ECL C1 Nyelvvizsga

BAJNOCZI BEATRIX - HAAVISTO KIR S I
Az ECL pr6banyelvvizsga-feladatsorokat tartalmaz6

ECL
kotetiinkkel hatekonyan kesziilhet fel az ECL
vizsgakozpont altalanos egynyelvu angol felsofoku
(Cl szintu) nyelvvizsgajara, bovftheti sz6kincset,
ugyanakkor ellenorizheti a mar meglevo nyelvtudasat
is. A konyv nyolc teljes, frasbeli es sz6beli feladatsort
bocsat a leendo vizsgaz6k rendelkezesere. A kipr6balt
feladatsorok a val6di vizsgahelyzetet modellezik,
es erintik a vizsgan el6fordul6 osszes lehetseges
PR0BANYELVVIZSGA
temakort. A szerzok az ECL Nyelvvizsgakozpont '
tapasztalt vizsgaztat6i. A kotetben minden frasbeli
feladat megoldasa megtalalhat6. A hallott szoveg ANGOL NYELVBOL
erteset mero feladatok hanganyaga kiad6nk
honlapjar61 t6lthet6 le. A konyvet tan6rai hasznalatra [fil FELSDFDKU FELADATSOR
lil l'
es otthoni gyakorlasra egyarant ajanljuk.
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ClJ MAXIM
Koszonetnyilvanitas Az ECL vizsgarendszer rovid bemutatasa
Aszerz6k szeretnek megki:iszi:in~i a b~~~p~sti Xantus Janos_ Ko~episkola 11
es 11. F osztalyos diakjaina~ gyuttmuk~deset,~ ~~l~_datok k1probalasaban ._c iRASBELI VIZSGA Cl szinten
7
a mintafogalmazasok megirasaban. A kozremukodok: Balogh Levente B es
csik Sarolta, Giebiszer Virag, Horvath Erik, Miiller Angelika, Nemeth Len- t.Olvasaskeszseg
ra, Pankotai Virag, Paulheim Bemadett, Samu Barbara, Surjan Renat au- A vizsgaz6nak ket (kiili:infele tfpusu) szi:ivegertesi feladat helyes megoldasa-
Vane~sza, ~oI?asovs~ky La~ra, Ti:iri:ik K~ara, Fa~ekas Reka, Hanzely L~ Tar val kell igazolnia, hagy sz6tar nelkiil kepes a vizsgaszint ki:ivetelmenyeinek
Horvath Ol!ver, Jamnska Reka, Kotorman Hedvig, Manninger Miks Nura, megfelel6 nehezseg(.i altalanos szi:iveg tartalmat megerteni. A szi:ivegek ter-
Fanni, Paizs Beata, Patrovics Nora, Polgar Zs6fia, Task6 Orsolya. a, agy jedelme i:isszesen kb 1000-1300 sz6. A feladatak megaldasara rendelkezesre
a.116 id6 45 perc.
2. iraskeszseg
A vizsgaz6nak ket (kb. 300 szavas) fogalmazast kell iranyftasi szempantak
szerjnt frnia. A fogalmazasak megfrasahaz nyamtatatt sz6tar hasznalhat6,
a rendelkezesre all6 id6 i:isszesen 90 perc. Az ertekeles szempantjai, ill. az
t lethet6 pantszamok:
Nyelvhelyesseg (alak- es mondattan) 0-5 pant
' . '. . .. " "':":t""""' .....
szo:vegtagolas es h~esfras 0-5pont
_ _n , _ -atossaga) 0-5 pant
s temajahoz igazod6
0-Spont
Kommunikativ hatekonysag (a helyzetnek megfelel6
feladatmegoldas) 0-5 pant
SZOBEL. VIZSGA
t. ~eszedkeszseg (kb. 20 perc)
Ajeli:iltek kettesevel (paratlan szamu vizsgaz6 eseten harmasaval) vizsgaz-
nak. Az iranyftatt beszelgetes es a hozza tarsftott i:inall6 temakifejtes felada-
tanak szamat a vizsgaz6k egyike huzza.
• Bemutatkozas .
• Iranyftott beszelgetes
o A vizsgaz6 altal huzott szamhoz tartoz6 tema alapjan a vizsgaztat6 kez-
,· 'derrienyeti a beszelgetest, es a vizsgaz6khoz intezett kerdesekkel segfti a
I''ket vizsgaz6 ki:izi:itti beszelgetest.
o A' 'vizsgaresz celja, hogy a ket vizsgaz6 ki:izi:itt beszelgetes alakuljan ki
az adott temar61. Fontos, hagy a vizsgaz6k tudjanak kerdeseket feltenni
6 7
, k k, esek Jecrvenek reagalni a vizsgaz6tars altal elmondottak
e'5Ymasna , ep &J · h 'I , ·· k - Amert keszsegek es pontertekiik
ra, merjenek kommentalni, ellentmondarn, a ve emenyu elter tarsuk
Feladatok Elerheto Szorz6 Vizsgareszre
velemenyet61. adhat6 pontszam
• bna116 temakifejtes vizualis stimulus alapjan , 1,25
Az e'?Yes temak kifejtesehe: ttibb kep,al! rendelkezesre. Szukseg eseten 25pont
0
a vizsgaztat6 kerdesekkel segitl a ;'1z,sga.z~k~t. . 1,25
Avizsgaresz celja, hogy a_v1zsgazok ~nall~~n, l~g:i~usan felepitett gon- 0!25
0
dolatmenet alapjan, mine! kisebb v1zsgaztat01 seg:itseggel tudjak kifejteni 25pont
0,25
gondolataikat. 1.25
o A vizsgaresznek nem az a celja, ho'?Y a vizsgaz6 a kepmontazs e 25pont
kepeit reszletesen lefrja. Ehelyett arra kell ttirekedni, hogy a kepmon~es
altal sugallt temar61 beszeljen a vizsgaz6. azs
1 25pont
Az ertekel6 es a vizsgaztat6 killtin-killtin ertekeli a vizsgaz6k teljesitmenyet.
Asz6beli kommunikaci6 ertekelesenek szempontjai es az elerhet6 po t , [Elerheto maximum (2 x 50 pont}_: 100 pon_!
mok· n sza-
Nyelvhelyesseg (alak- es mondattan) 0-5 pont TEMAKOROK
Sz6beliseg (kiejtes es intonaci6, a beszed folyamatossaga) 0-5 pont 1.Azegyen
Sz6kincs (terjedelme es hasznalatanak valtozatassaga) 0-5 pant • Ambfci6k/karrierepftes
e Egyen es tarsadalam
Stilus (a beszedhelyz~thez igazod6 ny_elvhasznalat) " ~-5pant • Beilleszkedesi problemak
Kammunikativ hatekanysag (a helyzetnek megfelel6 0-5 pant ' 2. Tarsas kapcsolatok
feladatmegaldas ) • Ambici6k/karrierepftes
• Egyen es tarsadalam
2. Beszedertes (idotartama kb. 30 perc) • Beilleszkedesi problemak
Avizsgaz6nak felvetelr61 elhangz6 2 sztiveg ketszeri meghallgatasa alapjan 3. Csalad
a kapatt feladatlapak helyes kittiltesevel kell igazolnia, hogy kepes me~ert~- • A csaladok szocialis helyzete /a csaladi tamagatasak rendszere
ni a vizsgaszint ktivetelmenyeinek megfelel6 nehezsegu beszelt nyelv1 sza- • Csalad/karrier
vegeket.
4. Lakas/lak6hely
ERTEKELES • Lakashelyzet/a lakasepftes nehezsegei
• A hajlektalansag/ akok/ problemak
Sikeres komplex vizsga: egy vizsgaid6szakon belul mind a negy mert • Hazai/ kulfoldi lak6helyvalasztas
keszsegb61 minimum 40%-as teljesftmeny, es a negy keszseg eredmenyenek
mm1mum 60%-os atlaga eseten, s.,Utazas/kozlekedes
• A varosi ktizlekedes problemai/ttimegktizlekedes kantra szemelyaut6
S~ker~s ~a.shell vagy szobeli vizsga: az adatt reszvizsgahoz tartaz6 ket
• Kozlekedes es kornyezetvedelem
keszsegbol mmim~m 40%-as teljesftmeny, es a ket keszseg eredmenyenek
mm1mum 60%-as atlaga eseten. • Az idegenforgalom mint beveteli forras
• Kozlekedesfejlesztes
8 9
6 . vasarlas/iizletek 15. Tanulas/munka
• A fogyaszt6i tarsadalom . ten • (Tul)kepzettseg/munkaer6piaci eselyek
• vasarlas hitelie/kartyaval/mterne
• Az elethosszig tart6 tanulas
e Bevasar16 turizmus • Elhelyezkedesi lehet6segek/mobilitas
7. Kommunikacio/kapcsolattartas • A hatranyos helyzetuek eselyei
• Az internet az iizleti kommunikaci6ban , 16. Az Europai Unio
• Fax, e-mail kontra hagyomanyos Ievelezes
• Nemzeti (kis) nyelvek kontra angol • Az EU szerepe a vilagpolitikaban
• Egyseges/nemzeti valuta
8. Szolgaltatasok
17. Orszagismeret (A forras- es a celnyelvi orszag)
• A szolgaltatasok min6sege(gara~c!aja
• A szolgaltat6ipar szerepe, Jelento_sege , • Ismertsege/elismertsege a vilagban/egymashoz fuz6d6 kapcsolataik
• Elektronikus szolgaltatasok/on-lme rendeles • Orszagimazs
• Elteresek a hagyomanyokban/szokasokban/vilagfelfogasban
9. Kultura/szorakozas
18. Kozelet
• A muveszetek szerepe egykor es ma
• Kt':izgyujtemenyek es fenntartasuk/muveszeti/ tortenelmi emlekek • A kozelet tisztasaga/korrupci6
• Mecenatura/szponzoraci6/reklamozas • Politikai partok/valasztasok/nepszavazas
10. Ido/idojaras 19. Kornyezetvedelem
• Termeszeti katasztr6fak es kt':ivetkezmenyeik • Megel6zes/elharitas a kornyezetvedelemben
• Az 6zonlyuk/a globalis felmelegedes veszelyei • Kornyezeti katasztr6fak es kovetkezmenyeik
11.Egeszsegjbetegsegek 20. Aktualis temak/ esemenyek
• Kozelet/politika/civil szervezetek
• A tudomany /kutatas az egeszsegiigy szolgalataban/genetika
• Alternatfv iranyzatok a gy6gyita.sban • Gazdasag/muveszetek/sport
• Egeszsegturizmus 21. Globalizacio
12. Sport • Uniformizal6das (oltozkodes, etkezes, kultura, fogyasztas stb.)
• Elsport/tt':imegsport/ dopping • Globalizaci6/a nemzeti sajatossagok meg6rzese
• Profi/amat6r sport;extrem sport 22. Aktualis etikai kerdesek
: :Pstz_~~se:et~: (sakk, okolvivas, sulyemeles, futball) • Allatkiserletek
• Nuklearis kiserletek
13.Media
23. Aktualis gazdasagi/tarsadalmi kerdesek
• A tajekoztatas objekt' ·t, ,
• Sztarsag/celebseg !VI asa, partatlansaga • Aru- es embercsempeszet
• Dohanyzas/drogfogyasztas veszelyei
14.Hobbi
• Hagyomany6rzes
• Exkluziv hobbik (golf lov , , ,
• Hobbi es/vagy profilmus~glaS, buvarkodas stb.)
