histories and theories

MODERN ARCHITECTURE

An Introduction

HATA 3
20 I 02 I 2018
 ARCHITECTURAL THEORY TYPES

• Descriptive: describes how things relate to each other e.g. how new
technologies resulted in changes in design, or how religious beliefs
resulted in certain practices or modes of production

• Prescriptive: promotes new design methods through new norms

• Proscriptive: states what should be avoided in design, such as set
backs, use of certain materials etc.

• Critical (or affirmative): political and ethical position, evaluates

relationship between built world and society, aims to stimulate change,
critical or affirmative of existing design, to provide examples of what
design should not be versus what it should be

Nesbitt (1996)
 THREE MEANINGS OF THE TERM MODERN

• refers to that which is current, now as opposed to previous

(medieval use to indicate the current ruler)

• refers to that which is ‘new’ and distinct from a previous period seen

as ‘old’ with features that differ

• refers to that which is temporary or transient and is the opposite of

‘eternal’

Heynen(1999)
Modernisation - the process Modernity – the experience
• The act of making something current or modern • Modernity refers to the effect or experience of
• The process of change is modernisation and it modernisation
involves all facets of life, philosophical, social, • it refers to a life experience associated with a
political, economic and aesthetic. continuous process of change
• Modernisation took place in the Western world in
response to technological innovation and the
industrial revolution
• It refers to a process of change from agrarian to Modernism – the movement
industrial economies
• Modernism refers to the cultural (and aesthetic)
• The industrial revolution and democratisation of the
response to the experience of modernity
western world caused old ways of living to be
• It refers to the modern movement which was
modified, old systems to be replaced.
made up of a variety of visions and ideas that all
aimed to enable people to deal with, or assume
To architecture, technological advances meant:
control over, changes that were taking place
• Invention of new material such as steel and concrete
• Freedom of larger spans
• Modernism challenged the status quo and
• Separation of skeleton from enclosure suggested alternative ways of life, playing an
• Freedom in the plan development (generative plan)
active role in the process of modernisation
• New functional types such as stations, airports, hospitals, factories,
cinemas, skyscrapers,
• Mass communication systems connecting more people and territories
Heynen(1999)
 rejection'of'classical'history'
structuralism'
' postFstructuralism'

Middle'Ages' '' scientific'revolution' perspectivism''

c'480'R1400s' space'as'
' container'of' space'as''
bodies' progress'
' force'field'
Renaissance'
c'1300s'R1600s' Enlightenment'''c'1650R1780s' unity'of'art'
' absolute' 'and'life'
numbers' dematerialised'
' logic'
symbol'can'emerge' space'

Space'Aesthetics'

Optical'Illusions'
and'Geometric'
cause'&'effect' from'purpose''

1893'Lipps''
space'as'social''
space'defined'as' construct'
absolute'space'
length'breadth'

1980'de'Certeau'The'Practice'of'Everyday'Life''
width'in'abstraction'

'
absolute'time'

1872'Friedrich'Nietzsche'Birth'of'Tragedy''
from'substance'

1830'Hegel'Aesthetics'in'Encyclopaedia'

1970' 1974'Lefebvre'The'Production'of'Space''
1893'Hildebrand''

Form'in'the'Fine'
spatial'continuum'

The'Problem'of'
1781'Kant'Critique'of'Pure'Reason''
1751R72'Diderot'Encyclopediie''
1637'Descartes'The'Discourse''

Arts''
1687'Newton'Principia''

spatial'construct'

1893'Schmarsow''
The'Essence'of'
Architectural'
Creation''
1600'
1610'
1620'
1630'
1640'
1650'
1660'
1670'
1680'
1690'
1700'
1710'
1720'
1730'
1740'
1750'
1760'
1770'
1780'
1790'
1800'
1810'
1820'
1830'
1840'
1850'
1860'
1870'
1880'
1890'
1900'
1910'
1920'
1930'
1940'
1950'
1960'

1980'
1990'

