IEEJ Journal of Industry Applications

Vol.8 No.6 pp.1007–1014 DOI: 10.1541/ieejjia.8.1007

Translated from IEEJ Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol.139 No.4 pp.380–387

Paper
(Translation of
IEEJ Trans. IA)

Factor Analysis of Torque Ripple Reduction in Synchronous Reluctance

Motors Derived from Topology Optimization
Hiroyuki Kaimori∗a) Member, Yoshifumi Okamoto∗∗ Senior Member
Shinji Wakao∗∗∗ Member

Recently, from the viewpoint of vibration and noise reductions, torque ripple reduction of motor-equipped electrical
machines is the need of the hour. The authors have already proposed to improve torque characteristics of a synchronous
reluctance motor using the topology optimization method. The evaluated rotor structure succeeded in substantial torque
ripple reduction, but the cause for this reduction was unknown. In this paper, we investigate the reason for torque rip-
ple reduction using the improved rotor structure of the motor by a topology optimization method known as R-SLP,
by comparing it to the reference model using finite element analysis. A calculation method is proposed to analyze
the circumferential magnetic force density of spatial and time harmonic orders using the magnetic density in the air
gap. By focusing on the time order at which the torque waveform was evaluated, we estimate which circumferential
magnetic force density orders affect torque ripple reduction. Then, we clarify the reason for torque ripple reduction
to examine the influence of local shape of rotor structure using 12th time-harmonic magnetic fields. As a result, the
modified flux barrier rotor structure is obtained, which further reduces the torque ripple in comparison to the previous
structure.

Keywords: synchronous motor, topology optimization, torque ripple, flux barrier, finite element analysis

1. Introduction
In recent years the development of synchronous motors for
the creation of a low-carbon society is remarkable. Perma-
nent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are commonly
employed in automobiles and home appliances because of
their high efficiency and high torque. Especially interior per-
manent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) have the ad-
vantage that they can also use reluctance torque in addition to
magnet torque. Previous studies have identified that the flux
barrier inside the rotor is an important factor for effective use
of reluctance torque, and many different shapes have been
proposed to date. Further, several IPMSMs that combine high
torque and high-speed rotation are being developed.
Following a recent trend of trying to reduce noise and vi-
bration even further, many studies have examined the pos-
sibility of decreasing electromagnetic exciting force in the
radial direction, as well as torque ripple, which acts as an
electromagnetic exciting force in the circumferential direc-
tion. In the case of IPMSMs, specifically, there have been
attempts to reduce torque ripple by modifying the shape of
a) Correspondence to: Hiroyuki Kaimori. E-mail: kaimorih@ssil.
co.jp
∗
Sicence Solutions International Laboratory, Inc.
2-21-7, Naka-cho Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-0065, Japan
∗∗
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hosei
University
3-7-2, Kajino-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8584, Japan
∗∗∗
Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Waseda
University
3-4-1, Okubo Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
the flux barrier and rotor surface (1) (2) . These are determined
from experiments and sensitivity analyses, as well as local
shape optimization, but no previous study has analyzed the
reduction of torque ripple associated with the magnetic flux
density distribution on the rotor surface.
Synchronous reluctance motors (SynRMs) which do not
require the permanent magnet derived from the rare-metal is
one of expectable motors from the viewpoint of the depletion
of resources for the rare-metal because SynRM is only use re-
luctance torque. This provides high flexibility to the shape of
the flux barrier in the rotor, and many different proposals have
been made. For examples, multi-flux barrier models, which
use several layers of flux barriers (3) (4) , models obtained from
shape optimization using splines (5) . In these studies, since the
rotor structure is designed after the definition of the topology.
If an optimization method can also modify the topology is
applied, it may not only improve the average torque but also
reduce torque ripple. Previously, in Ref. (6), using a topology
optimization method and the average torque as the specified
value, we presented a rotor structure that can reduce torque
ripple. However, this study did not include a factor analysis
of torque ripple reduction; if those factors are identified, they
may be also applied to IPMSMs as well, not only SynRMs.
In this paper, we used a torque ripple reduction shape
obtained from a topology optimization method, as well as
the rotor shape of a SynRM considered general, to perform
torque waveform and time harmonics characteristic of cir-
cumferential electromagnetic force density by magnetic flux
density of gap, and thereby estimate the time harmonic order
of magnetic flux density that causes torque ripple. The time