10
11
_Jc
, , k tobbfele m6don hasznalhat6k: lehet e
hogy ne ,tol~_son s?k id6t sz6tarozassal, inkabb tamaszkodjon a mar j61 begy-
A konyvben tala!h~to_fela~~tso~~sztet, mintegy szi~ul~lva a val~s vizsg~
f
blokkban ~e~csm~lm e'l:d het a vizsga egyes resze1t gyakorlasi celra is
figyelve az 1dokorlatokra, e e
akorolt es tobbszor hasznalt sz6fordulatokra.
A fogalmazas jellegu feladatoknal nagyon fontos a forma a szerkesztes es
1
hasznalni. a logikus gondolatmenet. A vazlat (ha keszul ilyen) lehet egyszen1 es sza-
, • taf'.ogalmazasok a felkeszillest es gyakorlast egya badon megfogalmazott, de a vegs6 frasmunek j61 megszerkesztettnek kell
A megold6ku Ics es a mm 1' . , f'. d k , -
rant segitik. Termeszetesen ezek megtekmtese a iela ato megoldasa utan Jennie es valamennyi iranyftasi szempontot tartalmaznia kell. Gyakori hiba,
hogy mennyisegileg megvan a feladat, de nem a megadott temapontokr61,
javasolt. vagy nem mindr61 sz61. Ne feledkezzen el a szoveg tagolasar61 es a valto-
Mindig figyelmesen olvassa el a feladatok utasftasait! zatos szovegkohezi6s eszkozok hasznalatar61 sem. Ne feledje, hogy olyan
nyelvtani szerkezeteket es sz6kincset kell hasznalnia, mely bizonyftja, hogy
val6ban Cl-es szintu a nyelvtudasa. Az fraskeszseg nem csupan nyelvtanilag
Olvasaskeszseg helyes mondatok egymasutanisagat jelenti, hanem egyseges, j61 felepftett,
Az egyik leggyakoribb feladattfpus a hianyos s~oveg ki~g~szf,tese megadott gordulekeny szoveg letrehozasanak a kepesseget is. Egesz mondatok frasa-
mondatokkal mellekmondatokkal, szavakkal, 11letve k1feJezesekkel. A szo- ra kell torekedni es tart6zkodni kell a kozossegi media.ban rendkfvul elter-
veg gyors at~lvasasa utan erdemes a nyelvta?i szer~e~eteket (pl_. igeid6ket, jedt rovidftesek (pl. lo/, pis stb.) es szleng kifejezesek hasznalatat61.
vonzatokat stb.), a sz6fajokat, illetve az utalasokat 1s atgondolm, segftenek
a megoldasban. Fontos, hogy kizarjuk a tartalmilag es nyelvtanilag bizto- Mivel az fraskeszseg feladatoknal szempont a helyesfras es a nyelvhelyes-
san nemj6 valaszokat. Erdemes el6szor azzal kezdeni, amelyben a legbizto- seg, ugy ossza be idejet, hogy maradjon id6 az atnezesre es az esetleges
sabbak vagyunk es utana kitolteni a tobbi ures reszt. A vegs6 dontes el6tt valtoztatasokra. Nagyon fontos az olvashat6 fraskep is.
ellen6rizni kell, hogy a kivalasztott megoldas tartalmilag es nyelvileg illik-e
a szovegkomyezetbe, szerves folytatasa-e az el6z6 mondatnak, illetve kap- Beszedertes
csol6dik-e hozza a kovetkez6 szovegresz. Mindket szoveg meghallgatasa el6tt van id6 a feladatokkal megismerked-
Ha a szoveghez kapcsol6d6 kerdesekre kell valaszolni, torekedjen a rovid, hi, es igy a szoveg tartalmaval kapcsolatban viszonylag pontos informaci6k
nyerhet6ek. Figyelmesen hallgassa meg, illetve olvassa el a feladat lefra-
par szavas valaszra. Erdemes el6szor csak atfutni a szovegen, hogy kepet
sat, hiszen ebb61 megtudja, hogy mi a szoveg temaja. A feladatok sorrendje
kapjunk a temar61, majd ezt kovet6en figyelmesen elolvasni. A kerdesek el-
koveti a szovegben torten6 el6fordulasukat. Mindig arra kell koncentralni,
olvasasa utan erdemes ujb61 elolvasni a szoveget es beazonosftani azokat hogy mit ertettek meg a szovegb61, es nem arra, hogy mit nem, mert ez le-
a reszeket, ahol a valaszokat talalhatjuk. Nern a sz6 szerinti kimasolas a eel, 1
ronthatja a teljesftmenyt. Fontos, hogy ne blokkoljon le, ha valamit nem ert.
hanem a kerdesekre a sajat szavainkkal adott valasz, a szovegbeli informaci-
6k felhasznalasaval. Aszovegben szepen el6re haladva, sorrendben talalha- A feleletvalaszt6s feladatoknal pr6balja szukfteni a lehetseges megoldaso-
t6k a valaszok az adott kerdesekre, ezert ha mar egy-ket kerdesre megvan kat azonosftsa be a temat es az informaci6t, esetleg huzza ala a feladatban
a valasz, konnyebb beazonosftani, hogy ho! talalhat6 a tobbi. Fontos, hogy a k~lcsszavakat. A szoveg hallgatasa kozben jegyzetelhet, lefrhat fontosnak
tenrl_eg a ~erdesre valaszoljon, ezert figyeljen a kerd6szavakra, hiszen azok veit informaci6kat, jelolheti, hogy mire kell figyelnie a masodik meghallga-
segit1k a valasz megtalalasat. tas saran.
A mondatki_eges~fteses feladatok megoldasahoz igyekezzen beazonosftani, Amennyiben hianyos szoveget kell kiegeszftenie, figyelmesen _olva~sa el es
hogy ho! es1k szo az adott temar61 a szovegben illetve tamaszkodjon a meg- ertelmezze a mondatot es ugyeljen arra, hogy valasza nyelvtamlag es tartal-
adott nyelvtani szerkezetekre. ' milag is megfelel6 legyen.
A feladatok vegen mindig van egy kis id6 valaszainak veglegesftesere.
iraskeszseg
e:?e~ a tzs~aresz~en is ket feladatot kell megoldania, kezdje a kony-
ye emava · Bar sz6tar a feladatok megoldasahoz hasznalhat6, fontos,
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Beszedkeszseg
A vizsga parban zajlik. A vizsgaz6, ha kivanja, ajelentkezeskor kivalaszthat-
ja a vizsgaz6tarsat. A vizsgar6l minden esetben hangfelvetel k.esziil. Fontos,
1. FELADATSOR
hogy a vizsgaz6k teljesftmenyere adott pontszamok nem fiiggnek a vizsga-
z6tars teljesftrnenyet61. Haaz egyik vizsgaz6 tu.I sokat, vagy tu.I keveset be-
szel, a vizsgaztat6 kerdesekkel segft az egyensuly megteremteseben.
Reading )
Elsa feladat: a vizsgaz6k k6z6tt kotetlen beszelgetes, ill. bemutatkozas.
Ez egy bernelegft6 feladat, melyet nem pontoznak, a rahangol6dason van
a hangsuly. Celszeru egyszeru kerdesekkel kesziilni, melyeket a tarsanak fel
tud tenni, hogy val6di parbeszed alakuljon ki. Partl
Masodik feladat: parbeszed ket vizsgaz6 k6z6tt egy adott temar61. A vizs-
gaz6nak beszelgetest kell folytatnia az ECL nyelvvizsgarendszer sz6beli
ternakoreinek egyiker6l. Fontos, hogy tenyleg parbeszed legyen, tudjanak You are going to read an article about junk food but some parts of the
ervelni, kerdezni, erdekl6dni, gondolatsort kifejteni es tovabb vinni, mer- text are missing. Fin~ the right :part to each blank space (from 1 to to).
jenek ellentmondani, ha val6ban nem ertenek egyet a beszelget6tarsukkal. '!here ar~ more possible parts given than you need. Give your answers
T6rekedjen aktiv reszvetelre a beszelgetesben es figyeljen a vizsgaz6tarsra, ' ~n t~e grid below. There is an example already done for you.
reagaljon az altala elmondottakra, legyenek kerdesei. Szinten fontos, hogy
ne csak igennel vagy nemmel feleljen a vizsgaz6tarsa kerdeseire. Ju'.hk food in rural America
Harrnadik feladat: k6riilbeliil 3 perces monol6g egy temar61. A vizsgaz6k The stereotype that everyone in rural America lives on a farm, plucking
egymas utan elmondjak a gondolataikat egy temar61 egy kepmontazs kap- apples from trees and eggs from under a chicken, is (0) .................. as research
csan. A ternak6r6k szinten az ECL vizsgarendszer temakorei koziil keriilnek fro~ the University of South Carolina shows. The study, which examined
ki. Fontos, hogy itt mar nem parbeszed zajlik, hanem annak bebizonyftasa,
,foqd-shopping options in Orangeburg County with a population of around
90,000 found a dearth of supermarkets and grocery stores. Of the 77 stores
hogy a vizsgaz6 a szintnek megfelel6 sz6kinccsel es nyelvtani szerkezetek- (1) .................. nearly 75 percent were convenience stores. Convenience stores
kel kepes az adott ternar61 logikusan felepftve ·beszelni. Nern a kepek resz- are more easily reached by the inhabitants (who mostly have to do their
letes lefrasa a feladat, azok csak segfthetnek a temar61 6nall6an beszelni. shopping on foot) than grocery stores. Grocery stores stock far more fruits
A feladat vegen a vizsgaztat6 tehet meg fel kerdeseket. and vegetables than convenience stores and food is also cheaper there than
in 1the convenience stores, but for many inhabitants they are too far away
an_~ the prices of fruit and vegetables (2) .................. as well.
Like other rural areas, Orangeburg County (3) ................... Although only 28
percent of all the stores in Orangeburg County carried any of the fruits and
vegetables - apples, cucumbers, oranges, tomatoes - th~t were part of the
survey, there were plenty of healthy foods in th~ county s 20 superm~rkets
and grocery stores. The situation ~n. th~ co!1~emence stores was deodedly
'· Th advice oiven by nutnt10msts 1s m fact (4) ................... Moreover,
gnmmer. e b. • h fib b d d 1 2
only 4 percent of the convenience stores sold h1g_ - re '.ea , ~n on Y
, percent
,. · · d h.1gh -fibre bread and low-fat or skimmed milk, which makes
carne
the situation even worse.
.' ' good nutrition in rural areas. In Orangeburg
P,overty poses (5 > ····· ·"z"·p··~;~ent of the residents fall below the poverty line .
