WHAT IS PEDAGOGY?

Teaching Theories: Conditioning & Behaviorist Theory:

- in teaching it is called pedagogical
knowledge
IN GREEK:
- Peda means children
- Gogy means arts & science
teaching
- pedagogy is art & science of teaching
children
LEE SHULMAN – termed the expert
knowledge as pedagogical content-
knowledge
- According to Shulman, teachers need
to master content specific
pedagogical knowledge to achieve
desired learning outcomes.
The basic insight of PCK (pedagogical
content-knowledge):
- Is to teach content to students in
particular teaching procedure with a
reason to visualize or transform the
abstract idea of content to concreate
- Hence, there is a process and
product
Model for Good Teaching Practice by Lee
Shulman:
- Comprehension – understanding the
purpose of teaching
- Transformation – aligning content to
meet the need of the learner
- Instruction – act of teaching, in itself
- Evaluation – where teachers test and
evaluate an extension of teaching
- Reflection – critically analyzing one’s
teaching and making necessary
changes
- Naturalistic Theory
- Apperception Theory
- Cognitive Theory
- Conditioning & Behaviorist Theory
- Maturation & Readiness Theory
of Naturalistic Theory:
- 18th century Swiss-born philosopher
Jean-Jacques Rousseau also started
from the assumption that humans
conform to nature. The child
develops inevitably as a product of
nature, and the main function of the
teacher is to provide the optimum
conditions for that development.
- That view leads to the theory that the
child experience is essential thing.
Cognitive Theory:
- Piaget (1962), pointed out that
people’s relations to events are
determined by schemas, which
reflect an individual’s total
knowledge developing through
maturation. He offered the first
penetrating account of that kind of
intellectual growth.
- Cognitive theories are appropriate to
the school situation, for they are
concerned with knowing and
thinking.
Apperception Theory:
- The English philosopher John Locke
assumed that human learning
consisted essentially of building up
associations between different ideas
and experiences. The mechanism in
which new ideas became associated
with existing ideas is called
apperception mass. Piaget argued
that accommodation of the
established ideas to the new
experiences was also required.
- Frued (1966), believed that human
behavior is made up of inner forces
that reflect psychical energy. While
Skinner (1968) believed that
motivation is a result of outer forces,
called stimuli that moves humans.
- In act of classical conditioning the
learner comes to respond to stimuli
other than the one originally calling
for the response. For example, as
when dogs are taught to salivate at
the sound of the bell one says in such
a situation that a new stimulus is
learned. For instance, learning new
vocabularies, new terms, and
conventions or algebraic expressions
or chemical symbols all involve
classical conditioning.
- Operant conditioning which involves
a material or an instrument to
respond. For instance, reinforcement
such as rewards, helps in learning. In
other terms it involves a relationship
between a response and a stimulus.
Maturation & Readiness Theory:
- The Italian educator Maria
Montessori (187-1952) claimed that a
child passes through all stages of
development in reaching maturity.
- Readiness theory of learning depends
on the concept of maturation in
stages of biological and mental
development. The teacher finds out
what a child is ready for and then
devises appropriate materials and
methods of their interest.