Answer the following: 

1. Search for pictures that show different forms of physiologic and pathologic adaptation   then
describe each macroscopically and microscopically (10pts)
HYPERTROPHY
Macroscopic
Physiologic Adaptation Pathologic Adaptation

- As we can notice in this image, there - this image demonstrates concentric

is balance enlargement of the heart
due to natural causes such exercise.
hypertrophy of the left ventricular wall.
Note the marked thickening of the left
ventricular wall. There is also
moderate thickening of the right
ventricular wall.

Microscopic
Physiologic Pathologic

- this tissue demonstrates a normal - in this tissue the muscle fibers are
microscopic image of a myocardium. It thicker and the nuclei are larger and
has a normal thickness of fiber and a darker in the hypertrophied
normal size of nucleus. myocardium.
HYPERPLASIA
Macroscopic
Physiologic Adaptation
- in this image we can see a normal
enlargement of a prostate after a
partial removal of its parts and it is
compensatory type of hyperplasia.
Microscopic
Physiologic
- this a normal prostate tissue with a
normal distribution of cell.
Pathologic Adaptation
- this tissue is a type of benign prostatic
hyperplasia which has an abnormal
stimulation of the cell. Note the
nodularity of the tissue and the
enlargement of the gland
Pathologic
- this tissue has a lot of space due to
enlargement of each fiber and the
formation of it is distorted.
ATROPHY
Macroscopic
Physiologic Atrophy Pathologic Atrophy

- this is a brain of a geriatric patient - this is a brain of a patient with

which has a natural atrophy of Alzheimer’s disease. This brain has
brain due to aging. an excessive decrease in size than
a normal brain of a geriatric patient.

Microscopic

- in this image we can see a

- this is a normal aging brain. Even with destruction of neurons and abnormal
the shrinkage of the tissue it is not a clusters of protein fragments, build up
destructive than pathologic atrophy. between nerve cells
 METAPLASIA
Macroscopic
Physiologic Metaplasia Pathologic metaplasia

- this is a normal esophagus has a

- this image of esophagus has an
proper detribution of tissue.
abnormal change in tissue type which
can be seen in condition such as Barret’s
esophagus.

Microscopic

- Barret’s esophagus in which there is a

- this is a normal esophageal gastric-type mucosa above the
squamous mucosa at the top, with gastroesophageal junction. Note the
underlying submucosa and muscular columnar epithelium to the left and the
propria. squamous epithelium at the right.

2. How does metaplasia differ from dysplasia? (5pts)

Metaplasia is the transformation of one type of cell it to another. It is reversible and less likely
to produce cancer and it is normally caused external stimulus. Dysplasia on the other hand,
has the ability to transform a certain type of cell into an unnatural or abnormal version of itself,
it is typically non reversible and most likely to develop into cancer.
 Metaplasia
Definition Change one type of epithelial
or mesenchymal cell to
another type of adult
epithelial or mesenchymal
cell.
Types Epithelial (squamous,
columnar) and mesenchymal
(osseous, cartilaginous)
Tissue affected Most commonly affect
bronchial mucosa, uterine,
endocervix; other
mesenchymal tissue
(cartilage, arteries)
Cellular change Mature cell development.
Natural history Reversible on withdrawal of
stimulus.
Dysplasia
Disordered cellular
development, may be
accompanied with
hyperplasia or metaplasia
Epithelial only
Uterine cervix, bronchial
mucosa.
Disordered cellular
development (pleomorphism
nuclear hyperchromasia,
mitosis, loss of polarity
May regress on removal of
inciting stimulus, or may
progress to higher grades of
dysplasia or carcinoma in
situ.