'
Descartes'(1596'–'1650)' Immanuel'Kant'(1724R1804)' Karl'Marx'(1818R1883)' Benjamin'(1892R1940)'

John'Locke'(1632'–'1704)' G.W.F.'Hegel'(1770R1831)' Nietzsche'(1844R1900)' Henri'Lefebvre'(1901R1991)'

Isaac'Newton'(1642'–'1727)' de'Certeau'(1925R1986)'

Spinoza'(1632'–'1677)' Voltaire'(1694–1778)' Theodor'Lipps'(1851R1914)' Foucault'(1926R1984)'

Martin'Heidegger'(1886R1976)'

2013.10.24'Space'philosophy'timeline.docx' '
http://www.google.co.za/imgres?q=industrial+revolution+inventions+timeline
Major Inventions of the Industrial Revolution:
• 1712 – Thomas Newcomen patents the atmospheric steam engine
• 1733 – John Kay invents the flying shuttle
• 1745 – E.G. von Kleist invents the leyden jar, the first electrical capacitor
• 1752 – Benjamin Franklin invents the lightening rod
• 1764 – James Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny
• 1768 – Richard Arkwright patents the spinning frame
• 1769 – James Watt invents an improved steam engine
• 1774 – Georges Louis Lesage patents the electric telegraph
• 1775 – Jacques Perrier invents a steamship
• 1776 – David Bushnell invents a submarine
• 1779 – Samuel Crompton invents the spinning mule
• 1780 – Gervinus invents the circular saw
• 1783 – Benjamin Hanks patents the self-winding clock; Englishmen, Henry Cort invents the
steel roller for steel production
• 1784 – Andrew Meikle invents the threshing machine
• 1785 – Edmund Cartwright invents the power loom
• 1786 – John Fitch invents a steamboat
• 1790 – The United States issued its first patent to William Pollard of Philadelphia for a
machine that roves and spins cotton
• 1791 – John Barber invents the gas turbine; Early bicycles invented in Scotland
• 1794 – Eli Whitney patents the cotton gin; Welshmen, Philip Vaughan invents ball bearings
• 1797 – Wittemore patents a carding machine; A British inventor, Henry Maudslay invents the
first metal or precision lathe
• 1799 – Alessandro Volta invents the battery; Louis Robert invents the Fourdrinier Machine
for sheet paper making
• 1800 – Frenchmen, J.M. Jacquard invents the Jacquard Loom; Count Alessandro Volta
invents the battery
• 1804 – Richard Trevithick, an English mining engineer, developed the first steam-powered
locomotive
• 1809 – Humphry Davy invents the first electric light – the first arc lamp
• 1814 – George Stephenson designs the first steam locomotive; Joseph Nicéphore Niépce
was the first person to take a photograph
• 1825 – William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet
• 1829 – American, W.A. Burt invents a typewriter
• 1830 – Frenchmen, Barthelemy Thimonnier invents a sewing machine
• 1831 – American, Cyrus McCormick invents the first commercially successful reaper;
Michael Faraday invents a electric dynamo
• 1834 – Henry Blair patents a corn planter, he is the second black person to receive a U.S.
patent; Jacob Perkins invents an early refrigerator type device – an ether ice machine
• 1835 – Englishmen, Henry Talbot invents calotype photography; Englishmen, Francis Pettit
Smith invents the propeller; Charles Babbage invents a mechanical calculator
• 1836 – Francis Pettit Smith and John Ericcson co-invent the propeller; Samuel Colt invented
the first revolver
• 1837 – Samuel Morse invents the telegraph
• 1839 – American, Charles Goodyear invents rubber vulcanization; Frenchmen, Louis
Daguerre and J.N. Niepce co-invent Daguerreotype photography; Kirkpatrick Macmillan
invents a bicycle; Welshmen, Sir William Robert Grove conceives of the first hydrogen fuel
cell
• 1843 – Alexander Bain of Scotland, invents the facsimile
• 1845 – American, Elias Howe invents a sewing machine; Robert William Thomson patents
the first vulcanized rubber pneumatic tire
• 1850 – Joel Houghton was granted the first patent for a dishwasher
• 1851 – Isaac Singer invents a sewing machine
• 1852 – Henri Giffard builds an airship powered by the first aircraft engine – an unsuccessful
design
• 1853 – George Cayley invents a manned glider
• 1854 – John Tyndall demonstrates the principles of fiber optics
• 1855 – Isaac Singer patents the sewing machine motor; Georges Audemars invents rayon
• 1858 – Hamilton Smith patents the rotary washing machine; Jean Lenoir invents an internal
combustion engine
• 1862 – Richard Gatling patents the machine gun; Alexander Parkes invents the first man-
made plastic
• 1866 – Alfred Nobel invents dynamite; Englishmen Robert Whitehead invents a torpedo
• 1867 – Christopher Scholes invents the first practical and modern typewriter