County, for examp1e, 2
15
14
READING
In fact, a large number of the inhabitants in rural America are at increa~ed Part2
risk of what the government calls 'low food security,' (6) ................... Accordmg
to data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, more than 35.5 million
Americans (7) .................. fall into this category. The highest food insecurity
rates are in states with large rural populations: Mississippi, New Mexico, You are going to read an article about the findings of some studies
Texas and South Carolina. Ironically, people with low food security are often on the importance of smiling. After reading this article, finish the
hungry and fat. The reason for this is that they (8) .................. that fill them up. sentences on the basis of the text. Use maximum seven words. There
Contrary to the general belief that to be overweight, you have to eat a lot, is an example done for you.
many obese people actually struggle with hunger. Poverty, food insecurity
and obesity are often linked because poor people are not getting enough Smile! It Could Make You Happier
resources(9) ................... And, according to a study published in the Journal of
the American Dietetic Association by the University of Washington, the cost We smile because we are happy, and we frown because we are sad. But does
of fresh fruits and vegetables is increasing faster than the cost of other foods. the causal arrow point in the other direction, too? A spate of recent studies
of Botox recipients and others suggests that our emotions are reinforced,
Nutritionists and anti-hunger activists know what rural Americans should and perhaps even driven, by their corresponding facial expressions.
eat. In an ideal world, more people would take advantage of nutrition and
financial education programs, (10) .................., that teach consumers how to Charles Darwin first posed the idea that emotional responses influence
make a food budget and use recipes that provide them with nutritious food. our feelings in 1872. "The free expression by outward signs of an emotion
intensifies it," he wrote. The esteemed 19th-century psychologist William
Possible missing parts: James went so far as to assert that if a person does not express an emotion,
he has not felt it at all. Although few scientists would agree with such a
'\ 0 a big barrier to statement today, there is evidence that emotions involve more than just the
41) if they are willing to participate brain. The face, in particular, appears to play a big role.
$ are often unaffordable in them I
Psychologists at the University of Cardiff in Wales have found that people
G) hard to follow whose ability to frown is compromised by cosmetic Botox injections
G binge on cheap, high-calorie foods are happier, on average, than people who can frown. The researchers
G to maintain a healthy diet c:1.~ministered an anxiety and depression questionnaire to 25 females, half of
1
0 (not including homeless people) * horn had received frown-inhibiting Botox injections. The Botox recipients
reported feeling happier and less anxious in general; more important, they
4D far frem the truth did not report feeling any more attractive, which suggests that the emotional
fl what is often called 'a food desert' effects were not driven by a psychological boost that could come from the
0 like those offered by the USDA treatment's cosmetic nature.
G meaning fear of going hungry According to Michael Lewis, a co-author of the study, the way we feel
4) not supported by locals emotions isn't just restricted to our brain. There are parts of our bodies that
selling food / that sold food help and reinforce the feelings we're having. It's like a feedback loop.
In a related study, scientists at the Technical University of Munich in
I : I '· I ,_ I ,_ I •- I ,_ I •- I 7- I •- I •- I l 10·
Germany scanned Botox recipients with MRI machines while asking them
to mimic angry faces. They found that the Botox subjects had much lower
activity in the brain circuits involved in emotional processing and responses
as compared with controls who had not received treatment.
10 pant
16 17
· hancing emotions rather than O. I Example:
The concept works the opposite way, too, en d ure
· f d r1·ng an unpleasant proce
suppressmg them. People who rown u . st Studies ofBotox recipients prove that ourfacial expressions determine
report feeling more pain than those who do not, ac~o_rdmg to another udy. how we feel.
Researchers applied heat to the forearms of29 part1c1pa~ts, who were asked
to either make unhappy, neutral or relaxed faces d~rm~ the pro~edure. f· I According to Charles Darwin, showing our feelings
Those who exhibited negative expressions r~ported b~mg m more pam than
the other two groups. Lewis, who was not mvolved m t~at study, ~ays he
plans to study the effect that Botox injections have on pam per~ept1on. He 2; ·t I Some people are unable to frown after
says that people may feel less pain if they are unable to express 1t.
But it is common knowledge that it is bad to repress our feelings. So, what 3. I The participants of the study conducted at the University of Cardiff
happens if a person intentionally suppresses his or her negative emotions didn't feel
on an ongoing basis? Work by psychologist Judith Grob of the University
of Groningen in the Netherlands suggests that this suppressed negativity
may "leak" into other realms of a person's life. In a series of studies she 4. , I The feedback-loop of emotions involves our
asked subjects to look at disgusting images while hiding their emotions
or while holding pens in their mouths in such a way that prevented them
from frowning. A third group could react as they pleased. As expected,
the subjects in both groups that did not express their emotions reported
feeling less disgusted afterward than the control subjects. Then she gave
the subjects a series of cognitive tasks. She found that the subjects who had
repressed their emotions performed poorly on memory tasks and completed 6. , I People who suppress their emotions in painful situations
the word tasks to produce more negative words. She claims that people who
tend to do this regularly might start to see the world in a more negative
light. When the face does not aid in expressing the emotion, the emotion 7. I According to Michael Lewis, Botox injections might influence
seeks other channels to express itself through. patients'
No one yet knows why our facial expressions influence our emotions as they
seem to. The associations in our mind between how we feel and how we
react_may be so strong that our expressions simply end up reinforcing our
emot10ns. There may be no evolutionary reason for the connection. Even so, ;
1
might have a negative effect on one's everyday life.
our faces do seem to communicate our states of mind not only to others but 9. •· I Hiding your negative feelings from others may lead to
also to ourselves.
10.
have an important role in communication.
10 pont
18 19
Writing ) Listening )
I Partl Partl t2J Track2-3
An internet site is asking for people's opinions about the role of
You are going to hear an interview with a life coach specialized in time
celebrities in your country. Write a blog entry (ca. 300 words) in which management. Listen to the interview and choose the correct answer.
you consider the following: There is an example already done for you.
• what makes celebrities so interesting for so many people
• which fields of life they represent / or come from E~a.mple:
I
• whether celebrities make good role models
• whether their private lives are of public interest Ci) Time management is described as ....
A aset of inherited abilities
50 pant @ a set of desirable skills
C . a set of applications
-...____:,;,;, ·'? . ---~
Part2
8 Poor time-managers ....
A lose a lot of business
B have a damaged sleep-cycle
C find it difficult to relax
Your friend has recently heard that in his/her country couples can
choose between paternity and maternity leave. Now he/she is curious & The first step to time management is .. . .
about all kinds of changes in work life and attitudes towards work, A buying a gadget or an application
and is asking you about the situation in your country. Write an email B learning about time
(ca. 300 words) in which you answer your friend's questions about: C changing our daily routine
• people's attitudes towards work in your country 8 The problem with time is that .. . .
• work time (e.g. how long a day /week, fl exitime, holidays) A it is a cultural concept
• gender differences (e.g. jobs for men/ women, salaries, who is considered B it varies according to the season
the breadwinner) C it is difficult to comprehend
• people's attitudes and possibilities concerning retirement
0 We can manage real time because ....
50 pant A we create it individually for ourselves in our minds
B we can think, speak and act simultaneously
C we need not bother with all the interruptions
20
21
__.L_~
8 You can make your choice between spending time .... Part2 Track4-5
A dealing with productive and unproductive activities
B in conversations with others and individual thought processes
c on getting on with your job and dealing with disruptions You are listening to your friends talking about the majors they
have chosen for their university studies. While listening, finish the
0 When you start managing your time, you should record your sentences with short phrases, containing maximum 3 words. There is
activities .... an example already done for you.
A using different methods and different media to note down
different kinds of activities O. I Example:
B making sure you note both productive and unproductive English majors are said to end up working
activities of spending time
C on a smartphone, in a sketchbook and a simple notebook paying .. .in coffee-shops ....
special attention to wasting time 1. English majors who enjoy contemplating philosophical questions
8 You need to make appointments ... . may want to gain
A with your business partners, co-workers and family
B with your business partners, co-workers and doctors
C with your business partners, co-workers and yourself
2. One of the useful skills communications majors will study is analysing
0 You should ....
A never answer the phone at your workplace Understanding the connection between
B only answer the phone if it is important for your work and business life is an advantage in the job market for computer
C always answer the phone at your workplace but keep the scientists.
conversation short
4. I A lot of students drop out of
D You should give people your attention when .... /·
A when they can create new business
B when they require human response '5. I People who study computer sciences are likely to get a competitive
C when the action is of a high priority salary as soon as
€Ii) Social media .. ..
A should only be used to bring about results 6. I Besides social work, health science can lead to a career in
B should be blocked out from work time
C should be used to generate new business
7. I, A nursing background can be useful if you want to enrol for a
programme in
I : I I I ,_ I •- I s. I •- I ,_ I •- I o. I I
1·
2
- 1°·
's. , IThe biology student really enjoys the
10 pont ' ·aspect of her studies.
22 23
- ----- ORALEXAM
Topic: Homelessness
9. The student of economics used not to be confident about her
Possible questions:
• Why do you think people become homeless?
10. I The student of economics compares studying • What do you think can be done to help homeless people?
to a biology field trip . • How difficult is it for homeless people to get back to work or get a house?
• Why do many people look down on the homeless?
10 pant • What does homelessness say about society?
Part2
- Oralexam ) Individual presentation of a topic based on visual stimuli (5-8 minutes)
In this part of the exam, the candidates, one after the other, talk
about a topic with the help of some pictures. They are not expected
Introduction (3-5 minutes approximately) - is not to be assessed. to describe the pictures but to present their ideas related to the topic
suggested by the pictures.
The main purpose of this part of the test is to put the candidates at
Topic: Traffic and transport: public transport
their ease and to familiarize them with the exam situation, that is, the
candidates engage in conversation, initiating and reacting to different
,..
viewpoints. In this part of the exam, one of the candidates picks a
number that gives the topics for the other two parts.
Part 1
Guided conversation (5-8 minutes)
The interviewer initiates a conversation based on the topic determined
by the number the examinee has picked and, by asking questions,
helps develop the conversation between the two candidates. The
examinees should be able to ask and answer questions, express and
argue for their opinions.
24 25
2. FELADATSOR ,However, a later start by itself is not enough. Society in general (7) ..................
must start to take sleep seriously. Sleep is not a luxury or an indulgence but
'a fundamental biological need, enhancing creativity, productivity, mood,
and the ability to interact with others.
Reading ) ;
Evidence that sleep is important is overwhelming. Research has
i}iemonstrated its critical role in (8) .................. our ability to generate
', in.rtovative solutions to complex problems. Sleep disruption increases the
11
level of the stress hormone cortisol, and impulsive behaviours, empathy,
sense of humour, and mood are similarly affected. All in all, a tired
adolescent is a grumpy, moody, insensitive, angry and stressed one.
1/P,erhaps less obviously, sleep loss is also associated with metabolic changes.
Research has shown that blood-glucose regulation is greatly impaired in
·iI,i i You are going to read an article about teenage sleeping patterns. young men who sleep only four hours on six consecutive nights, with their
Find the right part to each blank space (from 1 to 10). There are more insulin levels comparable to the early stages of diabetes.
possible parts given than you need. Give your answers in the grid
below. There is an example already done for you. Similar studies have shown higher levels of the hormone ghrelin,
(9) .................., and lower levels of leptin, which creates a sense of feeling full .
There is growing acceptance that the structure of the academic day needs Long-term sleep deprivation might be an important factor in predisposing
to take account of adolescent sleep patterns. Many studies have shown p~9ple to conditions such as diabetes, obesity and hypertension. Adolescents
that the biology of human sleep timing, (0) .................., changes as we age. As are ,,also increasingly using stimulants to compensate for sleep loss.
puberty begins, bedtimes and waking times get later. This trend continues Caffeinated and sugary drinks are the usual choice, which makes matters
until 19.5 years in women and 21 in men (1) ................... At 55 we wake at about worse. Since the half-life of caffeine is five to nine hours, a caffeinated drink
the time we woke prior to puberty, that is, on average two hours earlier (10) .................. delays sleep at night.
