2019 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference (ITEC-India)

NOVEL METHODOLOGY OF REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEM

USING DUAL WINDING BLDC MOTOR
D.Ajay Kumar , Y.Varaprasanna Kumar ,B.V.Ravi Kumar,S. Karunanidhi
Research Centre Imarat, DRDO, India.
E-mail: ajaykumar.duggu@live.com, yvprasanna55@gmail.com,venkataravi.kumar@rcilab.in
2019 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference (ITEC-India) 978-1-7281-3169-6/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE 10.1109/ITEC-India48457.2019.ITECINDIA2019-221

Abstract: Efficient and economical models are
developed by reusing the energy, which is being lost within
the Electric vehicle and termed as regenerative braking. This
paper presents a novel regenerative braking mechanism to
improve the performance of electric vehicle with a dual
winding BLDC motor. Auxiliary winding with high back
EMF constant is employed to assist for regeneration along
with main winding .Hence the energy is fed back to battery.
Simulation model of proposed technique has been
developed and analyzed. This method estimates to improve
the Depth of Discharge (DOD) of battery, range of the
vehicle when compared to conventional techniques.
Index Terms: Electric vehicle, Regenerative
braking, BLDC motor, battery, Depth of Discharge (DOD).
stator Dual rotor winding BLDC motor is proposed to
improve the range of the vehicle using inner rotor to
regenerate whenever there is bake applied [4] .
In above mentioned literature additional components
have been introduced to improve the performance which
scales up the overall cost of an EV. Aiming to improve
regenerative breaking capability this paper presents an
effective regenerative braking with Dual winding BLDC
motor. A working simulation model has been developed in
MATLAB/SIMULINK. The parameters range and DOD are
compared with the conventional model.
II. PROPOSED REGENERATIVE BRAKING METHOD
A. Conventional method

I. INTRODUCTION Figure1 shows the conventional configuration of an EV,

An Electric vehicle(EV) technology is need of the comprises of two modes of operation motoring and braking
hour in developing economy like India, in metro cities air respectively. During motoring mode, EV is propelled
pollution has been a major concern due to emissions in forward as per required speed and acceleration by drawing
conventional ICEs. Two important parameters are currents from the battery. During breaking mode,
performance and range. The power management in an EV mechanical brakes are employed which bring EV to halt and
can scale up the performance. Depth of Discharge (DOD) energy is lost as heat. This energy stored in the rotor can be
can be assessed to study about the performance and range. reused to charge the battery where the motor acts as
In an EV, power is consumed as per the rate of change of generator and this is termed as regenerative braking. In
speed i.e., acceleration but power is lost as heat during regenerative braking mode the battery is charged through
deceleration. Using regenerative concepts the power can be the motor.
feedback to source. During the braking mode, the stored
energy in rotor is fed back to battery, regenerating energy
from motor is termed as regenerative braking. Range of EVs
has been constant area of research and regenerative braking
acts as a viable solution. Regenerative breaking is
implemented by using DC-DC converter(Buck-Boost) for
power management and flywheel for recovering the kinetic
energy stored in the rotor [1]. Regenerative braking
enhances the safety of the whole system, by reducing the
heat generated at wheel upon application of brake.
The power flow could be improved with regenerative
braking by saving 15 per cent of the total power[2].Dual
windings i.e., main and auxiliary windings, in BLDC motor
are energized as per the velocity and torque requirement.
During start both windings are energized and auxiliary Fig. 1. Conventional configuration of RBS
winding is switched off to attain higher speed [3].Dual

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III. MODELING AND SIMULATION RESULTS

B. Proposed method Electric vehicle model comprises of blocks like
battery model, motor model, controller model. These blocks
The proposed model uses Dual winding BLDC
are modeled using MATLAB/SIMULINK is shown in Fig.
motor shown in fig.2. Stator is housed with two windings
4. To determine the range of vehicle we need to have an
i.e. main and auxiliary winding. The rotor is coupled with
idea about the velocity profile of an EV. When a vehicle is
the wheel of EV. During the motoring mode, main winding
driven the velocity profile can be a constant speed, in reality
is connected across battery and it draws current to attain
velocity has ever changing speeds. The drive cycles have
required speed/acceleration. When brake is applied, EV is
been introduced in order to estimate the realistic
switched to regenerative mode, auxiliary winding
performance. European cycle ECE-15 drive cycle is
contributes for regeneration by using the energy stored in
considered here shown in Fig.5.
the rotor. In addition to auxiliary winding, main winding
The force required to propel the vehicle forward is
also assists for regeneration. The power flow diagram of
termed as tractive effort (Fte). Tractive effort has to
motoring mode and braking mode is shown in fig.3.The
overcome rolling resistance (Fte), is due to the friction of the
extent of regeneration due to auxiliary winding is decided
wheel on the road, aerodynamic drag(Fad) ,is frictional force
by its back-emf constant. Hence, regenerative braking is
due to body moving in air and acceleration force(Fal)
used to enrich the battery performance.
depends upon the acceleration required as per drive cycle.
Mathematical expressions for the above-mentioned forces
are referred from [5] and are shown in equation 1.
Frr = μrrmg
Fad =
a=
Fal =ma
Fte =Frr + Fad + Fal (1)
where μrr is coefficient of rolling resistance, m is
mass of vehicle, is the density of the air, is the drag
coefficient, is the velocity, a is the acceleration required
to drive the EV.

