Written as per the latest textbook prescribed by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook

Production and Curriculum Research, Pune.


PERFECT

PHYSICS (Vol. I)

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Std. XII Sci.

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Salient Features

"
"
"
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"  Written as per the new textbook
Subtopic-wise segregation for powerful concept building
Complete coverage of Textual Exercise Questions
Extensive coverage of New Type of Questions and MCQs
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" ‘Solved Examples’ offer complete numerical solution
" ‘Apply Your Knowledge’ section for application of concepts
" ‘Quick Review’ facilitates quick revision
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" ‘Important Formulae’ offers compilation of formulae covered in a chapter

" ‘Competitive Corner’ gives idea of MCQs asked in competitive exams
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" Reading Between the Lines, Enrich Your Knowledge, Gyan Guru, Connections, NCERT
Corner are designed to impart holistic education
" Topic Test at the end of each chapter for self-assessment

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" Video links provided via QR codes for boosting conceptual retention




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Printedat:ReproIndiaLtd,Mumbai

© Target
 Publications Pvt. Ltd.
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, C.D. ROM/Audio Video Cassettes or electronic, mechanical

including photocopying; recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the Publisher.


BalbharatiRegistrationNo.:2018MH0022 P.O.No.00809
 TEID:1397
 



PREFACE




Perfect Physics XII, Vol. I is intended for every Maharashtra State Board aspirant of Std. XII, Science.

The scope, sequence, and level of the book are designed to match the new textbook of Maharashtra State
board.

At a crucial juncture of cracking a career defining board examination, we wanted to create a book that not

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 just develops the necessary knowledge, tools and skills required to excel in the examination in students
but also enables them to appreciate the beauty of subject and piques their curiosity.

We believe the students need meaningful content presented in a way that is easy to read and understand
 rather than being mired down with facts and information. They do much better when they understand why

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Physics is relevant to their everyday lives.

Comprehension of Physics eventuates naturally when subject is studied systematically with sincere and
 dedicated efforts.

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 Core of Physics lies in its concepts. To begin with, students should read a concept, contemplate upon its
essence and attempt to produce the same in their own words. Students should then attempt theoretical
 questions based on that concept to gauge the level of understanding achieved.

 To quote Albert Einstein, “If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it yourself.”
Though Physics is communicated in English, it is expressed in Mathematics. Hence, it is essential to
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befriend formulae and derivations. These should be learnt and memorized. Once Physical mathematics of
 concept is ingrained, solved numericals should be studied, starting from simple problems to difficult by
escalating level of complexity gradually. Students are required to practise numericals and ascertain their
 command on problem solving. Calculations at this stage must be done using log table keeping in mind
that calculators are not allowed in Board Exams. When it comes to problems in Physics nothing makes
e

 students perfect like practice!

 Frequent revisions of concepts and numericals, help in imbibing the topic learnt and therefore should be
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allotted definite time.


A test on the chapter studied should be taken to check one’s range of preparation.
Amongst building concepts, advancing into numbers and equations, it is essential to ponder underlying
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implications of subject. Students should read from references, visit authentic websites, watch relevant
fascinating links and even experiment on their own following proper safety guidelines.
As famous hat detective Sherlock Holmes has pointed, people see, they do not observe. By becoming
attentive to their surroundings students can easily perceive how Physics has touched entire spectrum of
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life. The very realization is catalytic enough for students to admire and further dive into this compelling
subject.
Our Perfect Physics adheres to our vision and achieves several goals: building concepts, developing
competence to solve numericals, recapitulation, self-study, self-assessment and student
engagement—all while encouraging students toward cognitive thinking.
Features of the book presented below will explicate more about the same!
 


We hope the book benefits the learner as we have envisioned.

The journey to create a complete book is strewn with triumphs, failures and near misses. If you think we’ve
nearly missed something or want to applaud us for our triumphs, we’d love to hear from you.
Please write to us on: mail@targetpublications.org
A book affects eternity; one can never tell where its influence stops.

Best of luck to all the aspirants!

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From,
Publisher

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Edition: First

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Disclaimer
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This reference book is transformative work based on textbook Physics; First edition: 2020 published by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook
Production and Curriculum Research, Pune. We the publishers are making this reference book which constitutes as fair use of textual contents which
are transformed by adding and elaborating, with a view to simplify the same to enable the students to understand, memorize and reproduce the same in
examinations.
This work is purely inspired upon the course work as prescribed by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune.
Every care has been taken in the publication of this reference book by the Authors while creating the contents. The Authors and the Publishers shall not be
responsible for any loss or damages caused to any person on account of errors or omissions which might have crept in or disagreement of any third party on
the point of view expressed in the reference book.
© reserved with the Publisher for all the contents created by our Authors.
No copyright is claimed in the textual contents which are presented as part of fair dealing with a view to provide best supplementary study material for
the benefit of students.
 

FEATURES

1.5 Moment of Inertia as an Analogous

Quantity for Mass
SubͲtopicwiseSegregation
Moment of inertia of a rigid body about an axis of
rotation is defined as the sum of product of the mass of
Every chapter is segregated sub-topic
each particle and the square of its perpendicular distance
wise. A subtopic encompasses textual
from the axis of rotation. It is denoted by ‘I’ and is given

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n content in the format of Question-
by, I = ¦m r i i
2
where, mi is mass of ith particle and Answers. Textual Exercise questions,
i 1
Intext questions, ‘Can you tell’, ‘Can
ri = perpendicular distance of ith particle from axis of you recall’, ‘Try this’, ‘Observe and
rotation. Discuss’, ‘Use your brain power’ and

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‘Activity’ are placed aptly amongst
Q.81. How moment of inertia in rotational motion is an
various additional questions in
analogous quantity for mass in linear motion?
accordance with the flow of subtopic.
Ans: This is our attempt to enable easy
i. Angular displacement, angular velocity and angular assimilation of concept and lay strong

on
acceleration respectively replaces linear foundation for understanding as well as
displacement, linear velocity and linear acceleration writing answers in exam.
for various kinematical equations.
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*Q.4. Write ideal gas equation for a mass of 7 g of
nitrogen gas.
Ans: Ideal gas equation for 7 g of nitrogen gas is,
RT
PV = .
Readingbetweenthelines 4
e
Reading between the lines
Reading between the lines provides
elaboration or missing fragments of
concept essential for complete Ideal gas equation, PV = nRT
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understanding of the concept. m

Here, n =
This is our attempt to explain the M0
concept without deforming the length of m = 7 g,  M 0  N = 28 g/mol
2
expected answer.
7 1
m

? n=
28 4
1 RT
? PV = × RT =
4 4
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NCERT Corner
NCERTCorner
Fresnel distance

i. In travelling a distance Z, the half angular NCERT Corner covers information from
ZO NCERT textbook relevant to topic.
width of beam, due to diffraction =
a This is our attempt to bridge the gap between
ii. The beam width will be more than width of NCERT curriculum and State Board textbook,
ZO a2 thereby benefitting students in their preparation
the slit i.e., > a, only when Z > of National level competitive examinations.
a O
 


Connections
Connections
Connections enable students to interlink
concepts covered in different chapters. You will study in detail about the relation between
This is our attempt to encourage students
amplitude and intensity in Chapter 7 - Wave Optics
to appreciate the subject as a whole.

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QRCode
[Note: Students can scan the adjacent

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QR code provides access to a video in
QR code to see experimental
order to boost understanding of a
demonstration of polarizing action
concept or activity.
of a polaroid with the aid of a linked
This is our attempt to facilitate learning
video.]
with visual aids.

on Enrich Your Knowledge

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EnrichYourKnowledge
There is difference between values of pressure and
temperature at S.T.P. (standard temperature pressure)
Enrich Your Knowledge presents and N.T.P. (normal temperature pressure) conditions.
fascinating information about the concept At S.T.P., P = 105 Pa = 1 bar = 1 atm and
covered. T = 0 qC = 273 K
This is our attempt to create interest in the At N.T.P., P = 101.32 k Pa = 1.013 u 105 Pa and
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students about the concept. T = 20 qC = 293 K (Room temperature)

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m

GG - Gyan Guru

A xylophone produces sound when

its wooden or composite material
bars are struck with hard rubber or GGͲGyanGuru
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plastic mallet.
Striking the metal bars of the xylophone
Gyan Guru illustrates real life
with a stick produces a vibration. This
applications or examples related to the
vibration’s sound is determined by the
concept discussed.
length of the bar. The longer ones produce
This is our attempt to link learning to the life.
a much deeper sound than the shorter one.
 