•'i
than adolescents. This means that for a teenager a 7 a.m. alarm call is the pj ssible missing parts:
equivalent of a 5 a.m. start for people in their sos. The shifts correlate with
hormonal changes at puberty and (2) .................. as we age . 0 late in the day
However, biology is only part of the problem. Additional factors include
0 •compared with adults
a more relaxed attitude to bedtimes by parents, a general disregard for &:· like that of other mammals
the importance of sleep, and access to TV, the internet, gaming devices, G) and eat into time available for sleep
smartphones, and so on, all of which promote alertness (3) ................... 9 ,memory consolidation and
Th~ amount of sleep teenagers get varies between countries, geographic f)r:and then it reverses
region, ~nd social class, but all studies show they are going to bed later and (I''preparation for school
not gettmg as much sleep as they need (4) ................... In the United States, (D;as was attendance
the observation that teenagers have biologically delayed sleep patterns G,the decline in those hormones
(5) ······ ............ has prompted several schools to put back the start of the
sc:iool day. An analysis of the impact by Kyla Wahlstrom at the University of
4) and teenagers in particular
Mmn~sot.a found that academic performance was enhanced, (6) .................. . G which promotes hunger
Sleepmg m class declined, as did self-reported depression. 41 ·late bedtimes
..mbecause of early school starts
/,i l
26 27
9 screen was deployed for some sea-bound sequences that were, in fact, shot
I
I I L I z. I l. I •. I s. I •. I ,. I •-1 I l . 1°·
in the studio car park.
For the rest, John used the site's man-made lake. A few hundred metres
I
I away, meanwhile, is a seemingly redundant bog that was repurposed as a
10 pant
1\iti marshland village in the first series at a cost of £30,000. John estimates the
equivalent in the UK would have cost five times as much.
:ill E4's The Aliens, Sky's upcoming Roman invasion epic Britannia and the BBC's
R,obin Hood are just a few to have joined The Last Kingdom in filming there.
1,1 Part2 Part of the reason is budgetary, as construction costs are much cheaper, but
iii tli'ere are aesthetic benefits, too.
11
I
You are going to read an article about the filming of The_Last Kingdom. "For The Last Kingdom," says one of the series directors, Jon East, who also
i' After reading this article, finish the sentences on the basis of the text. filmed ITV's Maigret revival in Budapest, "Hungary offers many unspoilt
Use maximum seven words. There is an example done for you. acres of un-farmed and un-bordered grassland and forest. These are hard
I~
to find in the UK, where walls and fences fragment the landscape, clearly
qnnouncing that it is not a ninth-century world. It's cheaper to shoot abroad
"I'm sick of building Saxon barns, I'm sick of mud, I'm sick of killing the
in a 'virgin' landscape than it is to digitally remove all the trappings of the 21st
grass." Martyn John, The Last Kingdom's production designer, is joking, but
century in post-production. The same goes for Maigret: Budapest is easier to
his laughter has a mildly maniacal edge. Small wonder, after a gruelling
transform into 1950s Paris than either Paris itself or any other major UK city,
seven-month shoot. But at least the efforts of John and his team look like
because there are fewer and smaller unspoilt architectural areas."
111!; they're paying off. As we squelch our way through the mud, dung and straw,
it's hard to deny that the set looks, feels and even smells pretty authentic.
No one watching would be under any illusions that life in ninth-century Example:
England was tough. Martyn John has had enough of making Saxon barns and destroy ing
r.,,.
1,
:I the grass.
The main set of The Last Kingdom, a British historical fiction television series
!1 based on Bernard Cornwell's The Saxon Stories series of novels, spans about ,1. I Martyn John has been shooting The Last Kingdom for
eight acres just outside Budapest in Hungary, owned by Korda Studios and rj1
used to film period and fantasy dramas including Sky's The Borgias, the
1
111 Ken Follett adaptation World Without End and Emerald City and the recent 2. I The set looks and smells as if it was
1
reimagining of The Wizard of Oz.
111
I:,·1
1,.
Recycling, it becomes clear, is essential. Not just of general items, but of
l!ji entire sets, with Winchester doubling as York, Leeds, Northampton and
assorted other conurbations in Wessex and East Anglia. With a few tweaks,
3.' (I' Last Kingdom is being shot
l.,I some canny_camera angles and the many ginnels and alleyways around the
11.
walled city, it's hard to see the joins. John is even the sort of heathen who 4.' I The Last Kingdom is
'!'
wil'. happily re-dress a cathedral as a pagan meeting hall if it services the .T·
l
of Bernard Cornwell's The Saxon Stories series of novels.
senes.
?,• . I Whole towns like Winchester can easily be changed into
The story als~ once again takes to the seas, when Uhtred is enslaved on a
Vikmg longs~ip: a conundrum for a production at the heart of a landlocked
country. While authenticity is the watchword for John and his team, green
29
28
'),j
WRITING
6. If necessary, while filming, buildings can be used • communication on Facebook can be used as a way of avoiding face-to-
face communication
• some people go on Facebook even when they are in company, switching
7. It is a challenge for film producers to from the real world to a virtual one
because Hungary is entirely enclosed by land. 50 pant
8. It's easier to film in Hungary than in the UK because there are fewer
9. I When the story was set by the sea, the scenes were filmed in the car Part2
park of the studio using
,1111 Your friend is thinking of taking up charity work but has some doubts
''I
10. I Because of its well-preserved period architecture, Budapest about it. He/she wants you to share your opinion about volunteering.
~lite an email (ca. 300 words) in which you answer your friend's
in Maigret. questions about:
10 pant • what kind of charity work would be the best option, e.g. suiting his/her
personality
• how much time and commitment is involved
• whert it is not good to involve oneself in volunteering, e.g. exam periods,
moving house or personal problems
• what kind of motivation is needed (e.g. genuine interest in preserving
Writing ) nature / helping the elderly, etc.) and what kinds should be avoided (e.g.
I
pressure from friends)
50 pant
Partl
)
An internet site is asking for people's opinions about how important
Facebook is as a tool of communication. Write a blog entry (ca. 300
words) in which you consider the following:
• an increasing number of, especially young, people communicate through
Facebook daily
• information is shared instantly sometimes even without proper
consideration
30
31
~ ':.
j
LISTENING
0 Colour psychology is ... .
• • Listening ) A a 21st-century invention
• '
1
B good for keeping fit
• C beneficial in sports therapies
8 Being exposed to blue all day long ....
Track6-7 A has a bad effect on brain functions
Partl • 1 B may cause various health problems
C stops your body from producing melatonin for good
You are going to hear a text on a new type of yoga called ChromaYoga. 0 When you do some sport, ... .
Listen to the text and choose the correct answer. Give your answers in A the more oxygen you can breathe in, the better
the grid below. There is an example already done for you. B the more CO 2 you exhale, the better
C your muscles invariably become acidic
Example: 8 Some yogic experts ... .
Ci) ChromaYoga was invented ... A can slow down both their heart rate and breathing rate
B are investigating what can increase or reduce stress
@ by Nina Ryner and Clara Baker. C breathe only once or twice an hour a day
B by two English yoga instructors.
C to be part of colour therapies. G ChromaYoga classes and meditation ....
Ii A teach you how to handle stress
-11
8 When she invented ChromaYoga, Nina Ryner .... B make you feel less stressed out on public transport
A was dissatisfied with both the trends in the fitness industry and C are good tools to suppress your emotions on a crowded tube
r· :f
London
B found London too commercial and old-fashioned l'),' Amber light ... .
!'i
C regularly visited traditional yoga classes to keep fit and collect A is good if you have sleeping problems
ideas B can reduce the production of melatonin
C is the most important colour in Chroma Yoga classes
:(
11
8 The concept of ChromaYoga ....
A doesn't incorporate the ancient practices of acupuncture and GI) Most people who attend ChromaYoga classes .. ..
I,
yoga A often feel stressed out and anxious
B was developed to satisfy market demand B enjoy living in a multisensory environm~nt .
C is based on ideas that are totally contemporary and revolutionary C like the idea of being part of somethmg L"evolut10nary and
modern
~':if~- l
8 ChromaYoga classes ... .
A are held in pink, red, and blue studios 4 6 9
B can cure insomnia 2· I l . •· I - I s. I - I ,. I "· 1· - I 1°· I
C have an effect on both the body and mind
'' ·1
10 pant
33
32
it
Track8-9 10. I What parts of a tiny house are recommended to be used to make
Part2 better use of space?
You are going to listen to a text about tiny houses. Your task is to give
short answers (maximum 6 words) to the questions given. There is an 10 pant
example already done for you.
0. I Example:
1.
What was the average size of a typical home in the US in 1995?

19Sm2
I What is meant by the 'ballooning trend' in housing in the US?
a Oralexam )
2. I What makes tiny houses portable? Introducti1;m (3-5 minutes approximately) - is not to be assessed.
3. I Give one benefit of tiny houses. thefr 'ease and to familiarize them with the exam situation, that is, the
4. I For what purpose are tiny houses being used in an experiment in nu~ber that gives the topics for the other two parts.
the US?
5.
6.
I How much does it cost on average to build a tiny house?

I Why can't you build a tiny house anywhere?
- Guide~ conversation (5-8 minutes)
I I
7. If you want to build a family house in Atlanta, how big should it be? The interviewer initiates a conversation based on the topic determined
helps: develop the conversation between the two candidates. The
8. Where can you find plots where zoning codes do not apply? examinees should be able to ask and answer questions, express and
ar~e for·their opinions.
T9pic: Family and Career
9. What can be set up to increase the living space for tiny home owners?
35
34
Possible questions:
• Should women choose between a career and motherhood? Why? 1 W
3. FELADATSOR
e
• How is life different for today's working mothers compared to ear .
generations? her
• What if your parents do not support your career dreams?
• What is the best way to live a happy and successful life? Reading )
Part2
Individual presentation ofa topic based on visual stimuli (5-8 minutes)
- You are going to read an article about moving home but some parts
of the text are missing. Find the right part to each blank space (from 1
about a topic with the help of some pictures. They are not expected io 10). There are more possible parts given than you need. Give your
to describe the pictures but to present their ideas related to the topic answers in the grid below. There is an example already done for you.
.Anyone who's ever undertaken a house move will agree it's one of the most
Topic: Weather - Natural disasters and their consequences
.
, challenging life events, (0) .................., that anyone can go through .
II)\1'1: recent poll, two thirds of people voted moving house top of their stress
!is~~th it (1) .................. than relationship breakdowns, divorce and starting
tl/, 1,,
a,newjob.
,I ..
lt's~one of life's most stressful experiences, and this is because it involves
ha~ ng to cope with change. Moving house represents a transition in life, it's
ab,9ut change and unfamiliarity and for many people that causes stress and
artjg.ety. Most of us like familiarity, routine and order. When you're moving,
(2)\ .,i..,............ It also causes a ripple effect of change throughout your life.
Yoµ',re,not just changing your home and getting to know the new one, you
m1ght be in a new area, you have to find new schools for your children, take
anew
ori·-,,1_, __ '
commute to work, find a new GP and dentist.
