ZNOTES.

ORG

UPDATED TO 2020-22 SYLLABUS

CAIE IGCSE
ADD MATHS
(0606)
SUMMARIZED NOTES ON THE SYLLABUS
CAIE IGCSE ADD MATHS (0606)

Determine the shape

a > 0 – u-shaped ∴ minimum point
1. Functions a < 0 – n-shaped ∴ maximum point
Use the turning point
One-to-one functions: each x value maps to one distinct
Express y = ax2 + bx + c as
y = a (x − h)
2
+k
y value (check using vertical line test) by completing the square
e.g. n 2 n 2
x2 + nx  ⟺ (x + ) −( )
2 2
​ ​

f (x) = 3x − 1
2
a (x + n) + k
Many-to-one functions: there are some f (x) values
which are
generated by more than one x value Where the vertex is (−n, k)
e.g. Find the y -intercept:
Substitute x as 0 to get y intercept
f (x) = x2 − 2x + 3
Find the x-intercept:
Domain =x values Range = y values Factorize or use formula
Type of root by calculating discriminant b2 − 4ac
Notation: f (x) can also be written as
f :x↦ If b2 − 4ac = 0, real and equal roots
To find range: If b2 − 4ac > 0, real and distinct roots
Complete the square 2
If b − 4ac < 0, no real roots
Intersections of a line and a curve: if the equations of the
x2 − 2x + 3 → (x − 1)2 + 2
line and curve leads to a quadratic equation then:
Work out min/max point If b2 − 4ac = 0, line is tangent to the curve
If b2 − 4ac > 0, line meets curve in two points
Minimum point = (1, 2) If b2 − 4ac < 0, line does not meet curve
∴ all y values are greater than or equal to 2.
f (x) ≥ 2 Quadratic inequality:
One-to-many functions do not exist (x − d) (x − β ) < 0 ⟹ d < x < β
Domain of g (x) = Range of g −1 (x)
(x − d) (x − β ) > 0 ⟹ x < d or x > β
Solving functions:
f (2): substitute x = 2 and solve for f (x) 3. Equations, inequalities and
fg (x) : Substitute x = g(x)
f −1 (x) : let y = f (x) and make x the
subject graphs
Composite Functions:
f (g (x)) or f ⋅ g (x) Transformation of graphs:
Substitute all instances of x in f(x) with g(x) f (−x): reflection in the y -axis
Simplify −f (x) : reflection in the x-axis
If it is
f 2 (x) ,  or f (f (x)) ,
then for every x in f(x) f (x) + a : translation of a units parallel
to y -axis
substitute f(x)’s contents
f (x + a) : translation of –a units parallel
to x-axis
Inverse Functions
f (ax): stretch, scale factor a1 parallel to
x-axis
Only 1 to 1 functions have inverses
​

af (x) : stretch, scale factor a

parallel to y -axis
If f(x) is a function, equate f(x) to y
Modulus function:
Replace all occurrences of x in f(x) with y
Try to make x the subject of the function again Denoted by ∣f (x)∣
Modulus of a number is its absolute value
That is the f −1 (x)
Never goes below x-axis
Transformation of graphs:
Makes negative graph into positive by reflecting
f (−x): reflection in the y -axis
negative part
into x-axis
−f (x) : reflection in the x-axis
Solving modulus function:
f (x) + a : translation of a units parallel
to y -axis Sketch graphs and find points of intersection
f (x + a) : translation of –a units parallel
to x-axis Square the equation and solve quadratic
Relationship of a function and its inverse:

2. Quadratic Functions The graph of the inverse of a function is the reflection

of a graph of the function in y = x

To sketchy = ax2 + bx + c ; a ≠ 0

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG
CAIE IGCSE ADD MATHS (0606)