• 1868 – Robert Mushet invents tungsten steel; J P Knight invents traffic lights
• 1873 – Joseph Glidden invents barbed wire
• 1874 – American, C. Goodyear, Jr. invents the shoe welt stitcher
• 1876 – Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone; Nicolaus August Otto invents the first
practical four-stroke internal combustion engine; Melville Bissell patents the carpet sweeper
• 1877 – Thomas Edison invents the cylinder phonograph or tin foil phonograph; Eadweard
Muybridge invents the first moving pictures
• 1881 – Alexander Graham Bell invents the first crude metal detector; David Houston patents
the roll film for cameras; Edward Leveaux patents the automatic player piano
• 1884 – George Eastman patents paper-strip photographic film; Frenchmen, H. de
Chardonnet invents rayon; James Ritty invents the first working, mechanical cash register;
Charles Parson patents the steam turbine
• 1885 – Harim Maxim invents the machine gun; Karl Benz invents the first practical
automobile to be powered by an internal-combustion engine; Gottlieb Daimler invents the
first gas-engined motorcycle
• 1886 – Josephine Cochrane invents the dishwasher; Gottlieb Daimler builds the world’s first
four-wheeled motor vehicle
• 1888 – John Boyd Dunlop patents a commercially successful pneumatic tire; Nikola Tesla
invents the AC motor and transformer
• 1891 – Jesse W. Reno invents the escalator
• 1892 – Rudolf Diesel invents the diesel-fueled internal combustion engine
• 1895 – Lumiere Brothers invent a portable motion-picture camera, film processing unit and
projector called the Cinematographe. Lumiere Brothers using their Cinematographe are the
first to present a projected motion picture to an audience of more that one person
• 1898 – Edwin Prescott patents the roller coaster; Rudolf Diesel receives patent #608,845 for
an “internal combustion engine” the Diesel engine
• 1899 – John Thurman patents the motor-driven vacuum cleaner
• 1900 – The zeppelin invented by Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin
• 1901 – The first radio receiver, successfully received a radio transmission
• 1902 – Willis Carrier invents the air conditioner
• 1903 – Bottle-making machinery invented by Michael J. Owens; The Wright brothers invent
the first gas motored and manned airplane; William Coolidge invents ductile tungsten used in
light bulbs
• 1904 – Benjamin Holt invents a tractor; John A Fleming invents a vacuum diode or Fleming
valve
• 1906 – Lewis Nixon invents the first sonar like device; Lee Deforest invents electronic
amplifying tube (triode)
• 1907 – Leo Baekeland invents the first synthetic plastic called Bakelite; Color photography
invented by Auguste and Louis Lumiere; The very first piloted helicopter was invented by
Paul Cornu
• 1908 – Cellophane invented by Jacques E. Brandenberger; Model T first sold
• 1910 – Thomas Edison demonstrated the first talking motion picture; Georges Claude
displayed the first neon lamp to the public on December 11, 1910, in Paris
• 1912 – Motorized movie cameras invented, replaced hand-cranked cameras
• 1915 – Eugene Sullivan and William Taylor co-invented Pyrex in New York City
• 1916 – Radio tuners invented, that received different stations; Stainless steel invented by
Henry Brearly
• 1921 – Artificial life begins — the first robot built
• 1927 – Philo Taylor Farnsworth invents a complete electronic TV system
• 1928 – Jacob Schick patented the electric shaver
• 1930 – Wallace Carothers and DuPont Labs invents neoprene; The “differential analyzer”, or
analog computer invented by Vannevar Bush at MIT in Boston; Frank Whittle and Dr Hans
von Ohain both invent a jet engine
• 1931 – Germans Max Knott and Ernst Ruska co-invent the electron microscope
• 1932 – Karl Jansky invents the radio telescope
• 1934 – Joseph Begun invents the first tape recorder for broadcasting – first magnetic
recording
• 1935 – Wallace Carothers and DuPont Labs invents nylon ( polymer 6.6.); Robert Watson-
Watt patented radar
• 1936 – Bell Labs invents the voice recognition machine; Samuel Colt patents the Colt
revolver
• 1937 – Chester F. Carlson invents the photocopier; The first jet engine is built
• 1938 – Roy J. Plunkett invented tetrafluoroethylene polymers or Teflon
• 1939 – Igor Sikorsky invents the first successful helicopter
• 1941 – Konrad Zuse’s Z3, the first computer controlled by software; Enrico Fermi invents the
neutronic reactor
• 1942 – John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry built the first electronic digital computer
• Beginning of the Information Age…

