Humss 5 PPG Notes

HUMSS 5 - Philippine Politics and Governance
Week 1 | Introduction to Politics

WHAT COMES INTO YOUR MIND WHEN YOU READ OR HEAR THE WORD POLITICS?
Politics – commonly referred to as the process that determines the distribution of

power and resources.
Political Science- is a branch of the social sciences that deals with the study of
politics, systems of government, and political activities, behavior, theories, and
practices.
Political Scientists – people who devote themselves in studying political science.
POLITICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE

POLITICS POLITICAL SCIENCE
Current Problems Studies State and Government

Sovereignty, people
Applied Politics Theoretical Politics
Relative Universal
Art of the State Science of the state

Creativity of solving issues The process of investigating the problem
• Political Scientists measure the success of governance and specific policies by

examining various factors such as social and political stability, justice, material wealth,
peace, and public health.
• Some political scientists seek to advance “normative theses”, or ideal descriptions of
political situations, in their analysis of politics. Others, meanwhile, propose “positive
theses”, which describe political situations as they are, as well as specific policy
recommendations.
For example:
Normative: The government must secure jobs for those workers who lost
their job during the pandemic.
Positive: The government uses the expansionary fiscal policy to mitigate
economic downturns during the pandemic through increasing government
spending such as cash assistance.
BRANCHES OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

 Political Theory – Concerned with the ideas and contributions of classical thinkers.
Aroused a long time already but is more identifiable in this age of development.
 Comparative Politics – compares and analyzes the various types of constitutions,
political actors, and legislature. The similarities and differences.
 Public Administration – study of the implementation of government policy and public

service. How services execute their jobs
 International Relations – deals with the political-economic interactions between
nation-states. Diplomatic relationship and treaties
 Public Law- relationship between government and citizens. Consent of
citizens/submission of people to the government due to the uncertainty of property
rights (citizens contract)
 Political methodology – Uses quantitative methods to describe and define political
phenomena. Can also be qualitative due to uncontrollable emotions and behaviour.
KEY CONCEPTS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE

State – organized political community living under a government. Have a certain criteria
on how to govern the people.
 Population – refers to the people that compose the state.
 Territory - refers to the place where people that compose the state are located.
 Government – is the system that administers or control’s the state
 Sovereignty – refers to the ability of the state to govern itself without outside
influence or interference. Autonomy
Legitimacy – the authority given to you (concept of legitimacy)
Governance – all actions and activities related to governing. It is defined as by the

interaction and decision making among policy makers, public officials, and citizen
involved in addressing collective problems. Socializing and implementing laws
regulations event he behaviour of the people.
Ideology – set of ideas and beliefs that define the views and define actions of
individuals, groups, and institutions.
Political Ideology - principle and theories that the government follows.
GOVERNANCE
IDEOLOGY SOVEREIGNITY
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Week 2 | Basic Types and Forms of Government
According to the number of persons whom sovereignty/ruling resides:

Monarchy
Aristocracy
Democracy
MONARCHY
 It is a form of government in which the supreme and final authority resides in one
person, whose world is considered law. Fusion of power between the branches of
government. Two Types: constitutional and absolute
 Monarch, King, Sultan, Prince
 Rules with the help of bureaucracy (division of labour because of the difficulties in
governing) Queen Elizabeth II
CONSTITUTIONAL/ LIMITED MONARCHY

 The monarch’s power is limited by constitution. No overlapping of power – PRIME
MINISTER
 Great Britain, Japan, and Spain
OLIGARCHY/ ARISTOCRACY
 It is a government in which the political power belongs to the “elite of the society”, who
have the high social status, wealth, and political power of hereditary nobility. (Rule of
the few ) The Medieval Aristocrats (capitalists)
DEMOCRACY
 Rule of Many
 Supreme political power is exercised by the majority of the people. Still, we can’t
disregard the concept of minority.
 “Democracy is the government of the people, by the people, and for the people” –
Abraham Lincoln
PURE/ CLASSICAL/ DIRECT DEMOCRACY

 People govern directly and immediately in an assembly. Due to minimum population,
easy to tell concerns. Though, only allowed men are able to join.
Athenian Democracy
INDIRECT/ REPRESENTATIVE/ REPUBLICAN DEMOCRACY

 Elect their representatives who will defend their interests in the government. Doers of
regulation.
 The most popular form of government. However, it cannot address the problem quickly
due to its long process. Positively it is nice when population is big.
Philippine House of Representatives
According to the distribution of powers:

UNITARY
FEDERAL
UNITARY
 The control of national government and local affairs is exercised by the central or
national government. The problem is misunderstanding. Applied system of bureaucracy.
FEDERAL
 The powers of the government are distributed between the central and the local
governments equally.
 Each organ being supreme within its own political sphere. Each system working its own
function (interrelationship)
 Empowers local government to pursue development in accordance with their particular
culture, need, and resources. (economic activity)
According to the relationship of Legislature and Executive:

Presidential
Parliamentary
PARLIAMENTARY
 Fusion of Legislative and Executive branch of government. (Philippines – Marcos Sr.)
September 21, 1972
 Greatly improves the legislative process
PRESIDENTIAL
 Separation of Powers between all branches of government.
 First introduced by Baron de Montesquieu
 Anchored in the concept of Balance of Power
 Principle of Checks and Balances to avoid overlapping of powers.
HOW GOVERNMENT IS FORMED?