Simultaneous linear equations can be solved either by

4. Indices & Surds substitution
or elimination
Simultaneous linear and non-linear equations are
generally solved by
substitution as follows:
4.1. Indices
Step 1: obtain an equation in one unknown & solve it
Step 2: substitute the results from step 1 into the
Definitions:
linear
equation to find the other unknown
for a > 0 and positive integers p and q
The points of intersection of two graphs are given by the
1 solution
of their simultaneous equations
a0 = 1                                    a−p =
ap
​

1
ap = ​ p
p
a                                    a q = ( q a)
​ ​
p
7. Logarithmic & Exponential
Rules: Functions
for a > 0, b > 0 and rational numbers m and n
Definition
am × an = am+n                                     an × bn = (ab)n
for a > 0 and a ≠ 1
m n
a a a n
= am−n                                      n = ( ) y = ax ⇔ x = loga y
an b b
​ ​ ​

n
(am ) = amn For loga ​ y to be defined

y > 0 and a > 0, a ≠ 1

4.2. Surds
When the logarithms are defined
Definition
An irrational root is a surd, not all roots are surds loga 1 = 0                                              loga b + loga c ≡ log
​ ​ ​

 
Rationalizing the Denominator loga a = 1                                              loga b − loga c ≡ log
​ ​ ​

When the denominator is a surd, we can simplify by

multiplying both the
numerator and the denominator by the log b
rationalization factor to
rationalize loga b ≡                                                  loga bn ≡ n log
log a
​ ​ ​

When solving logarithmic equations, check solution with

original
equation and discard any solutions that causes
logarithm to be
undefined
5. Factors of Polynomials Solution of ax = b where a ≠ −1,  0,  1
If b can be easily written as an , then
To find unknowns in a given identity
Substitute suitable values of x ax = an ⇒ x = n
OR
Equalize the given coefficients of like powers of x Otherwise take logarithms on both sides, i.e.

 
log b
log ax = log b and so x =
log a
​

Factor Theorem:

If (x − t) is a factor of the function p(x) then

p(t) =0 log ⇒ log10  
ln  ⇒ loge   ​

  Change of base rule:

Remainder Theorem:
logb (x)
loga (x) =
​

If a function f (x) is divided by (x − t) then: loga (x)

​ ​

Remainder = f (t) Logarithmic & Exponential Graphs

The formula for remainder theorem:

Dividend = Divisor  ×  Quotient + Remainder

6. Simultaneous Equations

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG
CAIE IGCSE ADD MATHS (0606)

Mostly in the form y= axn or y = Abn , that must be

converted to the form y = mx + c.

9. Circular Measure
Radian measure:

π = 180º               2π = 360º

8. Straight Line Graphs π

Degree to Rad = × 180 Rad to Degree =
​ × 180
π

Arc length:
Equation of a straight line:
s = rθ
y = mx + c
Area of a sector:
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
​ ​

1 2
Gradient: A= r θ
2
​

y2 − y1
m=
10. Trigonometry
​ ​

x2 − x1
​

​ ​

Length of a line segment:

Trigonometric ratio of special angles:
2 2
Length = (x2 − x1 ) + (y2 − y1 )
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Midpoint of a line segment:

x1 + x2 y1 + y2
(  ,  )
​ ​ ​ ​

2 2
​ ​

Point on line segment with ratio m:n

nx1 + mx2 ny1 + my2

(  ,  )
​ ​ ​ ​

m+n m+n
​ ​

SINE CURVE COSINE CURVE

Parallelogram:
ABCD is a parallelogram ⟺ diagonals AC and
BD
have a common midpoint
Special parallelograms = rhombuses, squares,
rectangles
Special gradients:
Parallel lines: m1 = m2 ​ ​

Perpendicular lines: m1 m2 ​ ​ = −1
Perpendicular bisector: line passes through midpoint
To work out point of intersection of two lines/curves, TANGENT CURVE CAST DIAGRAM
solve
equations simultaneously
Find Tangent: Once the gradient is obtained, substitute
the
point into the slope-intercept form to get c and the
equation.
Find normal: Obtain the gradient by taking the negative
reciprocal (see perpendicular gradients ). Once the
gradient is
obtained, substitute the point (original point)
into the
slope-intercept form to get c and the equation.
Find Area, using two methods
Straight Line graphs: find variables when an equation that
does
not involve x and y but rather other forms of x and y
example:
(x3 ) or ln(y) . This is represented as a straight
line.

