CONSTRUCTION OF ADAPTIVE WIRELESS

MULTI-GAS DETECTOR UNIT

BY

ISAAC IKECHUKWU
A PROJECT WORK SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY, SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY,
NUHU BAMALLI POLYTECHNIC ZARIA, IN PARTIAL
FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD
OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA.

DECEMBER, 2018.
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this work is the product of my own efforts, under taken
under the supervision of Engr. Rabiu Al-Tanko Umaisha and has not been
presented elsewhere, for the award of Higher National Diploma (HND), all
sources have been duly acknowledged.

Isaac Ikechukwu HEETE1600984

ii
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that the research work for this project and the subsequent

preparation of the write up by Isaac Ikechukwu, were carried out under my

supervision.

Engr. Rabiu Al-Tanko Umaisha

Project Supervisor

iii
 APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that this project work has been examined and approved for the
award of Higher National Diploma (HND) in Electrical/Electronic Engineering
Technology.

Engr. Rabiu Al-Tanko Umaisha

Project Supervisor

Engr. Ibrahim B. Shehu

Head of Department

Engr. Danasabe Gambo

Project Coordinator

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My appreciation goes to God Almighty for seeing me through to the end of my

HND Programme, despite the huddles encountered. Special thanks goes to my

family members and colleagues.

v
 DEDICATION

I hereby dedicate this Project to my family and friends who had contributed

positively, to my studies.

vi
 TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -i

Declaration - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -ii

Certification - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - iii

Approval page - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - iv

Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - v

Dedication- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - vi

Table of content- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - vii-x

List of figures - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - x

List of tables - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - xi

Abstract - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -xii

vii
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1

1.2 Aim And Objectives - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -2

1.3 Historical Background - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -- -2

1.4 Motivation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -4

1.5 Significance of the project - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5

1.6 Scope And Limitations Of The Project - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5

1.7 Project Layout - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - 7

CHAPTER THREE
CONSTRUCTION

3.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11

3.2 Construction of the project - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - 11

3.3 Materials Selection - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -12

3.3.1 Gas Sensor - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - 13

viii
3.3.2 Bluetooth module - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -14

3.2.3 Buzzer - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15

3.2.4 Microcontroller - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -15

3.2.5 Temperature Sensor - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -- -- 16

3.4 Mode Of Operation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -16

3.5 Development Process - - - ---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -17

3.5.1 Development Of The System - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 18

3.6 Programme For The System - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 20

CHAPTER FOUR
TESTING, RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21

4.2 Tests And Results - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21

4.2.1 Gas Combustion Emission - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - 21

4.2.2 Room Temperature Test - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23

4.2.3 Alcohol Test - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -24

4.2.4 Carbon Monoxide Test - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 24

4.3 Discussion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -25

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 CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 26

5.2 Summary - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 26

5.3 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 26

Reference - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -29

LIST OF FIGURES

S/NO FIGURE TITLE

1 3.1 Block diagram of the circuit - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - 11

2 3.2 A circuit diagram of the system - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12

3 3.3 MQ-4 gas multi-gas detector - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -13

4 3.4 HC-06 Bluetooth module - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14

5 3.5 Buzzer - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -15

6 3.6 Atmega - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -15

7 3.7 Temperature sensor - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 16

8 3.8 the assembled adaptive multi-gas detector circuit - - - -- - - 20

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 LIST OF TABLES

S/NO FIGURE TITLE

1 3.1 Material selection - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -17

2 4.1 Result for combustion engine - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -23

3 4.2 Result for normal room temperature - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23

4 4.3 Result for alcohol - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -24

5 4.4 Result for carbon monoxide (matches) - - - - - - - - - - - - -25

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 ABSTRACT

The aim of this project is to construct an Adaptive Wireless Multi-Gas Detector Unit using
Microcontroller Atmega 328. These mainly aim at preventing gas accidents in homes and
industries. The adaptive wireless multi-gas detector unit makes use of a gas sensor placed in
the circuit to observe the presence of any toxic gases harmful to human. The sensor detects
any toxic gas and sends signal to the microcontroller, the microcontroller sends signal to the
buzzer as sound and the wireless channel alerting people around of danger. The usage of this
adaptive wireless multi-gas detector unit using microcontroller will largely reduce the
accidents in homes and industries. This report deals with construction of adaptive wireless
multi-gas detector unit.

xii
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
When individuals lack proper gas detection monitors to protect them from

exposure to gases, and are working remotely without a man-down alarm

(actuator) there is a high risk of loss of lives and properties. As oil and gas

Industry, Homes and Estate continue to experience a global development,

risk from exposure of dangerous gases are more prevalent. There have been

many losses of lives and properties over recent years. Gases such as carbon

monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, methane, fluorine, chlorine dioxide

and others are released during the usage, exploration and manufacturing

process.