ELECTION – become more critical
Presidential System
 Executive and legislative branches are elected by the people
 President's immediate task is to appoint the members of the cabinet.
 If elected, an official must vacate his/her position before becoming a member of the
cabinet.
Parliamentary System
 People elect the members of the parliament
 Members of the parliament appoint a prime minister from the political party that
obtained the majority vote.
 The prime minister selects cabinet from the member of the parliament whether in
the minority or majority.
Forcible Means to Replace the Government

 Coup, revolution, foreign occupation
 Overthrow of government lack legitimacy
 Need to undergo election and constitutional conventions to gain recognition
Aguinaldo vs. Bonifacio – Tejeros Convention (March 27, 1897)
The Branches of the Government

a. Executive Branch
- Implementing laws and creating policies and programs to respond to the needs
of the state
- Headed by chief executives (President- Head of the State/Government)
- Other members include the vice president, deputy prime minister, and the
cabinet
- Local executives
b. Legislative Branch
- Law making institution of the government
- Presidential Vs. Parliamentary
- Unicameral (one chamber of legislative branch) and Bicameral (two chamber of
the house)
- Two houses are elected
- Holds the power of purse (tax and budget)
c. Judiciary
- Interpret and apply the laws of the state.
- Supreme Court - the highest court
- Hearing and deciding cases
- Interpretations of the law
- Validity of agreements or treaties
- Decision of an official violates the law. Sandiganbayan and ombudsman – graft and
corruption
Governance
Refers to the process by which laws and policies are enacted by the government
through the implementation of programs that uphold the general welfare. Working
together by the national and local government.
Sound financial Management, Environmental management, social security, peace, and
order, disaster preparedness, access to services and information, competitive, business
friendly economy.
Visible useful infrastructure, fast and efficient government services, peace and order,
transparent and honest government transactions.
Political Science in the Real World

Usage of theories and concepts in Governance to understand society
Methods of inquiry could be applied by questioning the reliability of knowledge by
questioning our conscious part.
Conflict theory and Structural Functionalism
Paradigm - refers to the collected ideas and theories regarding phenomena.
Example: Political ideologies, religious beliefs, and one's personal beliefs

regarding society and politics.
Quantitative and Qualitative methods
Multidisciplinary approach
Real Politics
Realpolitik - primarily driven by current needs, circumstances, or prevailing reality in the
state, instead of political ideals and moral and ethical standards.
Political Realism - competition in power; To be in top is easy but, To remain on top is a
different subject
Complex interdependence – believe that society, government and states are linked
together.
Global justice.
Week 3 | Understanding Political Ideologies
Political Ideology: Its Role and Function
Ideology
 Refers to a set of beliefs and ideas that shape an individual’s or a group’s view, actions,
and interactions with the world. Attributed to the socialization of a person to society.
 Nonmaterial. Reference in culture and can be learn through family, peer, religion or
educational institution
 Can be anchored on aspect of development like culture, society, economics, and
political wants. Includes internal and external efficacy in a political arena.
 In law, they are contradicting or negating ideas before it is passed.
 Cold War (the battle of ideology) – ideology between Democracy and Communism - is
the spreading of dictatorial or leftist (between North Korea and South Korea)
 Bloc in Cold War – stop the spreading of communism
Political Ideology
 A set of beliefs and ideas that define political activities, policies, and events. What the
government should be?
How Ideology affects Government (ideology is reflective and implicative)

 Outlines the role of government and the economy. Interrelationship between economy
and politics. Example is Feudalism - people fought for nobles who give them protection
and land in return.
 Proposes ideas regarding the most effective government.
 Define how states develop and transform. As time goes by with societal evolution,
adaptation with ideology is anchored by adapting progressive ideals.
 Basis for values, principles, and ideas to which the state subscribes to define its laws,
programs, and political activities. To create laws, we go back to certain values.
 Single ideology or multiple ideologies.

 Basis for political culture. Climate, interaction and beliefs.
4 Functions of Ideology
1) It explains how society and politics are organized and how various aspects of politics
work. – explanatory. Defines the importance of organizing the society in regards to
political activity.
2) It evaluates whether a certain political action or program is good or bad. – evaluative.
There is a need to judge if an implementation is good or bad.
3) It orients those who subscribe to it to have sense of identity and direction. –
orientative. Fosters the sense of identity
4) It provides a program or plan of action that will bring about political change –
programmatic. The ideology will be transmuted to a plan or action for the general
welfare of people
Political Spectrum
Neoliberalis
Social Liberalism - Conservatis
Anarchism Socialism Centrism m- Reactionism Fascism
Democracy moderator m
moderator
Origin of Political Spectrum

Traced in the French Revolution and the Estates General. Representatives opposed to
monarchy sat on the left side of the assembly hall, while the supporters of the king sat
on the right side of the court.
LEFT (LIBERAL SOCIALIST) – value CENTER (MODERATE or RIGHT (CONSERVATIVE FASCIST)

individual freedom rather than the CENTRIST) – creates the balance
government
Emphasis on personal liberty and Combines ideas and Emphasis on the welfare of the state
human rights – the insurance of principles from both the left or the common good
freedom and the right – there is a control with the government
Government regulation of the Emphasizes balance Individual interests should give

market – intervention by the between extreme views and away to national or state interests –
government when problem arise ideas if internal and external threat is present,
individual interest is set aside (Adolf Hitler -
Ultra nationalism)
Government control over essential Seeks the middle ground in Markets should be free and
services and economic activities – political issues unregulated – government is an invisible
absence of capitalism; what must be hand
produced should be mandated by
government
Socialist - Envisions an egalitarian Seeks to maintain the status Authoritarian - Emphasizes the rule
society where there is no quo (state of the nature) in of law and the power of the state,
distinction between people based politics and society especially in times of crisis
on economic status or identity -
(Egalitarian – stratified society; Karl Marx)
Libertarian - Seeks a limited role May lean toward some Often nationalistic and ethnic-
for the government, especially with leftist ideas or policies centered – The observance of superior
regard to private matters and (center-left), or may prefer (Holocaust in Germany)
individual decisions – context of some right-wing ideas or
personal, social and economic freedom policies (center right)
Often advocates political and social Prefers a strong military and seeks
change through revolutionary to project a powerful image in
means international affairs
Anarchist - Most extreme views Totalitarian / Fascism - Most
advocate dismantling of the extreme views demand total control
government to be replaced by over all aspects of the lives of their
community-based governance citizens -There is no freedom
– everyone has consensus decision making
Political Compass Nolan Chart

