COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COMMERCIAL ANTACIDS

NAME: DIBYADISHA PARIDA

CLASS: XII (A)
CBSE ROLL NO.:

BONAFIED CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Dibyadisha Parida of Grade XII, has satisfactorily

completed the project in CHEMISTRY on COMPARITIVE STUDY OF
COMMERCIAL ANTACIDS in partial fulfilment of the requirements of
AISSCE as prescribed by CBSE in the year 2022-23. I am happy that this
project is taken up by her and completed with dedication.
Signature of the
Teacher In-Charge

Signature of the Principal

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The enduring pages of the work are the cumulative sequence of
extensive guidance and arduous work. I wish to acknowledge and
express my personal gratitude to all those without whom this project
could not have been reality.
First and foremost, I would like to express my deep gratitude to our
principal, Ranjita Mall Maam on providing us with state of the art
laboratories and infrastructure and also providing her valuable
suggestions and feedback, which were instrumental in shaping up the
project work. Without her help, this project would remain
unaccomplished.
I would like to sincerely thank our teacher in charge Santosh Sir for
spending their precious time with us enhancing our knowledge
regarding project. Their help is unforgettable as this project is built or
the concepts that they have taught us. They always motivated us and
ensured that we were on the right track.
I sincerely thank my parents and other family members who have
constantly motivated and supported me during the making of this
project work.
This project would be incomplete without thanking my peers who
always lent a helping hand and showed true spirit of unity and
friendship.

Signature of the student

INDEX

Serial No. Content

1 Introduction
2 Objective

3 Theory

4 Materials required

5 Procedure

6 Precaution

7 Observation

8 Results

9 Summary
 ABBREVIATIONS EXPANSIONS

pH Power of Hydrogen ion

GERD Gastric esophageal reflux disease
N/10 0.1 normal
Ml Milliliters
OTC Over the counter
H-2 Histamine -2
Aq Aqueous
HOMO Highest occupied molecular orbit
LUMO Lowest unoccupied molecular orbit

CHEMICAL FORMULAE EXPANSIONS

HCl Hydrochloric acid

NaOH Sodium hydroxide
Na2co3 Sodium carbonate
H3o+/ H+ Hydronium ion
H2SO4 Sulphuric acid
HSO4 Bisulphate ion
CL- Chloride ion
H2O Water
OH- Hydroxyl ion
 INTRODUCTION

It is well known that the food we take undergoes a series of complex

reactions within the body which constitute digestion and metabolism.
These reactions are catalyzed by enzymes which are very specific in
their action and can function properly only when the pH of the medium
is within a specific range.

Some enzymes require mildly alkaline conditions while others operate

only in weakly acidic media. Amongst the latter category of enzymes
are the enzymes that control the digestion of proteins present in the
food as it reaches the stomach. In the stomach, dilute hydrochloric acid
is secreted and it provides mildly acidic conditions required for the
functioning of protein digesting enzymes in the stomach.
Gastric acid is a digestive fluid, formed in the stomach. It has a pH of 1.5
to 3.5 and is composed of 0.5 % hydrochloric acid (HCI). It is produced
by cells lining the stomach, which are coupled to systems to increase
acid production when needed.

Other cells in the stomach produce bicarbonate to buffer the acid,

ensuring the pH does not drop too low (acid reduces pH). Also cells in
the beginning of the small intestine, or duodenum, produce large
amounts of bicarbonate to completely neutralize any gastric acid that
passes further down into the digestive tract. The bicarbonate-secreting
cells in the stomach also produce and secrete mucus. Mucus forms a
viscous physical barrier to prevent gastric acid from damaging the
stomach.
However, sometimes the stomach begins to secrete an excess of HCI.
This leads to a condition known as Gastric Hyperacidity. This condition
can also be triggered by the intake of to much food or highly spiced
food. This, in turn, makes the stomach lining cells to secrete more acid
resulting in Hyperacidity. It also leads to acute discomfort due to
indigestion.