Solved Examples
Q.51. A vehicle is moving on a circular track whose
surface is inclined towards the horizon at an angle
of 10q. The maximum velocity with which it can
move safely is 36 km/hr. Calculate the length of the
SolvedExamples circular track. [Take S = 3.142]
Solution:
5
Given: vmax = 36 km h1 = 36 u = 10 m/s,
Solved Examples offer complete 18

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solution to numerical including log T = 10q
(as seemed required). To find: Length of circular track (l)
This is our attempt toprepare students v2max
with the numerical aspect of Physics Formula: tan T =
rg
and promote problem solving abilities
Calculation: From formula,

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in students.
10
2
v2max
r  = = 57.88 m
g tan T 9.8 u tan 10o
l = 2ʌr = 2u 3.142 u 57.88 = 363.7 m
Ans: The length of the circular track is 363.7 m.

Apply Your Knowledge

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Q.158.What will happen if the height to which a liquid
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can rise in a capillary tube is more than the
length of the tube?
Ans: Consider a liquid which forms a concave meniscus in a ApplyYourKnowledge
capillary tube as shown in figure.
Let r = radius of capillary
Apply Your Knowledge includes
tube, N'
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challenging questions.
ș = angle of contact,
R O This is our attempt to take students one
R = radius of meniscus. ș step further and challenge their
A r P
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From figure ҆OAN = 90° and conceptual understanding.

҆PAN = (90° – ș) ș
? ҆OAP = ș = angle of contact N
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Quick Review
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Oscillations
QuickReview
Linear S.H.M. Angular S.H.M.

Quick review includes tables/ flow chart In a linear S.H.M., the force
to summarize the key points in chapter. is directed towards the mean
This is our attempt to help students to position and its magnitude is
reinforce key concepts. directly proportional to the
displacement of the body
from mean position.
Angular acceleration is
directly proportional to
the angular displacement
and directed opposite to
the angular displacement.
Į vT
 
 Important Formulae
ImportantFormulae
Expression of
Object Axis moment of Figure
inertia
Important Formulae includes all of the
key formulae in the chapter.
Thin ring or R This is our attempt to offer students tools
hollow Central I = MR2
cylinder of formulae handy while solving
problems and last minute revision at a
glance.

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Exercise

2.3 Pressure

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3. For a liquid column, show that,
Exercise P = hUg
Where, P is the pressure due to a liquid of density ‘U’
Exercise includes subtopic-wise and at a depth ‘h’ below the free surface.
Ans: Refer Q.10
additional questions and problems.

on
This is our attempt to provide 4. Derive an expression for absolute pressure P at a
additional practice to students to height h above the liquid surface.
gauge their preparation. Ans: Refer Q.12
C
MultipleChoiceQuestions
Multiple Choice Questions

*21. The second law of thermodynamics deals with Multiple Choice Question includes
transfer of: textual as well as additional MCQs.
This is our attempt to give students
e
(A) work done (B) energy
practice of MCQs which form vital
(C) momentum (D) heat
part of curriculum.
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Competitive Corner
1. Water from a pipe is coming at a rate of
m

100 liters per minute. If the radius of the pipe is

5 cm, the Reynolds number for the flow is of the order
of : (density of water = 1000 kg/m3, coefficient of
viscosity of water = 1 mPa s) [JEE (Main) 2019]
CompetitiveCorner (A) 103 (B) 104 (C) 102 (D) 106
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Hint: Flow of water (Q) = 100 liters per minutes

100 u 10 3
Competitive Corner presents questions = = 5 × 10–3 m3/s
from prominent [NEET (UG), JEE 60 3
(Main), MHT CET] competitive exams Q 5 u 10 3
Velocity of water, v = =
3 u S  5 u 10 2 
2
based entirely on the syllabus covered in A
the chapter.
This is our attempt to introduce students = 2 = 0.2 m/s
3S
to MCQs asked in competitive exams.
0.2 u 1000 u 10 u 102 
Reynold’s number (NR) = vUD = 3
K 1 u 10
§ 2 × 104
? order of (NR) = 104
 

Time: 1 Hour 30 Min TOPIC TEST Total Marks: 25

SECTION A TopicTest

Q.1. Select and write the correct answer: [04]

i. A second’s pendulum is suspended in an elevator
moving with constant speed in downward direction.
The periodic time (T) of that pendulum is _______.
(A) less than two seconds
Topic Test covers questions from
chapter for self-evaluation purpose.
This is our attempt to provide the
students with revision and help them
assess their knowledge of chapter.

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(B) equal to two seconds
(C) greater than two seconds
(D) very much greater than two seconds

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CONTENTS

Chapter No.

1
on
Rotational Dynamics
Chapter Name Page No.

1
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2 Mechanical Properties of Fluids 55

3 Kinetic Theory of Gases and Radiation 111

4 Thermodynamics 147
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5 Oscillations 192
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6 Superposition of Waves 237

7 Wave Optics 283

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Note: 1. * mark represents Textual question.

2. # mark represents Intext question.
3. + mark represents Textual examples.
4.  symbol represents textual questions that need external reference for an
answer.
 
 Important Formulae
ImportantFormulae
Expression of
Object Axis moment of Figure
inertia
Important Formulae includes all of the
key formulae in the chapter.
Thin ring or R This is our attempt to offer students tools
hollow Central I = MR2
cylinder of formulae handy while solving
problems and last minute revision at a
glance.

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Exercise

2.3 Pressure

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3. For a liquid column, show that,
Exercise P = hUg
Where, P is the pressure due to a liquid of density ‘U’
Exercise includes subtopic-wise and at a depth ‘h’ below the free surface.
Ans: Refer Q.10
additional questions and problems.

on
This is our attempt to provide 4. Derive an expression for absolute pressure P at a
additional practice to students to height h above the liquid surface.
gauge their preparation. Ans: Refer Q.12
C
MultipleChoiceQuestions
Multiple Choice Questions

*21. The second law of thermodynamics deals with Multiple Choice Question includes
transfer of: textual as well as additional MCQs.
This is our attempt to give students
e
(A) work done (B) energy
practice of MCQs which form vital
(C) momentum (D) heat
part of curriculum.
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Competitive Corner
1. Water from a pipe is coming at a rate of
m

100 liters per minute. If the radius of the pipe is

5 cm, the Reynolds number for the flow is of the order
of : (density of water = 1000 kg/m3, coefficient of
viscosity of water = 1 mPa s) [JEE (Main) 2019]
CompetitiveCorner (A) 103 (B) 104 (C) 102 (D) 106
Sa

Hint: Flow of water (Q) = 100 liters per minutes

100 u 10 3
Competitive Corner presents questions = = 5 × 10–3 m3/s
from prominent [NEET (UG), JEE 60 3
(Main), MHT CET] competitive exams Q 5 u 10 3
Velocity of water, v = =
3 u S  5 u 10 2 
2
based entirely on the syllabus covered in A
the chapter.
This is our attempt to introduce students = 2 = 0.2 m/s
3S
to MCQs asked in competitive exams.
0.2 u 1000 u 10 u 102 
Reynold’s number (NR) = vUD = 3
K 1 u 10
§ 2 × 104
? order of (NR) = 104
 £

Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysics(Vol.I)
b. Size of the particles is negligible in case of ideal Hence, the equation relating these quantities i.e.,
gases. Whereas, the particles of real gases have ideal gas equation is known as the equation of
finite size. state.
c. Ideal gas obeys ideal gas equation while, real
*Q.4. Write ideal gas equation for a mass of 7 g of
gas instead of obeying ideal gas equation obeys
nitrogen gas.
Van der Waal’s equation.
Ans: Ideal gas equation for 7 g of nitrogen gas is,
vii. What is elastic collision of particles? RT
PV = .
Ans: Collision between particles in which both 4
kinetic energy and momentum of particles are

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conserved is called as elastic collision. Reading between the lines
viii. What is Dalton’s law of partial pressures?
Ans: The total pressure of a mixture of two or more Ideal gas equation, PV = nRT
non reactive gases is the sum of the partial m
Here, n =
pressures of the individual gases in the mixture.

