CM 9 - Mathematical Logic (SCGMATH)

GENERAL
MATHEMATICS
Course Material No. 9
Karla Marie M. Galang

Mathematics Teacher
2 GENERAL MATHEMATICS • NU LAGUNA
Mathematical Logic 9
LEARNING OUTCOMES
LESSON OUTLINE
• Logical Operators Here’s what I will teach you in this course material:
• Construct truth tables of propositions
• Perform operations on propositions

CONTENT STANDARDS
Unit Outline
The learner demonstrates
the understanding of the
key concepts of
propositional logic
RESOURCES NEEDED
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
For this lesson, you would need the following resources:
The learner shall be able to • Mathematical Logic.pptx

judiciously apply logic in • Course Material 9
real-life arguments. • Instructional videos (see References)
• Laptop, cellphone, activity sheets, course material, MS Teams
software
•
GENERAL MATHEMATICS • NU LAGUNA 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pretest
Pretest 3
Before you start, try answering the following:
Rebus Roundup
Determine whether the following statements are 4
propositions. If the proposition is a compound
proposition, identify the simple components and the
Logical Operators
logical connectors used. 5
1. Define a polynomial function.
Written Work 9: Truth
17 Tables
2. Justin Bieber has over one million followers on
Twitter and Instagram.
18 Summary of the Lesson
3. A password must be at least 6 characters long
or it must be at least 8 characters long.
19 Key Terms
4. If Jerry receives a scholarship, then he will go to
college.
19 Post test
5. If you fix my computer, then I will pay you Php
2,000 and if I pay you Php 2,000, then you will

fix my computer.
20 References
Mathematical Logic
Key Point
When people engage in meaningful
discourse, parties exchange
statements that are meant to
support their claims. Such is the
case in debates where two sides
exchange arguments in support of
their affirmation or negation of a
certain issue. The same applies to
everyday situations where
individuals make assertions. The
effectiveness must be based on https://www.google.com/search?q=brain%20wallpaper&tbm=isch&rlz=1C1CHBF
proper reasoning. _enPH908PH908&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB0QtI8BKABqFwoTCPCIpKPQ2OwCFQAAA
AAdAAAAABAr&biw=1349&bih=625#imgrc=mIOsnJfmmX07hM
REBUS ROUNDUP
Rebus puzzles use visuals that put a different spin on words or parts of
words that are well known. Figure out the word or phrase for each of
these rebus puzzles.
Answer: Since the word HEAD is over the word HEELS, the answer to the puzzle
would be HEAD OVER HEELS! Get it? That's great! Now wake up your brain by
having some more fun with the teasers below!
Logical Operators
Logic is the field that specializes

In the previous lessons, you learned in detail in the study of reasoning.
the concept of functions; in particular, it was Proposition is a declarative

sentence that is either true or
introduced to you the concept of functions using the
false, but not both.
idea of a machine. A function works in such a way
A compound proposition is a
that when an input x is taken as an entry, a certain proposition formed from simpler
proposition using logical
output y is returned. connectors or some
The same idea may be used to explain combination of logical
connectors.
operators. A logical operator works in the same way
A proposition is simple if it
a function does in that it involves at least one input cannot be broken down any
further into other component
proposition and returns an output proposition. propositions.
Truth table is an organizer that

A. Negation: The not operator summarizes the possible values
of a variable or variables under
Among the basic operators, negation is the consideration.
only unary operator; it only requires one variable as

input.
The logical operation of negation takes one
Some logical connectors
variable as input and returns the negative of that
involving propositions p
variable as output. In symbols, the negation of p is ~p and/or q may be
read as not p. In other words, if p were true, then ~p expressed as follows:
would be false; similarly, if p were false, then ~p not p

would be true. Using a truth table, you will have: p and q
p or q
p ~p If p, then q
T F
F T
Example 1:
Consider the variable p, q, and r. Construct the truth
∧ conjunction
tables of ~p, ~q, and ~r. ∨ disjunction
∼ negation
→ conditional
Solution: ↔ biconditional
The following are binary operators; they need two

variables as input.
p ~p q ~q r ~r
T F T F T F
F T F T F T
B. Disjunction: The or operator