c 2019 The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. 1007
 Factor Analysis of Torque Ripple Reduction in Synchronous Reluctance Motors Derived（Hiroyuki Kaimori et al.）

harmonic magnetic flux distributions are examined for fac-

tor analysis. The analysis results obtained is then applied to
shape modification of a SynRM for comparison to verify the
effect of torque ripple reduction.
2. Outline of the Topology Optimization Methods
2.1 Topology Optimization Methods Structural op-
timal methods are mathematical methods designed to op-
timize the shape and solve design problems of structures.
These typically seek to optimize the dimension, shape, and (a) Original model
topology. Especially, topology optimization is a highly flexi-
ble methodology of structural optimal design that allows not
only the shape but also the topology to be modified freely,
creating structures that cannot be acquired with other meth-
ods (6) .
2.2 Topology Optimization Method Based on Sensi-
tivity Analysis We demonstrated that in order to define
the ON-OFF of a material in the design area, the use of pa-
(b) Rotor of 3 barriers model
rameters alongside a continuous Heaviside function, as well
as the application of sequential linear programming based on
move limit with adaptive relaxation (R-SLP), are effective for
magnetic field problems that take non-linear magnetic prop-
erties into account (6) . This method is outlined below, for more
details, see Ref. (6).
( 1 ) Magnetic field analysis by finite element method—
An electromagnetic field finite element method is employed
as a numerical analysis method to evaluate the torque charac- (c) Rotor of R-SLP model
teristics of SynRM. Since the topology optimization method Fig. 1. Analysis models for SynRM
to be applied specifies the material assigned to the finite ele-
ment nodes, a very fine mesh division was used to reduce the
influence of element geometry.
( 2 ) Approximation characteristic function—Using the an optimization structure model obtained from R-SLP. In the
magnetic flux density B of the finite element mesh of the ro- three-barrier model and R-SLP model, the bridge width of
tor obtained from electromagnetic field analysis and design the rotor is set to 0.2 mm as a magnetic material. The R-
variable ψ is formulated as follows: SLP model is optimized with the rotor area except the bridge
and shaft as the design area. Each analysis model is shown
νe (ψ, B2 ) = {1 − H(ψ)}ν0 + H(ψ)ν(B2 )· · · · · · · · · · · (1) in Fig. 1. All the stator structures are the same as that of
where ν0 and νe are the magnetic resistivity in vacuum and the D model, but the bolt holes and back yoke shape are ig-
magnetic material, respectively. The quantity ν(B2 ) is the nored. The magnetization properties of the stator and rotor
nonlinear function of B. The quantity H(ψ) is the filling rate are 50A1300, which had been used in R-SLP optimization
of the magnetic material in a place, which is formulated us- calculation, and S45C for the shaft. Further, in the R-SLP
ing the fifth-order smoothed Heaviside function that changes model, the gray color domains’ magnetic resistivity is be-
between 0 ≤ H(ψ) ≤ 1. tween the core material and air, but in this paper, it is treated
( 3 ) Optimization method—R-SLP (7) is used to optimize as air.
the sensitivity analysis. R-SLP is a method that can suppress 3.2 Calculation Conditions A nonlinear static mag-
the vibration of the object function that may occur at the fi- netic field analysis is performed with a current effective value
nal stage of the investigation of sequential linear program- of 3 A, current phase angle of 45 degrees, and rotational
ming (SLP). Also, a sensitivity analysis related to ψ (8) was speed of 1,500 min−1 . As for the R-SLP optimization, ob-
performed through an adjoint variable method that considers jective function W(ψ) is calculated by T l and T 0 , which are
magnetization non-linearity, and the magnetic properties of the torque at l-th rotor position as its target value. S i (ψ) and
each finite element mesh of the rotor were defined from step S 0 is the area of magnetic material and its constraint value in
(1). Ωd . the optimization problem is formulated as follows;