If i9t\.
feel stressed or anxious, that's perfectly normal. It's not a sign of
~~!*ness, it's an understandable reaction. The lack of order, the uncertainty
an,~ upheaval (3) .................. can trigger underlying mental health conditions
such as anxiety and depression.
Mt ving ca~ put a particular strain on families and relationships. Parents,
foF:· example, always feel guilt (4) ................... Scientists found that children in
ra:Imlies who moved repeatedly (especially to new area~ of the country) were
I11t;>~e li~ely to perform badly in school and have behav10ural problems. Most
Osszesen: 25 pant
36
i
~1:
37
(,
',-z-
;~ READING
ft
. • 5) them being less happy in
?
worry_ingly of all, the 1srupt~:e:!~ ~ie
later life, have fewer fne nd s a .
y~~;g~; one study also found that
ses the likelihood of a person going
moving a lot before the age of 18 mcrea ho had multi le moves 1 •· I ,. I ' · I •· I s. I •· I ,. I •· I •· 1••· I
on to use illegal drugs. But the results (6) ·················· w p .
· 1s· not a1ways bad , but on average , it is bad for introverted. kids 10 pont
Moving
and has a surprising long-term effect, it seems. Why? Because f!10Vm.g a
lot makes it difficult for people to maintain l?ng-term close relat1onsh1ps.
According to a study, (7) .................., the more llkely they are to repor~ lower
life satisfaction and wellbeing, regardless of age, gender and educat10n. Part2
Whilst adults tend to focus on the practical issues around moving, children
often focus on the losses the move will cause - friends and a familiar
environment, in particular. They may also feel powerless, (8) You are going to read an article about people's obsession with
celebrities. On the basis of the text, answer the questions below. Use
Moving can be particularly detrimental in adolescence, as this is a time maximum six words.There is an example done for you.
when you are expected to be (9) .................. and move away from your parents
emotionally. Whr are we obsessed with celebrities?
But, as studies stress, psychological damage is by no means inevitable. The general public currently appears to be obsessed about media celebrities.
Some children are naturally more resilient than others. It's also the case that With all the different magazines, websites, newsletters, and biogs dedicated
if moves aren't to a new area and (10) .................., the move may just wash solely to the act of broadcasting these celebrities' lives, we almost can't
over them. Likewise, more gregarious, outgoing children may not suffer. escape it, even if we try our hardest. On the other hand, staying updated
In some cases children may even benefit. Some love the excitement of a on the daily occurrences of celebrities has never been so easy. From Lady
new adventure, of choosing a new bedroom and of starting again. It teaches G1ga revealing she almost quit her music career to Christina Applegate
them important lessons too, such as being able to cope well with change. welcoming a baby girl it's clear that if there is a story that is guaranteed to
Possible missing parts: make headlines, it is anything having to do with celebrities.
'.J,
0 committed to a particular peer group As for internet websites, they have been extremely helpful in broadcasting
8 the more times a child moves celeorities' lives. Used daily by teens and routinely by the general public,
ca triggering more anxiety
internet websites are a great way to spark and fuel the fire that is curiosity
or rriaybejust gossip. These websites include biogs, e-newsletters and social
G) both physically aftd emotioftally networking sites. All of these have been and are used to distribute news of
G at moving kids from their friends and home media celebrities' personal lives.
G can take its toll on kids both in the long and short term Th~'question is: Why? Why do we love celebrities so much? Some say it is
0 only applied to people because we desperately want to be them and that our love of celebrity has
4D also more likely to lead to to do with our own intense desire for it, us wanting what they have. And
9 don't make ~uch of a commitment to friendship thar because of the internet, we feel that's not far from our reach.
0 usually havmg no say in the dec1s1on
. . to move Wi~h the help of social media, fame can be found through YouTube, Vine
w you have none of those and,1Instagram, Facebook and Twitter. They all appeal to our desire for
4) that surrounds a move a@c~ptance. Social media sites give us a captive audience. They feed our
QI don't involve a change of school eg9s by incessantly assuring us that someone is listening, that someone
cares.
38 I
39
... ,_!;] 1.:'1
I I I ,',II 1, '/·,<;I I I( II if 'fil I) tsrn
It seems that we have become so used to the idea of hearing of other
people's lives that we have developed an evident n.eed to broadcast o~r 4~/" Which of our needs does social media fulfil?
own. There are people on Facebook, Myspace and Twitter w~o upda~e ~heir 1(
statuses every day, letting the whole world know every detail of !h~1~ iives.
Particularly on Facebook, hundreds of people will become their fnends' '5 '1 ;)/1 What need has the constant information on celebrities' lives created?
and consequently follow every second of their lives as if they themselves
were a media celebrity.
As noted, the higher number of subscribers, the ~ig_her likelihood fo~ fame .
Many a YouTube star has successfully evolved their mternet populanty into
a mainstream-media takeover by appearing on popular magazine covers.
iiW~er:e,,tI<!v~.some people ended up after appearing on YouTube?
It is no longer unusual for young children, when asked what they want to .)•l!,.11,/. '.'.1 I.
.....,. .......................................................................................................................................
,11•,. '
be when they grow up, to say that they hunger for fame . What they want to 1, ,:,., .l)f ' ' .
be famous for is unimportant. And what a windfall: being famous has never ')" -,- - • :I
ili, iWhat do children want to become famous for?
been so easy as today. II J ;··,
'll'f1·1'(fi;,/1,
It is social media that creates a need for celebrity by giving us a taste of 1·, .I .. ', -.- ..
11,J, - ;••:f"/
•• • .
it. It allows us to imagine what it might be like to be famous. The media .,!1•' vbth~s taught us to give others all kinds of information about
w
has conditioned today's youth to be deeply interested in and curious about
![ I
~p,rs~lv~s?
other people's personal lives. They have taught us to be too open about Ii, J
,1,fiL."PI,~
'-'I' .
everything we do. Our business is no longer our business: we are expected to ·••,•·································································································"·····································
share personal information. Anyone who does not is thought to be somehow 10. f /•Whq.t,is the problem with the fame provided by social media?
weird and living a lonely life in isolation. 1/,, i
But t?e fame p~ovided by social media, after all, is nothing but a construct,
a fict10n, a fleetmg fantasy, a dream that slips from sight upon waking. Only 10 pant
we seldom realise that. ;·.
.t1.n·
!•ii\'
fl·,1/
0. I Example: l))i,,,
.,. 11
tji!
How easy is it not to learn the latest news about celebrities? very
hard ..
\;i);,;r
1. I What kind of news is the likeliest to make the headlines?
2. Who uses internet websites the most?
3. How does the internet make us feel about fame?
'tr1
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40 111,
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41
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}3 LISTENING
~ ting) Listening )
Partl
A survey is being conducted in your country about the importance of
traditions, social practices and superstitions in how people organize
their daily life and celebrations. Write an essay (ca. 300 words) and
- Track 10-11
You are going to hear a part of radio programme on the secrets of the
teenage brain. Listen to the text and choose the correct answer. Give
your answers in the grid below. There is an example already done for
mention the following: you.
• what traditions and social practices are connected with hospitality
• what traditions, social practices and superstitions are connected with
weddings Teenagers .. ..
• what traditions, social practices and superstitions are connected with A sent in questions to the radio programme
celebrating birthdays @ often have problems with their parents
• what traditions, social practices and superstitions are connected with C suffer from hormonal problems in their brains
celebrating name days
50 pant 8 Brenda's teenager .. . .
A doesn't like cleaning up / doesn't like housework
B leaves dirty clothes all over the house
C often has breakfast in bed
Part2
8 Myelin ... .
A is responsible for being tidy
Your friend lives in a country recently devastated by a tsunami. He/ B is a material in the brain
she has written you an email asking about extreme weather conditions C is unnecessary for the proper functioning of the nervous system
that occur in Hungary. Write an email (ca. 300 words) in which you
discuss the effects and consequences of: 8 The frontal and prefrontal cortices .. . .
A control the awareness of the feelings and emotions of other
• heatwaves and drought people
• floods and water-soaked areas B are connected to myelin through synapses
• storms and hail C are responsible for impulsive behaviour
• drastic snowfalls
C, Teenagers are untidy because .. . .
A they are busy with their studies
50 pant
B they are not good at setting priorities
42 C they deal with many things at the same time
43
..
' ----------~-- LISTENING
,
8 Teenagers can easily get angry because ... .
Track 12-13
A their brain functions are not fully developed yet '
j,f-, I
B adults often behave in an angry way with them 11}~! -~ 1
c they feel alienated in the family Listep to a text on "early birds" and "night owls". Your task is to
complete the statements below using not more than 6 words. There is
0 Teenage generations in the past .... an example (0) at the beginning.
A were not exposed to so much stress as teenagers today
B felt more independent than teenagers today '.Example:
c did not want to cut ties with family members "Earii,.birds" are also callect'
8 Nowadays parents ....
A should be more attentive to their teenagers than in the past
B find it difficult to keep eye-contact with their teenagers ·1 , , S_ bme
1''1 jl i' I
people can easily
C don't like talking about sensitive things with their teenagers 1,and stay active till late.
0 One of the parents complained .... B~haviour (and environment)
I(' I,
A about her children's bad marks at school :in \,i·.
our becoming "early birds" or "night owls".
B that her children seem to be addicted to their phones
C that her children prefer being alone The·circadian
'/11,
rhythm determines the physiological processes
'
G
'
If a child seems to be uninterested in school, .. ..
A it can be a sign of a learning problem ·,,Most people's
B it is the fault of the parents
,'.,. (~~~fhest in the afternoon.
C they spend too much time on social networks l;'i1\ '
•Tliose who are neither "larks" nor "night owls" adapt to
fD The teenage years are an ideal time ... . f"i '!,
to identify specific learning disabilities
A with relative ease.
I
to develop children's weak points at school
B Ab.o,µt 17% of people
to improve children's school achievement fast
C
~~9ple: who have "advanced sleep phase" feel sleepy early in the
I : I I ,. I ,. I •- 1s. I •- I 1· I ~- I •· I 10· J
1·
evening and
\Jl"•i•
:.,..·'._1'
.. ~-<2:'-..··········"·······················································································································
11, .~
10 pant ." FoGyoung people hormonal changes may bring about changes
1f.1, .· I
111 'f:,\i..................... ...................... ..........,........................... .....................................................
·,,Some people go to bed and get up earlier when they
44 45
1k1
,1 1.u~
.!.
ORALEXAM
Wbat problems might arise from the free movement of people in the EU?
10. I It is especially difficult for What are some ~fthe strengths and weaknesses of the EU economy?
to work in regular business hours. :• How do you envisage the future of the EU without the UK?
10 pant
Part 2
a Oral~am )
Individual presentation of a topic based on visual stimuli (5-8 minutes)
to describe the pictures but to present their ideas related to the topic
Introduction (3-5 minutes approximately) - is not to be assessed. Topic: Partnership
The main purpose of this part of the test is to put the candidates at 1'~ ~\
Partl
Topic: The European Union - The role of the EU in world economics
Possible questions: tisszesen: 25 pant
• What is the role of the EU in world economics?
• What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of EU membership?
46 47
) '
,,.;•i· ,I'
l~i~:'.
