 rarely read registers were not assigned

addresses, but written by special instructions (OPTION and TRIS).

The ROM address space is 512 words (12 bits each), which may be extended to 2048 words by

banking. CALL and GOTO instructions specify the low 9 bits of the new code location; additional

12
high-order bits are taken from the status register. Note that a CALL instruction only includes 8

bits of address, and may only specify addresses in the first half of each 512-word page.

PIC16

These devices feature a 14-bit wide code memory, and an improved 8 level deep call stack. The

instruction set differs very little from the baseline devices, but the 2 additional opcode bits allow

128 registers and 2048 words of code to be directly addressed. There are a few additional

miscellaneous instructions, and two additional 8-bit literal instructions, add and subtract. The

mid-range core is available in the majority of devices labeled PIC12 and PIC16.

The first 32 bytes of the register space are allocated to special-purpose registers; the remaining

96 bytes are used for general-purpose RAM. If banked RAM is used, the high 16 registers

(0x70–0x7F) are global, as are a few of the most important special-purpose registers, including

the STATUS register which holds the RAM bank select bits. (The other global registers are FSR

and INDF, the low 8 bits of the program counter PCL, the PC high preload register PCLATH,

and the master interrupt control register INTCON.)

The PCLATH register supplies high-order instruction address bits when the 8 bits supplied by a

write to the PCL register, or the 11 bits supplied by a GOTO or CALL instruction, is not sufficient

to address the available ROM space.

PIC17

The 17 series never became popular and has been superseded by the PIC18 architecture. It is not

recommended for new designs, and availability may be limited.

13
Improvements over earlier cores are 16-bit wide opcodes (allowing many new instructions), and

a 16 level deep call stack. PIC17 devices were produced in packages from 40 to 68 pins.

The 17 series introduced a number of important new features:

 a memory mapped accumulator

 read access to code memory (table reads)

 direct register to register moves (prior cores needed to move registers through the

accumulator)

 an external program memory interface to expand the code space

 an 8-bit × 8-bit hardware multiplier

 a second indirect register pair

 auto-increment/decrement addressing controlled by control bits in a status register

(ALUSTA)

PIC18

In 2000, Microchip introduced the PIC18 architecture. Unlike the 17 series, it has proven to be

very popular, with a large number of device variants presently in manufacture. In contrast to

earlier devices, which were more often than not programmed in assembly, C has become the

predominant development language.

The 18 series inherits most of the features and instructions of the 17 series, while adding a

number of important new features:

 call stack is 21 bits wide and much deeper (31 levels deep)

14
  the call stack may be read and written (TOSU:TOSH:TOSL registers)

 conditional branch instructions

 indexed addressing mode (PLUSW)

 extending the FSR registers to 12 bits, allowing them to linearly address the entire data

address space

 the addition of another FSR register (bringing the number up to 3)

The RAM space is 12 bits, addressed using a 4-bit bank select register and an 8-bit offset in each

instruction. An additional "access" bit in each instruction selects between bank 0 (a=0) and the

bank selected by the BSR (a=1).

A 1-level stack is also available for the STATUS, WREG and BSR registers. They are saved on

every interrupt, and may be restored on return. If interrupts are disabled, they may also be used

on subroutine call/return by setting the s bit (appending ", FAST" to the instruction).

The auto increment/decrement feature was improved by removing the control bits and adding

four new indirect registers per FSR. Depending on which indirect file register is being accessed it

is possible to postdecrement, postincrement, or preincrement FSR; or form the effective address

by adding W to FSR.

PIC 18F4520 microcontroller is used here due to its high number of pins.

15
Resistor R is used to set pin 4 high for. Since the input impedance is very high, the current

through the resistor R can be limited to 1mA. Its value can therefore be calculated as follows.

R=V/I

R= 5 volts/0.001A

R=5KΩ

Clocking Circuit

Crystal oscillator is selected due to its stability. Any crystal frequency between 4 MHz and 20

MHz can be used. The circuit is described below. The 22pF capacitors are set to be 22 pF by the

manufacturers of the microcontroller chips.

16
3.2 Load Cell:
The load cell has a strain gauge, which deforms when pressure is applied. The strain gauge then

generates an electrical signal when it is deformed because its effective resistance changes when it

is deformed. The HX711 module amplifies the low electrical output of the load cell and

introduces or applies this amplified and digitized signal to Arduino to gain weight.HX711 acts as

bridge between the load cell and Arduino.