3. Analysis Model and Calculation Conditions min . W(ψ) = (T l − T 0 )2
3.1 Analysis Model In this paper, three types of l
s.t. S i (ψ) = H(ψ)dS ≤ S 0 · · · · · · · · · · (2)
models are used: the original model, which is defined as a
Ωd
SynRM by removing the magnet from the rotor, based on −h ≤ ψ j ≤ h ( j = 1, 2, · · · , nd )
the shape of the D model (9) , IEEJ’s benchmark IPM motor
model; the three-barrier model with three layers of flux bar- where h is the half-value of the transition width of H(ψ) that
riers, used as reference in the paper (6) ; and the R-SLP model, changes from 0 to 1 and nd is the total number of ψ defined

1008 IEEJ Journal IA, Vol.8, No.6, 2019

 Factor Analysis of Torque Ripple Reduction in Synchronous Reluctance Motors Derived（Hiroyuki Kaimori et al.）
Fig. 2. Torque characteristics
Fig. 3. Orders of torques
Fig. 4. Inductance characteristics
finite element nodes in the design area (number of design
variables). it is optimized so as to minimize the torque rip-
ple. The optimization is carried out with T 0 = 0.6 Nm and
S 0 = 2.0 × 10−4 m2 of the R-SLP model.
4. Factor Analysis of Torque Ripple Reduction
4.1 Comparison of Torque Ripple Figures 2 and 3
show the torque waveform and its harmonic orders, respec-
tively. These shows that the average torque of the three-
barrier model and the R-SLP model is higher than that of the
original model. This is because the volume of the flux barrier
of the three-barrier model and the R-SLP model is larger than
that of the original model, which means a smaller inductance
of Lq. For Ld, practically the same inductance was obtained
(Fig. 4). The torque ripple of the original model and three-
barrier model are approximately the same, although the value
changes a little according to the harmonic order, they follow
the same trend. Meanwhile, the graph also confirms that the
total ripple of the R-SLP model (T max − T min ) reduced around
60%, and it drastically decreased at the 6th and 24th harmonic
orders. However, from the torque and inductance waveforms,
it is not possible to guess which part of the rotor structure is
contributing to torque reduction. It is examined in the next
topic.
4.2 Examination through Harmonic Orders of Gap
Magnetic Flux Density The radial electromagnetic force
1009
(a) 24th of circular order
(b) 48th of circular order
Fig. 5. Magnetic force density characteristics of cir-
cumferential direction
generated by the electromagnetic exciting force of a motor
is typically evaluated with the gap magnetic flux density be-
tween the stator and rotor (10) . In this paper, this method is ap-
plied to the circumferential electromagnetic force to examine
the causes of torque ripple reduction.
Based on Maxwell stress tensor, the stress that works in
the circumferential direction, T rθ , is calculated with the ra-
dial magnetic flux density at the center of the gap, Br , and the
circumferential magnetic flux density, Bθ , using the simple
equation below;
1
T rθ = Br Bθ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (3)
2μ0
where T rθ is electromagnetic force density [N/m2 ]. These can
be expressed by the relationship between spatial and time har-
monic order by expanding them into Fourier series. The spa-
tial and time harmonic order circumferential electromagnetic
force density spectrum of each model are compared. Figure 3
shows the electromagnetic force harmonic orders strongly re-
lated with torque ripple which is focused on the 6th , 12th , and
24th time harmonic orders. Figure 5 shows the electromag-
netic force density spectrum of the 6th , 12th , and 24th time
harmonic order for each circular order. Here, since the circu-
lar orders were modeled with a proportion of two actual poles
to one, one circular order = spatial order ×2. Since the torque
ripple with the original model and the three-barrier model are
almost the same, the electromagnetic force density spectrum
of both models is also almost the same. However, the elec-
tromagnetic force density spectrum of the R-SLP model is
lower than that of the other models. This trend is evident
with (24, −12), (24, −24), and (48, −24), where the numbers
respectively represent the circular harmonic order and time
harmonic order. Since these pairs of harmonic orders appear
as slot harmonics because of the stator structure, it means that
by improving the spatial order, i.e., by improving the spatial
distribution of electromagnetic force density, can contribute
IEEJ Journal IA, Vol.8, No.6, 2019
 Factor Analysis of Torque Ripple Reduction in Synchronous Reluctance Motors Derived（Hiroyuki Kaimori et al.）