Phosgene is a highly toxic gas, occupational workers may have accidental

exposure. The gas can also be generated inadvertently during fire involving

plastics and other chemicals and solvents containing chlorine, which is of

concern to emergency responders. Phosgene inhalation may cause initially

symptoms of respiratory tract irritation; patients feel fine thereafter, and then

die of choking a day later because of buildup of fluid in the lungs (delayed

onset non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema). Phosgene exposure is associated

with significant morbidity and mortality. But there is a solution: “adaptive

1
wireless multi gas detector”. Laboratories, Homes and Refining facility turns

to wireless detection to increase workers safety.

This system is very easy to use and is quite user-friendly. The configuration

and set-up of the gas detector is more technical. With this system, industrial

hygienists, safety managers, production supervisors and other professionals

remotely monitor personnel deployed in hazardous areas.

The idea of a full scale wireless replacement of their existing protocol can be

overwhelming.

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this project is to detect exposure of dangerous gases.

And the objectives are:

1. To detect the leakage of gas to homes and industries

2. To provide security and safety

3. To ease maintenance of machines

4. To reduce wastage of gas.

5. To detect any smoke

1.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Gas leak detection methods became a concern after the effect of harmful

gases on human health were discovered. Before modern electronic sensor,

early detection method relied on less precise detectors. Through the 19 th and

2
early 20th centuries, coal miners would bring canaries down to the tunnel

with them as an early detection system against life-threatening gases such as

carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and methane. The canary, normally a very

songful bird, would stop singing and eventually die if not removed from

gases, signaling the miners to exist the mine quickly [1].

The first gas detector in the industrial age was the flame safety lamp (or

Davy lamp) was invented by Sir Humphry Davy of England in 1815 to

detect the presence of methane (firedamp) in underground coal mines. The

flame safety lamp consisted of an oil flame adjusted to specific height in

fresh air. To prevent ignition with the lamps flame was contained within a

glass sleeve with a mesh flame arrestor [2].

The modern era of gas detection started in 1926-1927 with the development

of the catalytic combustion sensor by Dr. Oliver Johnson. Dr. Oliver

Johnson an employee of Standard Oil Company in California (now

Chevron), he begun research and development on a method to detect

combustible mixtures in air to help prevent explosion in fuel storage tanks.

The world first gas detection company, Johnson-Williams instruments was

formed in 1928 in Palo Alto, by Dr. Oliver Johnston and Phil Williams. In

the modern age of gas detection, including making instruments smaller and

3
more portable, development of a portable oxygen detector as well as the first

combination instruments that could detect both combustible gases/vapor as

well as oxygen [3].

Before the development of electronic household carbon monoxide detectors

in 1980s and 1990s, carbon monoxide presences were detected with a

chemically infused paper that turned brown when exposed to the gas. Since

then, many electronic technologies and devices have been developed to

detect, monitor and alert the leak of wide array of gases [4].

Originally, detectors were produced to detect a single gas. This constructed

system; Adaptive Wireless Multi-gas Detector detects several toxic or

combustible gases, or even a combination.

1.4 MOTIVATION
Gas plants, homes and industries explosions have become recurring events

across the world, raising questions about public safety. In 2015, an explosion

took place in Lagos Nigeria. People were feared dead, before the disaster,

there have been other cases in Warri, Delta State, Imo State and Nnewi

Anambra State. The loss of lives and properties over the years in Nigeria as

a result of gas necessitates the installation of an Adaptive Wireless Multi-

Gas Detector Unit.

4
 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT.
1. To save lives and properties

2. Very much useful for homes and industries to reduce gas accidents

3. Use of this system on a large scale can bring significant reduction to loss

of lives and properties.

4. Residence of homes can sleep peacefully knowing that a monitor is

installed of any gas leakage.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT

 For the purpose of this project, the wireless unit is designed to have a

bandwidth range of less than 10 meters.