4. FELADATSOR ,In sp'.r~ng you may see cubs playfighting. By September they have reached
matulilty an.ct can· fend
th for
· fithemselves. But many don't re ac h th·1s st age. On1y
e
i,.,f ; · ·
a rmmonty •surv1ve e1r rst year and the average '"ox •.-e · • t
. 1 r ,,, ·· ht ffi h 1
1 111, span 1s JUS 18
months, wit ra c t e most common cause of death In b .-
. ' , k·n d d rb ,. • ur an areas, 1oxes
are aWl'.. -I ,e e I erate1y: ior (5) ·················· , ransacking rubbish or 'scaring'
Reading ) resid~nt~:
Ii.
'· I ','/("(
·,1.1,i ,' . •
Despf~f 1the,:popular im~ge of foxes r!fling dustbins, they are marvellous
predat(;!F,S and have a wide, unfussy diet. In the city, they eat pigeons and
rats a?;~'.;forage food thrown away by humans or (6) ................... A surprising
num~~i;-!t;if p~ople re~larly feed f~xes and report that they like all manner
Partl
ofisna,cks1 from porndge to Marmite sandwiches. In spring, a fox will pull
ea,rtnw0~ms out of the ground. sometimes hundreds in one night. In May, it
will~hoover up crane-fly larvae.
You are going to read an article about London's foxes, but some parts •'.1i;
:iv_·! ,
I
of the text are missing. Find the right part to each blank space (from 1 Latet,,In the ~ummer, it favours beetles until autumn brings an abundance
to 10). There are more possible parts given than you need. Give your of bl~~kberries
'.t'I !'
in places such as Walthamstow Marshes. Of course t chicken
answers in the grid below. There is an example already done for you. bonef iand (7) .................. , but not as much as you might think. A 2001 study
comP,,a i'ed foxes in Bristol and London: it found that Bristol foxes scavenged
The secret life of London's foxes arouriJ.d ,64percent of their diet while the London ones only got 35 percent of
the'ir¥ood that way.
Although I've lived in London for 12 years, seeing a fox ,there still seems I ~).'/
,J
'
,,) I
surprising. The sight of one slinking down the street, (0) .................. or Th~ .u rban fox might feel like a city fixture, but it's a surprisingly modern
snoozing on a roof is a rusty flash of wildness in a depleted l~ndscape. I've phepp~ 'e non. The species only colonised London after WWII. In the late
been interested in the animals since I was young. I was fascmated at first 1950~;:-"the Natural History Society recorded that foxes were common in
by their vulpine intelligence, beauty and secret lives; later because they pa'r;ts\ of the capital. By the early '70s, they were established throughout
(1) .................. and spoke to the way we perceive and treat animals, past and London. One theory about why they arrived after the war is (8)
present. , with gardens and sheds providing perfect plots for foxes . This vulpine
coionisation continued to the point that, these days, you wouldn't be
They tend to be out and about late at night or very early in the morning: those sur,t>r,i sed to see one (9) ...................
crepuscular, otherworldly hours, which add to the magical experience of
seeing one ofBritain's last, living predators in a human, urban environment. A ''i/~st-controller I went out with for research had a healthy amount of
I could never be certain (2) ................... Even though around 10,000 live in the wo·; k every 'n ight killing foxes in London, but a lot of us love our vulpine
capital, they are strangely elusive. nei'gl1bours. When a cull was proposed in Clissold Park last year, thousands
of pi '9 pie signed a petition to save the foxes . Rescuers at wildlife centres
It was once thought the .animals lived in traditional fa~ily groups - mother, (10)1' . ,!.. '. .:......... to look after ill or injured animals too.
, !·-'11,'
father and cubs - but research suggests their social groupings are much
more complex and not always the conventiohal 2.4 children set-up . A basic LoJef~~·~m or loathe them 10 000 foxes share this city with us. They are an
skulk (the term for a group of foxes) consists of the parents and cubs, but imp'~rtant' beautiful and ~ha;acterful part of London's rich, vibrant fabric .
rh'') ;, 1 .. , I
there are ~ften a couple of (3) ..................in the group. The group maintains
con~act usm~ scent .and sound, keeping to their territory. The . size of a Pos~ible ,missing parts:
11 ,/j1' '\,1
te.rntor.y vanes considerably. It's determined by (4) .................. and is marked 8 1:Wd;karound the clock
1
with urme to communicate to other foxes that an area is taken.
G),' t~e:spread of suburbia
1
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48 k 1• 49
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(t adding to the magical experience previous research has linked broken heart syndrome to natural disasters
G) digging up or fouling lawns including the 2004 e_arthquake in Japan. Now, scientists at the University of
4) the availability of food Arkapsas.have studied catastrop_hes in the U.S, finding dramatic spikes in
cases of broken heart syndrome 10 two states Vermont and Missouri after
G vaulting over a fence majo~,natur~l disasters in 2011. The findings ;uggest the stress of dis~sters
0 divided opinion as a likely tngger.
non-breeding vixens 1
Using a)1;1~tionwi~e hospital ~ischarge database, the researchers identified
9 deliberately left out for them 21,748 pat1~nts diagnosed with cases of broken heart syndrome in 2011.
0 a garden with regular vulpine visitors After mapp10g the cases by state, Vermont and Missouri emerged as having
4) burgers play a part too the highest rate of cases, with 380 cases per million residents in Vermont
8 hanging around Oxford Street and 1(>~ per million in Missouri while most states had fewer than 150 cases
I'dseeone per rrli~lion residents. New Hampshire and Hawaii had the lowest rate of the
disease.that year.
I •- I z. I ,_ I •- I s. I 6- I 7- I s. I •- I '0 j
Tropic:al·storm Irene pummelled Vermont with heavy rain and wind, causing
I the'mos~gevastation since the Great Flood of 1927. The rate of broken heart
cases in:this state was more than double that of most other states this same
year. Similarly, researchers found broken heart syndrome at a rate of 169
cases per million in Missouri in 2011, the same year a massive tornado ripped
10 pant
through the state's town of Joplin, demolishing neighbourhoods and killing
at lea~t 158 people.
"jl'I. I •
Becausf :-,. natural disasters occur more frequently in some parts of the
Part2 country', residents in these regions may have adapted to and experienced
less 1stress during such occurrences. However, in places such as Vermont,
where n~tural disasters are relatively rare, people may be more susceptible
You are going to read an article about the connection between natural to extreme
1,
stress when a disaster hits particularly hard.
disasters and a form of heart disease. After reading this article, finish r/~.
Patients. ,with broken heart syndrome often complain of chest pain and
the sentences on the basis of the text. Use maximum seven words.
shortness of breath, symptoms similar to those of a heart attack, which can
There is an example done for you.
delay tI:ie diagnosis. While broken heart syndrome typically resolves within
a month or two, in the acute situation it can result in serious complications
It appears that natural disasters don't just destroy buildings - they can such as heart failure, life-threatening arrhythmias and stroke. Although
even trigger a broken heart. Studies find that extreme stress caused by takot~jJJ;jo cardiomyopathy is a very reversible form of cardiomyopathy, in
earthquakes and hurricanes weakens the heart muscle. the·, a~ ~e phas.e the patients need to be monitored closely to be sure they
are stable and to prevent and manage problems. Emergency doctors and
It has been discovered that the stress of hurricanes and earthquakes
medical personnel also need to be aware of the likelihoo? of the s~ndrome
can trigger a condition known as takotsubo cardiomyopathy, also known as ~h.ey are often on the frontlines seeing patients after disaster strikes.
as broken heart syndrome. In this condition, the heart muscle becomes ,. I •
temporarily enlarged and weakened. The syndrome is often triggered by The, authors of the study add that different people's threshold for stress
extreme physical or emotional stress, for example, being in a car accident or may:· also affect rates of takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Episodes ar~ th?ught
losing a family member, researchers say. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy got its to be driven by the sympathetic response and surge:' of adrenal_10e 10 the
name because the abnormal shape of the heart in this condition resembles body, similar to the well-known fight-or-flight r~act10n. Accord10_g to the
a Japanese octopus fishing pot (tako=octopus, tsubo=pot) . rese~rthers, it is a perfect example of the bram-heart connection. The
50 51
I
/
WRITING
emotional stress we have in our brain can lead to responses in the heart f
'
and unfortunately not much is known about this condition. '
Writing )
0. Example:
It se'ems that' earthquakes and hu.mq:mes, / natural ..disasters can
weaken the heart
!
muscle-
1. When a heart becomes larger and weaker temporarily, we are ell
, ,rt 1
dealing with
&'iii ){::,,:;,
···········································,······ :··· ,······. ············~
•2. __tei ~~t site is asking about how people experience the effect of
aliz~tio·n in their everyday lives. Write a blog entry (ca. 300 words)
have been known to cause takotsubo cardiomyopathy. 1cl:il,you consider the role of globalization in the following:
3. The US researchers made use of .......................,. .............................................. .
'r kplace/school
1
when studying catastrophes' connection to heart problems. , ',time activities
c)[J ping habits
1
4. In the U.S. in 2011, the highest rate, of takotsubo cardiornyopathy ,
occ1,.1rred in g and drinking habits
'ju organize your holidays
50 pont
5. , In,v;e_rmont the broken h~frt syndrome seems,; ? have, be~n sefiP,.~ ;fYf; , ,
:f.-
········'················· ·············· '·... ·...'''·:·.···.·············· '·············· "··· ··........./ .... ' .:,·.. ·: '1,. ·~_Ji:•. ~·
6. Natural dis~sl:,er:s P-~ n9~ ~a,use as much'stre~s.in J\i~es, wh~~~1".%·: :i;? .I t 2
. .......................................'. . ;. '.; . '. '. I j .' • • ' . , _. , • • ' · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •· . . .. . . . . . . .' _ ; \ ' ·_.'.i.il ':;·,;__·.' .. ·•,'" :) •.. ,.•-//,' . . l ,.......
7.' When people are having a heart :attack:, they'typically exp~rl~µce
, '
· .:,, ;.·.,.... ", .. ..........'.;·,:.·... ..... '···: \ ·,·:·'.~·........ ................,.. ·.... ............. ........·.. ··'..... ·..........
'
has recently taken up a new hobby and is curious about
"people in your country take or don't take up. Write an
8. 00 words) in which you discuss the following:
It.us~:311y .. '.\····:;1i:•·.··)/i:'.:·-': ::........... :.....:... :.. :.i",: ·········f.- ····:,···:·:,,;(,-' . .;'......:............
to get' over takotsubo car9iomyopathy. .:: :, ,, 1• \
nship between gender and hobbies
,, 1• ,_,, . . ., .. ,.,,, ~ , , , , ; I , , , , .,. _,
nsidered an exclusive hobby in your country
?- .Natali people are as \ik;fl:XJb ,h<;1ve broken l;i.eart syndrome because ,I
auO nship between age groups and hobbies
: ' :'../ ,~.'... ·', .:..' .....f :'.:, , ,:, / '.:.......·::\\,'.:°.....·' . /, ,, ,
t·' , I / ,
to. ,I When , pebple respond to ·a:n· attack or other. threat, their bodies
I
, , ).
,,
,
- ·- · ·
,
' •
,' ,
, '
' ',
•.'
, ,
'
,r. 1 ,I
I • •
r ection between traditionalism and hobbies
50 pont
,,,, ',._ 'I ~elease cnemid& 'like ....'.!:'.,: ~:.'.:...........,. ,........,. .. ,.........................'................... ,.........