To counter this situation, substances like Antacids or literally anti -

acids, have been developed. Antacids are commercial products that
neutralize the excess acid in the stomach providing a sensation of relief
to the person. The action of antacids is based on the fact that a base
can neutralize an acid forming salt and water.
Common antacids satisfy the condition - right amount of alkali that can
neutralize the acid. If the content of alkali in the antacid is too high, no
doubt acidity is relieved, but it'll create alkaline conditions that makes
the digestive enzymes ineffective.

To make sure that the pH of the stomach remains in a specific range,

many substances are added to the antacids.

WORKING WITH ANTACIDS:

If the antacid contains NaHCO3 then the reactions that occur in the
stomach are:

Na+ + HCO3- + H+ + Cl- NaCl + H2CO3

H2CO3 H2O + CO2

The excess Na+ and HCO3- ions are absorbed by the walls of the small
intestines as the food passes through
The H2CO3 formed during the reaction decomposes rapidly to form
water and carbon dioxide gas.

TYPES OF ANTACIDS

Sodium Antacids (Alka-Seltzer, Bromo-Seltzer and Others): Sodium

bicarbonate (commonly known as baking soda) is perhaps the best
known of the sodium containing antacids. It is potent and fast-acting.
As its name suggests, it is high in sodium. If you're on a salt-restricted
diet, and especially if the diet is intended to treat high blood pressure
(hypertension), take a sodium containing antacid only under a doctor's
orders.

Calcium Antacids (Tums, Alka-2, Titralac and Others): Antacids in the

form of calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate are also potent and
fast-acting. Regular or heavy doses of calcium (more than five or six
times per week) can cause constipation. Heavy and extended use of this
product may clog your kidneys and cut down the amount of blood they
can process. Extended use of calcium antacids can also cause kidney
stones.

Magnesium Antacids (Maalox, Mylanta, Riopan, Gelusil and Others):

Magnesium salts come in many forms - carbonate, glycinate, hydroxide,
oxide, trisilicate, and aluminosilicate. Magnesium has a mild laxative
effect; it can cause diarrhea. For this reason, magnesium salts are rarely
used as the only active ingredients in an antacid, but are combined with
aluminium, which counteracts the laxative effect. (The brand names
listed above all contain magnesium aluminium combinations.) Like
calcium, magnesium may cause kidney stones if taken for a prolonged
period, especially if the kidneys are functioning improperly to begin
with. A serious magnesium overload in the bloodstream
(hypermagnesaemia) can also cause blood pressure to drop, leading to
respiratory or cardiac depression -- a potentially dangerous decrease in
lung or heart function.

Aluminium Antacids (Rolaids, AlternaGEL, Amphojel and Others): Salts

of aluminium (hydroxide, carbonate gel, or phosphate gel) can also
cause constipation. For these reasons, aluminium is usually used in
combination with the other three primary ingredients. Used heavily
over an extended period, antacids containing aluminium can weaken
bones, especially in people who have kidney problems. Aluminium can
cause dietary phosphates, calcium, and fluoride to leave the body,
eventually causing bone problems such as osteomalacia or
osteoporosis.

Side effects

 Calcium: Excess calcium from supplements, fortified food and

high-calcium diets, can cause milk-alkali syndrome, which has
serious toxicity and can be fatal.

 Carbonate: Regular high doses may cause alkalosis, which in turn

may result in altered excretion of other drugs, and kidney stones.
A chemical reaction between the carbonate and hydrochloric acid
 may produce carbon dioxide gas. This causes gastric distension
which may not be well tolerated. Carbon dioxide formation can
also lead to headaches and decreased muscle flexibility.

 Aluminium hydroxide: May lead to the formation of insoluble

aluminium phosphate- complexes, with a risk for
hypophosphatemia and osteomalacia. Although aluminium has a
low gastrointestinal absorption, accumulation may occur mainly in
the presence of renal insufficiency. Aluminium-containing drugs
often cause constipation and are neurotoxic.