to torque ripple reduction. Therefore, the spatial distribution

of magnetic flux density, which is one of the causes of elec-
tromagnetic force density, is also considered to identify the
factors of torque ripple reduction.
It is important to understand the relationship between elec-
tromagnetic force density and magnetic flux density. With
the relation of electromagnetic force density and magnetic
flux density by harmonic torque from Ref. (10), it may be
possible to rewrite Eq. (3) as below. Here, Br(lm) and Bθ(mm)
are the harmonic component of order l and m of the magnetic (a) Original model (|Bmax | = 2.72 T)
flux density in the radial direction, Br , and circumferential
direction Bθ , and φ is the phase.
If l  m:
 
Br (lm) Bθ (mm) cos(l + m)φ + cos(l − m)φ
T rθ =
(n)
2μ0 2
· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (4)

The harmonic order n of electromagnetic force consists of the

sum and difference of harmonic orders l and m of magnetic
flux density, and becomes a vibration component of a higher
order, that is, the electromagnetic force of the torque ripple
component.
If l = m:
 
Br (mm) Bθ (mm) 1 + sin 2mφ
T rθ =
(n)
· · · · · · · · · · · · · · (5)
2μ0 2
The harmonic order n of the electromagnetic force is the or-
der 2m of magnetic flux density, and it becomes an electro-
magnetic force with a stationary component of 0 order and a
vibration component of 2m harmonic order. In addition, the
0th order component is called as harmonic torque.
4.3 Investigation by Harmonic Orders of Magnetic
Flux Density Distributions The magnetic flux density
distribution of each harmonic order that generates circumfer-
ential electromagnetic force is used to examine which part of
the rotor structure causes torque ripple reduction. Since the
rotor is rotating, the fundamental magnetic flux density gen-
erated by the armature coil of the stator appears as 0th order
(DC component) in the rotor. Regarding the orders by slot
harmonics, the 11th and 13th orders of the stator correspond
to the 12th order of the rotor (10) . In the stator, there is a mag-
netic field that is the sum of its own rotating magnetic field
and that of the rotor. But in the rotor, since there is no self-
generated rotating magnetic field, only a rotating magnetic
field generated by the stator appears. In terms of the 12th and
24th time harmonic orders of the electromagnetic force den-
sity spectrum, which are analyzed in the relation of electro-
magnetic force density and magnetic flux density, the effec-
tive 12th time order combination of the sum and difference of
time harmonics from Eq. (4) is estimated by the 0th harmonic
order and the 12th time order. Also, the effective 24th time
order combination of the sum and difference of time harmon-
ics from Eq. (5) is estimated by the 12th time order doubles.
Since these estimate that the magnetic flux density of 12th
time order affects torque ripple the most, the following anal-
ysis focuses on this particular magnetic density distribution.
The magnetic flux distribution of the 0th and 12th time har-
monic orders of each model are shown in Figs. 6 and 7, re-
spectively, along with the maximum magnetic flux density
(b) Three-barrier model (|Bmax | = 2.98 T)
(c) R-SLP model (|Bmax | = 2.85 T)
Fig. 6. 0th harmonic order of magnetic flux distributions
value. Since the magnetic flux density of the 0th time har-
monic order is directly affected to the average torque value,
ideally, the shape should facilitate the magnetic flux in the
d-axis direction. Meanwhile, the magnetic flux of 12th time
order has a spatial distribution of approximately 12th spatial
orders (24th circular orders) on the rotor surface. In the orig-
inal model of Fig. 7(a), the flow of magnetic flux is properly
smooth, as it flows through the inside of the rotor. In the
three-barrier model of Fig. 7(b), the flow of the magnetic flux
is also relatively smooth, with a certain portion of the mag-
netic flux flowing through the core between flux barriers. On
the other hand, in the R-SLP model of Fig. 7(c), the magnetic
flux distribution is significantly different. The magnetic flux
distribution concentrates on the rotor surface and very little
of it flowing through the core between flux barriers. There-
fore, since the difference in the magnetic flux distribution of
12th harmonic order on the rotor surface may be the main
factor that affects torque ripple reduction. The next chapter
investigates which part of the rotor structure contributes the
most.
5. Verification Analysis of Torque Ripple Reduc-
tion Factor
The difference in the shape of the three-barrier model and
the R-SLP model is once again pointed out to analyze the fac-
tors of torque ripple reduction. Figure 8 shows an enlarged