Now the electrical signals generated by the Load cell are in a few million volts, so these weak

signals need to be amplified. If we directly connect this load cell to Arduino, load cell produces a

weak signals which are not identified by Arduino. Therefore, now HX711 load cell module

enters he screen. HX711 load cell module with HX711 chip, which is a 24-bit high-precision

A/D converter (analog-digital converter).There are two analog input channels on the HX711 and

we can get a maximum of 128 gain by programming these channels. The HX711 module

amplifies the low electrical output of the load cell and introduces or applies this amplified and

digitized signal to Arduino to gain weight.HX711 acts as bridge between the load cell and

Arduino.

3.4 LCD Display:

LCD screen (LED) of 16X2 characters working on + 5 volts supply. The display unit is used to

provide user information. Here 16*2 represents sixteen columns and two rows. It will display all

information such as weight display, gas leakage detection message and also display message sent

to the agency or user.

17
3.6. Buzzer
: This device provides a beep of sound and acts as alarm system for many applications. This

device consumes very less power around 5V.Piezo buzzer is used in this project to know

whenever gas present in the container is reduced, high temperature is detected and gas leakage is

detected then Piezo buzzer will make sound.

3.7 Power supply

240V 50HZ 12V/5V

input DC
Transformer rectifier filter regulator

Figure 3: Supply Block Diagram

The total power requirement of this project is 5V.

The power supply unit consists of a 240v/12v step down transformer, rectifiers, filters and

a voltage regulator

18
 Figure 4: Power Supply Circuit

Transformer Section

The 240v ac is stepped down to 12v ac using a transformer. The resultant output is given
by

Rectifier Section

A full wave bridge rectifier of 5A is chosen for the capacity to a load up to 2A using IN4001 diodes.

The DC value of the rectified voltage is given by;

= (2/ ) × 16.97

The maximum load current is given by;

19
Hence the Average load current can be obtained from;

Hence, due to standard and transformer size, the final transformer specification chosen was
transformer.

Filter Section

The ripple voltage ( is represented by the equation below;

Therefore,

The filtering capacitor is calculated as shown below, a peak-to-peak ripple

of

is chosen i.e., 0.01 is approximated. Hence the ripple factor is 0.01

The shunt capacitor filter is obtained from;

Therefore;

Where, Idc = current taking by the load (mA); f = frequency of supply (Hz); C = shunt

filtering capacitor (microfarads); and = rms value of the ac component ripple

voltage and, Idc = 449.72mA, r = 0.01, F = 50Hz,

and ,

20
Hence, due to standard and capacitor size, the final capacitor specification chosen
is
.
Voltage Regulation Section
7805 IC Rating
• Input voltage range 7V- 35V

• Current rating

• Output voltage range VMax=5,2V, VMin=4.8

Figure 5: Voltage Regulator

Table2: Voltage Regulation Test

Pin Pin Function Description

No.

1 INPUT Input voltage (7V-35V) In this pin of the IC

positive unregulated
voltage is given in
regulation.

21
2 GROUND Ground (0V) In this pin where the
ground is given. This
pin is neutral for
equally the input and
output.

3 OUTPUT Regulated output; 5V (4.8V- The output of the

regulated 5V volt is
taken o
5.2V)

3.8 LED indicator’s

LEDs are used to indicate status of the system output. The green light shows that the door is open

whereas the red light shows the door is locked. The Green LED is connected to the pin 10 and

god whereas the Red LED is connected to the pin 11 and gnd. Both LEDs are connected to same

gnd to reduce wiring expenses.

Light Emitting Diode. Unlike diodes, LED does not use silicon crystals as a

semiconductor element. It uses a combination of other semiconductor materials that

emit photons of different colors when a current pass through it. It is formed by two

polarities, one positive or anode and the other negative or cathode. At the junction

between both a potential barrier is formed to prevent the exchange of electrons

between the two regions.

22
When voltage is applied and LED is directly polarized, the electrons from source

flows through it and whenever an excess electron negatively charged overcomes the

potential barrier resistance, crosses it and it combined with a positive gap in excess.

The energy acquired by the electron to cross the barrier, becomes electromagnetic

energy that releases as a light photon.

Figure 3.2.10. LED.