' ' ' 'into their blpo.dstream. '' ,
!!._i'
,,1.-1,.,
- I
10 pont
52
53
LISTENING
8 You should have ... for dinner if 0
A various kinds of seafood y u want to sleep well at night.
Listenirig )
B many types of seeds and nuts
C food rich in omega 3 fats
0 According to a study, omega 3 fish oil ....
A reduces melatonin
111 Partl Track 14-15 B can stimulate hormones in your body
C can help you to sleep more
l11 You are going to hear an interview with Peter Grant, a sleep expert, 8 Kiwi fruit is ....
about how to eat if you want to get a good night's sleep. Listen to the A rich in fibre and protein
interview and choose the correct answer. There is an example already B a source of serotonin
done for you. C contains sleep hormone melatonin
0 Tryptophan is an amino acid that ....
Example: A makes you feel sleepy
B is found in carbohydrates
0
I
A lot of people have problems wjth .... C is built from protein
@ getting up in the morning
B falling back asleep at home G Bananas ... .
C hitting the snooze button in the morning A contain more tryptophan than high-protein snacks
B are rich in magnesium and potassium
II 8 ... can lead to sleeping disorders and insomnia. C are best with milk or soy milk
A Spending too much time on social media sites
€I!) If you want to sleep well, ... .
B Stress at home
C Always working night shifts
A don't drink tea after 11 am
B drink a cup of green tea just before going to bed
8 It is important to .. . if you want to sleep well at night. C don't eat heavy food an hour before bed
A have proper food for breakfast
f1Ej •· [ ,. I •· I s. I I I •- I •· I '"· I
B be active in the afternoon 7
C eat enough sugary food -
8 Your breakfast affects your .... 10 pant
A brain functions in the afternoon
B sleep at night
C overall activity during the whole day
O If you want to sleep well, ... .
A reduce the amount of white bread and pasta that you eat
B always have a sugary cocktail after eating pasta
C have a nice dinner rich in protein in a restaurant 55
54
----- ORALEXAM
Part2 Track 16-17 9. Why is it difficult for Alex to have enough fun time with her children?
w. l What charity work do-------
...............
You are going to hear two people, Alex and Taylor, discussing the values Taylor's children do?
according to which they are bringing up their children. While listening,
answer the questions below. Use maximum seven words. There is an ....- - ...................................................................... ..
example already done for you.
10 pant
0. I Example:
What is the reason why Alex's family go to church regularly? ,
the community/fellowship/ connections to other people
I What Church holidays do non-spiritual people often celebrate?
1.
Oralexam )
..........................................................................................................................
2. I What does Taylor find important to tolerate?
.................................................................................................................. Introduction (3-5 minutes approximately) - is not to be assessed.
3. I Where do Alex's children meet people from different ethnicities?
..................................................................................................... ..
-
4. I Why does Alex think they have not had to deal with attitudes candidates engage in conversation, initiating and reacting to different
towards same-sex parents? viewpoints. In this part of the exam, one of the candidates picks a
.................................................................................................
5. I Why does Alex find self-esteem important (1 reason)?
..........................................................................................
Part 1
6. I What characteristics does Taylor associate with self-esteem?
- ......................................................................................
7. Guided conversation (5-8 minutes)
Why don't Taylor's children get money for doing chores?
- ········.. , , ..................................................................... The interviewer initiates a conversation based on the topic determined
8. by ,the number the examinee has picked and, by asking questions,
Why does Taylor find it important to have dinner together with the helps develop the conversation between the two candidates. The
children (1 reason)?
- ........................................................................... .. argue for their opinions.
Topic: Services - Online services
56 57
l
READING
Possible questions: 5. FELADATSOR
e
• What online services do you use on a regular basis? (e.g. bank·
shopping, ordering food) ing,
• What are some of the benefits and drawbacks of using online serv·
• Who are online services especially good for? Ices? Reading )
• Are you sati~fied. with the online servic~s you use? Why? Why not?
• What potential risks or dangers may anse when using online serv1ces?
:
Iii
/11
Part2
--
- y0 u are going to read an article about the effect friends have on
longevity. Find the right part to each blank space (from 1 to 10). There
are more possible parts given than you need. Give your answers in the
about a topic with the help of some pictures. They are not expected grid below. There is an example already done for you.
suggested by the pictures. Are friends the secret of a longer life?
Topic: Extreme sports People who want to improve their health tend to turn to doctors, self-help
books or nutritional supplements and rarely think of a powerful weapon
that could help them fight illness and depression, (0) .................., even slow
I aging and prolong life: their friends.
Researchers have only recently started to (1) .................. friendship and
social networks in overall health. A study found that older people with a
I
l1
large circle of friends were less likely to die in the study period than those
with fewer friends. Another study established that strong social ties could
promote brain health (2) ...................
According to Bella DePaulo, a visiting psychology professor at the University
of California, Santa Barbara, who studies single people and friendships ,
friendship is likely to have an even greater effect on health than (3)
In a study of nurses with breast cancer, having a spouse wasn't associated
with survival.
This find is supported by a new book, "The Girls From Ames: A ~tory of
Women and a 40-Year Friendship", which tells the story of 11 childhood
friends from Iowa who had moved to eight different states. Despite the
distance, their fri~ndships endured through college and marriage, as well
...
as (4)
Osszesen: 25 pant
58 59
..I..
One of these women has rece
. . ms
got her d1agnos1s,
ntly learned she has breast cancer. When she
d (5)
. t ead of turning to her loveh hones1· d ··················,
f
reached out to h er ch1.ldhood friends ' even thoug dt ey 1ve arf away. She
emailed her friend immediately and (6 ) ·················· an messages o support.
she EB •- I z. I ,. I •- I 5 I •- I ,_ I •- I •- 110- I
10 pant
She said that she was often more comfortable discus~ing her illness With
her girlfriends than with her doctor, and that her fnends have been an
essential factor in her treatment and recovery, and research bears her out.
IIi rt has been found, for example, that out of nearly 3,000 nurses (7) ..................,
women without close friends were four times as likely to die from the
disease as women with ten or more friends . Furthermore, having the friends
I, nearby (8) .................. was not associated with survival. Just having friends
was enough. y 0 u are going to read an article about the demise of American malls.
on the basis of the text, answer the questions below. Use maximum six
Some research has also shown that men's health can benefit from friendships words. There is an example done for you.
as well as women's. In a study of the connection between social support and
the health of middle-age Swedish men, being emotionally involved with a Shopping malls across America are dying, and, in some cases, leaving jobless
single person didn't appear to affect the risk of heart attack (9) communities and rotting buildings that are hotbeds for crime in their wake.
but having several friendships did. Dozens of malls have closed in the last 10 years, and many more are at risk
It is not quite clear why having friends has such a big effect. It is likely, of shutting down as retailers like Macy's, JCPenney, and Sears, also known II
however, that besides (10) .................. having better access to health services as anchor stores, board up hundreds of stores to stop the losses from falling
and care, friendship has a profound psychological effect. People with strong sales.
friendships are even less likely than others to get colds, which may be due The commercial real estate firm Costar estimates that nearly a quarter of
to having lower stress levels since people with friends always have someone malls in the US, or roughly 310 of the nation's 1,300 shopping malls, are at
to turn to.
high risk oflosing an anchor store. When anchor stores close, it can be hard
Possible missing parts: to find businesses to replace them because they occupy the multi-storey
buildings at mall entrances that are often at least 100,000 square feet . If no
C, or fatal coronary heart disease replacement tenant is found, the loss could trigger a long downward spiral
1r1 0 a spouse or a family member for the shopping mall and the surrounding communities.
(9 pay attention to the importance of When anchor stores are boarded up, traffic to the retailers in the middle
0 depending on nutrition sections of malls tends to decrease. That has been happening at shopping
G without delay got emails and phone calls malls nationwide, and now many retailers are going out of business and
G speecl their rees,•ery closing their stores as a result.
0 as her doctor suggested The process of a shopping mall shutting down is slow, it often happens
fD with breast cancer over the course of a decade or more. As stores are boarded up one by one,
G without severe illnesses shopper traffic slows and crime in the area tends to escalate. Crime is not
0 divorce and other crises the only problem, though. Malls are big contributors to city ar:id state taxes
0 or the amount of contact with a friend and jobs. Once they close, they are a blight on the commumty for a very
. . as we age longtime.
G people with strong social ties also
60
61
.....__
READING
One of the triggers for the decline is crime. It often becomes a huge problem o. Example:
at malls near people's homes, and consequently they no longer shop at What are the possible consequences of a mall closing down? j obless
them. Cars are keyed randomly in mall parking lots, and there is not enough communities, crime
security to provide the level of safety a family wants while they are at the
1. Why is it difficult to replace anchor stores?
mall.
Though crime is believed to be the biggest reason mall traffic has declined
in the last decade, many analysts attribute those declines to shoppers' 2. What is likely to happen to other shops in the mall when an anchor
changing preferences and the rise of online shopping. Studies show that store closes?
Americans are increasingly choosing to spend money on technology and
experiences like vacations over apparel. When they shop for clothing, an
increasing number of them are going to discount stores like TJ Maxx or 3. Why are malls important to the economy?
ordering from Amazon.
Along with potential upticks in crime, dying malls can lead to building
vacancies in the areas immediately surrounding them. For example, 4. Why are people reluctant to leave their cars at mall parking lots?
Regency Mall in Augusta, Georgia, closed in 2002. Fifteen years later, most
of the properties along Gordon Highway where it is located are also vacant,
according to WJBF, an ABC-affiliated television station in Augusta. This has 5. What is causing the decline in mall shopping?
made it difficult to persuade developers to consider renovating the mall.
In best-case scenarios, malls will redevelop anchor spaces and find tenants 6. What are people buying instead of clothes?
able to pay even higher rents, like restaurants or apartment complexes. The
likelihood of this outcome is much higher in affluent urban areas.
Two developers are trying to make this kind of redevelopment happen at 7. Why are developers often unwilling to spend money on declining
Regency Square Mall in Richmond, Virginia, which has lost more than a malls?
dozen tenants and two Macy's stores over the last several years. The mall's
JCPenney and Sears stores remain open, but multiple stores in the middle
of the mall have gone dark. 8. Where are developers most likely to invest in malls?
The developers who own the mall have proposed a $35 million plan to
raise the roof of the former Macy's buildings to make room for a possible What plans are there to make structural changes at Regency Square
movie theatre and trampoline park. Mark Slusher, senior vice president of 9.
Thalhimer Realty Partners, which owns the mall with The Rebkee Company, Mall?
explained the idea behind the proposal at a recent meeting with local
government officials. How is experiential retail different from traditional retail?
10.
According to Slusher, the buzzword is experiential retail. In other words,
trying to create a new experience and bring people in, to attract them to the 10 pant
Regency experience. He goes on to explain that there is a need for theatres
and craft breweries and restaurants and trampoline parks and laser tag,
that is, things that people can experience in real life to compete with the
Internet.
63
62
LISTENING
Writing ) Listening
1 i!'I
/11 ;
Partl
Tourism is an important source ofrevenue in Hungary. However, some
people are concerned about the negative effects of tourism, such as
overdevelopment of some destinations and the annoying behaviour
---
You are going to hear an interview with Phoebe, who used to sponsor
Track18-19
a child in Africa. Your task is to write the letter of the correct answer
in the grid below. There is an example already done for you.
of some tourists. Write an essay (ca. 300 words) in which you consider
the following: ..........,......i---
Example:
• the improvement of infrastructure in popular tourist destinations
• the positive effect on local economies and employment
lo
I
The topic of the interview is ....