1010 IEEJ Journal IA, Vol.8, No.6, 2019

 Factor Analysis of Torque Ripple Reduction in Synchronous Reluctance Motors Derived（Hiroyuki Kaimori et al.）
(a) Original model (|Bmax | = 0.57 T)
(b) 3 barriers model (|Bmax | = 0.80 T)
(c) R-SLP model (|Bmax | = 0.64 T)
Fig. 7. 12th harmonic order of magnetic flux distribu-
tions
Fig. 8. Rotor of R-SLP model (enlarge)
view of the rotor structure of the R-SLP model. The numbers
in the figure indicate characteristic shapes, which are exam-
ined as potential factors of torque ripple reduction. The gray
color in the figure is dealt with air. Moreover, since the three-
barrier finite element mesh is used, the flux barrier shape is
not smooth. But it does not affect the following evaluation
result significantly.
( 1 ) Unbalanced core width of flux barriers in the radial
direction—While the two cores located between the flux bar-
riers in the radial direction of the three-barrier model have
the same width, they are greatly unbalanced in the R-SLP
model. Hence, The core width between the flux barriers of
the three-barrier model are modified into a rectangle-shaped
1011
(a) Rotor of the modified barrier width model
(b) Rotor of the modified barrier edge model
Fig. 9. Rotor of the modified barriers models (enlarged)
Fig. 10. Torque characteristics
flux barrier with almost the same width as that of the R-SLP
model indicated in Fig. 9(a). The results show unfortunately
the average torque decreased, and the torque ripple increased.
( 2 ) Modified flux barrier shape on rotor surface—In the
R-SLP model, the flux barrier shape close to the rotor surface
is smashed; that is, it has a characteristic structure where the
core shape between the flux barrier widens in the d-axis di-
rection. Because of this shape, the magnetic flux distribution
of the 12th harmonic order is distorted. Therefore, as shown
in Fig. 9(b), when the flux barrier shape of the rotor surface
of the three-barrier model is changed to widen to the d-axis
direction. Though not as much as in the R-SLP model, the
torque ripple decreased while the average torque remained
almost the same successfully.
Figure 10 shows the torque waveform of the three-barrier
model with the flux barrier shape of the rotor surface mod-
ified (referred to as the “modified edge model”), along with
the result of the model with unbalanced core width between
the flux barrier in the radial direction (modified barrier width
model) of topic (1) above, as reference. Even though an
almost equal average torque was obtained with the three-
barrier model and modified edge model, with the modified
edge model, the total torque ripple was reduced by as much
as 26%. Meanwhile, with the modified barrier width model,
the average torque decreased 11%, while the total torque rip-
ple increased by as much as 44%. Since the flux barrier
width is large, the magnetic saturation of the rotor bridge
IEEJ Journal IA, Vol.8, No.6, 2019
 Factor Analysis of Torque Ripple Reduction in Synchronous Reluctance Motors Derived（Hiroyuki Kaimori et al.）
Fig. 11. Orders of torques
(a) 24th of circular order
(b) 48th of circular order
Fig. 12. Magnetic force density characteristics of cir-
cumferential direction
may decrease the average torque. Figure 11 shows the com-
parison result of torque harmonic orders. With the modified
edge model, torque ripple decreases with all harmonic orders.
Especially the 24th harmonic order component, with which it
decreased as much as 49%. On the other hand, with the mod-
ified barrier width model, with 6th and 12th harmonic order
components, it is higher than with the original three-barrier
model. Especially with the 12th harmonic order component
increases by as much as 278%. These results indicate that
with the modified barrier width model, there was no torque