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M0
Q.2. Using the gas laws, prove that PV = NkBT. m = 7 g,  M 0  N2 = 28 g/mol
Also state the significance of terms involved. 7 1
OR ? n=
28 4
Can you recall? (Textbook page no. 56) 1 RT

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How do you get ideal gas equation from the gas ? PV = × RT =
4 4
laws?
Ans:
i. The three gas laws applied to a fixed mass m of Enrich Your Knowledge
an enclosed gas are,
1
a. Boyle’s law: V v at constant T. There is difference between values of pressure
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P and temperature at S.T.P. (standard temperature
b. Charles’ law: V v T at constant P. pressure) and N.T.P. (normal temperature
c. Gay-Lussac’s law: P v T at constant V. pressure) conditions.
ii. Combining the three laws, At S.T.P., P = 105 Pa = 1 bar = 1 atm and
P1V1 P2 V2 T = 0 qC = 273 K
PV v T i.e.,
T1 T2 At N.T.P., P = 101.32 k Pa = 1.013 u 105 Pa and
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iii. In terms of number of moles (n) of the gas, T = 20 qC = 293 K (Room temperature)
PV v nT
? PV = nRT ….(1)
Solved Examples
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Where, R = proportionality constant = Universal

gas constant.
iv. But, number of moles (n) Q.5. Using the ideal gas equation, determine the
mass of the gas  m  N
value of R. Given that one gram molecule of a
= ….(2) gas at S.T.P. occupies 22.4 litre.
molar mass  M 0 
m

NA
Solution:
Where, N = number of molecules, Given: At S.T.P., P = 1 u 105 N/m2,
M0 = mass of 1 mole of gas V = 22.4 litre
NA = Avogadro’s number = 22.4 u 103 m3,
v. The universal gas constant can also be T = 273 K
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expressed in terms of Boltzmann constant (kB) To find: Universal gas constant (R)
as, Formula: PV = RT
R = NAkB ….(3) Calculation: From formula,
Substituting equations (2) and (3) in equation PV
(1), we get, R =
T
N
? PV = u NAkBT = NkBT 1u 105 u 22.4u103
NA ? R =
273
Q.3. Why does an ideal gas equation is known as 320
? R=
equation of state? 39
Ans: For a gas, its state is specified by a number of ? R = 8.205 J mol1 K1
physical quantities such as pressure P, Ans: The value of universal gas constant R is
temperature T, volume V, internal energy E, etc. 8.205 J mol1 K1.
 
112
 £
Chapter3:KineticTheoryofGases
 andRadiation
Q.6. 16 g of oxygen occupy 0.025 m3 at 27 qC. If Solution:
the universal gas constant is 8.4 J/mol K. Given: T = 500 K, P1 = 4 atm,
Find the pressure exerted by it. [Molecular M = mass of gas,
weight of oxygen = 32] MH = 2, MHe = 4
Solution: To find: Pressure (P2),
Given: m = 16 g, V = 0.025 m3, § n1 ·
Number of molecules ¨ ¸
T = 27 qC = 273 + 27 = 300 K, © n2 ¹
R = 8.4 J/ mol K, M = 32 g/mol Formula: PV = nRT
To find: Pressure (P) Calculation: For hydrogen,

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Formula: PV = nRT P1V = n1RT ….(1)
m 16 1 M
Calculation: Since, n = = = = 0.5 ? P1V = RT ….(2)
M 32 2 MH
From formula, For helium,
nRT 0.5 u 8.4 u 300 P2V = n2RT ….(3)

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P= =
V 0.025 M
? P = 50.4 u 103 N/m2 ? P2V = RT ….(4)
M He
Ans: The pressure exerted by 16 g of oxygen is Dividing equation (2) by equation (4),
50.4 u 103 N/m2. P1 M 4
= He = =2

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*Q.7. Two vessels A and B are filled with same gas P2 MH 2
where volume, temperature and pressure in P1 4
vessel A is twice the volume, temperature and ? P2 = = = 2 atm
P2 2
pressure in vessel B. Calculate the ratio of
Dividing equation (1) by equation (3),
number of molecules of gas in vessel A to that
P1 n
in vessel B. = 1
P2 n2
C
Solution:
Given: PA = 2PB, TA = 2TB, VA = 2VB 4 n
? = 1
To find: Ratio of number of molecules (N1 : N2) 2 n2
PV N n1
Formulae: i. n= ii. n= ? =2
RT NA n2
Calculation: n1
e

From formula (i) ? =2:1

n2
PA VA Ans: i. The pressure exerted by helium is 2 atm.
nA = .…(1)
R TA ii. The relative number of molecules of
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PBVB hydrogen and helium is 2 : 1.

nB = ….(2)
R TB
3.2 Behaviour of a Gas
Dividing equation (1) by equation (2),
2PB ×2VB×TB Q.9. Why is it necessary to make assumptions
m

nA
? =
nB 2TB ×PB ×VB while studying behaviour of a gas?
nA Ans:
? = 2 i. For any solid object, its motion can be described
nB 1
well with the help of Newton’s laws of motion.
From formula (ii), ii. Similarly, a gas enclosed in a container can be
Sa

 N1 / N A  = 2 characterised by macroscopic state variables

 N2 / NA  1
N1 2 iii. However, as gas molecules are always in
? =
N2 1
Ans: The rato of number of molecules is 2 : 1.
Q.8. A cylinder filled with hydrogen gas at 500 K
exerts a pressure of 4 atm. If hydrogen is
replaced by equal mass of helium, at same
temperature. What will be the pressure exerted
by helium and relative number of molecules of
hydrogen and helium?
 
like pressure, volume and temperature.
random motion, it is difficult to understand
behaviour of a gas in terms of motion of a single
molecule.
iv. The number of molecules in the gas is so large
(|1023 per m3) that motion of individual
molecule cannot be related with macroscopic
parameters P, V, T and energy E.
Hence, it is necessary to make certain assumptions
while studying behaviour of a gas.
113
 £

Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysics(Vol.I)
Whereas, the real gases comprise of particles
3.3 Ideal Gas and Real Gas
with some finite size.
b. Therefore, the ideal gas does not occupy much
Q.10. What is an ideal gas?
of volume and its volume when placed in
Ans: A gas which obeys ideal gas equation at all
container can be taken as the volume of the
pressures and temperatures is an ideal gas.
container.
*Q.11. Mention the conditions under which a real c. On the other hand, particles of real gases occupy
gas obeys ideal gas equation. finite volume and it gets added into the volume
Ans: Conditions under which a real gas obeys of the container.
ideal gas equation are: d. Due to finite size, particles of real gases possess

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Low density, low pressure or high temperature.
In other words, at condition where gas
molecules are far apart so that molecular
interactions are negligible.
kinetic as well as potential energy. Thus, the
internal energy of a real gas depends on pressure,
volume and temperature of the gas. Whereas,
internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on the
temperature.