Takes in consideration the possibility of overlapping ideologies
Major Political Ideologies and Related Ideas
Liberalism
– Considers economic and social inequality as undesirable and seeks to establish a
society that provides opportunities for growth to all individuals
– Eliminating discrimination and barriers to growth and development that threaten
opportunity development
– Access to social services such as health care and education – equal access
– Recognition of human rights and freedom – doesn’t mean absolute freedom
– Freedom of religion, gender equality, and a secular government – tolerance for religion
Social Democracy
– Seeks to implement socialist reforms in society within the framework of a
democratic government and capitalist economy – near to classic or pure democracy
– Advocate government regulation of the economy, income distribution, and the
promotion of social welfare
– Envisions establishment of a socialist state through legal, non violent means
Ex. Akbayan
Socialism
– Public ownership of resources and means of production – mother of communism,
lola of marxism – elimination of capitalism
– Production is done not for profit but to meet basic human need
– Democratic control over the use of resources and the production of goods and
services are done in cooperative manner – individuals have consensus building and negotiations
– Ensures all citizens have free access to goods and services
Communism
– Socialist ideology that believes that inequality is a result of capitalism and the
existence of class system – result of class conflict resulting to unequal distribution of
resources (Karl Marx and Frederich – “competition of power”)
– Society must be transformed to eliminate class divisions in order to achieve equality
Marxism
– A communist ideology that believes capitalist societies are characterized by class
conflict or the struggle between the working class and the capitalist – oppression of
working class
– Working class will lead a revolution that will establish a communist society (Karl
Marx)
Anarchism (Left)
– Most extreme of the ideologies in the left. Detrimental to individualism
– Total dismantling and elimination of the state
– State is undesirable attributed in many reasons
– Establishment of self-governed communities where individuals manage their affairs
through cooperative effort and mutual respect – negative (norm less and lawless)
Neoliberalism
– Based on laissez-faire (French: free market) economics which upholds free markets
and trade liberalization.
– Economic growth is key to human progress, and that the government must not
intervene in the activities of markets and capitalists – invincible hand of the market
– Trickle-down economics (type of policy reducing the tax of wealthy businessmen
because they believe it will result to economic benefits, however, it is just an illusion)
Conservatism
– Upholds strong, stable government and the firm implementation of laws -
Philippines uphold conserving ideals
– Values continuity of tradition and are more nationalistic, religious, and moralistic
– Free market and limited government intervention of economy
– Strong military and strong international affairs – justify connections with other countries
– Limited government (USA)
– Wary of any change or reform and opposes socialist ideas
Reactionism
– A variation of conservatism - has characteristics of conservatism and progressive ideals
– Return of the old ways – retain and redo the application of traditional practices
– Present society is flawed and looks to the past which they consider orderly
compared to the present time
– Traditional practice and previous state policies are revived
Fascism (Right)
– Radical right-wing ideology
– Leader are fierce nationalism and authoritarianism
– Advocates very strong central government
– Democratic government even eliminated – state is more priority
– Significant political ideology in Italy (1930’s) – World War (influenced by Nazis)
– Society is in danger of invasion, needed strong government with unlimited power to
address threats
– Centered on dictatorship – no chance to fight government
– Duterte has multiple ideologies
Ideology and Governance

Indoctrination – society is reflected by ideology - Political ideologist doesn’t fully embrace
ideologies
Adopting Ideologies
 t
Not all things are committed

dominantly.
Political Systems
 LIBERTARIANISM – government has limited influence in economy and society. They
appeal to liberal and conservative groups
 TOTALITARIAN – government authority is unlimited. State has control over the public
and private life of the citizens
 AUTHORITARIAN – has a strong central government where there is limitations for the
citizens and includes constraint or barrier between political institutions.
The Philippine Constitution (influenced by political ideology)

 Suspension of Writ of Habeas Corpus – the president has the power to suspend the law
of direct imprisonment with the declaration of Martial Law (essential fascist power)
however, without the decision of legislative body it won’t be declared.
 Martial Law – extension of martial law is implemented because of state of emergency

 Bill of Rights – promulgating into social justice and human rights are anchored to liberal
and socialist ideals
 Family – Article 15 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution is influenced by conservative
ideas
Filipino Party Politics

 Not fully influenced by political ideology in the sense that adherence to a certain political
ideology does not define the identity and purpose of political party
 Political machines for individual candidates/personally driven for group purposes
 Platforms are similar to each other
 Patronage politics prevents ideology-based party politics – to protect specific sectors
Populism
• Emphasize the interest of the masses
• Getting along with the masses being oppressed by elite or oligarch
• Limiting privileges of the wealthy and powerful
• Does not fall neatly along the political spectrum because the ideas are often used by
ideological groups.
• Ramon Magsaysay (Man of the Masses) – authentic connection with the masses
Other non-government interest groups:

 Akbayan and Kilusang Mayo Uno (Socialist)
 CPP (Communist Party of the Philippines) – communism through arm struggle
 Religious Organizations (Conservatism)
Ideology and Citizenship

Individual ideology is a product of state indoctrination and own background and
experiences, and knowledge
Influence of Political Ideology

a. Respect for law and order
b. Political Participation (whether internal of external) – efficacy of a citizen
Apolitical has no responsibility and liability with political issues
c. Humanitarianism – focuses on the rights as a key principle of individuals on how they try
to uphold their values, morals, and rights
d. Political Dissent, Protest, and Civil Disobedience – the contradicting ideas might be
unconstitutional
Note: Political ideology is important for every citizen. If there is no ideology, we became stagnant
throughout our development.
Week 4 | Power and Accountability

Relative in understanding politics and governance. If the government has no power and authority and
context of society, then there’s no indoctrination and influence throughout the welfare of people. The
right of the citizen should be well protected by the government.
Nature and Dimensions of Power

POWER
 the ability of a person to carry out his will (the choice/decision to make a compelling
threat or reward)
 significant in the study of social relationships (creates distance)
 exercise control and impose restriction (guides the behavior of every member to avoid
instability)
Types of Power by John French and Bertram Raven

Coercive Power – compel through threats, punishment, and force.
Reward Power – ability to give rewards and benefit (instead of fear)
Expert Power – knowledge and skill of an individual to employ an idea or analysis
Legitimate Power – based on person’s position role, authority, and duties in the
group
Referent Power – based on individual’s personality and ability to attract follower
AUTHORITY
 right to exercise power/ legitimate power (in line with context of legitimate power
wherein you can only exercise your right/function if you are in a position, if not then no
authorized)
 Added power
Context of Authority by Max Weber (German sociologist and philosopher)