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG
CAIE IGCSE ADD MATHS (0606)

Trigonometric ratios: 4
e.g. Expand (2x − 1)

1 1 1 (2x − 1)4 =4 C0 (2x)4 +4 C1 (2x)3 (−1)

sec θ =       cosecθ =         cot θ = ​ ​

cos θ sin θ tan θ

​

Trigonometric identities: +4 C2 (2x)2 (−1)2 +4 C3 (2x)  (−1)3 +4 C4 (−1)4

​ ​ ​

sin θ = 1(2x)4 + 4 (2x)3 (−1) + 6 (2x)2 (−1)2

tan θ =                                          sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
cos θ
​

  3 4
+4 (2x) (−1) + 1 (−1)
2 2 2 2
cot θ + 1 = cosec θ                                         tan θ + 1 = sec θ
= 16x4 − 32x3 + 24x2 − 8x + 1
Sketching trigonometric graphs:
The powers of x are in descending order

12.2. Sequences & Series

Arithmetic Progression

A sequence made by adding the same value each time.

A common difference d is added or subtracted (n-1) times
11. Permutations & General form: Un = a + (n − 1) d
​

Where n is the number of the term, a (U1 ) is the first term

Combinations and d is the common difference
​

Formula for the sum of the first n terms between

ustart ​

Basic counting principle: to find the number of ways of to uend ​

performing
several tasks in succession, multiply the
number of ways in which
each task can be performed: n
Sn = (ustart +  uend )
2
​ ​ ​ ​

e.g. 5 × 4 × 3 × 2
Factorial:
n! = n × (n − 1) × (n − 2) … × 3 × 2 × 1 Example:
NOTE: 0! = 1 Sequence: 1,2,3,4,5,6
Permutations: Sum: 21
The number of ordered arrangements of r objects
taken from n
unlike objects is:  
Geometric Progression
n n!
  Pr = A sequence made by multiplying by the same value each
(n − r)!
​ ​ ​

time.
Order matters A common ration r is multiplied or divided (n-1) times
General form: Un = ar n−1
Combinations:
​

Where n is the number of the term, a is the first term and

The number of ways of selecting r objects
from n r is the
common ratio
unlike objects is:
Example:
n!
n
  Cr = Sequence: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32
r! (n − r)!
​ ​ ​

Sum: 62
Order does not matter Formula for the sum of the first n numbers of a geometric
series

12. Series 1 − rn
Sn = a1 ×
1−r
​ ​ ​

12.1. Binomial Expansion  

Sum to infinity
The binomial theorem allows expansion of any
n
expression in the form
(a + b) Where the common ratio satisfies the condition:
−1 < r < 1, it is an infinite geometric progression
(x + y )n =n C0 xn +n C1 xn−1 y +n C2 xn−2 y 2
​ ​ ​

(convergent
progression)

+ … +n Cn y n 1
S∞ = a1 ×
​

1−r
​ ​ ​

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG
CAIE IGCSE ADD MATHS (0606)

dy
13. Vectors in 2 Dimensions dx
=0​

2nd Derivative: finds nature of the stationary point

Position vector: position of point relative to origin,
OP d2 y
Forms of vector: If dx2 > ​ 0 → minimum
stationary point
d2 y
If dx 2 < ​ 0 → maximum
stationary point
( )                          AB                          p                         ai − bj
a Chain rule:
b
​

dy dy du
Parallel vectors: same direction but different magnitude = ×
dx du dx
​ ​ ​