The logical operation of disjunction takes two variables
as input and returns an output that is true if and only if at least
one of the two input variables is true. In symbols, the
disjunction p or q is p ∨ q read as p or q.
Since disjunction is a binary operator, it needs two
variables as input. Consider the variables p and q. Based on the
definition of disjunction, p ∨ q is true when:
p is true, q is true
p is true, q is false
p is false, q is true
This is because at least one of the two variables is true.
The disjunction will only be false when:
p is false, q is false
Using a truth table, you will have:

p q 𝒑 ∨ 𝒒
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
Example 2:
Consider the variables p and r. Construct the truth table
of (r ∨ p) and ~ (r ∨ p).
p r 𝒓 ∨ 𝒒 ~ (𝒓 ∨ 𝒒)
T T T F
T F T F
F T T F
F F F T
Example 3:
Construct the truth table of (~ p ∨ r).
p r ~p ~𝒑 ∨ 𝒓
T T F T
T F F F
F T T T
F F T T
Example 4:
Construct the truth table of (p ∨ r) ∨ (~q).
p q r ~q (𝒑 ∨ 𝒓) (𝒑 ∨ 𝒓) ∨ (~𝒒)
T T T F T T
T T F F T T
T F T T T T
T F F T T T
F T T F T T
F T F F F F
F F T T T T
F F F T F T
C. Conjunction: The and operator

The logical operation of conjunction takes two
variables as input and returns an output that is true if
and only if both of the input variables are true. In
symbols, the conjunction of p and q is p ∧ q read as p
and q.
Since conjunction is a binary operator, it needs
two variables as input. Consider the variables p and q.
Based on the definition of conjunction, p ∧ q is true
when:
This is because both variables are true. The
conjunction will be when:
p is false, q is true
p q 𝒑 ∧ 𝒒
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
Example 5:
Consider the variables p and r. Construct the truth table
of (r ∧ p) and ~ (r ∧ p).
p r 𝒓 ∧ 𝒑 ~ (𝒓 ∧ 𝒑)
T T T F
T F F T
F T F T
F F F T
Example 6:
Construct the truth table of (p ∧ ~ r)
p r ~r 𝒑 ∧ ~𝒓
T T F F
T F T T
F T F F
F F T F
D. Implication: The if, then operator

The logical operation of implication takes two
variables as input and returns an output that is false if and only
if a true premise implies a false conclusion. In symbols, the
implication p then q is p → q read as p implies q or p then q
where p is the premise and q is the conclusion.
Consider the variables p and q. Based on the definition

of implication, p → q is false only when:
This is because a false conclusion cannot be implied

from a true premise. The implication will be true when:
p q p→q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
Example 7:
Consider the variables p and q. Construct the truth

table of (p → q) and (q → p)
p q p→q q→p
T T T T
T F F T
F T T F
F F T T
Example 8:
Construct the truth table of (q ∧ r) → (~ p)
p q r (q ∧ r) ~p (q ∧ r) → (~ p)
T T T T F F
T T F F F T
T F T F F T
T F F F F T
F T T T T T
F T F F T T
F F T F T T
F F F F T T
The implication p → q is also called conditional

proposition. Usually, associated with conditional propositions are
the three forms: converse, inverse, and contrapositive.
1. Converse: Given the conditional statement p → q, the

converse of this implication is given by q → p.
The converse of an implication is obtained by reversing the
premise and the conclusion.
Examine the following truth table:
p q p→q q→p
T T T T
T F F T
F T T F
F F T T
Note that if you take the implication p → q to be true, then

its converse is not always true.
2. Inverse: Given the conditional statement p → q, the inverse of

the implication is given by ~ p → ~ q.
The inverse of an implication is obtained by negating both
the premise and the conclusion. Examine the following truth table:
p q ~p ~q p→q ~p→~q
T T F F T T
T F F T F T
F T T F T F
F F T T T T
Once again, if you take the implication p → q to be

true, then its inverse is not always true.
3. Contrapositive: Given the conditional statement p → q,

the contrapositive of the implication is
given by ~ q → ~ p.
The contrapositive of an implication is obtained by
negating both the premise and conclusion, then reversing their
order.
Examine the following truth table:
p q ~p ~q p→q ~q→~p
T T F F T T
T F F T F F
F T T F T T
F F T T T T
If you take the implication p → q to be true, then its

contrapositive is always true.
E. Equivalence: The if and only if operator

The logical operation of equivalence takes two
variables as input and returns an output that is true if and only
if both of the input variables have the same truth value. In
symbols, the equivalence p if and only if q is p ⇔ q read as p
if and only if q.
Since equivalence is a binary operator, it needs two

variables as input. Consider the variables p and q. Based on the
definition of equivalence, p ⇔ q is true only when:
p is true, q is true.
p is false, q is false.
This is because both variables have the same truth

value. The equivalence will be false when:
p is true, q is false.
p is false, q is true.
p q 𝒑 ↔ 𝒒
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
Example 9:
Construct the truth table of (p → q) ⇔ (~ r).