Charismatic Authority – (unstable) based on the personal qualities of the individual
who wields power. Traits and how he/she was perceived by the society. e.g. in the
pre-colonial societies and Ramon Magsaysay.
Traditional Authority – rooted on traditional values and existing social ties and
institutions. Successors rooted in Political dynasties and Monarchy. Duterte
succession of power.
Legal-Rational Authority – (stable) based on the systems of Law and regulations. Has
the right to exercise added power because of the law. If already in the position, you
are also binded by law e.g. election
INFLUENCE
 The ability to entice or convince through persuasion and other non-coercive means. e.g.
famous celebrities has a higher chance to win because they already established their
name.
 Broader in scope compared to power and more democratic. Depending with the
decision of people
 Uncertain consequences and is thus less effective than compared to the full exercise of
power.
 Power and Influence should be balanced! To prevent conflict and ensure stability and
equilibrium.
 Has an impact on LEADERHIP AND POWER. The way to govern and execute certain task
for the welfare of the people
POWER, LEGITIMACY, and GOVERNMENT

• Sovereignty – the power of government to perform its function without interference
from outside forces. E.g. Human Rights by the Duterte Administration/ Preamble of the
constitution (context of sovereignty)
• Control over group or society.
– Ancient People – possess sovereignty and could therefore command the respect
and obedience of the members of society. Authority resides on the society.
AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT (rise of different philosophers)

Social Contract – defines the context of sovereignty. Involvement of two parties. All tasks
should uphold the general welfare of everyone. If not, there will be overthrownment.
Believed that power resided to the individual who comprised society
Democracy – Direct and Indirect
Political Activities: Plebiscite, Initiative, Referendum, Advocacy Groups
LEGITIMACY
Before EDSA People Power I, the ruling of Ferdinand Marcos brought

parliamentary form of governance that after the Snap Election
(where people expect Cory Aquino to win), individuals noticed an
electoral fraud. Individuals recreated revolution and freedom
constitution (revolutionary government). Cory is still unrecognized
that’s why the amendment of constitution (the creation of 1987
Philippine Constitution).
Democracy Limited
People
Power resides on the people and limitation of function to public officials. E.g. Joseph Estrada (The
system of Impeachment). To not imply the context of oppression.
Monarch
Prime Minister The Head of the State
Parliament The Head of the - no overdue funtions
Government that should be the work
of Prime Minister
In the Philippines, we employ Indirect Democracy. The president is the head of the government and
state. Symbolic and Functional. (Prime minister - actual)
POWER AND GOVERNANCE
Government considers being the instrument on how people

enact their will. Also, creates a harmonious relationship
towards everyone by programs and initiatives. In this sense,
the sovereignty could be seen as the form national power to
people that’s why the country inherited the three types of
power.
The reason why we have national power

is because in order to have an inaction
from government agencies, officials,
members of personnel and public
servants. In the constitution, there is an
Inherent Power for government.
NATIONAL POWER
Inherent Powers of Sovereign State
• Police Power - the power to protect citizens and provide for safety and welfare society.
Moreover, the ability of the state to utilize the police force to secure that laws are being
implemented. For stability and social order.
• Eminent Domain - the power to take private property (with just compensation) for
public use. The private property taken will be for public usage/ public offices and services.
• Taxation Power - the tax power to enforce contributions to support the government and
other inherent powers of the state. Tax is the lifeblood the economy. Also, enables the
government to undertake platforms that ensures the security of citizen.
STATE’S CONTROL
The state decides what’s right to do. That is why the state employs
control to its citizens and at the same time, the country. Laws and
regulations are vital to impose prohibitions. There is no
Absolute Freedom (Limitation of Freedom).
Indoctrination of Ideology. Example is the book “Is this Tomorrow” wherein

America is under communism. What would happen? Will the people enjoy
their rights? Politics and economy ride together.
REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL POLITICS
MILITARY POWER
Employing that a country is most powerful when equipped
with the advanced tools and weaponry to wage a war
against another state. Investing with military troops and weapons. That’s why China, Russia,
and US are considered to be powerful when it comes to their military power. The Military
power is ought to be invested because they protect us from wars. Duterte believed a conflict
between the country and China would lead to war and the setting will be our own country.
ECONOMIC POWER
It refers to the use of economic resources and country’s finances. This
is also the ability of the state to influence other nations by denying or
giving access to resources. Hence, connected with this is the finding of
raw materials to polish final outcome products. Raw materials are
found on developed countries where it is cheap to import but
exporting is expensive. It’s because the developing countries can’t
process raw materials to other products. The restriction of products to
other countries would also be a lost.
PSYCHOLOGICAL POWER
This is where Sphere of Influence is found (among the countries, which
hold the sphere of influence? Russia? China? Japan? US?) This power
refers to the ability of the state to use its image or reputation (Ultra
Nationalism – wants to employ of Adolf Hitler because he wants Germany
to become more powerful). This is also the utilization of the diplomacy
towards national relationship and mass media usage to successfully
indoctrinate to others the goal of the state.
POWER AND CITIZENSHIP

• Two intertwined terms – power is intertwined with citizenship
• Rights and Responsibility of an individual. The responsibility to do good without
overstepping boundaries. The differences between fake news and factual news. The
right of yours has an ending but also start the beginning rights of other people.
• Bill of Rights (Art. III) of the 1987 Philippine Constitution enumerating the economic and
social rights.
Power Wielded by the Citizens

Civil Citizenship – Individual freedom and rights (18th century). This was the time where age
of enlightenment is transitioning.
Political Citizenship – emphasized roles of participation and exercise of political power (19th
century). Political efficacy of citizens, internal and external. The exposing of women rights to
vote.
Social Citizenship – Focused in economic, cultural, and social well being and set standards
that must be enjoyed and abide.
How citizens directly participate in politics?

 Suffrage – power of citizens to vote and run for public office (powerful when a citizen is
critical in participating)
 Referendum – Citizens vote for or against a proposed law (similar to the form of
election, but the citizens is voting for a certain LAW)
 Plebiscite – approval of citizens on the proposed changes in the constitution (e.g. the
creation of cities or province or region. Palawan division into Del Sur and Del Norte not
approved)
 Initiative – citizens directly propose laws or amendments of constitution (e.g. target
signatories and evaluations )
Can we influence the leaders in formulating the laws?

