19th Century Philippines in Rizal's Context

Republic of the Philippines
BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE

Institute of Arts and Sciences
Pinaod, San Ildefonso, Bulacan, Philippines 3010
P.I. 100- LIFE AND

WORKS OF JOSE RIZAL
Learning Module
Yosef Eric C. Hipolito, LPT, MA

Faculty Member, Social Sciences Discipline
Bulacan Agricultural State College
1
AUTHOR’S BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

He was born on April 19, 1996 at Baliwag, Bulacan to Enrico R. Hipolito, a Civil
Engineer and Maria Amparo V. Custodio a former bank cashier. He has a sibling named
Eric Paulo C. Hipolito, an Information technologist.
He graduated First Honorable Mention in elementary at Saint John School, San
Ildefonso, Bulacan and finished as Academic Excellence Awardee in high school on the
same school. At Baliuag University, he took up Bachelor of Arts in History with 18 units
of Bachelor of Secondary Education major in Social Studies and graduated as a Cum
Laude and a Service to the University Awardee.
Despite being a historian by profession, he wants to pursue his passion in teaching
as one of the ideal jobs of his finished program. He passed the 2017 Licensure
Examination for Teachers and registered as a Licensed Professional Teacher by the
Professional Regulation Commission. To continue his professional development, he
finished his Master of Arts in Education degree, with the specialization in Educational
Management in Bulacan Agricultural State College in 2021. Personally, he visited almost
200 historical places in the Philippines as part of his studies, majority of these are
recognized by the National Commission of the Philippines (formerly National Historical
Institute).
Served as an Araling Panlipunan teacher (s.y. 2017-2018); Grade 10 Curriculum
Chairman, Senior High school Department Student Government Adviser, Senior High
School Social Science Teacher (s.y. 2018-2019); and Science, Technology, Engineering
and Mathematics Strand Academic Head (s.y. 2019-2020) at Saint John School, San
Ildefonso, Bulacan.
He is currently finishing his second Master’s degree in Education, with
specialization in Social Studies Education at Wesleyan University-Philippines,
Cabanatuan City. Hence, he is serving as Instructor I of Social Sciences Discipline and
Social Science Technical Expert at the Institute of Arts and Sciences, Bulacan
Agricultural State College Main Campus.
2
P.I. 100- LIFE AND

WORKS OF JOSE RIZAL
Learning Module
*Module 2
Yosef Eric C. Hipolito, LPT, MA

Faculty Member, Social Sciences Discipline
Bulacan Agricultural State College
3
MODULE 2: 19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES IN RIZAL’S CONTEXT

I. INTRODUCTION
Pursuant to the De La Salle University professor, Dr. Jose Victor Z. Torres, the
best way to let students appreciate the life of Rizal and to relate their lives to the hero was
to introduce first the environment and the scenarios during the time when Rizal was born
or even the situation in the Philippines during the 19 th century- “The Century of
Change.”
In line with the words of historian, Gregorio Zaide, in order to appreciate and
understand the life of Rizal, it is necessary to know the historical background of the
world and of the Philippines during his times. The 19 th century when he lived was a
century of ferment caused by the following winds of history. In Asia, Europe and the
Americas, events urged inexorably like sea tides, significantly affecting the lives and
fortunes of mankind.
Basically, as we decipher several primary sources or even secondary sources that
described the situations in the Philippine during that time, it can be seen that the society
was filled with “social cancer” that needs to be solved as per the colonization of
Spaniards.
At the end of Module 2, you are expected to answer the key question below:
“How can you describe the time of Jose Rizal as a Filipino?”
II. LEARNING COMPETENCIES/OBJECTIVES
In this module, you should able to:
1. Describe the social, political and economic conditions of the Philippines during
Rizal’s times.
2. Mapping the changes in the 19th century Philippines categorizing the social,
political and economic changes.
3. Explain how the prevailing philosophical thinking of Europe affected the rest
of the world including the Philippines.
4
III. DISCUSSION
1. Political Aspect
Impact of the Bourbon Reforms
This political reform sets the economic and political legislation promulgated by
the Spanish crown under various kings like King Philip V (1700-1746), King Ferdinand
VI (1746-1759), King Charles III (1759-1788) and Charles IV (1788-1800). Besides, it
pursued the state supremacy over the Catholic church, resulting to the suppressing of
Jesuits in 1767 as well as ecclesiastical privileges.
It gave deep consequences of colonial policy innovations in areas such as Mexico
and Philippines that was why it gave also the Philippine natives the idea that colonization
could be done without much intervention from Catholic church.
Cadiz Constitution/Spanish Constitution of 1812