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Reading between the lines
i. In an ideal gas, there are no intermolecular
interactions whereas, real gases are
iii. Does an ideal gas exist in reality?
Ans: No, an ideal gas does not exist in reality.
Reading between the lines

on
composed of atoms or molecules which do
interact with each other.
No gas in the universe is strictly an ideal gas
ii. When the atoms or molecules of a real gas
but at low pressure and high temperature,
are so far apart that there are no
some of the gases like H2, O2, N2 and
interatomic or intermolecular interactions
monatomic inert gases behave like an ideal
possible, the real gas is said to be in ideal
gas.
state.
C
3.4 Mean Free Path
Q.12. Can you tell? (Textbook page no. 57)
i. Why is the deviation of real gas from ideal Q.13. Write a short note on mean free path of a gas
gas behaviour observed at high pressure and molecule.
low temperature? Ans:
e

Ans: i. The molecules of a gas are uniformly dispersed

a. The intermolecular attractive forces are not throughout the volume of the gas, but are
negligible in real gases. These do not allow the executing random motion. The typical path
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molecules to collide the container wall with full followed by a particle during Brownian motion
impact. This results in decrease in the pressure. is shown in figure.
b. At high pressure, the molecules are very close to
each other. The short range repulsive forces start
operating and the molecules behave as small but
m

hard spherical particles. The net volume of the

gas molecules cannot be ignored against
available volume for motion. Therefore, very
less volume is available for molecular motion.
c. At very low temperature, the molecular motion
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becomes slow and the molecules are attracted to

each other due to the attractive force. Hence, the
behaviour of the real gas deviates from the ideal
gas behaviour.
d. This behaviour of the real gas causes deviation
from the ideal gas behaviour.
ii. What is the effect of size of the molecules of a
real gas, as against the ideal gas comprising
point particles, on the properties of the gas?
Ans:
a. Ideal gases are assumed to be comprising of
point particles whose size is negligible.
 
114
A typical molecule in a gas
executing random motion
ii. When a molecule approaches another molecule,
there is a repulsive force between them, due to
which the molecules behave as small hard
spherical particles. This leads to elastic
collisions between the molecules.
iii. Therefore, both the speed and the direction of
motion of the molecules change abruptly. The
molecules also collide with the walls of the
container.
 £
Chapter3:KineticTheoryofGases
 andRadiation
iv. Molecules exert force on each other only during Calculation:
collisions. Thus, in between two successive From formula (i),
collisions the molecules move along straight N P
paths with constant velocity. =
V kB T
v. The average distance traversed by a molecule
with constant velocity between two successive Using this in formula (ii),
collisions is called mean free path. kB T
O=
vi. The mean free path (O) varies 2ʌ d 2 P

a. inversely with density U =

N
of the gas. 1.38×1023 u 273
=
2 ʌ  324×1012  u 1.01×105

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V 2

Where, N = number of molecules,

V = volume of the gas = antilog {log (1.38) + log (273)  log (1.414)
b. inversely with square of the diameter of  log (3.142)  2 log (324)  log (1.01)}
molecule d2 (because it depends on the u 104

te
cross-section of a molecule). ….(using 2 = 1.414)
vii. Thus, from above proportionalities, it can be
= antilog {0.1399 + 2.4362  0.1504
shown that,
1  0.49725.0210  0.0043}u 10 4
O = = antilog { 4 .9032} u 104
2 ʌd 2  N/V 
= 8.002 u 10 4 u 10 4 | 8 u 108
Q.14. How does mean free path varies when
pressure is reduced?
Ans: If the pressure of a gas in an enclosure is

on
reduced by evacuating it, the density of the gas
decreases and the mean free path increases.
= 0.8 u 107 m
Ans: Mean free path of N2 molecule is 0.8 u 107m.
Q.16. Mean free path of oxygen molecule is 70 nm
at S.T.P. Find the molecular diameter of the
oxygen (in pm) assuming it to be an ideal gas.
C
Enrich Your Knowledge (Take value of Boltzmann constant as
1.38 u 10–23 J/K.)
The articles are coated with metal films Solution:
considering the mean free path of molecules. Given: At S.T.P., T = 0 qC = 273 K,
The metals are heated and evaporated in an P = 1 u 105 Pa,
enclosure. The pressure in the enclosure is
O = 70 nm = 7 u 10–8 m,
e

reduced so that the mean free path of air

molecules is larger than the dimensions of the kB = 1.38 u 10–23 J/K
enclosure. The atoms in the metal vapour then To find: Molecular diameter of oxygen (d)
pl

do not collide with the air molecules. They reach k BT

Formula: O=
the target and get deposited. 2 S d2 P
Calculation: From formula,
k BT
Solved Examples d2 =
m

2 SOP
+Q.15.Obtain the mean free path of nitrogen 1.38 u 1023 u 273
molecule at 0 qC and 1.0 atm pressure. The =
2 u 3.142 u 7 u 10 8 u 105
molecular diameter of nitrogen is 324 pm
1.38 u 273
(assume that the gas is ideal). = u 10–20
1.414 u 3.142 u 7
Sa

Solution:
Given: T = 0qC = 273 K, 1.38 u 39
= u 10–20
P = 1.0 atm 1.414 u 3.142
= 1.01 u 105 Pa, = antilog {log (1.38) + log (39)
d = 324 pm – log (1.414) – log (3.142)} u 10–20
= 324 u 10 12 m, = antilog {0.1399 +1.5911 – 0.1504
kB = 1.38 u 1023J/K – 0.4972} u 10–20
To find: Mean free path of N2 (O) = antilog {1.0834} u 10–20
Formulae: i. PV = NkBT d2 = 1.212 u 10–20 u 10
1
ii. O= d = 3.481 u 10–10 m
§N· = 348.1 pm
2 ʌ d2 ¨ ¸
©V¹ Ans: Molecular diameter of oxygen is 348.1 pm.
  115
 Page no. 116 to 135 are purposely left blank. 

To see complete chapter buy Target Notes or Target E‐Notes 
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Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysics(Vol.I)

 3000  u rstar
4 2 Q.105.An oxygen molecule with bond length 1 Å, is
? 25 = rotating about the perpendicular bisector to
 6000  u rsun
4 2
the line joining the two atoms. Find the
4
2
rstar 60004 § 6000 · angular velocity of the molecule at 300 K.
? = 25 u = 25 u ¨ ¸
2
rsun 30004 © 3000 ¹ (Mass of oxygen atom = 2.5 u 10–26 kg;
= 25 u (2)4 Radius of oxygen atom = 0.6 Å)
= 25 u 16 Ans: Oxygen is a diatomic molecule, therefore, it has
5 degrees of freedom.
? rstar = 25×16 u rsun ftotal = ftrans + frot = 3 + 2 = 5
= 5 u 4 u rsun

nt
§f ·
? rstar = 20 u rsun ? K.E. of rotation = ¨ rot ¸ kBT = kB T
© 2 ¹
Ans: The radius of the virtual star is 20 u rsun. 1
But, (K.E.)rot = IZ2
 2
Apply Your Knowledge 1
? IZ2 = kBT

te
2
Q.104.Maxwell distribution curve for hydrogen gas
2k BT
at 25 qC (room temperature) is given below: ? Z= ….(i)
I
nv Considering each atom of oxygen as a sphere,

on
the moment of inertia of atom about the given
axis is,
2 § bond length ·
Iatom = MR2 + Mh2 …. ¨ Here,h = ¸
5 © 2 ¹
§2 ·
vavg vrms v ? Imolecule = 2 ¨ MR 2  Mh 2 ¸ = 2 u 9.85 u 10–47
©5 ¹
Now, when the gas is heated to 40 qC, what
C
will be the changes observed in its Maxwell = 1.97 u 10–46 kg m2
distribution curve? Substituting in equation (i),
Ans: In Maxwell distribution, the curve gives the 2u1.38u1023 u300
Z= = 6.48 u 1012 rad/s
distribution of velocities of gas molecules. The 1.97 u1046
area under the curve equals to the number of
molecules present in the gas. Q.106.Internet my friend (Textbook page no. 72)
e

nv
i. https://www.britannica.com/science/kinetic-
theory-of-gases
ii. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XrAkt
pl

