Physiological adaptation – cells adapt to changes under normal condition

Cellular adaptation lies between the unstressed cells and over-stressed cells

 associated with stimulation of new protein synthesis by the target cell

e.g. heat shock proteins
 switch from producing one type of protein to another.
 Involve number of mechanism [receptor binding, signal transduction, protein transcription, translation or export]

ADAPTIVE CHANGES

Atrophy – decrease in cell size

Hypertrophy- increase in cell size
Hyperplasia- increase in cell size
Metaplasia- change in cell type

Two disturbances of growth

a. Aplasia – failure of an organ to develop
b. Hypoplasia- incomplete development of an organ

Aplasia – occurs in the embryo or fetus during intrauterine development

Causes;
a. Hereditary defects in germplasm
b. Death of cell at some critical in the development of the individual

Hypoplasia – differs from atrophy

Causes;
 Congenital anomalies
 Inadequate blood supply
 Inadequate innervation
 Malnutrition
Atrophy Hypertrophy
- Shrinkage in size of a cell - Increase in the size of the cell
- Cells are not dead - No new cells, just bigger cell
Decrease cell number – apoptosis Causes ;
controlled cell death] 1. Physiological atrophy
Decrease cell size 2. Adaptive response
1. Loss nerve/ hormonal supply 3. Compensatory hypertrophy
2. Ubiquitin proteasome pathway
Physiological atrophy
Senile atrophy – aging process is associated with cell loses. Uterus during pregnancy
- Involves both hypertrophy and hyperplasia
Starvation atrophy
1. Glycogen atrophy
2. Protein [musculature] Adaptive response - development of muscles in a race or draft
3. Protein [vital organ] horse, occurs only from hypertrophy of individual muscle cells
Disuse atrophy – reduction in cell as a result of induced by increased workload.
inactivity - Response to increased and the cell ‘s functional
capacity
Neurotropic atrophy – damage to the nerves leads to rapid atrophy of the muscle fibers
Compensatory hypertrophy – may be physiological or pathological response
Angiotropic atrophy – diminished blood supplied
Example – atrophy is the hind limbs occurs when a parasite [strongylus larvae] occludes the a) Result of impaired function
femoral artery of an organ
b) Occurs when one of pair
Pressure atrophy - mild mechanical force is applied continuously to cell over a long period of organs is destroyed
time . c) When one kidney Is
- Due to malnutrition associated with ischaemia damaged, the other
gradually enlarge and compensates for the loss
Endocrine atrophy – loss of endocrine timulation, or from excessive endo crine secretion
Example;
- Atrophy of the prostate gland following castration
 Hyperplasia Metaplasia Dysplasia
- Increase the number of A reversible change in which L. dys = disordered; plasein = to form
cells in organ tissue one adult cell type is replaced
- Response to increased by another cell type. - Disorderly, but non-neoplastic proliferation
functional demand - Mainly in the epithelial cells
- Loss in uniformity of individual cells and a loss in their architectural orientation
- Cells capable of mitotic Causes
division may divide when When dysplastic changes are marked, and involve
stressed or stimulated y 1. Repeated and the entire thickness of the epithelium, the lesion is
increased activity prolonged irritation referred to as carcinoma in situ- a pre invasive
stage of cancer
2. Nutritional disturbance
Causes 3. Endocrine disturbance

Physiological hyperplasia;
1. Hormonal hyperplasia
2. Compensatory hyperplasia
3.
Pathological hyperplasia
1. Repeated and prolonged Cervical dysplasia In dysplastic stratified squamous epithelium
- Abnormal cell growth in the cervix mitoses are not confined to the basal layers.
irritation
2. Endocrine disturbance
3. Nutritional disturbance HIP DYSPLASIA – is an abnormal development the hip join in large dogs
4. Infectious causes
5. Wound healing

Dysplasia is not an adaptive response, but is considered here because it is and is closely related to hyperplasia, and is
sometimes called 'atypical hyperplasia' • In both cervix and the respiratory tract, dysplasia is strongly implicated as a
precursor of cancer However, dysplasia does not necessarily progress to cancer.
Hyperplasia DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
PHYSIOLOGICAL HYPERPLASIA
1. HORMONAL HYPERPLASIA Proliferation of the glandular epithelium of the mammary gland

2. COMPENSATORY HYPERPLASIA Occurs when proportion of the tissue is removed

Proliferation of removed tissue portion

PATHOLOGICAL HYPERPLASIA
Repeated and prolonged irritation By mechanical,chemical and thermal agents
- Calluses on the elbows and stifles of dogs

Endocrine disturbance - Prostate occurs in old dogs

- Can be prevented if the animal is castrated
- If oestrogen is adminestered

Nutritional disturbance Vitamin a deficiency

- Hyperkeratinizationof epithelium in oesophagus of the chicken

Hyperplasia of thyroid [ goiter] – iodine deficiency

Infectious causes The pox viruses can cause hyperplasia of epithelium

Contagious ecythema viru
a. Orf lesion on the lip of the lamb
b. Early skin changes during orf virus infection of the lips in the sheep.
c. Late changes during orf virus infection of the lips In sheep.

Wound healing
METAPLASIA
Repeated and prolonged irritation
Nutritional disturbance
Endocrine disturbance
Wart viruses in cattle- due to increased sensitivity of cells to normal levels of growth
factors
- Common skin wart is caused by an increased expression of various
transcription factors by the infecting papillomavirus
Important response of connective tissue cells in wound healing
- Growth factor – stimulated fibroblast and blood vessels proliferate to
facilitate repaire
- Bronchial epithelium changes as the result of injury from lungworms.
- Similar change occurs in the trachea and bronchi of habitual cigarette
smokers.
- the more tough stratified squamous epithelium is able to survive under
circumstances in which the more fragile specialized epithelium would have
succumbed
Squamous metaplasia in vitamin a defiency
- A variety of location, including the lacrymal ducts nd renal pelvis
Vocal cord of rat
- epithelial and connective tissue elements of the glands undergo
metaplasia
- produce stratified squamous epithelium, cartilage, bone, and muscle
PROSTATE GLAND OF DOG
- Columnar epithelium may change to stratified squamous
epithelium