Source: http://inventors.about.com/od/timelines/tp/timeline.htm
Coalbrookdale cast iron bridge 1779 -1781
Georges-Eugène
Haussmann
(1809 – 1893)
In 1852 Haussmann
was hired by Napoleon III to
"modernize" Paris.
• cut wide boulevards through the
medieval fabric, creating focal points
and vistas
• the celebration of historical
monuments,
• introduced a new water supply, a
sewers system,
• provided a new form of social public
life: cafes, shopping, bridges, the
opera house & other public buildings,
• the inclusion of outlying districts,
• but the boulevard was also a tool
for military control
inspired :
• City Beautiful Movement USA
• London and Moscow & other city plans
Joseph Paxton
(1801-1865)

Crystal palace Hyde Park in London housed the Great Exhibition of 1851, the first World Fair
UK: 1760 -1820 Enclosures
- appropriation of public land for private benefit
- the loss of common rights for grazing
- forced peasants off the land
- who became landless working class and
- cheap labour for new industries
Factory system
 The city of process and production
replaced the city of finite form

Positives
• instrument of progress
• generated wealth
• new culture based on science and rationality
• new frontiers over land and sea

1852 Henri Giffard flew the first airship with steam engine from Paris
Negatives
• generated poverty and slums
• destroyed nature
• social alienation

Gustav Dore: Setting of Industrial Revolution, London, 1845 – 1872

Considering the dialectic of modernisation and modernism:

“To be modern is to find ourselves in an environment that promises us

adventure, power, joy, growth, transformation of ourselves and the world
– and at the same time, that threatens to destroy everything we know,
everything we are.”

quote from: Marshall Berman (1982) All that is Solid Melts into Air
 Heroic period Hitchcock & Johnson 1932 The International Style: Architecture since 1922

1915 - 1929 Pevsner 1936 Pioneers of the Modern Movement

1840 Adolf Loos. 1910/1929. Giedion 1941 Space Time & Architecture:
Ornament and Crime the growth of a new tradition
Ruskin. 1849 The
Seven Lamps of
Le Corbusier. 1923 (1927) Zevi 1950 Storia dell’architettura moderna
Architecture
Vers une architecture
Banham 1960 Theory and Design in the
(Towards a new Architecture)
1850 Ruskin. 1851-53 The 1851 Crystal First Machine Age
Stones of Venice Palace
London Benevolo 1960 Storia dell'archittetura

WW II 1938 – 1945
WW I 1914 – 1918
Darwin. 1859 moderna
On the Origin
Collins 1965 Changing Ideals in

