PHA618: Human Physiology and Pathophysiology M

Joints

Eversion
Body Movement - Bending the foot away from the midline
- move the sole laterally
Hyperextension
- when you go beyond the angle of extension Dorsiflexion
- beyond 180 degrees - bend your foot towards the dorsal
- standing on heels
Extension
- an increase in angle between the Plantarflexion
articulating bones - bend your foot forwards, standing on toes

Flexion Pronation
- a decrease in angle anteriorly between the - movement of the forearm that faces the
articulating bones palm backward or downward
- knee joints are an exception
Supination
Abduction - movement of the forearm that faces the
- movement of your bone away from the palm forward or upward
midline
Cartilage
Adduction
- movement of your bone towards the midline
CARTILAGE TENDONS LIGAMENTS

Circumduction Attaches Muscle to Bone to bone

- movement of the distal end in circular bone
motion
Function Withstands Connection
“cushion bone tension
Rotation covering”
- the bond revolves around its own

Cartilage
Elevation
- Chondrocytes produce a matrix composed
- Upward movement
of proteoglycans and water.
Depression
- downward movement HYALINE ELASTIC FIBROCARTI
LAGE
Retraction
Smooth and Matrix has Matrix has
- movement backward into anatomical
clear matrix fibers going in fibers going in
position all directions one direction
so as to be to act as a
Protraction elastic shock
- movement forward away from the absorber
anatomical position
Nasal In the pinna of Intervertebral
cartilages, the ear and disks, the
Inversion costal the epiglottis menisci of the
- Bending the foot towards the midline cartilages, and knee, and the
PHA618: Human Physiology and Pathophysiology M
Joints

Symphyses
articular pubic
cartilages; symphysis - This is formed by fibrocartilage between the
pubic bones
Covering the - The pubic symphysis attaches the two coxal
ends of long bones and it keeps the bones steady when
bones there is activity

Fibrous Joints Synchondroses

- Are immovable joints due to having fibrous
tissues between bones
- Suture – this is formed by the membranes
of intramembranous ossification.
- Can be found in the cranium or the
skull
- The cranium is attached together by
the sutures
Sagittal suture: separates between two parietals
Lambdoid suture: separates the parietal and
occipital
Coronal suture: separates the parietal and
occipital
Squamous suture: separates the temporal and
parietal
Anterior and Posterior Fontanelle (soft spots)
- spaces between the baby’s skull bones in
order to enable brain growth
- Posterior Fontanelle closes at 2-3 months
- Anterior Fontanelle closes at 2 years
Gymphoses
- This is formed by ligaments holding the
tooth in its socket
HINGE
- Consists of joints that anchor the roots of
our teeth
- Maxilla and Mandible
- This is formed by hyaline cartilage between
the diaphysis and epiphysis of bones in
children
- Usually observed in your long bones
- Epiphysis: Clubby ends of your bones
- Diaphysis: Shaft
- It will allow growth since this can become a
bone
- In adult bones there is no more
synchondroses since all bones are
- fully formed, however in children, if there
are still spaces or synchondroses, they can
still grow taller.
Synovial Joints
- Freely movable are lined by a synovial
membrane and have synovial fluid in the
joint space
- The bursa or joint cavity is enclosed by a
joint capsule wherein the synovial fluid is
also present in this area in order to lessen
wear and friction
- The articular cartilage reduces the contact
stresses and allows relative movement of
opposing joint surfaces
- Movement: Convex to Concave surfaces
- Allow movement in one direction only
- Flexion (F) and Extension (E); Like a door

Syndesmosis
Example
- The is formed by an interosseous
- Knee
membrane
- Cubital (elbow)
- Interphalangeal
Cartilaginous Joints
- Talocrural (ankle)
- Partly movable due to having cartilage
between the bones
PHA618: Human Physiology and Pathophysiology M
Joints

BALL AND SOCKET - Proximal radioulnar

- Movement: may be rotational or in any - Distal radioulnar
plane
- A rounded head of one bone fits into a
concavity on another bone
- Triaxial (F, E, ABD, ADD, CIR, ROT)

Example:
- Hip
- Glenohumeral (shoulder)

SADDLE
- Movement: side to side and back and forth
- Ends of each bone are saddle shaped
- Triaxial (F, E, ABD, ADD, CIR, ROT)

Example:
- Intercarpal
- Carpometacarpal pollicis (carpal and
metacarpal of thumb
- Sternoclavicular

PLANAR
- Involve sliding of bones across each other
- Gliding joints

Example:
- Intervertebral
- Carpometacarpal
- Tarsometatarsal

ELLIPSOID
- Movement: side to side and back and forth
- Similar to ball and socket but more limited
- Biaxial (F, E, ABD, ADD)

Example:
- Atlantooccipital
- Temporomandibular
- Radiocarpal

PIVOT
- Movement: Allow rotational movement
- Monoaxial
Example:
- Atlantoaxial