Uy3_3k
iii. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3tD
7ZuqaZik
iv. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7BXv
vavg vrms v c9W97iU
m

For a given gas, vrms v T v. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/

Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook
Hence, when a gas is heated, r.m.s. speed of the
_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_(McQua
gas molecules increases. So, the curve shifts
rrie_and_Simon)/01%3A_The_Dawn_of_the_Q
towards right. Now, as the number of molecules
uantum_Theory/1.01%3A_Blackbody_Radiatio
Sa

in the gas are constant, the peak of the curve is

n_Cannot_Be_Explained_Classically
lowered.
vi. http://hyperphysics.phy-
Hence, when H2 gas is heated, its velocity
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Kinetic/kinthe.html
distribution is given by
vii. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=buPu
nv KAcKqZw
[Students are expected to visit the above
H2 gas at room temperature
mentioned websites and collect more
H2 gas at 40 qC information.]

v
 
136
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Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysics(Vol.I)
b. Size of the particles is negligible in case of ideal Hence, the equation relating these quantities i.e.,
gases. Whereas, the particles of real gases have ideal gas equation is known as the equation of
finite size. state.
c. Ideal gas obeys ideal gas equation while, real
*Q.4. Write ideal gas equation for a mass of 7 g of
gas instead of obeying ideal gas equation obeys
nitrogen gas.
Van der Waal’s equation.
Ans: Ideal gas equation for 7 g of nitrogen gas is,
vii. What is elastic collision of particles? RT
PV = .
Ans: Collision between particles in which both 4
kinetic energy and momentum of particles are

nt
conserved is called as elastic collision. Reading between the lines
viii. What is Dalton’s law of partial pressures?
Ans: The total pressure of a mixture of two or more Ideal gas equation, PV = nRT
non reactive gases is the sum of the partial m
Here, n =
pressures of the individual gases in the mixture.

te
M0
Q.2. Using the gas laws, prove that PV = NkBT. m = 7 g,  M 0  N2 = 28 g/mol
Also state the significance of terms involved. 7 1
OR ? n=
28 4
Can you recall? (Textbook page no. 56) 1 RT

on
How do you get ideal gas equation from the gas ? PV = × RT =
4 4
laws?
Ans:
i. The three gas laws applied to a fixed mass m of Enrich Your Knowledge
an enclosed gas are,
1
a. Boyle’s law: V v at constant T. There is difference between values of pressure
C
P and temperature at S.T.P. (standard temperature
b. Charles’ law: V v T at constant P. pressure) and N.T.P. (normal temperature
c. Gay-Lussac’s law: P v T at constant V. pressure) conditions.
ii. Combining the three laws, At S.T.P., P = 105 Pa = 1 bar = 1 atm and
P1V1 P2 V2 T = 0 qC = 273 K
PV v T i.e.,
T1 T2 At N.T.P., P = 101.32 k Pa = 1.013 u 105 Pa and
e

iii. In terms of number of moles (n) of the gas, T = 20 qC = 293 K (Room temperature)
PV v nT
? PV = nRT ….(1)
Solved Examples
pl

Where, R = proportionality constant = Universal

gas constant.
iv. But, number of moles (n) Q.5. Using the ideal gas equation, determine the
mass of the gas  m  N
value of R. Given that one gram molecule of a
= ….(2) gas at S.T.P. occupies 22.4 litre.
molar mass  M 0 
m

NA
Solution:
Where, N = number of molecules, Given: At S.T.P., P = 1 u 105 N/m2,
M0 = mass of 1 mole of gas V = 22.4 litre
NA = Avogadro’s number = 22.4 u 103 m3,
v. The universal gas constant can also be T = 273 K
Sa

expressed in terms of Boltzmann constant (kB) To find: Universal gas constant (R)
as, Formula: PV = RT
R = NAkB ….(3) Calculation: From formula,
Substituting equations (2) and (3) in equation PV
(1), we get, R =
T
N
? PV = u NAkBT = NkBT 1u 105 u 22.4u103
NA ? R =
273
Q.3. Why does an ideal gas equation is known as 320
? R=
equation of state? 39
Ans: For a gas, its state is specified by a number of ? R = 8.205 J mol1 K1
physical quantities such as pressure P, Ans: The value of universal gas constant R is
temperature T, volume V, internal energy E, etc. 8.205 J mol1 K1.
 
112
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Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysics(Vol.I)

Radiation

Absorption Reflection Transmission Emission

x Coefficient of x Coefficient of x Coefficient of x Coefficient of emission

Absorption (a) reflection (r) transmission (tr) or emissivity (e)
Qa Qr Qt R
a= r= tr = e=
RB

nt
Q Q Q
a + r + tr = 1 x Emissive power
Q
R=
Perfect blackbody At

te
x A body which absorbs the entire
radiant energy incident on it.
x For perfect blackbody, a = 1
x In practice, Ferry’s body is Prevost’s theory of heat exchange
considered perfect blackbody as x

on
All bodies at all temperatures above
lampblack used in it absorbs 97% 0 K radiate thermal energy and at
of incident energy. the same time, they absorb radiation
x It appears black in light and glows recived from suroundings.
in dark because good absorber is
always a good emitter.
Stefan-Boltzmann law
C
Spectrum of blackbody
x Radiating power per unit time is
Omax directly proportional to fourth power
5500 K
of the temperature.
Visible Q = V At T4 (for perfect blackbody)
Q = eV At T4 (for ordinary body)
Radiant power

5000 K
e

x V = Stefan’s Constant
= 5.67 u 108 J/s m2 K4
4000 K
pl

3000 K
Kirchhoff’s Law of radiation
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
x At a given temperature, the ratio of
Wavelength (nm)
emissive power to coefficient of
x Wien’s displacement law: absorption of a body is equal to the
m

Omax =
b emissive power of a perfect
T blackbody at the same temperature
for all wavelengths
R
a=e=
RB
Sa

 
138
 £
Chapter3:KineticTheoryofGases
 andRadiation
10. Coefficient of emission (Emissivity):
Impotant formula R
e= =a
Rb
1. Ideal gas equation:
i. PV = nRT ii. PV = NkBT Q
11. Emissive power: R =
2. Mean free path: At
1 k BT
i. O= ii. O= 12. Quantity of radiant heat emitted by a
§ N· 2Sd 2P blackbody:
2Sd2 ¨ ¸
©V¹ Q = V AT4t

nt
i.
3. Pressure exerted by gas: (When temperature of surrounding is not given)
1 N ii. Q = VA (T4  T04 )t
P= m v2
3 V (When temperature of the surrounding is given)

te
4. Root mean square speed: 13. Radiant energy emitted by ordinary body:
3RT 3P i. Q = eAV T4 t
i. vrms = ii. vrms =
M0 U ii. Q = eAV (T4  T04 ) t
3 b
iii. vrms = k BT 14. Wien’s law: Omax =

on
2 T
5. Kinetic energy of gas molecule: dQ
3 15. Rate of heat radiation: = eAV(T4  T04 )
i. K.E of gas molecules = PV dt
2
ii. K.E per unit mole =
3
RT 16. Total radiant energy emitted from a body:
2 Q = eAtV(T4  T04 )
C
3 RT
iii. K.E per unit mass =
2 M0
Exercise
3
iv. K.E per molecule = kBT
2 3.1 Introduction
6. Relation between Cp and Cv:
e
1. Prove the relation, PV =NkBT.
i. CP  C V = R
Ans: Refer Q.2
….(When all quantities are expressed in same
unit.) 2. 14 g of nitrogen occupy 0.028 m3 at 27 qC. If
pl

R the universal gas constant is 8.4 J/mol K. Find

CP  CV =
J the pressure exerted by it. [Molecular weight of
….(When CP, CV are in heat units and R is in nitrogen = 28]
work unit.) Ans: 45 u 103 N/m2
m