Russian Revolution 1917

of Species
Modern Architecture
1860
Viollet-le-Duc 1863 A&P Smithson 1965 The Heroic

1912 Titanic sinks

Entretiens sur Period of Modern Architecture
l'architecture
Howard.1898 Venturi 1966 Complexity and
1870 USA (1902) 1933 – 39 the Contradiction
voting rights
1870 for all races
Garden Cities Transvaal Group
of To-morrow Tafuri 1976
meet Le Corbusier

1890 1900 1910 1930 1940 1960 1970 Rowe 1976

1889 Eiffel Tower

1914 Archduke Ferdinand 1961 Berlin wall built 1980
Assassinated
Einstein 1905 / 1915 Special /
1880 1920 1925 Hitler Publishes Mein Kampf 1950 1969 Woodstock
General Theories of Relativity
music festival
1928 UK voting rights for women
1893 New 1920 USA
Zealand 1913 Norway voting 1963 Martin Luther King Jr.
1930 SA voting rights for white women "I Have a Dream”
voting rights voting rights rights for
for women for women women
1930 Gandhi's Salt March 1963 Kennedy & Martin Luther King assassi

2nd Boer War Botha1910 - Smut Herzog 1924 - Smuts Malan Verwoerd Vorster 1966 - Botha
1899–1902 1919 s 1939 1939 - 1948 - 1958 - 1978 1978 -
1919 - 1948 1954 1966 1984
1924 APARTHEID
ongoing British / Boer conflict for power in SA 1909 Union of South Africa (British Commonwealth) 1961 SA Republic

UK : Queen Victoria 1837 - 1901 Edward VII George V 1910 - 1936 George VI 1936 - 1952 Elizabeth II 1952 - present
1901 - 1910
 Heroic period Hitchcock & Johnson 1932 The International Style: Architecture since 1922

1915 - 1929
1840 Adolf Loos. 1910/1929. Giedion 1941 Space Time & Architecture:
Ornament and Crime the growth of a new tradition

Ruskin. 1849 The

Le Corbusier. 1923 (1927)
Seven Lamps of Vers une architecture
(Towards a new Architecture)
Late Modernism
Architecture
1850

1913 Henry Ford. First Moving Assembly Line

Ruskin. 1851-53 The Other Tradition
Stones of Venice

WW II 1938 – 1945
Russian Revolution 1917
Post Modernism

WW I 1914 – 1918
1860

Viollet-le-Duc 1863
Entretiens sur
Howard.1898 Venturi 1966 Complexity and
l'architecture
(1902) Contradiction
1870 Garden
Cities of To- 1933 – 39 the
morrow Transvaal Group
1890 1900 1910 meet Le Corbusier 1970

1907 Cubism
1880 1903 1st silent movie Picasso: Les 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1980
1962 Andy
The Great Train Robbery Demoiselles T.S. Eliot. 1922 Wasteland 1938 Volkswagen Beetle First Produced Warhol
d’Avignon Campbell's
A.A. Milne. 1926 Winnie-the-Pooh Soup Can

1927 1st talking movie The Jazz Singer

1900 Freud Interpretation of Dreams
1928 Sliced bread and bubble gum invented
1905 Freud Theory of Sexuality
Benjamin. 1927–40 Arcades Project

