CEP 402 – CE ELECTIVE 2 (CONSTRUCTION
2 TOPIC: Global Situation OSH
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH)
1. COSH –DEFINITION OF OSH AND COSH
1.1 TOPIC: Definition of OSH and COSH
 Health, according to the World Health
Organization, is "a state of complete
physical, mental and social well-being and
not merely the absence of disease and
infirmity." 
 Safety is a concept that includes all
measures and practices taken to preserve
the life, health, and bodily integrity of
individuals.
Occupational health and safety
 is the field of public health that studies
trends in illnesses and injuries in the worker
population and proposes and implements
strategies and regulations to prevent them.
Its scope is broad, encompassing a wide
variety of disciplines—from toxicology and
epidemiology to ergonomics and violence
prevention.
 Occupational safety and health (OSH), also
commonly referred to as occupational
health and safety (OHS), occupational
health,[1] or occupational safety, is a
multidisciplinary field concerned with
the safety, health, and welfare of people
at occupation.
 The goal of an occupational safety and
health program is to foster a safe and
healthy occupational environment.[3] OSH
also protects all the general public who may
be affected by the occupational
environment.[4]
Construction Occupational Safety and Health
 One of the mandatory 40-hour training
courses required for individuals working in
the construction industry under Rule 1030
of the Occupational Safety and Health
Standards (OSHS) and the DOLE
Department Order No. 13, s. 1998:
Guidelines Governing Safety and Health in
the Construction Industry. This training aims
to equip participants with the basic
knowledge and skills in performing safety
audits, assessments and analysis of hazards
and risks in the construction industry;
determining appropriate control measures
and developing and implementing OSH
policies and programs.
1.
 Worldwide, there are around 340 million
occupational accidents annually
 160 million victims of work-related illnesses
annually.
 The ILO estimates that some 2.3 million
women and men around the world
succumb to work-related accidents or
diseases every year; this corresponds to
over 6000 deaths every single day.
 The ILO updates these estimates at
intervals, and the updates indicate an
increase of accidents and ill health.
 Some of the major findings in the ILO’s
latest statistical data on occupational
accidents and diseases, and work-related
deaths on a world-wide level include the
following:
 Diseases related to work cause the most
deaths among workers. Hazardous
substances alone are estimated to cause
651,279 deaths a year.
 The construction industry has a
disproportionately high rate of recorded
accidents.
 Younger and older workers are particularly
vulnerable. The ageing population in
developed countries means that an
increasing number of older persons are
working and need special consideration.
Covid-19 Impact on Labour Market
a) 8.8% DECLINE IN WORKING HOURS
These working-hour losses (relative to
the fourth quarter of 2019) are
equivalent to 255 million full-time jobs
and approximately four times greater
than during the global financial crisis in
2009.
b) 8.3% DECLINE IN LABOUR INCOME
The decline in global labour income
(before taking into account income
support measures) amounts to US$3.7
trillion, or 4.4 per cent of global gross
domestic product.
c) 81 million INCREASE IN PERSONS
OUTSIDE THE LABOUR FORCE
Employment losses in 2020 translated
mainly into rising inactivity rather than
unemployment. Accounting for 71 per
cent of global employment losses,
inactivity increased by 81 million, which
resulted in a reduction of the global
labour force participation rate by 2.2
percentage points in 2020 to 58.4 per
cent. 
Covid-19 Statistics World Wide as of August 19, 2021 of safety performance in the workplace
used to provide occupational injury
Cases: 209 M
statistics at the national level.
Deaths: 4.39 M  Statistics showed that the incidence rate of
fatal occupational injuries per 100,000
Source: Wikipedia employed persons in 2015 was recorded at
3.8 percent. This means that there were
around 4 cases of occupational injuries with
1.3 TOPIC: National (Philippines) Situation OSH workdays lost per 1,000 workers during the
 Policy and legal framework on the need for year. In comparison with the 2013 figures,
safe work environment the incidence rate declined by 2.6
 Article 128 of the Labor Code of the percentage points from the 6.4 incidence
Philippines was enacted to safeguard the rate reported in 2013. (Figure 1)
