Guiac test

A guaiac fecal occult blood test (FOBT) checks for occult (hidden) blood in the stool.
Small samples of stool are placed on a special card.

The fecal occult blood test is used to find blood in the feces, or stool. An FOBT finds blood in
the stool that you cannot see. Polyps are growths that develop on the inner wall of the colon and
rectum. If you have a family history of colorectal cancer or if you have other risk factors of
developing colorectal cancer, your doctor may recommend that you start regular screening earlier.

2 types of fecal occult blood tests.

There are 2 types of FOBTs, both of which you can do at home:

 Guaiac-based FOBT. During the test, you place a stool sample on a test card coated with a plant-based
substance called guaiac. Some guaiac-based FOBTs use flushable pads instead of a card.

 Fecal immunochemical test (FIT) or immunochemical FOBT. This test uses a specialized protein called an
antibody. This specific protein attaches to hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying part of red blood cells. A
sample of the stool is placed in a tube or on a card and sent away to the doctor or laboratory for testing.
The immunochemical test has some benefits over the guaiac test. But both tests are used and can provide
information about blood in the stool.
Hepatobiliary or Hepatobiliary imaging

Hepatobiliary nuclear medicine imaging helps evaluate the parts of the biliary system, including the liver,
gallbladder, and bile ducts. It uses small amounts of radioactive materials called radiotracers that are typically
injected into the bloodstream, inhaled or swallowed. The radiotracer travels through the area being examined and
gives off energy in the form of gamma rays. Gamma rays are detected by a special camera and a computer to
create images of the inside of your body. Nuclear medicine imaging provides unique information that often cannot
be obtained using other imaging procedures.

CGB

CBG or A blood glucose test measures the glucose levels in your blood. Glucose is a type of sugar. It is your
body's main source of energy. A hormone called insulin helps move glucose from the bloodstream into the cells.
Too much or too little glucose in the blood can be a sign of a serious medical condition. High blood sugar may also
be caused by other conditions that can affect insulin or glucose levels in your blood, such as problems with your
pancreas or adrenal glands. Certain conditions, such as liver disease, may cause low levels of blood glucose in
people without diabetes, but this is uncommon.
EGD

EGD stands for “esophagogastroduodenoscopy. During an EGD test, medical examiners use something
called an endoscope to examine the inside of the body. It’s a small, lighted camera on the end of a long, flexible
tube. an endoscope is passed down your throat, through your esophagus (swallowing tube) and into your stomach.
The camera sends images to a computer screen showing your esophagus, stomach and duodenum or at the upper
part of your small intestine.

ERCP

Doctors use ERCP to treat problems of the bile and pancreatic ducts. Doctors also use ERCP to diagnose
problems of the bile and pancreatic ducts if they expect to treat problems during the procedure. For diagnosis
alone, doctors may use noninvasive tests—tests that do not physically enter the body—instead of ERCP.
Noninvasive tests such as magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/digestive-diagnostic-
procedures
 PTC or Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiogram procedure

A percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram (PTC) is an x-ray of the bile ducts. These are the tubes
that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder and small intestine. The provider will clean the upper right and
middle area of the belly area and then apply a numbing medicine. X-rays and ultrasound are used to help the
health care provider locate your liver and bile ducts. The provider injects dye, called contrast medium, into the bile
ducts.

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Percutaneous-transhepatic-cholangiography-PTC-a-d-Liver-
puncture-was-done-through_fig1_349979856
Liver biopsy

A liver biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small amount of liver tissue is surgically removed so it can
be analyzed in a laboratory. Liver biopsies are usually done to evaluate disease, such as cirrhosis, or to detect
infection, inflammation, or cancerous cells.

Symptoms that a doctor would test for include:

 digestive system issues
 persistent abdominal pain
 right upper quadrant abdominal mass
 laboratory tests pointing to the liver as an area of concern

A liver biopsy is usually done if you received abnormal results from other liver tests, have a tumor or mass
on your liver, or experience consistent, unexplainable fevers.

https://www.healthline.com/health/liver-biopsy#uses

Blood Serum Studies

Automation and modern advances in medical technology enable the physician to obtain a complete
battery of laboratory tests from the patient's blood. Listed below are a few of the studies you may want to check
to assess the diagnosis or spread of cancer.

Serum Calcium

Calcium circulated in the blood in equilibrium with the calcium in the bone. When bone is replaced with
malignant cells, calcium is released in an increased amount in the blood circulation.
Serum Alkaline Phosphatase

Alkaline phosphatase is an intercellular enzyme which becomes elevated when there is destruction of
cells. The key areas where it is produced are the liver and bones. An elevated alkaline phosphatase is indicative of
bone and liver abnormalities.

Serum Acid Phosphatase

Elevated serum levels of acid phosphatase are seen in patients with carcinoma of the prostate that has
extended beyond the prostatic capsule. Since other tissues may also release acid phosphatase into the blood
serum, minor elevations may reflect an origin other than the prostate. See the table below for normal values.
There are different methods for determining the alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase levels in the blood.