Chapter Four

4.0 Test Results

Table 4.1: Test results

Parameters Buzzer

23
 Load sensor High Open

Low Closed

Discussion and interpretation:

1. When the the Load sensor value is at high value the buzzer is opened

2. When the Load sensor value is at low value the buzzer is closed.

Chapter Five

5.0 Discussions and interpretations

The specific objectives were met but not accurately. Due to the low efficiency, they cannot be

used in continuous power transmission applications. They also have a high degree of friction on

the threads, which can wear the threads out quickly. For square threads, the nut must be replaced;

for trapezoidal threads, a split nut may be used to compensate for the wear

24
5.1 Conclusion

In this work I have tried to overcome the above challenges through based gas level monitoring

system which is portable, user friendly, less expensive and can be implemented easily in a very

small space. Outcome determines the proposed system provide better and immediate response. It

not only helps in making the work easier but also plays a major role in the security / avoidance of

accidents to the user and helps in leading an easy life. By implementing this project we help the

people to save their time. It can provide the security to people by sensing the leakage of gas. It is

25
very useful for domestic purpose as well as for the industrial purposes. This can further be

improved by embedding the sensors, Arduino and other parts in a very easy take away portable

device and we can use a water sprinkler and fire extinguisher when high temperature is detected

as a control mechanism.

5.2 Recommendations

A cost-effective gas leakage detection system was proposed, designed and successfully

implemented in this paper. Along with gas leakage detection, this system gives a fully automated

approach towards the gas booking. Real time weight measurement of the gas and its display on

LCD makes it an efficient home security system and also can be used in industries and other

places to detect gas leaks. The cost involved in developing the system is significantly low and is

much less than the cost of gas detectors commercially available in the market.

26
In the future better sensing devices should be sought to increase accuracy of the project. The

project should also be designed to include real-time remote video monitoring of the Gas.

5.3 Budget

ITEM QUANTITY PRICE PER UNIT TOTAL PRICE

Transformer 1 700 700

1N4007 diode 4 30 120

Switch on/off 1 80 80

Capacitor 4 60 240

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7805 IC 1 85 85

Resistors 10 30 300

LEDs 2 50 100

Buzzer 1 300 300

Gas sensor 1 200 200

300

Transistor 1 30 30

Strip board 1 100 100

Solder wire 6 METRES 40 240

Connector wires 4 meters 35 140

Load sensor 1 750 750

PIC16F73 1 1600 1600

Crystal 1 150 150

Typing and binding 3100

TOTAL 9,000

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[1] Sunithaa.J, Sushmitha.D, “Embedded control system for LPG leakage detection and

prevention” International Conference on Computing and Control Engineering (ICCCE

2012), 12 & 13 April, 2012

[2] V.Ramya, B. Palaniappan,“Embedded system for hazardous gas detection and

alerting” International Journal of Distributed and Parallel Systems (IJDPS) Vol.3, No.3,

May 2012

[3] Mr. Sagar Shinde, Mr.S.B.Patil, Dr.A.J.Patil,“Development of movable gas tanker

[4] M. B. Fish, R.T. Wainer, “Standoff Gas Leakage detectors based on tunable diodes

laser absorption spectroscopy”

[5] A. Mahalingam, R. T. Naayagi, N. E. Mastorakis, “Design and Implementation of an

Economic Gas Leakage Detector”, Recent Researches in Applications of Electrical and

Computer Engineering

[6] S. Rajitha, T. Swapna,“Security alert system using GSM for gas leakage”International

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[7] Taufiq Noor Machmuda, “LPG Gas Detector and leak prevention based

microcontroller”

[8] A. CheSoh, M.Sc.; M.K. Hassan, M.Eng.; and A.J. Ishak, M.Sc. “ Vehicle gas

leakage detector”

[9] National Institute of Health. (2004). “What you need to know about natural gas

detectors”. http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/smelltaste/gas

[10]Fraiwan, L.; Lweesy, K.; Bani-Salma, A.Mani, N, “A wireless home safety gas

leakage detection system”, Proc. of 1st Middle East, Conference on Biomedical

29
Engineering, pp.11-14, 2011. [11]Nasaruddin, N.M.B.; Elamvazuthi, I.; Hanif,

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[13]Hanwei Electronics Co. Ltd (2002), MQ-6 GasSensor Technical Data. [14]ATMega

16 Datasheet; www.atmel.com

[15]Kelvin R. Sullivan, “Understanding Relays”, A tutorial on relays.

[16]SIMCOM Ltd, 27th Dec, 2005, “SIM 300 Hardware Specification Manual”

[17]Display Elektronik GmbH Datasheet; LCD Module,DEM 16216 SYH-PY

[18]Technical Data MQ6 Gas Sensors, www.hwsensors.com [19]Aluminum Single-Point

Load Cell Datasheet, model 1004, www.vpgtransducers.co

30