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Introduction To Infrared Spectros
Introduction To Infrared Spectros
(Nuclear/Electronic spin)
(Vibrational)
(Electronic)
H H
C C
H H
symmetric asymmetric
(2853 cm-1) (2926 cm-1)
http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/vibs/co2.html
Infrared Spectroscopy
The greater the dipole moment change through the vibration, the more
intense the EM field that is generated
Infrared Spectroscopy
The IR Spectroscopic Process:
EM oscillating wave
from bond vibration
Infrared Spectroscopy
The y-axis on an IR
spectrum is in units of
% transmittance In regions where
no osc. bond is
interacting with
In regions where the EM IR light,
field of an osc. bond transmittance
interacts with IR light nears 100%
of the same ν –
transmittance is low
(light is absorbed)
Infrared Spectroscopy
The IR Spectrum:
The IR Spectrum:
This unit is used rather than wavelength (microns) because wavenumbers are
directly proportional to the energy of transition being observed – chemists like
this, physicists hate it!
This unit is used rather than frequency as the numbers are more “real” than the
exponential units of frequency
It is important to make note of peak intensities to show the effect of these factors:
Energy/ν of oscillation
• One can rationalize the trends below using the wavenumber formula
(Hooke’s Law)
1. (Mass)
2. (Bond strength)
(Hybridization/Resonance effects)
Bond stretching frequencies
• The energy necessary to cause absorption (vibration) depends on the
type of bond
Infrared Spectroscopy
General
3. Since most “types” of bonds in covalent molecules have roughly the same
energy, i.e., C=C and C=O bonds (1715 ± 100 cm-1), C-H and N-H bonds
(3000 ± 150 cm-1) they show up in similar regions of the IR spectrum
4. Remember all organic functional groups are made of multiple bonds and
therefore show up as multiple IR bands (peaks)
Infrared Group Analysis
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Region
4000 cm-1 2700 cm-1 2000 cm-1 1600 cm-1 600 cm-1
Fingerprint Region
Continuous
Hot wire spectrum of ν
Varies ν
FT-IR/ATR