p q r ~r (p → q) (𝑝 → 𝑞) ↔ (~ 𝑟)
T T T F T F
T T F T T T
T F T F F T
T F F T F F
F T T F T F
F T F T T T
F F T F T F
F F F T T T
Other Examples:
Conjunction
2 + 6 = 9 and man is a mammal.
Since “2 + 6 = 9” is a false proposition (note that 2 + 6 ≠ 9)
and the proposition “man is a mammal” is true, the conjunction of
the compound proposition is false.
Manny Pacquiao is a boxing champion and Gloria

Macapagal Arroyo is the first female Philippine
President.
In the proposition “Manny Pacquiao is a boxing
champion” is true while the proposition “Gloria Macapagal
Arroyo is the first female Philippine President” is false (note
that Corazon Aquino is the first female Philippine President),
therefore the conjunction of the compound proposition is false.
Disjunction
2 + 6 = 9 or Manny Pacquiao is a boxing champion.
Note the proposition “2 + 6 = 9” is false while
the proposition “Manny Pacquiao is a boxing
champion” is true; hence the disjunction of the
compound proposition is true.
Ferdinand Marcos is the only three-term Philippine

President or man is mammal.
Given that both proposition Ferdinand Marcos
is the only three-term Philippine President” and “man
is mammal” are both true, thus the disjunction of the
compound proposition is true.
Negation
3+5=8
3 + 5 ≠ 8.
Sofia is a girl.
Sofia is not a girl.
Implication
If vinegar is sweet, then sugar is sour.
Since then proposition “vinegar is sweet” and
the “sugar is sour” are both false, therefore the
conditional of the compound proposition is true.
2 + 5 = 7 is a sufficient condition for 5 + 6 = 1.

Note that “2 + 5 = 7” is true and “5 + 6 = 1” is
false, thus the conditional of the compound proposition
is false.
Equivalence
Manila is the capital of the Philippines is equivalent to
fish live in the moon.
Note that “Manila is the capital of the
Philippines” is true proposition while “fish live in the
moon” is false, thus the conditional of the compound
proposition is false.
8 – 2 = 5 is a necessary and sufficient for 4 + 2 = 7.

Given that “8 – 2 = 5” and “4 + 2 = 7” are both
false, thus the conditional of the compound proposition
is true.
WRITTEN WORK 9
Truth Tables!
Directions: Complete the following truth values.
1. (p ∧ q) ∨ ~ p
p q ~p p∧q (p ∧ q) ∨ ~ p
Rubric: 3rd column – 2 points
T T 4th column – 3 points
5th column – 3 points
T F
F T
F F
2. ~ q → (~ p ∨ q)
p q ~p ~q ~p∧q ~ q → (~ p ∨ q)
T T Rubric: 3rd column – 2 points
T F
F T 6th column – 3 points
F F
3. Let True (1) and False (2). Construct (p ∧ ~ q) ∨ r

p q r ~q p∧~q (p ∧ ~ q) ∨ r
1 1 1
1 1 2
Rubric: 3rd column – 2 points
1 2 1 4th column – 3 points
1 2 2
2 1 1
2 1 2
2 2 1
2 2 2
There are lots of social media where we can read the news. As a responsible
student, how can you determine if the news is fake or not?
LESSON SUMMARY
Logic is the field that specializes in the study of reasoning.
Propositions are declarative statements and may either true or false, and never both.
Simple proposition is a statement asserting a singular idea; it is not connected to any

other propositions while compound proposition contains two or more propositions as
components.
A truth table is an organizer that summarizes the possible values of variable or

variables under consideration.
KEY TERMS
Conjunction Disjunction Logical operators
Contrapositive Equivalence Negation
Converse Implication Simple proposition
Compound proposition Logic Truth table
POSTTEST
Determine whether the following statements are propositions. If the proposition is a
compound proposition, identify the simple components and the logical connectors
used.
1. If Ted’s score is less than 50, then Ted will fail the course.
2. What time is it?
3. Either it is sunny in Metro Manila or its streets are flooded.
4. Timothy’s average is at least 92 and he is getting an A for the course.
5. -5 is not a negative number.