ripple reduction effect, and the average torque also decreased.
Therefore, the following analysis is focused on the modified
edge model, with which the torque ripple reduction effect is
verified.
Figure 12 shows the result of harmonic orders of circum-
ferential electromagnetic force density of the gap of the mod-
ified edge model with 24th and 48th circular harmonic orders.
It is compared with the three-barrier model and the R-SLP
model with −12th and −24th time harmonic orders of the pre-
vious factor analysis. It is possible to note that, with the
modified edge model, the electromagnetic force density is re-
duced to nearly half of that of the three-barrier model (except
for with (48, −12)). It tends to reduce the electromagnetic
force density as with the R-SLP model. The magnetic flux of
1012
(a) Three-barrier model (|Bmax | = 0.80 T)
(b) Mod barrier edge model (|Bmax | = 0.64 T)
Fig. 13. Comparison of 12th harmonic order of mag-
netic flux distributions
(a) 11th harmonic order of stator (|Bmax | (b) 12th harmonic order of rotor (|Bmax |
= 0.0256 T) = 0.64 T)
Fig. 14. Time harmonic orders of magnetic flux distri-
butions of modified barrier edge model
distribution of 12th time harmonic order of the modified bar-
rier edge model, in a phase where a difference to the three-
barrier model is observed, is shown in Fig. 13, compared with
the three-barrier model. While its magnetic flux distribution
follows roughly the same trend as that of the three-barrier
model. But a closer look reveals that the magnetic flux does
not flow through in the rotor as much as with the three-barrier
model. Actually, it is concentrated in the flux barrier edge on
the rotor surface. It means that torque ripple is decreased by
the same mechanism of the shoe of the stator teeth (which
is the how torque ripple of the stator is reduced); that is, by
reducing the large difference of magnetoresistance in the cir-
cumferential direction. For reference, Fig. 14 shows enlarged
views of the magnetic flux distributions of 11th order near
the stator teeth and the 12th order of the rotor close to the
flux barrier of the modified edge model. In both cases, the
fact that part of the spatial distribution of magnetic flux is
concentrated in the shoe, not flowing through in the core, is
one of the good reasons for torque ripple reduction. Also,
based on the analysis above, it is possible to conclude that
the torque ripple increased with the modified barrier width
model because of the large difference of magnetoresistance
in the circumferential direction. These results verify of the
IEEJ Journal IA, Vol.8, No.6, 2019
 Factor Analysis of Torque Ripple Reduction in Synchronous Reluctance Motors Derived（Hiroyuki Kaimori et al.）

electromagnetic force density order and magnetic flux den-

sity order that could potentially generate torque ripple, we
focus on the magnetic flux distribution of 12th time order to
compare the three-barrier model and R-SLP model, and an-
alyzed the rotor shape that could reduce torque ripple. This
analysis reveals that the shape of the core between the flux
barriers is what affects the torque ripple reduction the most.
The torque ripple reduction factors are evaluated according to
the procedure above, confirming that factor analysis by har-
monic order is a valid approach. The results also verify that
(a) 24th of circular order
the circumferential and radial electromagnetic forces are cor-
related.
Since the shape of a flux barrier is highly flexible, optimiz-
ing its topology requires a shape that is difficult to obtain if
the designer does so by defining the design variables based
on experience and preconceptions. We believe successfully
we demonstrated that it is possible to acquire new knowledge
from its factor analysis.

