PHYSICAL EDUCATION 13 (SPORTS SCIENCE)

ANATOMY - distinct from physiology and biochemistry, which deal respectively with the fucntions of
those parts and the chemical processes involved.

ANATOMIST - concerned with the shape, size, position, structure, blood supply and innervation of an
organ such as the liver.

PHYSIOLOGIST - interested in the production of bile, the role of the liver in nutrition and the
regulation of bodily functions.

ANATOMY FOR SPORTS INJURIES - learning the difference between ligament, a tendon, and
muscle can not only help you better understand your injury, but will also be helpful when trying to
determine what kind of injury you may have.

VARIOUS REGIONS OF THE BODY, GROSS ANATOMY (POSSIBLE PARTS OF INJURY)

1. Ankle
2. Elbow
3. Knee
4. Shoulder

GENERAL ANATOMY CONCEPT:

A. Superior - indicates a structure that is closer to the head.
B. Inferior - structures are closer to the feet.
C. Proximal - structures are closer to the trunk.
D. Distal - structures are towards the extremities.

DIVIDE THE BODY IN HALF FROM FRONT TO BACK:

A. The front - anterior side
B. The back - posterior side

TYPES OF PRIMARY BODY TISSUES

1. BONES - calcified tissues that provide support and structure to the body.
FRACTURE - broken bone

2. LIGAMENTS - soft connective tissues that attach one bone to another.

SPRAIN - injury to the ligaments.

3. TENDONS - connective tissues that are connected to muscles to bones.

STRAINS - tendon and muscle injury

4. MUSCLES - contractile tissues of the body.

LAYERS OF THE MUSCLES
A. Perimysium
B. Endomysium
C. Epimysium

5. FASCIA - soft connective tissues that sorrounds muscles, bones, and other soft connective tissues. It
also helps to connect the different body regions.

6. NERVES - are special tissues that help to transmit signals throughout the body.
BODY REGIONS

1. ANKLE AND FOOT - bones,ligaments and the muscles of the foot and ankle.
2. KNEE - bones, ligaments, and muscles of the knee.
a. ACL
b. MCL
c. PCL
d. Meniscus,
e. Patella,
f. tendons
 3. ShOULDER - structures are involved with impingement syndrome, shoulder dislocations, and
labial tears.

4. ELBOW - learn more about the bones, ligaments, and muscles of the elbow and arm.

5. HIP - learn about the muscles, bones, and ligaments of the hip.

6. WRIST/HAND - learn more about the muscles, bones, and ligaments of the wrist and hand.

BIOMECHANICS IN SPORTS
- incorporates detailed analysis of sports movements in order to minimize the risk of injury and
improve sports performance.

1. Sport and exercise biomechanics encompasses the area of science concerned with the analysis
of the mechanics of human movement.
2. It refers to the description, detailed analysis and assessment of human movement during sport
activities.

MECHANICS - branch of physics that is concerned with the description of motion/ movement and how
forces create motion/movement.

SPORT BIOMECHANICS - science of explaining how and why the human body moves in the way that
I does.

BIOMECHANICS IS TRADITIONALLY DIVIDED INTO THE AREAS;

1. KINEMATICS - deals with the geometry of the motion of objects, which includes
displacement, velocity, and acceleration, without taking the account the forces that produce the
motion.
2. KINETICS - study of the relationship between the force system acting on a body and the
changes it produces in body motion.

APPLICATION - human movement performance can be enhanced in many ways as effective movement
encompasses anatomical factors, neuromuscular skills, physiological capacities and psychological/
cognitive abilities.

BIOMECHANICS - study of the structure, function and motion of the mechanical aspects as biological
systems, at any level from whole organisms to organs, cells and cell organelles.

AREAS WHERE BIOMECHANICS IS APPLIED TO SUPPORT ATHLETES PERFORMANCE /

SOLVE ISSUES IN SPORT OR EXERCISE :

1. The identification of optimal technique for enhancing sports performance.

2. The analysis of body loading to determine the safest method for performing a particular sport
or exercise task.
3. The assessment of muscular recruitment and loading.
4. The analysis of sport and exercise equipment (shoes, surfaces and others)

PRINCIPLES OF BIOMECHANICS
1. FORCES AND TORQUES
FORCE - simply a push and pull and it changes the motion of the body segment.
MOTION - created and modified by the actions of forces.
TORQUE or MOMENT OF FORCE - force rotates a body segment or the racket.

2. NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION - explain how forces create motion in sport.

NEWTON’S 3 LAWS OF MOTION
1. LAW OF INERTIA - states that objects tend to resist changes in their state of
motion.
2. LAW OF ACCELERATION - explains how much motion a force creates.
 3. LAW OF REACTION - states that for every action (force) there is an equal
and opposite reaction force.

MOMENTUM - the product of an object’s velocity and mass.

- the quantity of motion an object possesses.

2 TYPES OF MOMENTUM
A. LINEAR MOMENTUM - straight line
B. ANGULAR MOMENTUM - created by the rotations of the various body segments.

3.CENTER OF GRAVITY (COG) - imaginary point around which body weight is evenly
distributed.

BALANCE - the ability of a player to [control their equilibrium or stability.

A. STATIC BALANCE - ability to control the body while the body is stationary.
B. DYNAMIC BALANCE - the ability to control the body during motion.

LOWER LIMB BIOMECHANICS - refers to a complex interplay between the joints, muscles and
nervous system which results in a certain patterning of movement, often referred to as ‘alignment’. 

1. FOOT AND ANKLE BIOMECHANICS - a rigid structure for weight bearing and it can
also function as a flexible structure to conform to uneven terrain.

IMPORTANT FUNCTION :
A. Supporting body weight
B. Providing balance
C. Shock absorption
D. Transferring ground reaction forces
E. Compensating for proximal misalignment
F. Substituting hand function in individuals

2. Q ANGLE - understanding of the normal anatomical and biochemical features of the

patellofemoral joint is essential to any evalution of knee function.

3. BIOMECHANICS OF GAIT - Sandra J. Shultz- describes gait as: “...someone’s manner of

ambulation or locomotion, involves the total body.
GAIT SPEED - determines the contribution of each body segment.
BIPEDAL WALKING - an important characteristic of humans.

THE STRUCTURE OF UPPER EXTREMITY IS COMPOSED OF :

1. SHOULDER GIRDLE - consist of scapula ad clavile
2. UPPER LIMB - composed of arm, forearm, wrist ,hand and fingers
SCAPULOHUMERAL RHYTHM ( GLEN HUMERAL RHYTHM) - is the kinematic interaction
between the scapula and the humerus, first published by Codman in the 1930's.

SCAPULAR DYSKINESIA - the change of the normal position

SPORT SPECIFIC BIOMECHANICS

1. RUNNING BIOMECHANICS - similar to walking in terms of locomotive activity
KEY DIFFERENCES :
A. Having the ability to walk does not mean that the individual has the ability to
run.
B. The gait cycle is one third longer in time.
C. The ground reaction force is smaller in the gait cycle.
D. The velocity is much higher.
E. In running, there is also just one stance phase while in stepping there are two.

SHOCK ABSORPTION - much larger in comparison to walking.

RUNNING REQUIRES :
A. Greater balance
B. Greater muscle strength
C. Greater joint range of movement
2. CYCLING BIOMECHANICS - this was a machine initially had two wheels th are connected
by a wooden plank with a rudder device for steering.

3. BASEBALL PITCHING BIOMECHANICS - baseball pitching is one of the most intensely

studying athletic motions.
THROWING - is also considered one of the fastest human motions performed.

4. TENNIS BIOMECHANICS - a very complex task.