1.

INTRODUCTION

The Duber Khwar Hydropower Project is a run-off-river type hydropower project

designed with a high water head and a long conduit. It is located in the Indus
Kohistan of North West Frontier Province (NWFP) and is situated in a complex and
strategic geological and tectonic environment. The main structures include:

 The reservoir,

 Weir structure,

 Conduit system,

 Powerhouse,

 Tailrace structure,

 Switchyard and Power Transmission line, etc.

The main task of this project is power generation. The water retaining structure is a
concrete gravity weir, with the maximum height of about 48.5m and the total
reservoir storage capacity of 536,000 m3. The total length of the conduit system is
about 5584m, with the maximum diversion discharge of 29m3/s. The powerhouse
is externally located. It houses two Pelton turbines of 65 MW each (total capacity
130MW).

Salient Features of Conduit System

i. Intake
Trash racks 4 nos (6.75m x 4m each)
Intake Gate 1 no
Gate Shaft:
Internal Dia. 6m
Height 28m
ii. Sand Trap
Underground sand trap and gate chamber:
Sand trap chamber Dimensions 8.3 m x 6.5m/ 4x200m
Inlet Chamber length 70.1m
Outlet Chamber length 70.1m
 Access tunnel to inlet Chamber 60.6m
Access tunnel to outlet Chamber 125.0m
Flushing canal length 125.2m

iii. Head Race Tunnel

Pressure tunnel:
Length up to surge tank 4856.678 m
Excavation diameter (TBM) 4.2 m
Internal diameter 3. 3 – 3.5 m
Access tunnel 188.0m

iv. Surge Tank

Surge shaft, internal diameter 5m
Surge shaft, Height 66 m
Lower chamber, Length 2 x 60 m
Upper chamber Length 80 m
Access tunnel, Length 68 m

v. Penstock Tunnel
Length 202 m
Cross section 5.1m x 4.65m (wxh)

vi. Penstock
Diameter 2.6 m
Length 1412.6 m
(From Surge Tank to Powerhouse)
Access tunnel to Pressure tunnel 764.0m

vii. Powerhouse
External powerhouse:
Substructure depth 20 m
Superstructure length 39.6 m
Width 29 m
 Height 32.2 m

viii. Tailrace
Open tailrace canal length 190 m
Covered canal length 75 m

ix. Head
Max. Operating level 1218. 0 m.a.s.l
Min. operation level 1206.0 m.a.s.l
(Normal drawdown level)
Turbine axis 677. 5 m.a.s.l
Max. Gross head 540. 5 m
Min. gross head 528. 5 m

x. Losses
Head losses for Qdesign=29 m3/s 24.4 m
Max. net head for Qdesign 516.1 m
Min. net head Qdesign 504.1 m

2. PROBLEM STATEMENT
Since the execution of Mangla Dam in Azad Kashmir in 1974, no specific
hydropower generation project was maneuvered (designed or constructed) up to
2000. When WAPDA promulgated the nascence of Vision 2025 under which a n. of
dams were planned to be designed and constructed , no trained professionals were
available owing to the dearth of such water related projects in the country in the
previous years. Even at present, the hydraulic engineers who are required to
incorporate hydraulic analysis for the appropriate design of such structures (i.e.
pipe network system in hydropower projects) are handicapped in Pakistan, as no
guidelines/specifications exist for the same.
 I, therefore, intend to carry out research on this specific issue of hydraulic design of
conduit systems and related structures, as a case study of Duber Khwar Hydropower
project, subsisted in WAPDA vision 2025.

3. OBJECTIVES
 To carry out hydraulic design i.e. head loss and hydraulic grade line calculation
for the availability of the required discharge and velocity u/s of the power
generation machines to accomplish the target of intended power generation of
the hydropower project.
 To study the water hammer wave effects on the structure and the dissipation of
the said effects by the provision on surge tanks and associated chambers,
through the calculation of back wave velocity and wave levels in surge tank and
chambers.
 To conduct the hydraulic calculations for tailrace structure d/s of power
generation house to study the effects of high velocity water profile on the outlet
structures.

4. Literature Survey with References

The pressure conduits/tunnels are provided in hydropower/dam structures to
transport the water from reservoir to the machines in power stations at the
required velocity with a specific discharge.
The hydraulic analysis of conduits flowing full establishes the relation between
discharge and total head and determines pressures in critical locations. The
solution is implicit and involves the simultaneous solution of the Darcy-
Weisbach equation, the continuity equation, and the Moody diagram to
determine the unknown quantities. The total head H , which is defined as the
difference in elevation of the upstream pool and the elevation of the hydraulic
(pressure) grade line at the exit portal, is consumed in overcoming frictional (hf)
and form (hg) losses and in producing the exit portal discharge velocity head
(hv). These component heads may be equated to the total head as follows:

H =hf+hl+hv
Energy losses within conduits fall into two general classifications:

(a) Surface resistance (friction) caused by shear between the confining boundaries and
the fluid and
b) Form resistance resulting from boundary alignment changes.

(EM 1110-2-1602, Hydraulic Design of Outlet Works)

  Feasibility study reports of Duber Khwar Hydropower project
 Detailed design drawings of the project prepared by CWH, China in 2003.
 Detailed design data available with WAPDA and project associated
organizations

5. Methodology
 Study of general features of structures related to the research work (i.e.
Power Intake structure, Sandtrap structure, Headrace tunnel, Pressure tunnel,
Surge tank, Tailrace structures etc.)
 Selection of the corresponding design data from the available sources.
 Recommendations for hydraulic analysis and designing Civil Engineering
Structures and its subsequent comparison with international codes and
specifications (such as USACE Engineering Manuals ,USBR Manuals ,
AWWA Manuals etc.).

6. Work Schedule / Plan

 Study of general project related features (15 days).
 Selection of design data from the available sources and related codes of
practice (5 days).
 Calculation of pipe losses and associated appurtenances (20 days).
 Study and calculation of water hammer effects and related addendums (10
days)
 Hydraulic calculations of tailrace outlet structure and hydraulic analysis of
sandtrap structure (10 days)
 Finalization of research recommendations (10 days).
 Drafting , printing and compilation of thesis (10 days).

7. Utilization of Research Result

 To provide the hydraulic engineers a practical Hydraulic Analysis for the conduit
systems including all the possible structures like Power Intake , Sandtrap ,
Headrace tunnel , Surge Chambers , Pressure Tunnel etc. for the power
generation projects.
  To enable the hydraulic engineers understand and carry out the practical analysis
of the water hammer effects in the high velocity conduit systems.
 To entrust the hydraulic engineers a perception regarding the practical hydraulic
design of tailrace structures.

8. Proposed Starting Date

October 2007
9. Expected Date of Completion
January 2008
10. Are Facilities Available for the Work?
Yes
11. Additional Facilities Required, give details
Non
12. Expected Expenditure, give details
Nil

13. Name, Designation of Supervisor

Prof. Dr. Zulifqar Ali,
Department of Civil Engineering,
UET, Lahore.

14. Remarks if any

None

Recommendation by Supervisor

Signature of Supervisor Signature of Candidate

Date: Date:

Recommendation by Chairman
Signature of Chairman