 The project is limited to Smartphone application.

 Both gas and temperature sensors cannot work synchronously, so the gas

sensor work more accurate.

1.7 PROJECT LAYOUT

In the layout of this report,

 Chapter one deals with introduction, aim and objectives, historical

background of the project, motivation, significance, and the scope and
limitation of the project.
 Chapter two covers the literature review of the main work.
 Chapter three covers the construction of the project.
 Chapter four deals with the results, tests and discussions.
 Chapter five covers the summary, conclusion and recommendation of the
project.
5
 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, various literature related to the project are reviewed.

In 1950, Brattain et al conducted a research in the field of chemical gas

sensors. But was initiated in the 1953, they have observed the change in

conduction of semiconductors due to variation in surrounding gases.

However, it was not taken seriously because results were not reproducible.

In 1962, Seiyama and co-workers reported the change in electrical

conductivity due to adsorption and desorption of gas molecules in case of

polycrystalline zinc oxide thin films [5].

Gartner Group, (2000) analyzed how Wireless systems can now integrate

dedicate wireless monitors, personal protection monitors, GPS data, real-

time meteorological data and personal physiologic data. Detection and data

capture expedite and accelerate decision making, and improve planning and

forecasting for safety and maintenance purposes. Wireless gas monitors

rebroadcast alarms and data in real-time using mobile devices and the

Internet. Wireless hazard detection system users can now engage remote

experts in the same way that doctors working in remote locations can

interface with medical center specialists in real time.

6
Joseph et al proposed a real-time forest fire detection system based on

wireless sensor network. The system collects the data and processes it in the

wireless sensor network for detecting the forest fire. They designed the

monitoring and detecting sensor networks using neural network [6].

Niu Xiaoguang et al. (2007) presented a distributed heterogeneous hierarchal

mine safety monitoring prototype system which is based on features of the

underground mine gallery and necessities of mine safety. This system

monitors the methane concentration and the location of miner. They

proposed an overhearing-based adaptive data collecting system, which

makes use of the redundancy and the correlation of the sampling readings in

both time and space to ease the traffic and control [7].

Tareq Alhmiedat, 2015 designed a system that will be monitoring the air

pollution which is crucial in both environments (indoors and outdoors), and

can be accomplished using a small number of inexpensive sensing unities,

distributed over an area of interest to measure the level of various critical

gases including CO, H2S, and NO2. The deployment of Wireless Sensor

Network offers an alternative solution through scattering a large number of

disposable sensor nodes over an area of interest. He directly retrieves the

sensed data from sensor field through a web server application. This paper

provides a comprehensive review on the available solutions that support the

7
wireless sensor network environmental monitoring. The existing systems are

intensively studied and categorized into: indoor, outdoor, and greenhouse

environmental monitoring systems [8].

Isaac O. Osunmakinde (2012) studied the different types of toxic fumes in

dangerous regions and their conditions and trends in the air for preventing

industrial workers from contracting diseases. They developed an

autonomous remote monitoring system of wireless network which combines

Ohm’s law and mobile sensing coupled with ambient intelligence governing

decision-making for industrial workers. The system has been monitored the

indoor scenarios which is successfully deployed in industries. The system

provides pre warning for safety purpose [9].

Lin-Song Weng et al. (2009) planned a framework, which is viably

observing all circumstances in gases, particularly for the wellbeing of

industrial workers. They named the system the real-time mine auxiliary

monitoring system (RMAMS), which is embraced for a real-time mine-

monitoring system. Mine auxiliary sensor system (MASS) consists of an

intelligent activity sensor and repeater and arrives at decision to resolve the

procedure of processing [9].

Hua Fu et al. (2009) studied the fuzzy theory and neural network technology

and by using this information they designed an intelligent fuzzy neural

8
network sensor system for industrial workers. This technology can make

accurate detection of different parameters [10].

Rajkumar Boddu et al. (2012) designed a gas area monitoring system using

Zigbee based on GSM technology. The degree of monitoring safety can be

improved using this scheme and reduce misfortune in the gas exploration.

They purposed a solution suitable for gas exploration wireless

communication, and safety monitoring using this scheme [11].

But this project, (Adaptive Wireless Multi-gas Detector Unit) is being

modified for the detection of flammable gases and a range of toxic

gases, meeting the safety monitoring requirements of a broad range of

different homes and industries. The detector is developed to transmit

dangerous detected signals via wireless channel (Bluetooth).