Benjamin. 1936 The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

2nd Boer War

1899–1902
APARTHEID
ongoing British / Boer conflict for power in SA 1909 Union of Africa (British Commonwealth) 1961 SA Republic
 theoretical threads
describes visual features / architecture =
synthesis between classical
proportion and gothic structural logic
moral & social bias -
focus on William Morris / Arts & Crafts
modern architecture = unifying agent for
spiritual fragmentation (evident in
the battle of the styles)
promotes the spatial principles of Frank
Lloyd Write for an ‘organic’ cultural
synthesis
investigates the machine aesthetic of
the 1920s
social factors / how the public receive
architecture
traces intellectual ideas through written
texts
explores classical continuity within
modernism
a preoccupation with the crisis of
industrialization
Historians of Modern Architecture
Henry-Russell Hitchcock & Philip Johnson (1903-1987)
• The International Style: Architecture since 1922, W. W. Norton &
Company, New York 1932
Nikolaus Pevsner (1902-1983)
• Pioneers of Modern Design (1949; originally published in 1936 under
the title Pioneers of the Modern Movement)
Sigfried Giedion (1888-1968)
• Space, Time & Architecture: the growth of a new tradition, 1941 -
Harvard University Press, 5th edition, 2003
Bruno Zevi (1918-2000)
• Storia dell’architettura moderna, Einaudi, Torino 1950
Peter Reyner Banham (1922-1988)
• Theory and Design in the First Machine Age. Praeger. 1960.
Leonardo Benevolo (1923 - )
• Storia dell'archittetura moderna (History of Modern Architecture) first
published in 1960
Peter Collins (1920-1981)
• Changing Ideals in Modern Architecture. Faber and Faber. 1965
Colin Rowe (1920-1999)
• The Mathematics of the Ideal Villa and Other Essays (1976)
Manfredo Tafuri (1935 - 1994)
• with Francesco Dal Co. Architettura contemporanea. Milan, Electa,
1976.
Adapted from: Curtis 1996 Modern Architecture Since 1900 Phaidon Press Limited
Revivalist architecture – looking back
Industrial revolution inventions – looking into the future

• An emphasis on PROGRESS (late 1700s)

• General need to express the spirit of the time
• A move from idealistic to empiricist attitude resulted in a loss of
confidence in the Renaissance
• The development of history and archaeology as disciplines & relativist
view on tradition, ‘antiquity’ no longer holds a place of absolute
authority
• This resulted in a vacuum in which any style became equally viable
• And the Industrial Revolution itself that introduced
NEW MATERIALS & NEW METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION
& THE RAILWAY & THE AIRPLANE

Eiffel Tower 1887-89

 Response to History
developed a theory of architecture with no
reference to classical tradition

1851 ‘The Four Elements of

Architecture’
The book divides architecture into
four distinct elements:
- the hearth (fire and ceramics)
Gottfried - the roof (carpentry)
Semper - the enclosure (weaving)
- the mound (stonemasonry)
(1803-1879)

Marc-Antoine
Laugier (1713 -1769)
‘Essay of Architecture’ equating architecture with rational
construction
– philosophical aesthetics
– architecture had become encumbered by tradition
and rules
– aimed to reform architecture, ground it in reason
– by allowing the light of reason to illuminate
– the return to the purely structural use of the orders,
towards a more essential truth of structural clarity
– embodied in mankind’s first structure
Viollet-le-Duc (1814-1879)
Extraction of principles
from Gothic Revival,
transforming lessons learnt
into solutions in new
ferrous material
Emphasised design as a
process of logical analysis –
the architect providing
rational designs to meet
practical, functional needs
with suitable structure and
appropriate materials.
John Ruskin (1819-1900)
Maintained that architecture, referring to Italian
Gothic at the time, inspires the citizens who
have incorporated it into their daily lives,
because it expresses and reinforces the
highest values of their society.
He argued that the principal role of the artist is
"truth to nature".
Both Ruskin and le Duc provided basis for
emphasis given to the social value of
good design, and the architect’s role in
creating it, during early the 20th century.
STRUCTURAL RATIONALIST

Viollet-le-Duc (1814-1879)
Philip Webb, Red House
(William Morris),
Kent, 1859
• Images of the Ideal and Pre-1800 CONVENTIONS
Classical Design Method

• The Orders: Evolution of

Rules for Formal Beauty
‘Renaissance theorists
assumed that the orders
should be seen as
indispensable to the design
of beautiful buildings, indeed
the sine qua non of dignified
architecture’ F. Hearn (2003)

• Proportion:
The Orders and
Architectural Spaces

• Alternative Aesthetic:
Breaking the Rules
PRINCIPLES (1800-1965)