implementation of labor standards among
establishments. It grants the Secretary of
Labor and Employment and its duly
appointed personnel to have visitorial and
enforcement powers that guarantees
access to employers’ records and premises
any time of the day or night whenever work
is being undertaken therein.
 To further strengthen the enforcement of
labor standards, enacted in 2017 is RA
 Non-fatal incidence rate for occupational
11058 or an “Act of Strengthening the
injuries per 100,000
Compliance
employed persons had also declined in
with Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)
2015. Specifically, 484 cases of non-fatal
Standards and Providing Penalties for
injuries per 1,000 workers was observed in
Violations Thereof”, which stipulates that
2013 to 426 cases in 2015.
the State shall
ensure a safe and healthful workplace for
all Filipino workers by
providing them full protection against all
hazards in their work
environment.
 With this strengthened OSH law, a stricter
compliance of establishments to general
labor standards and occupational safety and
health standards in protecting its workers
against injury, sickness or health is
expected. Otherwise, a corresponding more
severe penalty for any violation will likewise  Average days lost for temporary incapacity
be imposed accordingly. cases increased by 1 day in 2015
 Specifically, the Occupational Safety nd  There was an average of 6.5 days lost to
Health Center (OSHC) and the workers due to temporary incapacity cases
Bureau of Working Conditions (BWC) of the in 2015, an increase of 1.1 day compared to
DOLE are mandated by law to formulate the recorded 5.4 average days lost in 2013.
programs/interventions against work This pattern of increase is observed for all
accidents and illnesses; develop and the sectors during the period under review.
prescribe adequate labor standards at the (Figure 3)
workplace; and exercise supervision over
the DOLE regional offices in its enforcement
activities and administration.
 Incidence rate of fatal occupational injuries
decline by 2.6 percentage points
 Occupational injury is defined as a result of
a work-related event which happened in
the course of an individual’s employment
activities that may cause personal injury,
illness or death. Incidence rate is a measure
  Incidence rate of occupational diseases
decreased by 1,042
 An occupational disease is defined as any
ailment contracted by a worker primarily as
a result of an exposure to risk factors arising
from work activity or work environment.
 Survey results showed that the incidence
rate of occupational diseases per 100,000
employed persons decreased by 1,042
cases from the 4,073 cases posted in 2013  By type of violation, the most common violation
to the 3,031 cases in 2015. (Figure 4) incurred by
establishments under general labor standards in
2017 was no record
keeping/non-presentation of records
accounting for 21.0 percent of total
establishments with violations on the required
labor standards. (Figure 7)
 This was followed by wage-related violations
such as underpayment of minimum wage
(14.1%); non-remittance of Social Security
System
(SSS) Premium (13.2%);
 Number of DOLE labor inspectorate non-payment/underpayment of regular
continually expands over time holiday pay (10.7%); and
 Work-related accidents often lead to high non-payment/underpayment of overtime
economic cost and more importantly pay (10.0 %).
endangers the employees’ welfare.
However, these occupational accidents and
injuries can be mitigated or even be
prevented through strict and proper
implementation of the required labor
standards at the workplace.
 The Labor Laws Compliance Officers (LLCOs)
of the DOLE are mandated under DOLE
Department Order No. 131-B (2016) to be
engaged in the enforcement, education of
employers on their obligations, and offering
technical assistance services to employers
and workers that will
increase their capacity to comply and
monitor compliance with labor  With regard to violations on occupational safety
standards. and health
 Positively, the number of LCCOs are standards, the most widespread violation
continuously being increased from among inspected
462 in 2014 to 562 in 2017. (Figure 5) establishments in 2017 was inadequacy of first-
aider at 19.3
percent. (Figure 8)
 This was followed by non-registration of
establishment (Rule 1020) at 18.6 percent; non-
keeping of medical records (15.9%); non-
submission of accident report (14.2%); non-
submission of annual medical report (13.8%);
and no safety committee (11.0%).