REFERENCES
Barcelona, A. B., Belecina, R. R., & Villanueva, J. C. (2016). Conceptual Math and Beyond (General
Mathematics). Quezon City, Philippines: Brilliant Creations Publishing, Inc.
Cristobal, R. and Gabuyo, Y. (2019) General Mathematics. The Intelligente Publishing, Inc.
Marcos, J (2020). General Mathematics – Grade 11 Self-Learning Module (SLM). Department of

Education –SOCCSKSARGEN Region. Regional Center, Brgy. Carpenter Hill, City of Koronadal
Oronce, O. (2016). General Mathematics. Rex Bookstore
Regacho, C., et.al. (2017). Mathematics Skills for Life. Abiva Publishing House Inc.
Sirug, W. (2016) General Mathematics for Senior High School: A comprehensive Approach - K to
12 Curriculum Compliant. Mindshappers Co., Inc
Videos:
• Introduction to Logic (Tagalog/Filipino Math) - YouTube

• Introduction to Logic: Propositions - General Mathematics / Discrete Math - YouTube
• PROPOSITIONS || MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD - YouTube
• GEN MATH | LOGIC | COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS | TAGLISH - YouTube
• General Mathematics - Propositions - YouTube
• Truth Table Tutorial - Discrete Mathematics Logic - YouTube
• Paano Gumawa ng Truth Table mula sa Compound Statement - YouTube
• General Mathematics - Logic | Truth Table (SHS - Grade 11) - YouTube
Contributors:
MS. KARLA MARIE M. GALANG
MS. JHANNA MAE V. TADIQUE

MR. JUNJUN A. VILLANUEVA

CM 9 - Mathematical Logic (SCGMATH)

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GENERAL

Karla Marie M. Galang

• Construct truth tables of propositions

• Perform operations on propositions

The learner shall be able to • Mathematical Logic.pptx

Twitter and Instagram.

18 Summary of the Lesson

3. A password must be at least 6 characters long

or it must be at least 8 characters long.

4. If Jerry receives a scholarship, then he will go to

2,000 and if I pay you Php 2,000, then you will

Logic is the field that specializes

the concept of functions; in particular, it was Proposition is a declarative

Truth table is an organizer that

only unary operator; it only requires one variable as

would be false; similarly, if p were false, then ~p not p

The following are binary operators; they need two

B. Disjunction: The or operator

Using a truth table, you will have:

C. Conjunction: The and operator

Using a truth table, you will have:

D. Implication: The if, then operator

Consider the variables p and q. Based on the definition

This is because a false conclusion cannot be implied

Using a truth table, you will have:

Consider the variables p and q. Construct the truth

The implication p → q is also called conditional

1. Converse: Given the conditional statement p → q, the

Note that if you take the implication p → q to be true, then

2. Inverse: Given the conditional statement p → q, the inverse of

Once again, if you take the implication p → q to be

3. Contrapositive: Given the conditional statement p → q,

If you take the implication p → q to be true, then its

E. Equivalence: The if and only if operator

Since equivalence is a binary operator, it needs two

This is because both variables have the same truth

Using a truth table, you will have:

Construct the truth table of (p → q) ⇔ (~ r).

Manny Pacquiao is a boxing champion and Gloria

Ferdinand Marcos is the only three-term Philippine

2 + 5 = 7 is a sufficient condition for 5 + 6 = 1.

8 – 2 = 5 is a necessary and sufficient for 4 + 2 = 7.

Directions: Complete the following truth values.

3. Let True (1) and False (2). Construct (p ∧ ~ q) ∨ r

Logic is the field that specializes in the study of reasoning.

Simple proposition is a statement asserting a singular idea; it is not connected to any

A truth table is an organizer that summarizes the possible values of variable or

Conjunction Disjunction Logical operators

Contrapositive Equivalence Negation

Converse Implication Simple proposition

Compound proposition Logic Truth table

Determine whether the following statements are propositions. If the proposition is a

2. What time is it?

3. Either it is sunny in Metro Manila or its streets are flooded.

4. Timothy’s average is at least 92 and he is getting an A for the course.

5. -5 is not a negative number.

Marcos, J (2020). General Mathematics – Grade 11 Self-Learning Module (SLM). Department of

Oronce, O. (2016). General Mathematics. Rex Bookstore

• Introduction to Logic (Tagalog/Filipino Math) - YouTube

MS. KARLA MARIE M. GALANG

MS. JHANNA MAE V. TADIQUE

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