THEORY DEFINED
- Power and knapp (1995), defined
theory as ‘a set of statement that
tentatively describe, explain, or
predict relationship among concepts
that have been systematically
selected and organized as an
abstract representation of some
phenomenon
What are Nursing Theories
● Nursing theories are organized
bodies of knowledge to define what
nursing is, what nurses do, and why
they do it.
● Nursing theories provide a way to
define nursing as a unique discipline
that is separate from other
disciplines (e.g., medicine).
● It is a framework of concepts and
purposes intended to guide nursing
practice at a more concrete and
specific level.
Definition of Terms
● Philosophy. These are beliefs and
values that define a way of thinking
and are generally known and
understood by a group or discipline.
- Study of fundamental nature
of knowledge
● Theory. A belief, policy, or
procedure proposed or followed as
the basis of action. It refers to a
logical group of general propositions
used as principles of explanation.
Theories are also used to describe,
predict, or control phenomena.
● Concept. Concepts are often called
the building blocks of theories. They
are primarily the vehicles of thought
that involve images.
- Primary component of theory
● Models. Models are representation
of the interaction among and
between the concepts showing
patterns. They present an overview
of the theory’s thinking and may
demonstrate how theory can be
introduced into practice.
● Conceptual framework. A
conceptual framework is a group of
related ideas, statements, or
concepts. It is often used
interchangeably with the conceptual
model and with grand theories.
● Propositions. Propositions are
statements that describe the
relationship between the concepts.
- Statements natin that will
define and describe the
relationship between concept
● Domain. The domain is the
perspective or territory of a
profession or discipline.
- local of our theories that we
are trying to prove
● Process. Processes are organized
steps, changes, or functions
intended to bring about the desired
result.
- Para magamit ang theories
there are process that we
need to follow
● Paradigm. A paradigm refers to a
pattern of shared understanding and
assumptions about reality and the
world, worldview, or widely accepted
value system.
 ● Metaparadigm. A metaparadigm is
the most general statement of
discipline and functions as a
framework in which the more
restricted structures of conceptual
models develop. Much of the
theoretical work in nursing focused
on articulating relationships among
four major concepts: person
environment, health and nursing.
- The word “meta” came from
the Greek word “with
pattern”. Specify the main or
central concepts of the
discipline in our case nursing
History of Nursing Theories
● In 1860, Florence Nightingale define
nursing in her “Environmental
Theory” as the act of utilizing the
patient’s environment to assist him
in his recovery
- Providing clean food, water,
air.
● In the 1950s, there is consensus
among nursing scholars that nursing
needed to validate itself through the
production of its own scientifically
tested body of knowledge.
● In 1952, Hildegard Peplau
introduced her theory of
interpersonal relationship that
emphasizes the nurse-client
relationship as the foundation of
nursing practice.
- We need to establish a
relationship with your patient.
● In 1955, Virginia Hederson
conceptualized the nurse’s role as
assisting sick or healthy individuals
to gain independence in meeting 14
fundamental needs. Thus her
nursing need theory was developed.
- 14 funda needs means the
person needs to breathe
normally, eat and drink
adequately.
● In 1960, Faye Abdellah published
her work “Typology of 21 nursing
problems”, which shifted the focus of
nursing from a disease. Centered
approach to a patient-centered
approach.
- Typology means these are
clarifications. It evolved in
different ways in the
healthcare industry. Widely
used at Diagnosis Related
Group (DRG).
● In 1962, Ida Jean Orlando
emphasized the reciprocal
relationship between patient and
nurse and viewed nursing’s
professional function as finding out
and meeting the patient’s immediate
need for help.
- Let the patient know what the
nurse care plan is.
● In 1968, Dorothy Johnson pioneered
the Behavioral System Model and
upheld the fostering of efficient and
effective behavioral functioning in
the patients to prevent illness.
- The model advocates the
fostering of efficient and
effective behavioral
functioning in the patient to
prevent illness.
● In 1970, Martha Rogers viewed
nursing as both a science and an art
as it provides a way to view the
unitary human being, who is integral
with the universe.
- Humanistic and humanitarian
it is directed toward the
humanitarian human and this
 concern with the nature and
the direction of a human
development.
● In 1971, Dorothea Orem stated in
her theory that nursing care is
required if the client is unable to
fulfill biological, psychological,
developmental or social needs.
- Self care deficit theory
suggests that patients are
better able to recover when
they maintain some
independence over their own
self care.
● In 1971, Imogene king’s theory of
Goal attainment stated that the
nurse- is considered part of the
patient’s environment and the
nurse-patient’s relationship is for
meeting goals towards good health.
- It describes dynamic the
interpersonal relationship in
which a patient grows and
develops and attains certain
life goals. So this theory
tries to explain the factors
which can affect yung mga
attainment natin na goals
like roles, stress, space,
time.
● In 1972, Betty Neuman, in her
theory, states that many needs exist
and each may disrupt client balance
or stability. Stress reduction in the
goal of the system model of the
nursing practice.
- Based on the person's
relationship to stress,
response and reconstitution
factors that are progressive
in nature. Neuman system
model presents a broad,
holistic and system based
method to nursing that
maintains a factor of
flexibility.
● In 1979, Sr. Callista Roy viewed the
individual as a set of interrelated
systems that maintain the balance
between these various stimuli.
- Aims to explain or define the
provision of nursing in her
theory, Roy's model sees the
individual as a set of
interrelated systems that
maintains a balance between
those various stimuli.
● In 1979, Jean Watson developed the
philosophy of caring, highlighted
humanistic aspects of nursing as
they intertwine with scientific
knowledge and nursing practice.
- It contends that caring
regenerates life energy and
potentiates our capabilities
so the benefits are
measurable and promotes
self actualization on both
personal and professional
level. Caring is a mutually
beneficial experience for both
the patients and the nurse as
well as the whole health
members.
Components of Nursing Theories
Phenomenon
A term given to describe an idea or response
about an event, a situation, a process, a group
of events, or a group of situations. Phenomena
may be temporary or permanent. Nursing
theories focus on the phenomena of nursing.
- phenomena is a live experience. They
are observable facts or events
Concepts - Assumption tries to describe yung
Interrelated concepts define a theory. connect to concept. This are
Concepts are used to help describe or label statements that tries to describe or
a phenomenon. They are words or phrases connect to concept that are factual
that identify, define, and establish structure Why are nursing theories important?
and boundaries for ideas generated about a Eto yung mga nagiging guide ng
particular phenomenon. development natin in education, research,
- Abstract Concepts. Defined as and practice. Help recognize what should
mentally constructed independently set the foundation of practice by
of a specific time or place.
- Concrete Concepts. Are directly
experienced and related to a
particular time or place.
Definitions
Definitions are used to convey the general
meaning of the concepts of the theory.
Definitions can be theoretical or operational.
- Theoretical Definitions. Define a
particular concept based on the
theorist’s perspective.
- Operational Definitions. States how
concepts are measured.
Theoretical this are based in dictionary or
the perspective of our theory
Operational are own words this is based on
Relational Statements
Relational statements define the
relationships between two or more
concepts. They are the chains that link
concepts to one another
- Dito papasok si conceptual
framework, it will defined on why this
concept one is interrelated to
concept two
Assumptions
Assumptions are accepted as truths and are
based on values and beliefs. These
statements explain the nature of concepts,
definitions, purpose, relationships, and
structure of a theory.