1. Rational Design Method

2. Generative Planning as
Basis for Design
3. Honest Structure as Framework for Design
4. Truth to Materials / Medium
5. Decoration and Integration of Design
6. Restoration
7. Design of Cities
 UNDER PINNINGS
Architectural 1. The role of architecture and the architect in society
Theory 2. Standards of judgement
3. Response to history
CONVENTIONS

1. Images of the Ideal and Classical Design Method

2. The Orders: Evolution of Rules for Formal Beauty
3. Alternative Aesthetic: Breaking the Rules
4. Proportion: The Orders and Architectural Spaces

1800 1900 1965 2000

1. Rational Design Method

PRINCIPLES

2. Generative Planning as Basis for Design

3. Honest Structure as Framework for Design
4. Truth to Materials / Medium
5. Decoration and Integration of Design
6. Restoration
7. Design of Cities
 1930 Loos. House Muller
1949 Le Corbusier. House for Dr. Curuchet
Heroic period 1915 - 1929 1930 Figini Pollini Casa Electrica
1932 Gray. Tempe a Pailla 1949 Breuer. MOMA garden house
1907-09 FLW. Robie House
1934 Martiennsen, Fassler and 1950 Siedler. Rose Siedler House
1910 Loos. House Steiner Cooke. House Stern 1950 Moretti. Casa Il Girasole
1935 Figini Pollini. Casa a Milano 1951 NE 51/9
1935 Wright. Falling Water 1951 Ellwood. Case Study House 16
1914 Le Corbusier Maison Dom-ino
1936 Aalto. House-studio in Munkkiniemi 1952 Niemeyer. Own House
1922 Loos. House Rufer 1937 Tarragni. Casa Bianca 1954 Korsmo & Norberg-Schulz. Planetveien house
1922 Schindler. Kings Road House 1937-39 Alvar Aalto. Villa Mairea 1956 Eichler X-100 House
1922 van Doesberg et al. de Stijl House 1938 Libera. Casa Malaparte 1956 Le Corbusier. Maison Jaoul
1924 Rietveld. Schroder House
1959-61 Rudolph. Milam Residence
1924 Mies. Brick Country House
1925 Loos. Maison Tristan Tzara
1960 Koenig. Case Study House 22
1926-27 Gropius. Bauhaus Dessau staff houses
1926-29 Gray. House at Roquebrune 1961 Kahn. Esherick House
1927 Terragni Novo Comum flats 1961-68 Correa Tube Housing
1928 Ginzburg. Narkomfin 1961-62 Bawa. House Dr Bartholom
1928-29 van der Rohe. Barcelona Pavilion
1962-5 Utzon. Fredensborg
1928-32 Chareau & Bijvoet. Maison de Verre
1859 Philip Webb. Red House (for William Morris) Courtyard Houses
1923 Art and Technology: A New Unity Bauhaus Exhibit

1929 Le Corbusier Villa Savoie Poissy

1941 Erskine. The Box, Lissma
1962 Charles Moore House
1942-46 Williams Casa del Puente
1968 Baragan. San Cristobal
1920 1946 Neutra. Kaufmann Desert House
1920 Tatlin Monument to the 3rd International

1922 Le Corbusier Ville Contemporaine

1938 Rex Trueform Clothing Factory 1

1947 Rex Trueform Clothing Factory 2

1921 Constructivists 1st working group

1928 1st CIAM meeting at La Serraz

1910 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970

Russian Revolution 1917

1920 L’Esprit Nouveau founded

WW II 1938 – 1945
1914 Sant’Elia. La Citta Nuova

WW I 1914 – 1918
1918 De Stijl Manifesto
1919 Bauhaus Weimar

MODERN HOUSES
 Heroic period
1915 - 1929 1926 Gropius Bauhaus Dessau
1910 Loos. House Steiner
1926 Eileen Gray House at Roquebrune
1911 Gropius Fagus Works
1927 Weissenhofseidlung Stuttgart
1914 Le Corbusier Maison Dom-ino
1917 Rietveld Armchair 1927 Le Corbusier Villa Garches