CP
ii. =J 3.2 Behaviour of a Gas
CV
R 3. Why cannot the behaviour of a gas molecule be
iii. Sp  Sv =
M0J studied using Newtonian mechanics?
Ans: Refer Q.9
Sa

7. Radiant energy incident on a surface:

Q = Qa + Qr + Qt 3.3 Ideal Gas and Real Gas
8. Coefficient of radiation: 4. Define ideal gas.
Q Ans: Refer Q.10
i. Coefficient of absorption, a = a
Q
5. When can a real gas be treated as ideal gas?
Q
ii. Coefficient of reflection, r = r Ans: Refer Q.11
Q
Qt 3.4 Mean Free Path
iii. Coefficient of transmission, tr =
Q 6. What is a mean free path?
9. Relation between a, r, and t: a + r + tr = 1 Ans: Refer Q.13 (v)
  139


Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysics(Vol.I)
7. How does a mean free path of a gas molecule vary
with number density and size of the molecule?
Ans: Refer Q.13 (vi)
8. Obtain the mean free path of nitrogen molecule
at 0 qC and 1.0 atm pressure. The molecular
diameter of oxygen is 335 pm (assume that the
gas is ideal). (Take kB = 1.38 u 10–23 J/K)
Ans: 74.8 nm
3.5 Pressure of Ideal Gas
£
19. Describe using kinetic theory, how the pressure
of gas changes if its volume is reduced at
constant temperature.
Ans: Refer Q.34
20. Find kinetic energy of 2.5 litre of a gas at S.T.P.
Given standard pressure is 1u 105 N/m2.
Ans: 375 J
21. The kinetic energy of 1 kg of oxygen at 300 K
is 1.356 u 106 J. Find the kinetic energy of 4 kg

nt
of oxygen at 400 K.
9. Derive an expression for pressure exerted by a
Ans: 7.232 u 106 J
gas molecule.
Ans: Refer Q.17 22. Find the average kinetic energy of a molecule of
2 nitrogen at 27 qC. [Boltzmann constant,

te
10. A gas in a cylinder is at pressure 500 N/m . If
the masses of all the molecules are made one
fifth of their original value and their speeds are
doubled, then find the resultant pressure.
Ans: 400 N/m2
kB = 1.381 u 1023 J/molecule K]
Ans: 6.215 u 1021 J
23. Calculate the molecular K.E per k mol and per
kg of hydrogen at 127 qC.

on
3.6 Root Mean Square (rms) Speed [R = 8310 J/k mol K, molecular weight of
hydrogen = 2]
11. How does r.m.s. velocity of a gas molecule Ans: 4.986 u 106 J, 2.493 u 106 J
varies according to its absolute temperature?
Derive the relation. 3.8 Law of Equipartition of Energy
Ans: Refer Q.20
24. What is the law of equipartition of energy?
C
12. State the relation between mean square velocity Ans: Refer Q.42
of a gas molecule and its absolute temperature.
Ans: Refer Q.21 25. What are degrees of freedom of a system? How
many degrees of freedom a body moving in a
13. Compare the speed of sound in a gas and speed plane has?
of that gas molecule. Ans: Refer Q.43 and Q.45
Ans: Refer Q.23
e

26. How many degrees of freedom a monatomic gas

14. Calculate the temperature (in qC) at which the has?
r.m.s velocity of O2 gas molecule will be Ans: Refer Q.47
0.5 km s1. [Given R = 8.311 J mol1 K1]
pl

27. Describe the energy associated with each degree

Ans: 47.8 qC
of freedom for a diatomic gas.
15. Determine the pressure of oxygen at 0 qC, if the Ans: Refer Q.48
density of oxygen at N.T.P is 1.44 kg/m3 and
3.9 Specific Heat Capacity
m

r.m.s. speed of the molecules at N.T.P is

456.4 m/s. 28. Calculate molar specific heat at constant volume
Ans: 105 N/m2 and constant pressure of a diatomic gas.
16. Calculate the ratio of mean square speeds of Ans: Refer Q.51 (ii)
molecules of a gas at 30 K and 150 K.
29. Deduce the molar specific heat at constant
Sa

Ans: 1 : 5
volume and constant pressure of a monatomic
17. The r.m.s speed of oxygen molecules at N.T.P is gas.
461.2 m/s. Find the temperature at which the r.m.s Ans: Refer Q.51 (i)
speed becomes 90% of the speed at N.T.P. 30. Determine the expression for adiabatic ratio of a
Ans: 221.1 K polyatomic gas.
3.7 Interpretation of Temperature in Kinetic Ans: Refer Q.52
Theory 31. The ratio of specific heats of a gas is 1.4. Its
18. Explain how kinetic energy of gas molecules specific heat at constant volume is
varies with the temperature using kinetic theory 4.96 k cal/k mol K. Calculate the universal gas
of gases. constant. [J = 4200J/ k cal]
Ans: Refer Q.33 Ans: 8332.8 J/k mol K
 
140

 andRadiation
32. Specific heat of nitrogen at constant pressure
and at constant volume is 0.24 k cal/kg K and
0.17 k cal/kg K respectively. Calculate the
mechanical equivalent of heat.
[Molecular weight of nitrogen = 28,
R = 8.31 u 103 J/k mol k cal]
Ans: 4.24 u 103 J /K
3.10 Absorption, Reflection and Transmission of
£
Chapter3:KineticTheoryofGases
3.13 Kirchhoff’s Law of Heat Radiation and its
Theoretical Proof
45. State Kirchhoff’s law of heat radiations.
Ans: Refer Q.79(Statement only)
46. Give theoretical proof for Kirchhoff’s law of
heat radiations.
Ans: Refer Q.79 (Theoretical proof only)
3.14 Spectral Distribution of Blackbody Radiation

nt
Heat Radiation
47. Describe what can be observed from the
33. Derive the relation between a, r and tr. experimental curves of blackbody spectrum.
Ans: Refer Q.59 Ans: Refer Q.81 (Diagram only) and Q.82
34. Define:

te
48. State and explain Wien’s displacement law.
i. Coefficient of absorption Ans: Refer Q.83
ii. Coefficient of transmission 49. For a perfectly blackbody at temperature of
Ans: Refer Q.60 (i) and (iii) 4000 K, find the value of Omax.
Ans: 7242.5 Å

on
35. What are athermanous and diathermanous
substances? 50. Calculate the value of Ȝmax for radiations coming
Ans: Refer Q.62 from a star with surface temperature of 6500 K.
(b = 2.897 ×103 m K)
36. What is coefficient of reflection? When can a
Ans: 4457 Å
body be said to be a perfect reflector?
Ans: Refer Q.60 (ii) and Q. 63 (ii) 51. Find the temperature of a blackbody if its
C
spectrum has a peak at Ȝmax = 500 nm (visible).
3.11 Perfect Blackbody Ans: 5794 K

37. What is a perfect blackbody? 3.15 Stefan-Boltzmann Law of Radiation

Ans: Refer Q.65 52. What does Stefan-Boltzmann law state?
38. Describe Ferry’s blackbody with the help of a Ans: Refer Q.89
e

neat labelled diagram. 53. Obtain the expression for the rate of loss of heat
Ans: Refer Q.66 by a blackbody in cooler surroundings.
Ans: Refer Q.91
pl

39. Explain what is cavity radiator.

Ans: Refer Q.68 54. A body of surface area 20 cm2 and temperature
527 qC emits 400 J of energy per minute. Find
3.12 Emission of Heat Radiation its emissivity.
[Given: V = 5.67 u 108 watt/m2K4]
m