(b) 48th of circular order
Fig. 15. Magnetic force density characteristics of radial
direction
analysis method of torque ripple reduction factors.
6. Relationship between Torque Ripple Reduc-
tion and Radial Electromagnetic Force
It is useful approach to verify the relationship between the
reduction effect circumferential electromagnetic force and ra-
dial electromagnetic force. Using the gap magnetic flux den-
sity shown in section 4.1, the radial electromagnetic forces
are compared with spatial and time harmonic orders. Fig-
ure 15 shows the radial electromagnetic force with each spa-
tial and time harmonic order indicated in Fig. 12, along with
the result of the R-SLP model for reference. It shows that
with the modified edge model, the electromagnetic force den-
sity decreased to almost half of the three-barrier model with
all orders. It means the same trend as that of the R-SLP model
of reducing the circumferential electromagnetic force den-
sity. These results verify that the circumferential and radial
electromagnetic forces are correlated.
7. Conclusion
In this paper, the factors that reduce torque ripple are an-
alyzed using the R-SLP model, which is a torque ripple re-
duction structure based on IEEJ’s benchmark “D model” the
original model without magnets for comparison, and a three-
layer flux barrier model.
The circumferential electromagnetic force is calculated
from the gap magnetic flux density, submitted to Fourier se-
ries expansion in spatial and time orders, and decomposed
into circular and time harmonic orders. By focusing on the
time harmonic order with the highest impact according to
the harmonic order of torque waveform, based on the fact
that the torque ripple of the original model and three-barrier
model were almost the same, we estimate the harmonic
order in which the torque ripple of the R-SLP model re-
duced. Based on the relationship between the circumferential
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Hiroyuki Kaimori (Member) received M.S. degree from Toyo Uni-
versity, Japan. Since 2002, he joins at Science Solu-
tions International Laboratory, Inc., Japan. He works
for electromagnetic simulation software as a devel-
oper. His research interests are electromagnetic field
computation and coupling analysis with circuit simu-
lation of electrical machines, and so on. He is a mem-
ber of IEEE Magnetics Society, the Institute of Elec-
trical Engineering of Japan, and the Japan Society of
Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics.

1013 IEEJ Journal IA, Vol.8, No.6, 2019

 Factor Analysis of Torque Ripple Reduction in Synchronous Reluctance Motors Derived（Hiroyuki Kaimori et al.）
Yoshifumi Okamoto (Senior Member) received Ph.D. degree from
Okayama University, Japan. After that, engaged in
postdoctoral researcher at RIKEN, and he became an
assistant professor at Utsunomiya University. Then,
He has been professor since 2018 at Hosei Univer-
sity. His research interests are advanced methodology
for electromagnetic field computation, topology opti-
mization method of electrical machine, and so on. He
is a member of IEEE Magnetics Society, the Interna-
tional Compumag Society, the Institute of Electrical
Engineering of Japan, and the Japan Society for Computational Engineering
and Science.
1014
Shinji Wakao (Member) received B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in
1989, 1991 and 1993, respectively, from Waseda Uni-
versity, Tokyo, Japan. He became a Professor in
the Department of Electrical Engineering and Bio-
science in 2006, and since 2016, he has been the
Dean of School of Advanced Science and Engineer-
ing, Waseda University. His research interests are
electromagnetic field computation, energy manage-
ment of photovoltaic power generation system, and
design optimization of electric machines. He is an
executive board member of Japan Solar Energy Society, a member of an
electric power safety commission in the Ministry of Economy, Trade and
Industry, Japan, etc.
IEEJ Journal IA, Vol.8, No.6, 2019