 Magnesium hydroxide: Has laxative properties. Magnesium may

accumulate in patients with renal failure leading to
hypermagnesaemia, with cardiovascular and neurological
complications.

 Sodium: Increased intake of sodium may be deleterious for

arterial hypertension, heart failure and many renal diseases.

 Heartburn, reflux, indigestion, and sour stomach are a few of the

common terms used to describe digestive upset. Self-diagnosis of
indigestion does carry some risk because the causes can vary from
a minor dietary indiscretion to a peptic ulcer.

 The pain and symptoms of GERD or simply "reflux", may mimic

those of a heart attack. Misdiagnosis can be fatal. A bleeding ulcer
can be life threatening.
  GERD and pre-ulcerative conditions in the stomach are treated
much more aggressively since both, if untreated, could lead to
esophageal or stomach cancer.

 It is primarily for this reason that the H2 blockers including

cimetidine (Tagamet), famotidine (Pepcid), and ranitidine
(Zantac), and the proton pump inhibitor (PPI) omeprazole
(Prilosec) were made OTC.

 These drugs stop production of stomach acid and provide longer

lasting relief but they do not neutralize any stomach acid already
present in the stomach.

Problems with reduced stomach acidity

 Reduced stomach acidity may result in an impaired ability to

digest and absorb certain nutrients, such as iron and the B
vitamins. Since the low pH of the stomach normally kills ingested
bacteria, antacids increase the vulnerability to infection. It could
also result in the reduced bioavailability of some drugs. For
example, the bioavailability of ketocanazole (anti-fungal) is
reduced at high intragastric pH (low acid content).

Over usage of antacids naturally have side-effects. As with anything in

life, it must be used in moderation. The following flowchart elucidates
very clearly.
 THEORY

Antacids react with excess stomach acid by neutralization.

a.e. HCl + NaOH  H2O + NaCl

During the process, hydrogen ions H+ from the acid (proton donor) or a
hydronium ion H3O+ and hydroxide ions OH- from the base (proton
acceptor) react together to form a water molecule H2O. In the process,
a salt is also formed when the anion from acid and the cation from base
react together. Neutralization reactions are generally classified as
exothermic since heat is released into the surroundings. Acids are
proton donors which convert into conjugated bases. They are generally
pure substances which contain hydrogen ions (H+) or cause them to be
produced in solutions. Hydrochloric acid (HCI) and sulphuric acid
(H2SO4) are common examples. In water, these break apart into ions:

HCI  H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) OR

H2SO4  H+(aq) + HSO4- (aq)

Bases are proton acceptors which convert into conjugated acids. They
are generally substances which contain hydroxide ion (OH) or produce
it in solution. Alkalis are the soluble bases, i.e. a base which contains a
metal from group 1 or 2 of the periodic table. To produce hydroxide
ions in water, the alkali breaks apart into ions as below:
NaOH Na+ (aq) + OH-(aq) Examples of bases include sodium
hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide(KOH), magnesium hydroxide
(Mg(OH)2), and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2).Antacids are generally
bases.
Explanation of action of neutralization of antacids:

The Lewis definition of acid-base reactions is a donation mechanism,

which conversely attributes donation of electron pairs from bases &
acceptance by acids.

Ag+ + 2:NH3 → [H3N:Ag: NH3]+

(A silver cation reacts as an acid with ammonia which acts as an

electron pair donor, forming an ammonia-silver adduct)
In reactions between Lewis acids and bases, there is the formation of
an adduct when the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of a
molecule, such as NH3 with available lone electron pair(s) donates lone
pairs of electrons to the electron deficient molecule's lowest
unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) through a co ordinate covalent
bond; in such a reaction, the HOMO-interacting molecule acts as a
base, and the LUMO-interacting molecule acts as an acid. In highly-
polar molecules, such as boron trifluoride (BF3), the most
electronegative element pulls electrons towards its own orbitals,
providing a more positive charge on the less electronegative element
and a difference in its electronic structure due to the axial or equatorial
orbiting positions of its electrons, causing repulsive effects from lone
pair-bonding pair (Lp-Bp) interactions between bonded atoms in excess
of those already provided by bonding pair-bonding pair (Bp-Bp)
interactions.