 Establishments with violations on labor

standards and occupational
safety and health standards decreased by 3.4
percent
 • Among occupation groups, plant and machine
operators and assemblers accounted for the
highest share of occupational injuries with
workdays lost in 2015 at 28.3 percent (5,052
cases out of 17,859). ( Figure 3)
2.2 TOPIC: OSH Benefits

Occupational Accidents and Injuries

 The number of occupational accidents

reached a total of 44,739 in 2015, a decline
of 5.7 percent from the 47,440 occupational
accidents
reported in 2013.
 Despite this reduction, the resulting
occupational injuries as an aftermath of
these occupational accidents in 2015 grew
by 3.8 percent from 49,118 in 2013 to
DEFINITION OF TERMS
50,961. (Figure 1)
 Occupational accident – an unexpected and
unplanned occurrence, including acts of
violence arising out of or in connection with
work which results in one or more workers
incurring a personal injury, disease and
death. It can occur outside the usual
workplace/premises of the establishment
while the worker is on business on behalf of

his/her employer, i.e., in another

 Occupational injury – an injury which results
(b) Classified by incapacity for work, almost all
occupational injuries with workdays lost resulted to
only temporary incapacity of workers in both 2013 at
97.9 percent (20,257 out of 20,702) and 2015 at 97.1
percent (17,346 out of 17,859), respectively. (Figure 2)
(c ) Meanwhile, cases that resulted to permanent
incapacity more than doubled from 175 (0.8%) in 2013
to 358 (2.0%) in 2015.
(d) Fatal cases for work-related injuries, on the other
hand, had the lowest share among the cases at 0.9
percent (156) in 2015 and the second least share in
2013 at 1.3 percent (270).
establishment or while on travel, transport
or in road
traffic.
from a work-related event or a single
instantaneous exposure in the work
environment (occupational accident).
Where more
than one person is injured in a single
accident, each case of occupational injury
should
be counted separately. If one person is
injured in more than one occupational
accident
during the reference period, each case of
injury to that person should be counted
separately. Recurrent absences due to an
injury resulting from a single occupational
accident should be treated as the
continuation of the same case of
 occupational injury
not as a new case.
WHY THE NEED FOR COSH
 Fatal case – case where a person is fatally
injured as a result of occupational accident
whether death occurs immediately after the
accident or within the same reference year
as the accident.
 Permanent incapacity – case where an
injured person was absent from work for at
least one day, excluding the day of the
accident, and 1) was never able to perform
again the normal duties of the job or
position occupied at the time of the
occupational accident, or 2) will be able to
perform the same job but his/her total ICEBERG THEORY
absence from work
is expected to exceed a year starting the Direct Costs
day after the accident.
 Temporary incapacity – case where an
injured person was absent from work for at
least one day, excluding the day of the
accident, and 1) was able to perform again
the
normal duties of the job or position
occupied at the time of the occupational
accident or
2) will be able to perform the same job but
Indirect Costs
his/her total absence from work is expected

not to exceed a year starting the day after

DIRECT COST OF ACCIDENTS
the accident, or 3) did not return to the
same job but the reason for changing the  Medical Expenses
job is not related to his/her inability to  Equipment Damage
perform the job at the time of the  Wasted Raw Materials
occupational accident.  Insurance Premiums
 Workdays lost – refer to working days  Litigation Expenses
(consecutive or staggered) an injured
person
was absent from work, starting the day INDIRECT COST OF ACCIDENTS
after the accident. If the person is still 1. Injured Workers
absent
from work by the end of the reference year,  Lesser productivity due to interruption on day
his/her workdays lost cover the period of injury
from the day after the accident up to the  Loss in efficiency
end of the reference year. Temporary  Loss of income
absences from work of less than one day for 2. Other Employees
medical treatment are not included in
workdays lost.  loss productivity due to:
 Case without workdays lost – where the  work stoppage out of curiosity
injured person required only first aid or  when assisting injured worker
medical treatment on the day of the  due to inspection
accident and was able to perform again, on  Loss in efficiency out of sympathy to the injured
the day after the accident, the normal  Additional cost due to completion of added
duties of the job or position occupied at the work
time of the occupational accident. 3. Supervisors