9
 CHAPTER THREE
CONSTRUCTION

3.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter the construction process and the mode of operation of the

system are explained.

3.2 CONSTRUCTION OF THE PROJECT.

The methodology was centered on construction of Adaptive Wireless Multi-

Gas Detector Unit. Passive and active components were used (resistor,

capacitor, LED etc).These components were mounted on the breadboard to

achieve the given project and tests were carried out to ensure that the system

is stable, observable and controllable more also we stated the circuit

operations.

THE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE CIRCUIT IS SHOWN BELOW

TEMPERATURE SENSOR

GAS SENSOR MICRO CONTROLLER BUZZER

WIRELESS

Figure 3.1 Block diagram of the circiut.

10
 Figure 3.2 A circuit diagram of the system

3.3 MATERIALS SELECTION

The materials used for the project are:

 Gas sensors

 Bluetooth module

 Microcontroller

 Temperature sensor

 Miscellaneous: jumper wires, capacitors, crystal, LED, resistors, power

supply and android phone.

11
3.3.1 Gas Sensor:
A gas detector is a device that detects the presence of gases in an area, often as

part of a safety system. This type of equipment is used to detect a gas leak or

other emissions and can interface with a control system so a process can be

automatically shut down. For the project an MQ-4 Smoke Sensor was used as

shown in figure 3.2.

The MQ-4 smoke sensor is sensitive to smoke and to the following flammable

gases: LPG, Butane, Propane, Methane, Alcohol, Hydrogen and CO2. The

resistance of the sensor is different depending on the type of the gas. The smoke

sensor has a built-in potentiometer that allows you to adjust the sensor

sensitivity according to how accurate you want to detect gas.

Figure 3.3 MQ-4 gas multi gas detector

12
3.3.2 Bluetooth Module:
HC-05 Bluetooth Module is an easy to use Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port

Protocol) module, designed for transparent wireless serial connection setup.

Its communication is via serial communication which makes an easy way to

interface with controller or PC. HC-06 Bluetooth module provides switching

mode between master and slave mode which means it able to use neither

receiving nor transmitting data.

Specification:

o Model: HC-06

o Input Voltage: DC 5V

o Communication Method: Serial Communication

o Master and slave mode can be switched

Figure 3.4 HC-05 Bluetooth module

13
3.2.3 Buzzer
The buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be

mechanical, electromechanical. Typical uses of buzzer and beepers include

alarm devices, timer and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or

keystroke.

Figure 3.5 Buzzer

3.2.4 Microcontroller:
The ATmega328 is a single-chip microcontroller created by Atmel in the

megaAVR family (later Microchip Technology acquired Atmel in 2016). It

has a modified Harvard architecture 8-bit RISC. The ATmega 328 is a low-

power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC

architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the

ATmega328 achieves through outs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing

the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing

speed.

Figure 3.6 Atmega 328

14
3.2.5 Temperature Sensor:

The TMP36 is a low voltage, precision centigrade temperature sensor. That

provide a voltage output that is linearly proportional to the Celsius

(centigrade) temperature. The TMP36 do not require any external calibration

to provide typical accuracies of ±1°C at +25°C and ±2°C over the

−40°C to +125°C temperature range. The low output impedance of the

TMP36 and its linear output and precise calibration simplify interfacing to

temperature control circuitry and analogue to digital conversions. The

TMP36 is intended for single-supply operation from 2.7 V to 5.5 V

maximum. The supply current runs well below 50 µA, providing very

low self-heating less than 0.1°C in still air. In addition, a shutdown

function is provided to cut the supply current to less than 0.5 µA.

Figure 3.7 Temperature sensor

3.4 MODE OF OPERATION

When the gas sensor detects any toxic gas, it sends signal to the

microcontroller, the mcirocontroller will send a signal to the buzzer

notifying that there is danger, and the buzzer then converts the electrical

energy into sound.

15
3.5 DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
Table 3.1 material selection

Components Materials Construction Equipment

process used

Gas sensor Gas sensor, 5V and gnd was Breadboard,

jumper wires, interfaced with Arduino

microcontroller microcontroller compiler,

power etc

Microcontroller Atmega 328 Pins Jumper wires,

2,3,7,8,9,10,16, 16MHz crystal

capacitor, 22µf
20,22,23 and 28
capacitor,
where used.
compiler,

power etc

Temperature Sensor Tmp36 Tmp36 was Jumper wires,

interfaced with compiler,

the power etc

microcontroller.