Determination of concentrations of substances in neutralization:

The experimental method about neutralization is the acid-base
titration. An acid base titration is a method that allows quantitative
analysis of the concentration of an unknown acid or base solution. It
makes use of the neutralization reaction that occurs between acids and
bases, and that we know how acids and bases will react if we know
their formula.

Before starting the titration a suitable pH indicator must be chosen. In

this project, phenolphthalein is chosen. The endpoint of the reaction,
the point at which all the reactants have reacted, will have a pH
dependent on the relative strengths of the acid and base used. The pH
of the endpoint can be estimated using the following rules:

 A strong acid will react with a strong base to form a neutral

(pH=7) solution.

 A strong acid will react with a weak base to form an acidic (pH<7)
solution.

 A weak acid will react with a strong base to form a basic (pH>7)
solution.

 Phenolphthalein is used to determine the end point of titration

which indicates complete neutralization. In the presence of, an
acid solution is colourless, a basic solution is very dark pink, & a
neutral solution is very pale pink. At this point the solution is very
 slightly basic, with a negligible amount of excess NaOH. By
keeping track of exactly how much NaOH needed to complete
neutralization process, amount of HCI originally neutralized by
antacid can be calculated. The difference between no. of moles of
HCI initially added to antacid and no. of moles of HCI neutralized
by NaOH during the titration is the no. of moles neutralized by
antacid. Several antacids will be tested & relative strength of each
will compared.

Nature of phenolphthalein:

Phenolphthalein is a chemical compound with the formula C 20H14O4. It is

insoluble in water, and is usually dissolved in alcohols for use in
experiments. It is itself a weak acid, which can lose H+ ions in solution.
The phenolphthalein molecule is colourless. However, the
phenolphthalein ion is pink. When a base is added to the
phenolphthalein, the molecule ions equilibrium shifts to the right,
leading to more ionization as H+ ions are removed. This is predicted by
Le Chatelier's principle.
Hypothesis:
Our hypothesis is that greater proportion of active ingredient with
stronger base in an antacid tablet will have greater neutralizing power.
And thus, it will be more effective to cure upset stomach.
 MATERIALS REQUIRED

The following were the materials required for the project:

Apparatus:
1. Burette(50 ml)
2. Pipette(20 ml)
3. Conical Flasks(250 ml)
4. Measuring Cylinder(10 ml)
5. Beakers(100 ml)
6. Standard Flasks(100 ml)
7. Filter Paper 8. Funnel
9. Bunsen Burner
10. Weighing machine
11.Clean & glazed white tile
12.Glass Rod
13. Water
14.Crusher

Chemicals:
1. NaOH powder
2. Na2CO3 powder
3. 10 M conc. HCI acid
4. Four different brands of antacids
5. Phenolpthalein
6. Methyl orange

PROCEDURE

1. First prepare approximately 1 litre of approximately N/10 solution

of HCI by diluting 10 ml of the given 10M HCI acid to 1 litre.

2. Next prepare 1 litre of approx. N/10 NaOH solution by dissolving

4.0g ofNaOH powder to make 1 litre of solution.
3. Similarly prepare N/10 Na2CO3 solution by weighing exactly
1.325g of anhydrous Na2CO3 and then dissolving it in water to
prepare exactly 0.25 L or 250ml of Na2CO3 solution.

4. Now, standardize the HCI solution by titrating it against the

standard Na2CO3 solution using methyl orange as indicator.
Burette: 0.1N HCI
Flask: 0.1N Na2CO3 + Methyl Orange

5. Similarly standardize the NaOH solution by titrating it against

standardized HCI solution using phenolpthalein as indicator. Stop
the titration when the pink color of the solution disappears.
Burette: 0.1N HCI
Flask: 0.1N NaOH + Phenolpthalein

6. Now, powder the four antacid samples and weigh 0.5 g of each.

7. Add 25 ml of the standardised HCI to each of the weighed samples

taken in conical flasks. Make sure that the acid is in slight excess
so that neutralise all the basic character of the tablet powder.