It was a liberal constitution promulgated by the 300 deputies from Spanish
America and Philippines on March 18-19, 1812 at Cadiz Port, Mediterranean to end the
abuse of conservative ideas in Spain. In Manila, an election held to name the Filipino
delegate who will represent the Philippines, and it was Ventura Delos Reyes.
It declares “sovereignty resides the nation, which the exclusive right to establish
its fundamental laws.” Likewise, it established universal male suffrage; constitutional
monarchy; freedom of press, land reform, free enterprise and allowing colonies to have
representatives in Spanish Cortes.
Later, it was declared invalid by King Fernando VII and restored “Absolutism.”
This constitution was not been implemented in the Philippines (supposedly in 1815) but
resulted in revised system of Spanish Government in the Philippines like the abolition of
Galleon Trade, converting mercantilism to free-trade and Ilocos rebellion and advent of
liberalism.
2. Economic Aspect
End of Galleon Trade
5
Longest economic trading route through Galleon ships going back and forth
between Manila, Cebu and Acapulco, Mexico (1565-1815). Philippines sent mangoes,
tamarinds, rice, carabaos, Chinese tea textiles, Tuba (coconut wine) to Mexico, while
guava, avocado, papaya, pineapple etc. were sent by Mexico to the Philippines.
This economic transaction was ended on September 14, 1815 when Mexico
gained its independence from Spain and it was abolished because of the efforts of
Ventura Delos Reyes as representative in Spanish Cortes (1810-1813). Filipinos before
wanted to end this economic policy because of its abusive system for the country.
Opening of Suez Canal

It was an artificial way that connects the Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea in Egypt
that was officially opened on November 17, 1869 by the leadership of Ferdinand de
Lesseps. It decreased the travel time of Philippines to Spain from three months to 32-40
days.
It furthered the importation of liberal books, newspapers and magazines from
Europe and America. Through this, the European ideologies and philosophies went to the
Philippines and influenced several Filipino liberals to fight for their civil rights.
3. Social Aspect
Rise of Chinese Mestizos
This was s new social class in the Philippines during 19 th century who developed
the commercial agriculture and owned several haciendas of sugar, coffee and hemp.
Later, they became the education and finance leaders because of non-existence of
Spanish Mestizos ascended to position of power in Philippine society.
Rise of Inquilinos
They were tenants in the haciendas owned by Spanish friars and their families
began to accumulate wealth through farming and production.
6
Their rise started when the country required intense cultivation of land for mass
productions after the end of Galleon trade and the opening of Suez Canal.
Aside from the mentioned situations during Rizal’s time, there were many evil
scenarios happened; instability of colonial administration, corrupt officialdom, no
Philippine representative in Spanish cortes, no equality before the law, racial
discrimination, Frailocracy and forced labor.
References
Printed Materials:
Zaide, G.F. & Zaide, S.M. (1994). Jose Rizal; Life, works, and writings of a genius,
writer, scientist and national hero (Second Edition). All Nations Publishing Co.
Inc. Quezon City.
Links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T0ZA3RTMYao
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8_ik78ujIbE
7
BASC Vision, Mission, Goals and Core values
VISION
The Bulacan Agricultural State College a globally-engaged higher education
institution of agriculture and allied disciplines.
MISSION
The Bulacan Agricultural State College shall provide excellent instruction,
conduct relevant research and foster community engagement that produce highly
competent graduates necessary for the development of the country.
GOALS:
 Sustained Excellence in Instruction
 Innovative RDE System and Competitive S&T Products
 Adequate and Sustainable Resource Generation Activities
 Efficient, Effective and Client-Centered Administrative Support Services
 Functional and Adequate Physical Facilities and Infrastructure
CORE VALUES:
 Relevance
 Integrity
 Truth
 Excellence

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Republic of the Philippines

BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE

P.I. 100- LIFE AND

Yosef Eric C. Hipolito, LPT, MA

AUTHOR’S BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

P.I. 100- LIFE AND

Yosef Eric C. Hipolito, LPT, MA

MODULE 2: 19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES IN RIZAL’S CONTEXT

Cadiz Constitution/Spanish Constitution of 1812

Opening of Suez Canal

BASC Vision, Mission, Goals and Core values

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