Critical

Thinking

& logic
 CRITICAL THINKING & LOGIC

CRITICAL THINKING
To create a judgment, critical thinking

involves analyzing available facts, evidence,

observations, and arguments. The issue is

complicated; there are various definitions,

but the most common ones involve the

reasonable, skeptical, and unbiased

investigation or evaluation of factual data.

 CRITICAL THINKING & LOGIC

LOGIC
The term "logic" came from the Greek word logos, which is

sometimes translated as "sentence", "discourse", "reason",

"rule", and "ratio". Logic is the study of correct reasoning

or good arguments. It is often defined in a more narrow

sense as the science of deductively valid inferences or of

logical truths.
LOGIC IS NOT THE PSYCHOLOGY

OF REASONING

One thing you should note about this

definition is that logic is concerned with

the principles of correct reasoning. Studying

the correct principles of reasoning is not

the same as studying the psychology of

reasoning.

LOGIC NECESSITY

When something is logically necessary, it is

true by definition. These can also be called

analytic truths. If we can prove that

something is true because "it could not be

otherwise," then it is logically necessary. The

statement is true with an absolute degree of

certainty.
 Formal logic
Formal logic, the abstract study of propositions, statements,

or assertively used sentences and of deductive arguments.

The discipline abstracts from the content of these elements

the structures or logical forms that they embody.

Informal logic
Informal logic is the attempt to develop a logic to assess, analyse

and improve ordinary language reasoning. It intersects with attempts

to understand such reasoning from the point of view of philosophy,

formal logic, cognitive psychology, and a range of other disciplines.

INFERENCE

AND

ARGUMENT
 INFERENCE AND ARGUMENT

Making inferences is a way of coming

to a conclusion based on evidence and

INFERENCE reasoning. This critical thinking skill

connects unknown facts with known

a guess or an
information using prior knowledge and

opinion made based

experience. Examining inferences might

on the evidence
assist you in comprehending and

presented to you comprehending circumstances in their

fullness.
 ARGUMENT
A discussion in which the
participants disagree with one

another. It is a set of

statements or propositions,

some of which are intended to

support or prove the validity

of another.
STATEMENT AND

PREMISES OF AN

ARGUMENT
In logic we often talk about the

logical properties of statements

and how one statement is related

to another. So what is a

statement?
The term statement is variously understood to

mean either: a meaningful declarative sentence

that is true or false, or a proposition. Which is

the assertion that is made by a true or false

declarative sentence.
 Examples of statements

There are three main

✓ Snow is white.
sentence ✓ Everyone is here.
Declarative sentences ✓ Whatever will be, will be.
Interrogative sentences
Imperative sentences
Examples are not statement

X The United Nations

X Bridge over troubled waters.
X Will you be available on tuesday

or wednesday?
 Premises of an argument.
A premise is a statement in an argument that provides

reason or support for the conclusion. There can be one or

many premises in a single argument.

Example
The argument “All cats are mammals

and a tiger is a cat, so a tiger is a

mammal” is a valid deductive argument.

Both the premises are true. To see that

the premises must logically lead to the

conclusion, one approach would be use a

Venn diagram.
CONCLUSION OF AN

ARGUMENT &

EXAMPLES OF AN

ARGUMENT
CONCLUSION OF AN ARGUMENT &

EXAMPLES OF AN ARGUMENT

Conclusion in an

Argument
is the statement the premises support, it

indicates what the arguer is trying to prove to

his audience

An argument can have only one conclusion.

 Example of an argument

EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 3
EXAMPLE 2

He is not good at his

1. Since small fish is rich

work, so he doesn’t

in calcium, it follows that

your body will benefit if

I have heard that

deserve a raise.
you eat them. Note: this
cats with long hair
argument can be also
have lots of fleas.

.No one under eighteen

written as follows. Your

They also shed all

years old can vote. Jim

body will benefit from

over the house, so

cannot vote because he

eating small fish because

you should not get

it is a rich source of

is not yet eighteen.

a long-haired cat.
calcium.
INDUCTIVE

LOGIC AND

DEDUCTIVE

LOGIC
 INDUCTIVE LOGIC

Constructs arguments that support a

conclusion, but don’t claim to show that the

conclusion is necessarily true. A strong inductive

argument gives us reason to think that its

conclusion is most likely true.

It can show that a conclusion is probably true.

DEDUCTIVE LOGIC

A precise and well-ordered system that

aims to provide definite support for a

conclusion.

It can show that a conclusion MUST be

true.
VALID AND

SOUND

ARGUMENT
VALIDITY Deductive

Premise: A=B Arguments

Premise: B=C
Conclusion: A=C the premises guarantee the conclusion

Note: If the argument is valid,

it doesn’t necessarily need to

be good argument or sound

argument.
 VALID

VALID ✅ SOUND ✅
P: All dogs can fly
P: Fido is a dog
P: All US Senators are politicians (TRUE)
C: Fido can fly
P: Ted Cruz is a US senator (TRUE)
C: Ted Cruz is a politician

VALID + TRUE PREMISES =

INVALID ❌ SOUND ❌
SOUND ARGUMENT

P: Paris is a city (TRUE)

P: Germany is a country (TRUE)
C: Paris is the capital of Germany
INVALID ❌ SOUND ❌

P: Rodrigo Duterte is a President

(TRUE)
P: Leni Robredo is a Vice President

(TRUE)
C: Robin Padilla is a Senator (TRUE)

Note: In order for the argument to be

sound, it should be valid and the

premises should be true.

 Logical Fitfalls
BEGGING THE QUESTION
THE APPEAL TO IGNORANCE FALLACY
THE WISHFUL THINKING FALLACY
THE "AD HOMINEM" FALLACY
OPINION AND FACT
Thank You!
See You Next Time