Advocacy
– Political process. Individuals or groups seek to influence decisions or implement
change within institutions, societies, social, and economic systems and
government (there is a clear and moral goal that doesn’t impose threat)
– Educated background and orientation to members to pursue the goal of the
organization
– Advocacy building and Active involvement to help people create awareness.
– Balance of power
Popular Revolt/ Social Movements

– International and National. Early forms of revolts that are seemed to be radical
and propagandist. In the Philippines context during the Spaniards regime, radical
and propagandist exertion of participation who continues to oppress people.
– Indian Independence Movement (Mahatma Gandhi) – non violent resistant
against the British Colonial ruling advocating non co operational that boycotted
foreign products and civil disobedience.
– Martial law – EDSA revolution that brought change in the Philippine government.
– Tiananmen Square (Beijing, 1989) – student’s activist that led to mass
demonstration to push democratic reform. Government responded in violent
means using the military forms.
How power affects the citizens and the state?

Responsibility and Accountability
Responsibility – closely tied to obligation, which refers to an action that the
individual is required to perform whether in legal matter or moral ways.
Accountability – refers to the acknowledgement of responsibility for an action and
its consequences
Responsibilities of Public Officials

 Legal Responsibilities – set of obligations outlined by law. What is written in the law
should be followed by the officials.
 Moral Responsibilities – doing actions that are considered to be morally and socially
acceptable and deserving of praise. The ethical standard of an individual whether
desirable or undesirable, good or bad, right or wrong.
Types of Abuse by the Public Officials

a. Abuse of Authority – use of authorized power for illegal acts or stepping beyond the
bounds of authorized actions.
b. Abuse of Discretion – the wilful disregard of the rules or proper procedure.
c. Abuse of Power – misconduct in office, performs unlawful actions while in office
Corruption – patronage (backer), nepotism, bribery, influence peddling
Graft – using public funds
Investigation and Cases on Graft and Corruption
Two important offices: Office of

Obudsman and Sandigang Bayan.
RELATED AGENCIES
 Presidential Commission on Good Governance (PCGG) – to recover ill gotten wealth of
Marcoses and tasked to investigate graft and corruptions in the government making sure
that they are actually prevented.
 Commission on Human Rights – investigates cases in violation of civil and political rights.
Police and military abuses, extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearances.
 Commission on Audit – tasked to review expenditures used by government offices and
agencies. RED flag and GREEN flag.
 Senate Committee on Accountability of Public Officers and Investigations (Blue Ribbon
Committee) – composed of senators that investigates the alleged wrongdoings of
government agencies and officials where they can make a draft rule or new laws in our
society
 SALN (Statement of Assets, liabilities, and net worth) – not an agency but a must. Under
Article XI of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, it stated that all public officials and employees
must issue SALN representing assets, liabilities, and worth of high ranking officials provided
by the President, Vice President, Members of the Cabinet, Congress, Supreme Court,
institutional commissions and other enforces.
 MEDIA – plays a vital role and an important institution that ensures the timely discussion of
events that surround the society and exposes the abuse power /uncovered cases. Provides
transparency and truthfulness of information being delivered throughout the people.
Week 5 | State, Nation, & Globalization
– In the context of the modern world, we are more connected than in the primitive time
that’s why individuals rationally influence economic, political, cultural interactions. Give
birth on the emergence in context of globalization which places a vital role in shaping the
aspects of modern world. State and nation go hand in hand in understanding the system of
politics and governance. A state must able to rise in global challenges.
State
“a political association (political structure where its main function is to anchor the society) that
establishes sovereign jurisdiction (control governing) within defined territorial borders)and
exercises authority through a set of permanent institutions (social structure within society)”
(Heywood 2013, 57)
Highest form of human association. Created and as a result it connects the consuming desires
of men. Primarily created to impose laws and ordinance to ensure the welfare of people. State
is associated in political entity.
Four Elements of Statehood

1. Territory – Unlike nations, states claim exclusive sovereignty over their defined
territories. Binded.
2. Population – legally defined citizens and inhabitants. If there are no citizens, no
existents of state
3. Government – offices that create, implement, and settle conflicts regarding the
laws of the territory. Institution empowered by people. It is through this; the will of the
state is realized.
4. Sovereignty – supreme power to make the final decisions within a territory. The ability
to conduct affairs and jurisdiction without any interference coming from outside forces.
Permission should be seek first.
Dimensions of Sovereignty
INTERNAL – the state’s authority over its territory (the total
control captured by the country: governing the people and territory)
EXTERNAL – recognition of state’s sovereignty over its territory by
other states (the jurisdiction is recognized by other’s state and
freedom from outside interferences)
Classification of State based on Legitimacy

 De Jure State - It has the legitimacy but cannot exercise sovereignty.
(limitation of law; sure and not fate) Philippines: Voting of the
president but limited by constitution
 De Facto State - It has no legitimacy but has sovereignty (not
authorized but has the power to take control of the people and
territory; fake) Diplomatic relation with other allies
Philippines: Jose P. Laurel - puppet government – only recognized by
the allies of Japan but other countries wont recognized the puppet
government
Cory Aquino – EDSA People Power I - freedom constitution not
authorized to rule the people so 1987 Philippine Constitution is
drafted
Taiwan: exist but not recognize by other countries
State Capacity and Autonomy

How we are able to govern the state.
State – Building
– the crucial process of constructing functional and legitimate state institutions
– related to political association; never not insignificant state institutions
Nation
“a large group whose members believe they belong together on the basis of a shared identity
or common cultural practices as a people” (Sodaro 2001, 145)
Core component of state. Jewish nation but not considered as a state because of the conflict
between boundaries and governing style. Nation is associated to cultural identity. In modern
political discourse, it can also be seen in political aspect and cultural identity.
Types of Nations
Ethnic Nations Political Nations

• cultural nations - homogeneous identity • multiethnic or multicultural nation
- pluralistic and diverse
• Shared identities are derived from
common language, culture, religion, • Shared identities are derived from
territory, or history. political allegiance and forged civic
loyalty.
• embody Herder’s idea of Volksgeist
(“spirit of the people”) refering to the • identity through invented traditions
interest of people (Hobsbawm 1983)
• formed organically, (traditional society) • diverse and tend to be more open -

ethnically homogenous, and tend to be heterogenous
more exclusive. Complexity of Task is
determined the distribution of workloads
Nationhood
Defined by two forces:
(1) Group’s need for cohesion (solidarity) and
(2) Individual members’ desire to belong (Yagcioglu 1996)
Lengthy process includes cultural social and political factors in the formation of nationhood.
Differentiating Nations and State