Generally,
  AB = OB − OA Product rule:
Magnitude = i2 + j 2 ​

Unit vectors: vectors of magnitude 1 dy dv du

=u +v
dx dx dx
​ ​

Examples: consider vector AB

Quotient rule:
AB = 2i + 3j
dy v du   −  u dv
= dx 2 dx
​ ​

∣ ∣ dx
AB = 13
​ ​

v
∣ ∣
​ ​ ​

Special Differentials
1
∴ U nit vector  = (2i + 3j)
13 dy
​

 (sin ax) = a cos ax

dx
​

Collinear vectors: vectors that lie on the same line

Velocity Vecotr: dy
 (cos ax) = −a sin ax
dx
​

( )
a
dy
b  (tan ax)  = a sec2 ax
​

dx
​

Getting velocity from speed: Find k to get velocity based dy ax+b

on
speed  ( e ) = aeax+b
dx
​

∣ a ∣ dy 1
k × ( ) = speed  (ln x) =
∣ b ∣ dx
​ ​ ​
​ ​

x
′
Point of intersection: dy f (x)
 (ln (f (x)) =
dx f (x)
​ ​

initial y ) + t ( )
a
Object 1 =
( initial x
b Related rates of change:
​ ​

initial y ) + t (d)
c If x and y are related by the equation y = f (x),
then
Object 2 =
( initial x ​ ​

dx dy
the rates of change dt and
dt are related by: ​ ​

Object 1 = Object 2 at time t. If both x and y are not same at

intersection time then they will never meet. dy dy dx
= ×
dt dx dt
​ ​ ​

14. Differentiation & Small changes:

= f (x) and small change δx in x causes a
small
If y
Integration change δy in y , then

dy
14.1. Differentiation δy ≈ ( ) ×  δx
dx x=k
​ ​

FUNCTION 1ST DERIVATIVE 2ND DERIVATIVE 14.2. Integration

2
y= xn dy n−1 d y n−2
dx ​
= nx dx2 ​
= n (n − 1) x
xn+1
∫ axn = a +c
(n + 1)
​

INCREASING FUNCTION DECREASING FUNCTION

dy dy
>0 <0 (ax + b)n+1
dx dx
∫ (ax + b) = +c n
​ ​

a(n + 1)
​

Stationary point: equate first derivative to zero

d

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG
CAIE IGCSE ADD MATHS (0606)

Definite integral: substitute coordinates/values & find c Special Integrals

Indefinite integral: has c (constant of integration)
∫ sin (ax + b) = − a1 cos (ax + b) + c
​

Integrating by parts: ∫ cos (ax + b) = a1 sin (ax + b) + c

​

dv du ∫ sec2 (ax + b) = a1 tan (ax + b) + c

∫ u  dx = uv − ∫ v dx 
​

1 1
dx dx
∫ ax+b = a ln ∣ax + b∣ + c
​ ​

​ ​

∫ eax+b = a1 eax+b + c
​

What to make u: LATE

Logs Algebra Trig e

14.3. Kinematics

To find area under the graph (curve and

x-axis):
Integrate curve
Substitute boundaries of x
Subtract one from another (ignore c)

b Particle at instantaneous rest, v =0

∫ ​ y d̃ x Maximum displacement from origin, v =0
a
Maximum velocity, a = 0
To find area between curve and y-axis:
Make x subject of the formula
Follow above method using y -values instead of x-
values

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG
CAIE IGCSE
Add Maths (0606)

Copyright 2021 by ZNotes

These notes have been created by Arnav Jindal and Asmi Kawatkar for the 2020-22 syllabus
This website and its content is copyright of ZNotes Foundation - © ZNotes Foundation 2022. All rights reserved.
The document contains images and excerpts of text from educational resources available on the internet and
printed books. If you are the owner of such media, test or visual, utilized in this document and do not accept its
usage then we urge you to contact us and we would immediately replace said media.
No part of this document may be copied or re-uploaded to another website without the express, written
permission of the copyright owner. Under no conditions may this document be distributed under the name of
false author(s) or sold for financial gain; the document is solely meant for educational purposes and it is to remain
a property available to all at no cost. It is current freely available from the website www.znotes.org
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommerical-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.