40. How does heat exchange takes place according Ans: 0.1435
to Prevost’s theory?
Ans: Refer Q.72 55. Compare the rates of emission of heat by a
blackbody maintained at 327 qC and at
41. On which factors does amount of heat radiated 127 qC, if the blackbodies are surrounded by an
Sa

by a body depend? enclosure (black) at 27 qC. What would be the

Ans: Refer Q. 73 ratio of their rates of loss of heat?
Ans: 243 : 35 or 6.94 : 1
42. What is emissive power?
Ans: Refer Q.74
Multiple Choice Questions
43. What is coefficient of emission?
Ans: Refer Q.75 *1. In an ideal gas, the molecules possess
(A) only kinetic energy
44. The energy of 3000 J is radiated in 2 minutes by (B) both kinetic energy and potential energy
a body of surface area 100 cm2. Find emissive (C) only potential energy
power of the body.
(D) neither kinetic energy nor potential
Ans: 2500 J/m2s energy
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 £

Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysics(Vol.I)
2. In the case of ideal gases, 10. The kinetic energy per molecule of a gas at
(A) the molar specific heat at constant temperature T is _______.
pressure is the same for all gases. § 3· § 3·
(B) the molar specific heat at constant volume (A) ¨ ¸ RT (B) ¨ ¸ kBT
© 2¹ © 2¹
is the same for all gases.
(C) the ratio of the molar specific heats at § 2· § 3 · § RT ·
(C) ¨ ¸ RT (D) ¨ ¸¨ ¸
constant volume and at constant pressure © 3¹ © 2¹ © M ¹
is the same for all gases.
11. A vessel contains mixture of hydrogen and oxygen
(D) the difference between the molar specific
gases in the ratio of their masses equal to 1 : 5. The
heats at constant pressure and at constant

nt
ratio of mean kinetic energy of the two gases is
volume is the same for all gases.
(A) 5 : 16 (B) 16 : 5
*3. The mean free path Ȝ of molecules is given by (C) 1 : 16 (D) 16 : 1
2 1
(A) (B) 12. The average kinetic energy of the molecules of a
Snd 2 Snd 2

te
1 1 gas is
(C) (D) (A) inversely proportional to the absolute
2 Snd 2 2Snd
temperature of the gas.
where n is the number of molecules per unit
volume and d is the diameter of the molecules. (B) directly proportional to the absolute
temperature of the gas.

on
*4. If pressure of an ideal gas is decreased by 10% (C) independent of the absolute temperature
isothermally, then its volume will of the gas.
(A) decrease by 9% (D) independent from mass of the gas
(B) increase by 9% molecules.
(C) decrease by 10%
(D) increase by 11.11% 13. If the total kinetic energy per unit volume of gas
enclosed in a container is E, the pressure exerted
C
5. The average distance covered by a molecule
between two successive collision is _______. by the gas is _______.
(A) free path 3
(A) E (B) E
(B) constant path 2
(C) mean free path 2
(C) 3E (D) E
(D) free path per unit time. 3
e

6. ‘P’ is the pressure and ‘d’ is the density of gas at 14. The root mean square velocity of gas molecules
constant temperature, then
is 10 km s1. The gas is heated till its pressure
(A) P v d (B) P v 1/d becomes 4 times. The velocity of the gas
pl

(C) P v d (D) P v 1 / d molecules will now be

7. The expression for pressure of gas and the gas (A) 10 km s1 (B) 20 km s1
1
equation shows that the absolute temperature of (C) 40 km s (D) 80 km s1
a gas is proportional to the average
15. The law of equipartition of energy is valid for
m

(A) sum of vibrational, translational and

rotational kinetic energies of molecules. (A) high temperatures
(B) translational kinetic energy of molecules. (B) extremely low temperatures
(C) rotational kinetic energy of molecules. (C) only absolute zero temperature
(D) vibrational kinetic energy of molecules. (D) temperatures within the range 273 K to
Sa

8. The r.m.s. speed of a gas molecule is directly 100 K.

proportional to _______.
16. For hydrogen gas CP = 4000 cal/kg K and
(A) its absolute temperature
CV = 3000 cal/kg K and R = 8300 J/k mol K.
(B) the square root of its absolute temperature
The value of J will be [mol. wt. of H2 = 2]
(C) the square of its absolute temperature
(D) fourth power of its absolute temperature (A) 4.18 (B) 4.17
(C) 4.16 (D) 4.15
9. The absolute temperature of a gas increased
three times. The root mean square velocity of 17. According to the law of equipartition of energy,
the gas will be _______. the average kinetic energy of one molecule of
(A) 3 times (B) 9 times diatomic gas will be
(C)
1
times (D) 3 times (A) 3kBT/2 (B) 5kBT/2
3 (C) 3RT/2 (D) 5RT/2
 
142
 £
Chapter3:KineticTheoryofGases
 andRadiation
18. If the degrees of freedom for polyatomic gas are 26. Find the wavelength at which a blackbody
f, then the average kinetic energy per molecule radiates maximum energy, if its temperature is
of the gas will be [NA: Avogadro’s number] 427 qC. [Wien’s constant b = 2.898 u 103 mK]
(A) fkBT/N (B) fkBT/2N (A) 0.0414 u 106 m (B) 4.14 u 106 m
(C) fkBT/2 (D) fkBT (C) 41.4 u 106 m (D) 414 u 106 m
19. For polyatomic molecules having ‘f’ vibrational 27. “Good absorbers are good emitters” This
C statement is of
modes, the ratio of two specific heats, P is
CV (A) Newton’s law (B) Kirchhoff’s law
_______. (C) Stefan’s law (D) Wien’s law

nt
1 f 2f 28. Two stars emit maximum radiation at
(A) (B)
2f 3 f wavelength 3600 Å and 4800 Å respectively.
4f 5f The ratio of their temperature is
(C) (D)
3 f 4f (A) 1 : 2 (B) 3 : 4

te
(C) 4 : 3 (D) 2 : 1
20. Coefficient of emission or emissivity (e) is
defined as 29. The mathematical relation of Stefan’s law is
(A) ratio of emissive power of a surface to (A) Q = VT2 (B) Q = VT3
4
that of a perfectly black surface at the (C) Q = VT (D) Q = VT5
same temperature.

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(B) product of the emissive powers of the *30. The ratio of emissive power of perfectly
surface and perfectly blackbody at the blackbody at 1327 qC and 527 qC is
same temperature. (A) 4:1 (B) 16 : 1
(C) ratio of emissive power of the surface to (C) 2 : 1 (D) 8 : 1
that of perfectly blackbody. 31. If wavelengths of maximum intensity of
(D) product of emissive powers of the surface radiations emitted by the Sun and the moon are
C
and perfectly blackbody. 0.5 u 106 m and 104 m respectively, the ratio
21. If the incident energy is 200 cal, absorptive power of their temperature is
is 0.31 and reflection coefficient is 0.41, then the (A) 1/100 (B) 1/200
amount of energy transmitted will be (C) 100 (D) 200
(A) 48 cal (B) 56 cal 32. The temperature of a blackbody is increased by
e
(C) 58 cal (D) 54 cal 50%. The amount of radiations emitted by the
22. A body which absorbs all the radiations incident body increases by
over it is called a (A) 50% (B) 100%
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(A) blackbody. (C) 225% (D) 500%

(B) perfectly blackbody. 33. The surface area of a blackbody maintained at
(C) good absorber. 127qC radiating energy at the rate of 1459.2 J/s
(D) good emitter. is ________. [V = 5.7 u 108 S.I. unit]
(A) 4 m2 (B) 3 m2
m

23. The best ideal blackbody is 2

(C) 2 m (D) 1 m2
(A) lamp of charcoal heated to a high
temperature. 34. The SI unit of Stefan’s constant is
(B) metal coated with a black dye. (A) N m/s K4 (B) W/m K4
2 4
(C) glass surface coated with coal tar. (C) J/s m K (D) erg/s m3 K4
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(D) hollow enclosure blackened inside and

having a small hole. Answers to Multiple Choice Questions
*24. If a = 0.72 and r = 0.24, then the value of tr is
1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. (D)
(A) 0.02 (B) 0.04
5. (C) 6. (A) 7. (B) 8. (B)
(C) 0.4 (D) 0.2 9. (D) 10. (B) 11. (B) 12. (B)
25. The amount of thermal radiation emitted per 13. (D) 14. (B) 15. (A) 16. (D)
unit time depends on 17. (B) 18. (C) 19. (C) 20. (A)
(A) nature of emitting surface 21. (B) 22. (B) 23. (D) 24. (B)
(B) temperature of emitting surface 25. (D) 26. (B) 27. (B) 28. (C)
(C) area of emitting surface 29. (C) 30. (B) 31. (D) 32. (D)
(D) all of these 33. (D) 34. (C)
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Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysics(Vol.I)