16
 Bluetooth module HC 05 The Bluetooth Jumper wires,

module was compiler,

interfaced with power etc

the

microcontroller.

Buzzer The buzzer Buzzer,

(alarm) was compiler,

interfaced with power etc

the

microcontroller

getting it power

from pin 16.

3.5.1 Development Of The System:

The microcontroller (atmega 328) was placed on the bread board, pins 9 and

10 were connected together with a 16 MHz crystal capacitor and each of the

pins was connected with a 22µf capacitors. Pins 7 and 20 were connected

together and the served as the voltage supply (5V) for the atmega 328. Pins 8

and 22 were connected together and the both severed as the ground for the

microcontroller.

17
A power supply unit (DC) with 5volt voltage regulator was constructed to

serve as the system power supply.

The temperature sensor (TMP 36), which has three terminals, the first

terminal Vcc was connected to positive power supply, the centre terminal

A0 was connected to the microcontroller pin 28 and last terminal was

connected to the ground of the power supply.

The smoke sensor which has four pins, the first terminal which is analogue

pin A0 was connected to pin 23 of the microcontroller, third terminal is

connected to the negative terminal of the power supply and the last terminal

is connected to the positive terminal of the power supply.

The buzzer or beeper which has polarized terminals, the positive terminal of

the buzzer is connected to pin 16 of the microcontroller and the negative

terminal is connected to the ground of the power supply.

The Bluetooth device which serves as a wireless unit, with several terminals.

The Vcc is connected to the positive power supply, negative terminal is

connected to the ground of the power supply, pins Rx and Tx are connected

to pins 2 and 3 of the microcontroller respectively.

18
Figure 3.8 The Assembled Adaptive Multi-Gas Detector circuit

3.6 PROGRAMME FOR THE SYSTEM

int TMP36 = A0;
int buzzer = 10;
int smokeA0 = A5;
int sensorPin = A0;
// Your threshold value
int sensorThres = 400;
void setup() {
pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);
pinMode(smokeA0, INPUT);
pinMode(TMP36, INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
int analogSensor = analogRead(smokeA0);
int reading = analogRead(sensorPin);
float voltage = reading * 5.0;
voltage /= 1024.0;

19
 float temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ; //converting from 10 mv per
degree wit 500 mV offset
//to degrees ((voltage - 500mV) times 100)
Serial.print("Temperature detected ");Serial.print(temperatureC);
Serial.println(" degrees C");
Serial.print("Amount of gas ");
Serial.println(analogSensor);
//Checks if it has reached the threshold value
if (analogSensor > sensorThres)
{
// Serial.print("Dangerous gas detected");
tone(buzzer, 1000, 200);
}
else
{
noTone(buzzer);
}
if (temperatureC >= 50)
{
tone(buzzer,5000,50);
delay(100);
; else
{ //noTone(buzzer);
}
delay(100);
}

20
 CHAPTER FOUR
TESTING, RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter highlights the tests, results and discussions

4.2 TESTS AND RESULTS

This section contains the result conducted on the constructed system, that is,

when the gas threshold is more than 400 and the temperature threshold is

more than 50°C the condition is abnormal according to the Adaptive Multi-

Gas Detector Unit.

4.2.1 Gas Combustion Emission

Table 4.1 shows the result carried out on a gasoline generator combustion

engine which emits heat and smoke from its exhaust tank. The tests were

carried out for the duration of one minute. Normally, Generator emits

carbonaceous fuel, leading to Carbon monoxide which is a dangerous gas for

human. When the Gas Detector was exposed to the gasoline generator, it

indicates Dangerous Gas and High Temperature Detected. All values

documented in the table were seen from the serial monitor of the computer.

All the parameters listed on the table show that the substances emitted from

the exhaust tank of the running generator are dangerous to human health.

21
 Table 4.1 Result for combustion Engine

4.2.2 Room Temperature Test

Table 4.2 shows the result gotten at a normal room temperature. A normal

room temperature is at maximum 25°C and has no toxic or hazardous gas

except carbon dioxide which is useful to plant, that means it is not a

dangerous gas. So the tests and results were normal and there was no alarm

of any danger.

