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The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that is
concerned with international public health. It was established on 7 April 1948, with its headquarters in Geneva,
Switzerland. WHO is a member of the United Nations Development Group. Its predecessor, the Health
Organization, was an agency of the League of Nations.
The constitution of the World Health Organization had been signed by all 61 countries of the United
Nations by 22 July 1946, with the first meeting of the World Health Assembly finishing on 24 July 1948. It
incorporated the Office International d'Hygiène Publique and the League of Nations Health Organization. Since
its creation, it has been responsible for playing a leading role in the eradication of smallpox. Its current
priorities include communicable diseases, in particular, HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis; the mitigation of
the effects of non-communicable diseases; sexual and reproductive health, development, and aging; nutrition,
food security and healthy eating; occupational health; substance abuse; and drive the development of reporting,
publications, and networking. WHO is responsible for the World Health Report, a leading international
publication on health, the worldwide World Health Survey, and World Health Day (7th-April of every Year).
Its links with the International Atomic Energy Agency and distribution of contraception have both proved
controversial, as have guidelines on healthy eating and the 2009 flu pandemic.
Life and lifestyle
WHO also works to "reduce morbidity and mortality and improve health during key stages of life, including
pregnancy, childbirth, the neonatal period, childhood and adolescence, and improve sexual and reproductive
health and promote active and healthy aging for all individuals".
It also tries to prevent or reduce risk factors for"health conditions associated with use of tobacco, alcohol,
drugs and other psychoactive substances, unhealthy diets and physical inactivity and unsafe sex".
WHO works to improve nutrition, food safety and food security and to ensure this has a positive effect on
public health and sustainable development.
Emergency work in the world
When any sort of disaster or emergency occurs, it is WHO's stated objective to reduce any consequences it
may have on world health and its social and economic implications.
Health policy
WHO also addresses government health policy with two aims: firstly, "to address the underlying social and
economic determinants of health through policies and programmes that enhance health equity and integrate pro-
poor, genderresponsive, and human rights-based approaches" and secondly "to promote a healthier
environment, intensify primary prevention and influence public policies in all sectors so as to address the root
causes of environmental threats to health".[17]
In terms of health services, WHO looks to improve "governance, financing, staffing and management" and
the availability and quality of evidence and research to guide policy making. It also strives to "ensure improved
access, quality and use of medical products and technologies".
Governance and support
The remaining two of WHO's thirteen identified policy areas relate to the role of WHO itself: firstly, "to
provide leadership, strengthen governance and foster partnership and collaboration with countries, the United
Nations system, and other stakeholders in order to fulfill the mandate of WHO in advancing the global health
agenda" and secondly "to develop and sustain WHO as a flexible, learning organization, enabling it to carry out
its mandate more efficiently and effectively".
Other work
The WHO and the World Bank constitute the core team responsible for administering the International
Health Partnership (IHP+). The IHP+ is a group of partner governments, development agencies, civil society
and others committed to improving the health of citizens in developing countries. Partners work together to put
international principles for aid effectiveness and development cooperation into practice in the health sector.[27]
In addition, the WHO has also promoted road safety.[28] Each year, the organization marks World Health
Day focusing on a specific health promotion topic, timed to match the anniversary of WHO's founding. Recent
themes have been drug resistance (2011) and ageing (2012).[29] As part of the United Nations, the World Health
Organization supports work towards the Millennium Development Goals.[30] Of the eight Millennium
Development Goals, three – reducing child mortality by two-thirds, to reduce maternal deaths by three-quarters,
and to halt and begin to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS – relate directly to WHO's scope; the other five inter-
relate and have an impact on world health.