Hints to Multiple Choice Questions § CP ·

2. The value of J ¨ ¸ for hydrogen, helium
© CV ¹
4. From ideal gas equation, and another ideal diatomic gas X (whose
PV = nRT
molecules are not rigid but have an additional
For isothermal process, T = constant
vibrational mode), are respectively equal to,
? PV = constant …(i)
[NEET (Odisha) 2019]
? When pressure is decreased by 10,
10 7 5 7 7 5 9
Pc = P  P (A) , , (B) , ,
100 5 3 4 5 3 7

nt
? Pc = 0.9P …(ii) 5 7 9 5 7 7
Now, PcVc = PV …[from (i)] (C) , , (D) , ,
3 5 7 3 5 5
V' P 1
? = = …[from (ii)] Hint: Diatomic gases have 5 degrees of freedom,
V Pc 0.9
neglecting vibrational mode.

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Vc  V 0.1
? = . 2 2 7
V 0.9 ? For hydrogen, J1 = 1 + =1+ =
Vc  V f 5 5
? u 100 = 0.1111u100
V Monatomic gases have 3 degrees of freedom,
= 11.11% 2 2 5
? For Helium, J2 = 1 + =1+ =

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As, in isothermal process f 3 3
1 Considering two vibrational modes, diatomic
Pv
V gases have 7 degrees of freedom,
V will increase by 11.11 2 2 9
? For gas X, J3 = 1 + =1+ =
f 7 7
Connections
(J1, J2, J3) = §¨ , , ·¸
7 5 9
C
?
©5 3 7¹
You will study more about isothermal process in
Chapter 4 - Thermodynamics. 3. At what temperature will the rms speed of
oxygen molecules become just sufficient for
escaping from the Earth’s atmosphere? (Given:
15. Law of equilibrium of energy cannot be applied Mass of oxygen molecule (m)
e

where quantum effects become important. = 2.76 u 10–26 kg, Boltzmann constant
24. a + r + tr = 1 kB = 1.38 u 10–23 JK–1) [NEET (UG) 2018]
4
? 0.72 + 0.24 + tr = 1 (A) 2.508 u 10 K (B) 8.360 u 104 K
pl

? tr = 1  0.96 = 0.04 (C) 5.016 u 104 K (D) 1.254 u 104 K

Hint: Escape velocity at the surface of the earth
26. According to Wien’s displacement law, = 11.2 km/s = 11.2 u 103 m/s
b 2.898 u103 Oxygen will escape when rms speed of its
Om = = 4.14 u 106 m
m

T 700 molecules,
crms = 11.2 u 103 m/s
30. Power (P) v T4 3kBT
? = 11.2 u 103
1327  273
4
P1 § T1 ·
4 4
§ 1600 · m0
? ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ = 16 : 1
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 527  273 T= 
11.2  u106 u 2.76 u10 26
4 2
P2 © T2 ¹ © 800 ¹
? 23
= 8.363u 104 K
3u1.38u10

Competitive Corner 4. The molar specific heat of an ideal gas at

constant pressure and constant volume is ‘CP’
and ‘CV’ respectively. If ‘R’ is the universal gas
1. Increase in temperature of a gas filled in a
constant and the ratio ‘CP’ to ‘CV’ is
container would lead to: [NEET (UG) 2019]
‘J’ then CV = [MHT CET 2018]
(A) decrease in its pressure
1 J 1 J
(B) decrease in intermolecular distance (A) (B)
(C) increase in its mass 1 J 1 J
(D) increase in its kinetic energy J 1 R
(C) (D)
Hint: K.E. v temperature R Ȗ 1
 
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 £
Chapter3:KineticTheoryofGases
 andRadiation
CP 6. An ideal gas has pressure ‘P’, volume ‘V’ and
Hint: = J and CP – CV = R
CV absolute temperature ‘T’. If ‘m’ is the mass of
each molecule and ‘K’ is the Boltzmann
? Cp = JCV Ÿ JCV – CV = R constant then density of the gas is
R
? CV = [MHT CET 2017]
Ȗ 1 Pm KT
(A) (B)
KT Pm
5. A gas mixture consists of 2 moles of O2 and
Km PK
4 moles of Ar at temperature T. Neglecting all (C) (D)
vibrational modes, the total internal energy of PT Tm

nt
the system is [NEET (UG) 2017] Hint: Ideal gas equation gives,
(A) 4 RT (B) 15 RT PV = nRT
(C) 9 RT (D) 11 RT ? For n = 1
Hint: Internal energy of a gas with f degrees of RT
V= ....(i)
f P

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freedom, U = nRT molar mass
2 ? density =
volume
5 3
Now, f O 2 = , fAr = =
m(N A )P
....[From (i)]
2 2
RT
5 3

on
? Utotal = (2) RT + (4) RT = 11RT R
2 2 But, =k
NA
k = Boltzmann constant
mP
? density =
kT
C
Time: 1 Hour 30 Min TOPIC TEST Total Marks: 25

SECTION A
e

Q.1. Select and write the correct answer: [04]

i. An athermanous metal plate has the coefficient of absorption 0.65. Its coefficient of reflection is
(A) 0 (B) 0.35
pl

(C) 0.65 (D) 0.45

2E
ii. The pressure (P) of an ideal gas having volume (V) is , then the energy E is _______.
3V
(A) translational kinetic
m

(B) rotational kinetic

(C) vibrational kinetic
(D) inversely proportional to pressure
iii. In a monatomic gas total number of degrees of freedom are due to _______.
Sa

(A) translational motion. (B) rotational motion.

(C) vibrational motion. (D) all the above.
iv. Two copper spheres of radii 6 cm and 12 cm respectively are suspended in an evacuated enclosure. Each
of them are at a temperature 15 qC above the surroundings. The ratio of their rate of loss of heat is
(A) 2 : 1 (B) 1 : 4
(C) 1 : 8 (D) 8 : 1
Q.2. Answer the following: [03]
i. State Wien’s displacement law.
ii. If a = tr = 0 and r = 1 what is the object called as?
iii. What is an ideal gas?
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Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysics(Vol.I)

SECTION B

Attempt any Four: [08]

Q.3. If the r.m.s. velocity of oxygen molecules at N.T.P. is 460 m/s, determine the r.m.s. velocity of hydrogen
molecules at N.T.P. [Molecular weight of oxygen = 32, molecular weight of hydrogen = 2]
Q.4. Derive the relation between kinetic energy of a gas molecule and the temperature of the gas.

nt
Q.5. From law of equipartition of energy calculate molar specific heats at constant volume and constant pressure
for a monatomic gas.
Q.6 State and explain law of equipartition of energy.
Q.7. At what temperature will average kinetic energy of gas be exactly half of its value at N.T.P.?

te
Q.8. Explain the Prevost’s theory of heat exchange.

SECTION C

on
Attempt any Two: [06]

Q.9 Compare rate of loss of heat by the body at temperature 527 qC and 127 qC. Temperature of surrounding is
27 qC.
Q.10. Derive Mayer’s relation for molar specific heats.
Q.11. State and prove Kirchhoff’s law of radiation.
C
SECTION D

Attempt any One: [04]

e

Q.12. What is a perfect blackbody? Explain Ferry’s perfect blackbody with the help of neat labelled diagram.
Q.13. Derive an expression for pressure of an ideal gas in terms of velocity of gas molecules.
pl
m
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Download the answers of the Topic Test by

scanning the given Q.R. Code.

 
146