Table 4.2 Result For Normal Room Temperature

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4.2.3 Alcohol Test
Table 4.3 shows the result gotten when the gas detector senses the presence

of alcoholic gas. And we discovered that the Adaptive Multi- Gas Detector

Unit can be used as breathalyzer for the Road Safety Corps to detect drunk

drivers. The results gotten were not constant because the gas sensor cannot

detect all kind of alcoholic gas. During the tests, we observed that the

temperature result was normal and safe.

Table 4.3 Result For Alcohol

Also table 4.4 shows the tests and results carried out on an ordinary matches

flame which burns for a little time and emits both heat and a little of carbon

monoxide. The duration of the tests lasted for one minute by burning it

wooden stick. A set of 4 match box were used during the tests and results

both from the programming to the final enclosure of the system.

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Table 4.4 Result for carbon monoxide (matches)

4.3 DISCUSSION
The gas and temperature sensitivity consists of hasty sensors that detect any

of the gas variations. The system takes in analogue signals either as toxic

gas, temperature or both into the programmed chip installed and the chip is

responsible for sending an output signal as a voltage value as either toxic gas

or high temperature as sound energy and it could be both at same time.

The installed chip understands a 1 or 0 as either a high or low as an

activation or deactivation for the alerting unit.

The whole system takes a maximum of 5-6 volts which is the product and

design standard voltage for the system. Exceeding such value will lead to a

total damage of the detector.

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 CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter highlights the summary, conclusion and recommendation of the

whole work.

5.2 SUMMARY
The purpose of this Adaptive Wireless Multi-Gas Detector Unit is to save

lives and properties by ensuring there is no toxic gas leakage in industries

and homes. Over the years, there have been so many manual ways of

detecting leakage of gas and high temperature especially using The canary,

normally a very songful bird, would stop singing and eventually die if not

removed from gases, signaling the industrial workers (miners) to exist from

the hazardous location quickly. But with the use of the Adaptive Multi-Gas

Detector Unit, Residence of homes can sleep peacefully knowing that a

monitor is installed for any gas leakage with any change in temperature and

industrial workers can run their daily routine without any fear of gas

accident or loss of lives as a result of gas leakage.

5.3 CONCLUSION
After carefully going through the design work, the construction work was

very nerve-wracking. But with a conscientious work, the construction was

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carefully done by ensuring there was no component damage or perilous

mistakes.

At the end of the construction it was tested and it worked as expected. That

is, whenever the Adaptive Multi-Gas Detector Unit senses any toxic gas, it

will surely alert the people around and whenever there is a high temperature

beyond it threshold, it will also alert people by using the buzzer installed in

the system.

5.4 RECOMMENDATION
In this project we recommend the use of RF (radio frequency) sensor which

is usually used to transmit and receive radio signals between two devices.

The wireless communication may be accomplished through optical

communication or through radio frequency and it can transmit up to the

range of 500 meters compare to the Bluetooth module used in the project.

Recommend also the use of hardware display unit either as a liquid crystal

display (LCD) or light emitting display (LED) which can display the various

gases present in the atmosphere and can also display the temperature

condition at that specific location, and the use of printed circuit board (PCB)

in construction of the circuit.

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 REFERENCES

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cost air quality sensor system, 2016

[2] Knight et al “The Safety Lamp”, Chapter 8, Cambridge University 1992

[3] United State Patent “electrochemical gas detector and method”, 2010

[4] Edward Naranjo et al “IR gas imaging in industries settings”

[5] APS News “This month in physics History” Nov 17-23 Dec, 1947.

[6] International Journal of communication system “Wireless sensor network based

active acquifer contamination monitoring and control system for gas
monitoring and control system”, 30 jan 2014.

[7] 2007 Summit report “Real time monitoring system for safety using wireless
sensor network”.

[8] David Vallero “Fundamentals of air pollution” Fourth edition, Page no 12. 2008

[9] Sumit Kumar Srivastava “Real time monitoring system for mine safety using
wireless sensor network”, Department of mining engineering national
institution of technology, Rourkela.

[10] H Fu et al “Intelligent fuzzy sensing system in coal mine safety monitoring” sixth
international conference on fuzzy system and knowledge discovery, Tianjin,
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[11] Rajkumor Boddu et al “Zigbee based mine safety monitoring system with GSM”,
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