● They are not rival forms of political associations; they complement each other due to
the evolvement of society
● A nation is a psycho cultural concept while a state is a political-legal one.
○ Non-overlap: Some nations do not have territory and are spread across different
states and are governed by their respective states (e.g., the Jewish nation).
○ Overlap: This is the concept of a nation-state. (emerged because of the unifying
elements)
Nation-state
People’s cultural and political identities (ethnicity) align with their state
allegiance (citizenship).
– Example: Japan; single identity like common language Nihongo
This is difficult to achieve in today’s highly globalized and diverse world due to
adaptation of other countries in shared cultural diversities
Can be but a simultaneous process of nation-building and state-building is a
challenge especially for postcolonial, multiethnic states.
– Example: Philippines; Manuel L. Quezon – Executive Order of National
Language on August, 1937 (nation building)
Globalization
“emergence of a complex web of interconnectedness that means our lives are increasingly
shaped by events that occur, and decisions that are made, at a great distance from us”
(Heywood 2013, 142)
This refers to the gradual process between political, econiomic, and cultural integration
(exchange of ideas and technical innovation). Systems of inportation and exporation and
cultural exchange
First Wave of Modern Second Wave of Third Wave of Modern

Globalization Modern Globalization Globalization
occurred during It started at the

started after the beginning of the
the 19th century
two world wars 21st century with
up to 1914 (onset
(after 1945) the Collapse of
of World War I) Communism. End of
Cold War
product of the First
led by the United
Industrial Revolution
States. International It is also called neoliberal
in Great Britain - Core,
Government globalization because of
Peripheral, Semi- the series of worldwide
Organizations
Peripheral adoption of free market
policies.
saw the creation of

IGOs like the UN and
coincided with the
worldwide state system
the IMF that facilitated
cooperation among
states
Economic Globalization
It involves the various ways through which a single global economy is created.
● International Trade – allows countries to save costs by specializing on their
products and then exchanging. Could create the specialization of products.
However the creation of other products should be made to create the system of
economy. Barriers are also present that could affect the trade system like tariff
or tax payments.
● Outsourcing – manufacturing stages are now done in other countries (e.g., call
centers in the Philippines; iPhone assembly in China)
● others (e.g., investment markets and financial transfers, stocks)
Political Globalization
It involves the various ways through which states interconnect their governance
processes and political decisions. States are cooperating in treaties and agreements to
foster development in governance. Offering projects to be implemented for the welfare
of people.
Different Global Organizations:

international governmental allow collective action among states;
organizations (IGOs) diplomatic agreement between other states.
regional organizations UN, ASEAN
international non-governmental allow citizens everywhere to unite and push
organizations (INGOs) for shared global advocacies; individualized
Human rights, Youth, Climate Awareness
Cultural Globalization
It involves the various ways through which states exchanges culture, ideas, and
information. Exemplified on different drama series or cultural portrayals.
Possible Effects:
Cultural Homogenization rise of a single global culture; a single entity
should be dominant in global arena
image of a powerful country; ADOLF HITLER –
context of ultra nationalism – what been
portrayed must also be practiced by the rest of
the world
The good thing is it speaks something about the
entity being reflected
Cultural Heterogenization further diversification of cultures due to
hybridization (the applying of culture practice of
different countries) and glocalization (the global
practices with local practices)
(multicultural)
Modification of cultural practices because of the
influences between cultural trends in the global
arena
Week 5 | Early Political Systems from Pre-colonial Times until the Philippine
Revolution
What can you picture out about the pre-colonial Filipino society?
Are you familiar with the WHITE MAN’s BURDEN?
Were we uncivilized before?
Colonialism and Nationalism
Early Pre-Colonial Political Structure

 Share some cultural similarities with Ancient communities in Southeast Asia and Even
Polynesia.
 First communities were defined by seafaring and inter-island trade
 Different settings of communities
Barangay Systems
 Prior to the 1400s, the barangay was the basic political unit that existed
throughout the Philippine Island.
 Independent polity and territory
 Mutual alliance
The DATU
• Led the Barangay
• Birth or Valor and feats achieved in war
• Datu a collective and individual term (noble class
• Woman can be a datu
• Can also be called lakan and rajah
• Implements customary laws of the community
• The commander-in-chief during times of war
• Livelihood and collective wealth
The SULTANATES
• The sultanates of Sulu and Maguindanao represented a significant

political advancements in precolonial Philippines
• Some degree of centralization
• Datus are part of a council called Ruma Bichara, this also includes
aristocrats (panglima).
• Ruma Bichara oversaw other officials such as wajir (adviser), rajah
Laut (leader of maritime forces), Qadi (magistrate)
Political Legitimacy
 Based on blood and religious ties
 Bound by faith, defined by religious tradition and Shariah Law
 Lineage from missionaries
The SULTANATES in the Philippines

First Sultanate was established by Sayyid Abu Bakr, a Muslim missionary and the first
sultan of Sulu
Bangsa Sug (Sulu Nation) Controlled the whole Sulu Archipelago, the surrounding Areas
in Mindanao, and even parts of Borneo and Palawan
Embassy in Ming court China
Second Sultanate by Sharif Muhammed Kabungsuwan from the Sultanate of Malacca

Arrived at the community close to Rio Grande de Cagayan or Pulangui River
Established Sultanate of Maguindanao in the modern day Cotabato City
Successful in military alliances, intermarriages, and religious conversions
United neighbouring barangays and become an influential sultanate
 Third sultanate was emerging in the Kingdom of Maynilad in the island of Luzon
 A proto-sultanate
 Influenced by Islamic Brunei
Spanish Colonialism in the Philippines

 Renaissance and the Age of Discovery
 Colonialism – believed that power and influence of the country depends on the number of
territories
 Launch Magellan Voyage in 1521
 Killed in the Battle of Mactan but nevertheless very pivotal
The SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT in the Philippines

