Introduction of DBMS

Why this course ?

Enjoyable, interesting, & Involve both art and
challenging engineering

Transforming
Understanding
those designs
user
into physical
requirements
databases with
and translating
functionally
them into
complete, high
effective
performance
database
applications is
designs is an
an engineering
artistic process
process
May lead you to one of the hottest career paths

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 • Raise awareness about databases,
database design, and database
management systems
• Enable you to design and use a
database to support an application
• To understand the implications of
Why this course ? your design
• To realize that designing databases is
non- trivial and requires imagination,
flexibility, and thought.

Course Contents

• Evolution of Database Management Systems;

• Database System Architecture;
• Entity Relationship Modelling and Design;
• Data Models: Relational, Hierarchical, Network;
• Relational Model: Algebra, Calculus, Normal Forms;
• Structured Query Language;
• Transaction Processing: Concurrency Control and Recovery;
• Database Security and Authorization;
• Introduction to Client Server and Distributed Databases.

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 Text & Reference Books

• Silberschatz A., Korth H. F., Sudarshan S., “Database System Concepts,”

McGraw-Hill. (Text Book)
• Elmasri, Navathe, Somayajulu, Gupta, “Fundamentals of Database
Systems,” Pearson Education
• Kroenke D. M., “Database Processing Fundamentals, Design, and
Implementation,” Pearson Education
• Date C. J., Kannan A., Swamynathan, “An Introduction to Database
Systems,” Pearson Education.
• Bipin C. Desai, “An introduction to database systems”, West Publishing
Company.

• DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise

• Collection of interrelated data
• Set of programs to access the data
• An environment that is both convenient and efficient to use
Database • Database Applications:
Management • Banking: transactions
• Airlines: reservations, schedules
System • Universities: registration, grades
(DBMS) • Sales: customers, products, purchases
• Online retailers: order tracking, customized
recommendations
• Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain
• Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax
deductions
• Databases can be very large.
• Databases touch all aspects of our lives

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 • Application program examples
• Add new students, instructors, and
courses
University • Register students for courses, and
generate class rosters
Database • Assign grades to students, compute
Example grade point averages (GPA) and
generate transcripts
• In the early days, database applications
were built directly on top of file systems

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• 1950s and early 1960s:

• Data processing using magnetic tapes for storage
• Tapes provided only sequential access
• Punched cards for input
• Late 1960s and 1970s:
History of • Hard disks allowed direct access to data
Database • Network and hierarchical data models in widespread
use
Systems • Ted Codd defines the relational data model
• Would win the ACM Turing Award for this work
• IBM Research begins System R prototype
• UC Berkeley begins Ingres prototype
• High-performance (for the era) transaction
processing

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 • 1980s:
• Research relational prototypes evolve into commercial
systems
• SQL becomes industrial standard
• Parallel and distributed database systems
• Object-oriented database systems
• 1990s:
• Large decision support and data-mining applications
• Large multi-terabyte data warehouses
History (cont.) • Emergence of Web commerce
• Early 2000s:
• XML and XQuery standards
• Automated database administration
• Later 2000s:
• Giant data storage systems
• Google BigTable, Yahoo PNuts, Amazon, ..

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• In the early days, database applications were built

directly on top of file systems
• Data redundancy and inconsistency
• Multiple file formats, duplication of information
in different files
File Processing • Difficulty in accessing data
Systems vs • Need to write a new program to carry out each
new task
DBMS • Data isolation — multiple files and formats
• Integrity problems
• Integrity constraints (e.g., account balance > 0)
become “buried” in program code rather than
being stated explicitly
• Hard to add new constraints or change existing
ones
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 • Atomicity of updates
• Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with
partial updates carried out
• Example: Transfer of funds from one account to another
should either complete or not happen at all
File Processing • Concurrent access by multiple users
Systems vs • Concurrent access needed for performance
• Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to
DBMS inconsistencies
• Example: Two people reading a balance (say 100)
and updating it by withdrawing money (say 50 each)
at the same time
• Security problems
• Hard to provide user access to some, but not all, data
• Database systems offer solutions to all the above problems

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