8. Add a few drops of phenolpthalein indicator and warm the flask

over a Bunsen burner till most of the powder dissolves.

9. Filter the insoluble material.

10. Titrate this solution against the standardised NaOH solution,

till a permanent pinkish tinge is obtained.

11. Repeat the same experiment for all other samples too.
 PRECAUTIONS

1. Avoid touching the antacid with your fingers.

2. Be careful not to lose any solid when crushing the antacid tablet.
3. Avoid touching hot surfaces when working near the hot plate and be
cautious when transporting heated solutions.
4. The hot plate should not be left unattended.
5. Dilute HCI and NaOH were corrosive and can damage your eyes and
cause skin irritation.
6. The burette must be rinsed out with NaOH before use to prevent
dilution of the solution.
7. It should be made sure that there were no air bubbles in the burette
tips.
8. Burette readings should be recorded to the nearest 0.05 cm3.
9. Sodium hydroxide should be removed from the burette as soon as
possible after the titration. It was because NaOH is corrosive and it
reacted with carbon dioxide in the air to form sodium carbonate which
was a white solid and clogged the tip of the burette easily.
10. Rinse all apparatus thoroughly using Distilled water. Any Residual
chemicals could cause variations in pH readings.
11. Tap on the weighing machine after it shows required value to
confirm a precise reading
12. Pipette out the solutions carefully as it is possible to accidentally
Ingest the solution.
 OBSERVATION

Standardisation of HCl solution:

Volume of 0.1N Na2CO3 taken = 20
ml Indicator used = Methyl Orange
Sl. INITIAL FINAL VOLUME OF ACID USED(IN
No. ml)
BURETTE BURETTE
READING READING
1.

2.

Applying normality equation,

N₁ V₁ (acid) = N2 V₂ (base)

Normality of HCl:
Standardization of NaOH Solution:

Volume of the given NaOH solution taken = 20.0 ml

Indicator used = Phenolphthalein

Sl. INITIAL FINAL VOLUME OF ACID USED(IN

No. ml)
BURETTE BURETTE
READING READING
1.

2.

Volume of acid used = 16 ml

Applying normality equation:
N₁ V’₁ (Acid) = N'2 V'2(Base)

Normality of HCI =
Volume of HCI solution added = 30ml
Volume of sample solution taken for titration = 20ml

ANTACID VOLUME OF NaOH USED FOR

NEUTRALIZING UNUSED HCL

1.

2.

3.

4.
 RESULT

 1g of ________________ required ____ ml of NaOH to titrate it

completely.
 1g of ________________ required ____ ml of NaOH to titrate it
completely.
 1g of ________________ required ____ ml of NaOH to titrate it
completely.
 1g of ________________ required ____ ml of NaOH to titrate it
completely.

Based on the hypothesis of the experiment, the antacid which

requires the least amount of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) is the best
antacid. From the recorded observation, ________________
requires the least (____ml), and is therefore the best Antacid.
 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Antacids play a very important role in relieving many patients suffering

from gastric hyperacidity, commonly referred to as gastritis. This
project was undertaken to analyze the best commercially available
antacid according to the amount of hydrochloric acid they could
neutralize.
After exploring many books and websites to find out more about
antacids, we were clear of its role and its applications. We started our
project by powdering the various antacid samples and making sure that
the apparatus were clean. Later we standardized various solutions and
prepared N/10 HCI solution and N/10 NaOH solution. This was done by
titrating various solutions and using the respective indicators.
The powdered antacid samples weighing 1 gram each was each added
to 30 ml of the standardized solution of HCI in separate conical flasks.
These solutions were later titrated with the standardized NaOH and the
readings were noted. These readings were helpful in deciding the
amount of HCI that each antacid could neutralize.
Thus, on the basis of the experiment conducted, it was adjudged that
________________ was the best commercially available antacid.