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi success in colonizing Luzon and Mindanao
Arms and Alliances
Sent Martin De Goiti and Juan de Salcedo in Manila
Reduccion – The relocation of of local inhabitants into town or pueblos
Pueblo – at the center is the plaza surrounded by local church, municipal hall, and the
houses of principales
The Encomedia
Divided lands into districts/encomienda

Distributed to the feudal lords or encomienderos
Replaced by Alcaldia
Philippine as a Colony
 Put under the sovereign authority of the monarch of Spain but the direct administration
was from the viceroy of Mexico (Nueva España)
 Under the Jurisdiction of the Consejo de Indias (later renemed Ministerio de Ultramar)
 Governor General – the highest official in the Philippines
 Alcaldia – Peaceful areas (alacalde mayor)
 Corregimientos – yet to be fully pacified (Corregidor or Military Governor)
 Gobernadorcillo – headed ruled the towns
 Local leaders in pueblo and barangays were elected by the principalia
 Ayuntamiento – a special administrative city
Preserving the Pre-Colonial Structure

– Old Datus became village heads or cabeza de barangay
– Cabeza de Barangay – Collects tributes, local defense and security, exempted from
tribute payment and polo y servicio, given an opportunity to become town mayor or
gobernadorcillo
– Roman Catholic Church – conduct of census, health monitoring, school inspection,
censorship of certain books and writings
The GOVERNOR-GENERAL
 The highest and most powerful official of the Spanish colonial government in
the Philippines
 Military role- the commander-in-chief of the military
 Governor and Captain General of the Philippines
 Representative of the King
 Power to assign
 Leads the royal audiencia
 Vice Real Patron - Can appoint priests to parishes (conflict with Archbishop)
 Colonial government lacked formal legislative body
 Ricopilacion de las Ieyes de los reynos de las Indias – compilation of laws
 Cumplase – suspend or ignore laws imposed by the crown
 Short term according to the central government or viceroy of Mexico
 Visita and Residencia
Failing Governance in the Philippines

 Vast Distance between Spain, New Spain, and Philippines
 Monitoring the colonial government
 Backwater region of the Kingdom
 Officials, soldiers, and even priests-were considered unfit for public service
 Polo Y’ Servicio
Developments during the 18th and 19th Century

Early 1700’s – the Habsburg Dynasty that ruled Spain for centuries ended
Habsburg dynasty was defeated by the Bourbons
Bourbons – banned the appointment of priests and bishops to government posts
Philippine opening to world trade and the construction of Suez Canal
1800’s – the conquest of Napoleon Bonaparte spread liberal ideas
Disruptions in Spanish politics gave way to many colonies the opportunity for self
governance
1820’s – several Latin American countries were freed
1821 – Mexico and Central America
Guardia Civil
Early Filipino Revolts

a) 1587 – Tondo Conspiracy
b) Dagohoy Revolt – 85 years in Bohol
c) Silang Revolt – Ilocos
d) Revolts were mainly reactions to the abuses by the Spaniards
e) Political Motivations – Malong Revolt (Pangasinan) and Silang Revolt
19th Century
1. Increased Trade opportunities and improvements in Technology
2. Principales – Political Elites
3. Illustrados – adopted liberal ideas including insulares
4. Kingdom of Spain believed that the spread of liberalism is a threat
5. Queen Isabela II was expelled from power by the liberals
6. Carlos Maria de la Torre – pro native and anti friar
Rafael de Izquerdo
• Repressed principales and ilustrados
• Secularization issues
• Cavite Mutiny – 1872 headed by the insulares
• They used the event to accuse them as masterminds
• Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora
The Propaganda Movement

• The Gomburza Execution is a big influence
• Jose Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Mariano
Ponce, and Marcelo H. Del Pilar
Ilustrado Nationalism and Concept of Childhood

Envisioned changes not just for certain communities in the island but for the entire
nation
Filipinos as a nation and civilization is equal to those great nations
Accepted Filipino Identity as a product of Spanish colonization
Increasing awareness of their distinct culture
Did not advocate revolution
Gradual Development
Must prepare through education, hard work, and citizenship
Advocated political liberalization and reforms in the Philippines
Sought to have Philippines as a province of Spain
Filipino representation to Spanish Cortes
Secularization of all Parishes and Social Reforms
Jose Rizal
– Advocated that Filipinos had a distinct and advanced civilization during precolonial
times, refuting that Filipinos are barbarian
– Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas (Events in the Philippine Islands) – Antonio Morga
endeavoured to correct misconceptions about the Filipinos
– Rizal said that colonialism was an interruption of the development of the Filipinos
– Filipinas dentro de cien años (The Philippine Century Hence) – Traced the development
of Filipino Nationalism and emphasized need for reforms to prevent violent separation
from Spain
and other propagandists…

Spread nationalist ideas and directly campaigned for reforms from the Spanish
Government
La Solidaridad – a newspaper which disseminated the ideas and views of the
propagandists to the Spanish public.
Wrote reactions to Spanish writers
We are persuaded that no sacrifices are too little to win the rights and the liberty
of a nation that is oppressed by slavery
Propaganda failed to achieve its objective
Rizal returned in the Philippines (1892)
La Liga Filpina (The Filipino League)

 Established by Rizal upon his return in Tondo, Mania
 Civic organization and reform movement
 Jose Rizal’s proposed objectives:
1. Encourage reforms in the country
2. Peacefully call on the government to end injustices and abuses
3. Bring about unity to the Filipinos
 Organization of Councils – monthly dues to support the group
 Rizal was arrested and Exiled in to Dapitan (July 1892)
The Katipunan and the Revolutionary Movement

Members of the LIGA reconvened to form a secret revolutionary organization

KKK – Kataastaasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan
(KATIPUNAN)
Deodato Arellano, Andres Bonifacio, Ladislao Diwa
The Katipunan
– Andres Bonifacio – expanded its membership and organization, brought together all
walks of life --- elite, middle class, and the masses
– Adopted liberal ideals and some reform movement
– Adopted the processes of Freemasonry and the influence of La liga Filipina
– Executive Branch
 Supreme council – Highest Governing Body
 Provincial and Popular Councils – jurisdiction over towns and province
– Judicial Branch – Settled arguments between members and punished members
disobeyed laws
– Activities were secret
– Recruitment must preserve secrecy
– Assigned Ranks (Katipon, Kawal, Bayani)
– Expanded women’s chapter
– Kalayaan was published
• Ethnic Roots
• The use of Tagalog
• Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mg Tagalog
• Kartilya ng Lipunan – guiding principles of Katipunan