 lost productivity :
 when assisting the injured
 due to accident investigation
  in preparing reports
 during inspection
4. Replacement worker
 hiring or training
5. Equipment
 downtime
HUMANE ASPECTS
 Sorrow due to loss
 Hardships and inconveniences
 Physical pain/discomfort
 Psychological problems
BENEFITS TO EMPLOYER
3 reasons why occupational safety and health is
important for companies
For Companies :
 The occupational health and safety is about
providing safety and health measures in
different work environments and sectors.
 It is an area that is concerned with the health,
safety, as well as welfare of people engaged in
an organization.
 Every kind of work exposes individuals to a
number of hazards, for instance, dangerous
machinery, loads that have to be manually
handled, electricity, toxic substances, working
with display screen tools, risk of fire, or even
psychological hazards like stress.
 It might seem obvious, but management of
health and safety in the workplace is very
important because along with protecting
employees, it also increases productivity when
employees are healthy and happy.
 OSH (Occupational safety and health) in
companies is important for legal, economic, and
moral reasons. 
BENEFITS TO EMPLOYER
Legal
 Legal reason for OSH is related to the
compensatory, punitive, and preventative
effects of laws that protect the safety and
health of workers.
 OSH legislation requires all organizations to
ensure the safety, welfare, and health of
employees and to conduct all work related
activities in such a manner that they should not
pose any harm to them. 
Economic
 There are powerful economic reasons for
decreasing work concerning accidents as well as
ill health.
 In addition to decreasing costs, efficient safety
and health management promotes the
productivity of a business.
 Ill health and diseases related to work can result
in many days absence from work.
 Accidents can hinder normal operations and is a
possible addition to the operating costs of a
company.
 Additionally, the strain and stress on other
employees can demotivate them, or might lead
to more mishaps.
 The medical expenses incurred by injured and ill
workers in hospitals will be borne by the
company. 
Moral
 It is morally right to safeguard a worker from
any kind of harm.
 It is the duty of all the companies to provide the
best care to their employees.
 Friends and families would expect their loved
ones who go out to make their livelihood to
come back home safe.
 The grief, pain, and suffering of people who
have their health affected or are hurt while
working for their companies are felt by workers
as well as their family members.
 helps demonstrate to all stakeholders that a
business is socially responsible,
 protects and enhances an organization’s
reputation and credibility,
 helps maximize the performance and/or
productivity of employees,
 enhances employees’ commitment to the
team/organization as a whole,
 builds a more competent, happier and healthier
workforce,
 reduces business costs and disruption,
 enables organizations to meet customers’ OHS
expectations, and
 encourages the workforce in general to stay
longer in active life.
 improvements in the image, brand value and
wider reputation of the enterprise,
 delivering on corporate social responsibility
(CSR) commitments,
 maintaining and promoting investor confidence,
and
 developing positive stakeholder engagement at
all levels.
  to increase the supply and competence of
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS
personnel qualified to carry out the provisions
of this standards. Comply with and require all
employees to comply with occupational health
and safety standards and regulations under the
act which are applicable to their actions and
situations.
 help curb the increasing cases of diseases and
injuries in the work environment that confront
the country.
 . It is mandatory for employers to implement
occupational health and safety at work and
within the offices to make sure that their
employees are safe and healthy.
 “ensure a safe and healthful workplace for all
working people by affording them full
protection against all hazards in their work
environment.”
 Improved productivity through less sickness
absence
 Cutting healthcare costs
 Keeping older workers in employment
 Stimulating more efficient working methods and
technologies
 Reducing the number of people who have to cut
their hours to care for a family member
BENEFITS TO THE COMMUNITY/COUNTRY
 Countries with poor workplace safety and
health systems use valuable resources
dealing with avoidable injuries and
illnesses.  builder or contractor or enforcement agent,
 A strong national strategy leads to
numerous benefits, such as: Improved
productivity through less sickness absence.
 Availability of goods and services for
domestic and export
 Reduce un-employment
1005: Duties of Employers, Workers and other
Persons
1. Each employer covered by the provisions of this
Standards shall:
a) furnish his workers a place of
employment free from hazardous
conditions that are causing or are likely
to cause death, illness or physical harm
to his workers;
b) give complete job safety instructions to
all his workers, especially to those enter
ing the job for the first time, including
those relating to the familiarization with
their work environment, hazards to
which the workers are exposed to and
steps taken in case of emergency;
c) comply with the requirements of this
Standards; and
d) use only approved devices and
equipment in his workplace.
2. Every worker shall cooperate with the employer
in carrying out the provisions of this Standards.
He shall report to his supervisor any work
hazard that may be discovered in his workplace.
3. Every worker shall make proper use of all
safeguards and safety devices furnished in
accordance with the provisions of this
Standards for his protection and that of others,
and shall follow all instructions given by the
employer in compliance with the provisions of
this Standards.
4. It shall be the duty of any person, including any
who visits, builds, renovates, or installs devices,
or conducts business in any establishment or
workplace, to comply with the provisions of this
Standards and all regulations of the employer
issued there under as well as with other
subsequent issuances of the Secretary.

If you think TRAINING is expensive, try IGNORANCE;

if you think SAFETY is costly,

try ACCIDENT!