1920 Lissitsky.Redner Tribune 1927 Bijvoet & Duiker Sonnestraal Sanator

1922 de Stijl House
1922 JJP Oud Café de Unie
1922 van der Rohe Office block in reinforced concrete
1923 Vesnin brothers People’s Palace
1923 Rietveld Schroder House
1923 Le Corbusier La Roche House
1925 Melnikov USSR Pavilion Paris
1925 JJP Oud Housing Kiefhoek
1925 Le Corbusier Houses at Pessac
1925 Le Corbusier Plan Voisin
1927 Terragni Novo Comum flats
1927 Hannes Meyer Palace of the Nations
1929 Le Corbusier Villa Savoie Poissy
1929 Van der Rohe Barcelona Pavilion
1929 Bijvoet & Duiker Open-air School Amsterdam
1929 Golossov Club Moscow
1929 Melnikov Tranvieri Club Moscow

1910 1920 1930

Russian Revolution 1917
WW I 1914 – 1918

Key buildings
 1907-09 Frank Lloyd Wright. Robie House
1910
1910 Loos. House Steiner
Heroic Period:
1911 Gropius Fagus Works Key buildings
from A & P Smithson
Additional buildings in grey

1914 Le Corbusier Maison Dom-ino

WW I
1914 – 1918
1917 Rietveld Armchair
Russian Revolution 1917

1919 Van der Rohe Berlin Office Building

1920
1922 Van der Rohe reinforced concrete Office Block 1922 JJP Oud Café de Unie
1922 van Doesberg, van Eesteren, Rietveld. House project
1923 Rietveld Schroder House 1923 Le Corbusier La Roche House 1923 Vesnin brothers People’s Palace

1924 Eileen Gray. House E1027 at Roquebrune

1925 Le Corbusier Plan Voisin 1925 JJP Oud Housing Kiefhoek 1925 Melnikov USSR Pavilion Paris
1926 Gropius Bauhaus Dessau 1926 Eileen Gray House at Roquebrune
1927 Bijvoet & Duiker Sonnestraal Sanatorium Hilversum 1927 Weissenhofseidlung Stuttgart
1927 Le Corbusier Villa Garches 1927 Terragni Novo Comum flats

1929 Van der Rohe Barcelona Pavilion 1929 Bijvoet & Duiker Open-air School Amsterdam
1929 Le Corbusier Villa Savoie Poissy 1929 Golossov Club Moscow 1929 Melnikov Tranvieri Club Moscow
1930
1931 Chareau Maison de Verre
1932-36 Terragni. Casa del Fascio
1934 Martiennsen, Fassler and Cooke. House Stern 1935 Frank Lloyd Wright. Falling Water
WW II 1937-39 Alvar Aalto. Villa Mairea
1938 – 45 Key houses
1945 1945 van der Rohe Farnsworth House
1947 Baragan Own House Tacubaya
post WW2
from David Dunster
1947-52 Le Corbusier. Unité d'habitation Additional buildings in grey

1948 Neutra Warren Tremaine House

1949 Eames House Pacific Palisades 1949 Erskine Elof Nilsson House
1949 Le Corbusier House for Dr Curuchet
1950 1950-56 Mies van der Rohe. Crown Hall NE 51/9
1951 FL Wright Price House
1952 Alvar Aalto. Säynätsalo Civic Centre
1953 Aalto Summer House 1953 Niemeyer Own House 1953 Urzon House at Hellebaek

1956 Prouve Protoptype for l’Abbe Pierre 1956 Frank Lloyd Wright. Guggenheim Museum

1959-62 Le Corbusier. Carpenter Center for Visual Arts, Cambridge

1960 1961 Kahn Esherick House 1966 Rudolph Town House

1964-65 Mies van der Rohe. The New National Gallery (Neue Nationalgalerie) Berlin