• Civic virtues – Empathy, Humility, and dignity
The Outbreak of the Revolution and the Tejeros

Convention
 The Katipunan was discovered in June 1896
 Revolution began in August 1896 but Bonifacio’s forces were unable to secure victories
 Magdiwang – Led by Mariano Alvarez
 Magdalo – led by Baldomero Aguinaldo
 Agreed on establishing a revolutionary government

 Emilio Aguinaldo was elected president
 Daniel Tirona questioned Bonifacio’s position
 Bonifacio established separate government (Naic Pact)
The Revolutionary Government of Biak-na-Bato

a) Aguinaldo established a new revolutionary government “Pamahalaan ng
Sangkatagalugan”
b) Successive defeats were dealt by the Spaniards
c) Aguinaldo retreated in the mountains of Biak-na-Bato in Bulacan, near Cordilleras
d) He established a republican government (Biak-na-Bato) republic
e) Sought to establish a centralized government
f) Pact of Biak-na-Bato was signed November 18, 1897
Towards the Creation of a Philippine Republic
– Aguinaldo signed the pact and was exiled in Hongkong
– Revolutionary leaders were given amnesty and absorbed in Spanish colonial military
force
– Both sides violated the agreement
– Aguinaldo was planning to return and used the money given to buy firepower
– War between Spain and America broke out
The Spanish-American War and American

Imperialism
th
The end of 19 century marked the emergence of new power “THE UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA”
Expanded its political power and drove to engage in colonial ventures in the Caribbean
Intervene in the affairs of Cuba and Spain protested
USS Maine was blown up at Havana and accused Spain
United states officially declared war against Spain
Aguinaldo in exile saw an opportunity to return
George Dewey defeated Spanish Navy in Battle of Manila Bay
Battle of Manila
The Declaration of Independence and the First

Philippine Republic
The return of Aguinaldo in 1898 signalled the revival of Philippine revolution
May 24 – Declared a dictatorial government
June 1898 – Filipinos had taken control of Luzon
June 12, 1898 – Aguinaldo declared independence
Abolished the dictatorial government and established a revolutionary government
Decrees of Aguinaldo
Reorganization of local government in provinces already freed from
Spanish Control
Mechanism for election of local chiefs for town and provincial councils
Each province would elect delegates that would serve as representatives

in the revolutionary congress
Reorganization of Judiciary
Used Spanish Penal Code
Aguinaldo Government
 September 1898 – Gathered delegates from the provinces as a
Revolutionary congress in Malolos, Bulacan
 Most province outside Luzon were unable to send delegates
 September 15, 1898 – the Malolos congress was inaugurated
 September 29, 1898 – ratified the declaration of independence
 January 21, 1899 – Malolos Constitution was approved and promulgated
The Malolos Constitution

 Historians consider it as an assembly that was truly diverse ethnically and politically
 Legislative having considerably more power than the executive (unicameral)- the power
to elect the president and chief justice
 Shift from Tagalog to Filipino
 Qualification as citizen (naturalized and born overseas)
 Paved the way for the establishment of the First Philippine Republic – January 23, 1899
Issues of the Republic

 No definite territorial boundary
 Protectorate of American
 Challenges on non-tagalog
 Legitimacy (Negros Republic and Sulu)
 Lacks recognition
 Peace negotiation between Spain and USA

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HUMSS 5 - Philippine Politics and Governance

Week 1 | Introduction to Politics

Politics – commonly referred to as the process that determines the distribution of

Political Scientists – people who devote themselves in studying political science.

POLITICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE

Current Problems Studies State and Government

Art of the State Science of the state

• Political Scientists measure the success of governance and specific policies by

BRANCHES OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

 Public Administration – study of the implementation of government policy and public

KEY CONCEPTS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE

Legitimacy – the authority given to you (concept of legitimacy)

Governance – all actions and activities related to governing. It is defined as by the

Political Ideology - principle and theories that the government follows.

Week 2 | Basic Types and Forms of Government

According to the number of persons whom sovereignty/ruling resides:

CONSTITUTIONAL/ LIMITED MONARCHY

PURE/ CLASSICAL/ DIRECT DEMOCRACY

INDIRECT/ REPRESENTATIVE/ REPUBLICAN DEMOCRACY

According to the distribution of powers:

According to the relationship of Legislature and Executive:

HOW GOVERNMENT IS FORMED?

Forcible Means to Replace the Government

The Branches of the Government

Political Science in the Real World

Example: Political ideologies, religious beliefs, and one's personal beliefs

Week 3 | Understanding Political Ideologies

Political Ideology: Its Role and Function

How Ideology affects Government (ideology is reflective and implicative)

 Single ideology or multiple ideologies.

Origin of Political Spectrum

LEFT (LIBERAL SOCIALIST) – value CENTER (MODERATE or RIGHT (CONSERVATIVE FASCIST)

Government regulation of the Emphasizes balance Individual interests should give

Political Compass Nolan Chart

Major Political Ideologies and Related Ideas

Ideology and Governance

Not all things are committed

The Philippine Constitution (influenced by political ideology)

 Martial Law – extension of martial law is implemented because of state of emergency

Filipino Party Politics

Other non-government interest groups:

Ideology and Citizenship

Influence of Political Ideology

Week 4 | Power and Accountability

Nature and Dimensions of Power

Types of Power by John French and Bertram Raven

Context of Authority by Max Weber (German sociologist and philosopher)

POWER, LEGITIMACY, and GOVERNMENT

AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT (rise of different philosophers)

Before EDSA People Power I, the ruling of Ferdinand Marcos brought

POWER AND GOVERNANCE

Government considers being the instrument on how people

The reason why we have national power

Inherent Powers of Sovereign State

Indoctrination of Ideology. Example is the book “Is this Tomorrow” wherein

REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL POLITICS

POWER AND CITIZENSHIP

Power Wielded by the Citizens

How citizens directly participate in politics?

Can we influence the leaders in formulating the laws?

Popular Revolt/ Social Movements

How power affects the citizens and the state?

Responsibilities of Public Officials