IV. BATTERY MODEL EQUATIONS

Fig. 2. Proposed configuration of RBS with Dual Winding Battery is key component in an EV. It is a series
motor connection of cells to attain rated voltage for motor. The
Motoring mode: parameters considered here for battery modeling are open
circuit voltage of battery, internal resistance and the
capacity. A 20Amphours battery can supply 2 Amps for
1hours or 20 Amps for 1hour. The rate of charge left
depends upon the current rate drawn from battery. If the rate
of current drawn is very high the battery is discharged
quickly. The instantaneous capacity of battery is represented
Braking mode: in terms of C. If a 10Amphour is drawing a current of
20Amps the discharge rate is represented as 2C and it is
charged with a current of 8Amps current it is represented as
0.4C. The capability of battery is estimated by analyzing the
parameters such as power consumption by battery, range.
These results are compared with conventional model. The
charge left in battery is analyzed by parameters State of
Charge(SOC) & Depth of Discharge(DOD). SOC states the
charge left in battery, it is estimated on percentage basis;
Fig. 3. Motoring and braking mode power flow diagram

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100 percentage implies fully charged and 0 percentage

implies complete discharge.
Battery is mathematically modeled with internal
resistance; depth of discharge (DOD) and state of charge
(SOC) are calculated as per the equations below
Eoc = IR + V
CRn+1 = CRn + Idt
DOD =
SOC=1-DOD (2)
Where Eoc is open circuit voltage, R is the internal
resistance,I is the current flowing through the battery,V is
the terminal voltage, CRn is the total charge removed at
step. Cp is capacity of the battery in Ah. The power Fig.6. Battery power consumption for one ECE-15 driving
consumption of battery for proposed and conventional cycle
model is shown in Fig.6.
DOD of battery specifies the capacity left in the
battery. DOD varies from zero to one, where zero indicates
that battery is fully charged and one indicates that battery is
completely discharged. The proposed model estimates to
improve the DOD by regenerating the power to battery and
the results have been verified.Fig.7. shows the comparative
analysis of DOD for proposed and conventional
configurations with 32 driving cycles of ECE-15. Proposed
configuration method has estimated 47 percent discharge
while conventional configuration is totally discharged.
Fig.8.shows the comparison of range in proposed and
conventional configuration. Proposed method is estimated
with range of 55km when compared to conventional method
Fig.4. Simulation model with a range of 26km.

Fig.7. Depth of Discharge in Proposed and conventional

configuration
Fig.5. ECE 15 drive cycle

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 2019 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference (ITEC-India)

Fig.8. Range in Proposed and conventional configuration

V. CONCLUSION
This paper has presented novel regenerative
breaking method with dual winding BLDC motor. The
proposed regenerative braking configuration is explained in
detail. EV is modeled with the help of mathematical
equations which are explained in detail. Simulation results
of proposed configuration estimate the range to be increased
by 90 percent when compared to the conventional
configuration, DOD is estimated to slow down significantly
in the proposed configuration. Hence, this regenerative
method can be employed to improve the range and DOD of
the electric vehicle.

VI. REFERENCES
[1] M.K Yoong*, Y.H Gan, G.D Gan, C.K Leong, Z.Y Phuan,
B.K Cheah. K.W Chew, Member, IEEE,” Studies of
Regenerative Braking in Electric Vehicle” IEEE Conference
on Sustainable Utilization and Development in Engineering
and Technology, November 2010.
[2] R. E. Hellmund, “Regenerative Braking of Electric Vehicles”
Institute of Electric Engineers, Pittsburgh, Pa., January
12,1917.
[3] G. H. Jang, C. I. Lee, “Dual Winding Method of a BLDC
Motor for Large Starting Torque and High Speed” IEEE
Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 41, No. 10, October 2005.
[4] B. V. Ravi Kumar, K Sivakumar , S.Karunanidhi, “A Novel
Configuration of Regenerative Braking System to improve the
Energy efficiency of an Electric Vehicle with Dual-Stator
Dual-Rotor BLDC motor”,2017 IEEE Transportation
Electrification Conference (ITEC-India).
[5] James Larminie, John Lowry,” Electric Vehicle Technology
Explained” John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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