A giving up sponsoring children
• the possible negative impact resulting from neglecting areas that do not
attract tourists @ sponsoring a child in Africa
C Phoebe's decision to give up sponsoring
• the effect on nature and the surroundings, e.g. pollution, building of
unattractive hotels
D Phoebe stopped sponsoring because ... .
I! 50 pant A the child became an accountant
B the child did not need help
C the child became an adult
I Part2 8 Phoebe wants to warn people against ... .
A committing themselves emotionally
11
B stopping sponsoring too early
Your friend will soon take up a new job/start attending a new C donating money to organizations
school and has asked your advice on how best to fit in with the new
colleagues/schoolmates. Write an email (ca. 300 words) in which you 8 Sponsoring a child in Africa involves ....
discuss the following:
A visiting them frequently
B phoning them regularly
• building relationships and socializing (e.g. exchanging phone numbers, C regular correspondence
being active on social media, attending events)
• asking questions, being proactive 0 Sponsored children expect to get ... from their sponsors.
• being friendly (saying hello, initiating conversations) , A expensive presents
• wearing the right clothes, paying attention to his/her appearance B lots of photographs
C emotional support
50 pant
64 65
0 If a sponsor does not write to the child they sponsor, the child will .... Track20-21
A think they have done something wrong
B stop caring for the sponsor -- -hear an mterv1ew
. . WI"th a person who took a trip on the Trans-
C no longer wait for letters and gifts will
f?0 rian railway. While listening, finish the sentences with short
0 Children who are not sponsored tend to feel ... a child who is sponsored. sibe
bfaSes containing no more than seven words. There is an example
A envious of ~ready done for you.
B anxious about
C out of touch with o. Example:
The interviewee decided to travel in winter to see how ...life is
8 Phoebe decided against sponsoring another child because ... . conducted in extreme temperatures.
A the emotional involvement was getting too much for her
B she thought her help could be channelled in a better way 1. Vladivostok is a good place to start because
C she could no longer afford either the time or the money and it does not feel like Siberia.
0 The organization Phoebe donates to .. .. 2. I On Rossiya, you have a choice of
A does not allow correspondence
B trains teachers for schools in Africa
C helps children in villages stay healthy 3. I Sharing accommodation with Russians proved to be
G Phoebe feels that ....
A greeting cards are enough to replace letters 4. I A single trip without stopovers stops you from
B all village children should get equal help
C long-term commitments are unhealthy
5. I The first part of the journey takes place at night because of
€Ii) Phoebe thinks that the main goal of sponsorship should be ....
A giving emotional commitment and support for children in need
B being rewarded for the sponsorship emotionally but not
6.
financially
C helping people in need so they learn to help themselves made the breakfast a disappointment.
7. I At the stations, the passengers can buy
I : 11. I •- I '· I •- I s. I •- I •- I •- I •- I '"· I
8· I The dachas and the river were beautiful because of
10 pont
9. At Lake Baikal, the houses were painted
10. I The lack of a museum to commemorate
at is the relations?i~ ~etween the globalisation process and culture?
• Wh globalisation d1mm1sh or foster cultural diversity? How?
made Yekaterinburg a disappointment. •. ooe\
wha are some environmental effects of globalisation?
I---
10 pant
. of a topic based on visual stimuli (5-8 minutes)
Individual presentation
• Oralexam )
1 this part of the exam, the candidates, one after the other, talk
~out a topic with the help of some pictures. They are not expected
at describe the pictures but to present their ideas related to the topic
o h .
suggested by t e pictures.
Introduction (3-5 minutes approximately) - is not to be assessed.
Topic: communication - keeping in contact in the 21st century
Part 1
Topic: Globalisation
Possible questions: dsszesen: 25 pant
• What is the impact of globalisation on individuals and on the economy?
• What are some advantages and disadvantages of globalisation?
69
68
11111111;
II 6. FELADATSOR There's a stereotypical image of a .b .
· th· k ·
older, m ic -nmmed glasses and
11 ranan · 10 popular culture· someone
. . f 1 overly mod . .
silence ma room u I of books with all- est clothing, guarding the II
has largely replaced brick-and-mart p 0l~berful shushes. But as the internet 'I
. gath ermg,
. . puar .I raries as th e go-to resource for
Reading ) information librarians' .
had to evolve from providing the int rview is (S) ·:···· ..··········· Libraries have
III I for interac.t ing with it, to indexin:~~~as a s~ryice, to be!ng r~sponsible
amount of mformation. Though the occ ~rch~vmg a rapidly mcreasing
zpercent from 2014 to 2024 many 11.b ~patihon is only expected to grow by
. . , ranans ave forego t 1 . d
maintammg books for specializing in multimed· d nkie.ca a ogumg an
1111 Partl . . 1a an ta ng on research-
an d tee h no 1ogy-onented projects such as (6) ·················-
In ~he digital age, when . info~mation is increasingly becoming available
You are going to read an article about the tasks of librarians in the 2lst onlme, (7) ................_.. that l~branes and librarians are redundant. This is not
century. Find the right part to each blank spa~e (from 1 to 10). There the ~ase. Informati.o n avad~ble online is often of dubious origin and there
are more possible parts given than you need. Give your answers in the is still a wealth of mf~rm~t1on .behind paywalls that can only be accessed
grid below. There is an example already done for you. by thos~ who have pa1.d. L1branans help many library users who have only
been usmg sear~h engm~s for their research and (8) .................. because they
cannot find the mformat10n they want. If anything, the internet has added
What it takes to be a 21st century librarian to the range of services libraries provide and in tum this has also increased
the variety of roles available to librarians.
If we stopped the next person walking by on the street and asked them what
our jobs as librarians involve, we'd be willing to bet that (0) ................... This is As well as being good communicators with people and active adopters and
because many people's experience of librarians is of the frontline, customer exploiters of technological developments, librarians need to have detailed
service staff. Have you ever considered how the books get on to the shelves specialist subject knowledge (9) ................... Librarians provide training to
and ready for you to borrow? Behind-the scenes there are teams of librarians show people how to search for information and evaluate what they find.
Ii'
working (1) ................... These information skills sessions are now expanding to include digital
literacies such as how to stay safe online, the use of social media sites and
There are librarians who select the books for purchase, librarians who online collaboration tools.
process the orders and librarians who create the bibliographic records
(2) .................. to find the book in the library catalogue and then on the shelves. Modern librarians need to be (10) .................., be willing and able to sp.eak
in public, and possess people skills and a commitment to lifelong leammg,
Books are only one aspect of what libraries and librarians are about. as the profession and the expertise necessary for success are constantly
Librarianship is a people profession; a librarian's job is to connect people changing.
with the information they are seeking, (3) ................... At their heart, all library
jobs ha:7e a central purpose: to help people access and use information, for Possible missing parts:
educat10?, f~r wor~, or for pleasure. In all library roles customer service and 0 whatever format that may take
co~mu.mcat10n skills are .important. If anyone ever thought they'd beco~e
a hbrana~ because they h~ed ~ooks or reading, they (4 ) .................. if they d1.d
0 to troubleshoot problems users are having
not also like people too. L1branes of all kinds are keen to demonstrate their (I come to the library perplexed
v_alu.e to as wide an audience as possible, and to open up access to culturally G) there is a tendency to say
s1gmficant resources that they hold. 9 would be sorely disappointed
t piflg llooks
4) th eir first answer 'Nould ees am
71
70
....
theY have a mental disorder and n t .
0 comfortable and conversant with technology S
ornething new that is perceived to bo physical one, they will always find
e wrong' ·th h
4D to make this happen disorder cannot ?e alleviated by plastic sur wi t em. Body dysmorphic
bY rnentally commg to terms with real i·ty. gery, and can only be addressed
4) nolongerconfinedtojustbooks
0 to pass on to library users social factors also play a large role in 1 st1.
Ct will be available from anywhere several reality television shows that do P a c surgery addiction. There are
generally in a positive light, and whenc!~:nt th e process ofplast_ic surgery,
4) that make it possible for you one can be sure that all the celebrity magazt new_ta~ gets plastic surgery,
@ digitizing archives we have a cult of celebrity· so man nes wi I give their account of it.
I
interested in the doings and superici~~f!~nagrseoofbseti_ssed ?r at_ least highly
a ny mmonty of people
who are onh1y f·amous
1 dbecause they are famous · And, .,1or examp 1e, when
I : I 1. I 2. I 3 I •- I 5. I •- I , I •- I •- 110-1 sorneo~e w O is a rea Ypopular and deemed attractive gets ten cosmetic
operat10~s, how muS t ~he average girl, who may be beautiful in her own
way, feel• Numerous girls already have image problems due to the media
10 pant so when they hear tha~ famous beautiful women are not, in fact, beautifui
enough, t~ey are hearmg an extremely negative message about their self-
!m~ge. Th_1s may lead women to chase_a dream of airbrushed beauty which
1s 1mposs1ble, and thus turn to plastic surgery when the real solution is
Part2 acceptance of self.
At the root of it all, it is possible to explain addiction to plastic surgery
rthrough semiology, which is the study of signs and symbols. A sign is
You are going to read an article about plastic surgery addiction. After theoretically composed of two elements - the signifier, which is the actual
reading this article, finish the sentences on the basis of the text. Use object, thing, or person, and the signified, which is what that object, thing,
maximum seven words. There is an example done for you. or person means to others, that is, the image as opposed to reality. For
example, what is signified by plastic surgery is wealth, beauty, class, and
Plastic Surgery Addiction the condition of being famous . But the signifier of plastic surgery, or what
it actually is, is people with poor self-image seeking to gain acceptance in
Plastic surgery has become accepted and indeed commonplace in today's a society where they do not feel that they can be themselves or be liked by
society, especially with the advent of non-invasive procedures such as others unless they change. This general problem prevalent in our society
Botox. The total number of people undergoing cosmetic procedures has today - that the image is more important than the thing "".hich_ projects the
skyrocketed by 457% and has been growing since the statistics began to image - has been well documented by famous sem10l?gists hke Umberto
be recorded, and media coverage and public awareness keep growing at Eco and Jean Broulliard. If people actually saw plastic surgery ~nd the
astronomical rates. Plastic surgery can be extremely addictive; people get addiction to it for what it was, that is, people with body ~ysmorph1a, poor
hooked on the rush or high of being 'beautiful' or being just like popular self-image and similar problems taking the chance of mutilat10n m order to
celebrities, often at their own detriment. But how and why does this happen? chase the dream of imaginary perfection, the numbers of people takmg that
A possible cause for cosmetic surgery addiction is a condition called body chance would not have gone up drastically every year.
dysmorphic disorder, wherein an individual is preoccupied with a slight or
The only real cure for plastic sur~ery addictiont ;~:~~:
imagined 'abnormality' in their appearance, which a person without the
disorder might interpret as a quirk, individualistic, or perfectly acceptable. .that it is not the nose but the look m th e e1~~a~~ctually makes us all who
This obsession often causes significant social or occupational impairment, accomplishments, not the fake but th e rea
as well as emotional problems. People with body dysmorphic disorder will we are.
often seek plastic surgery in order to alleviate their distress. However, since 73
72
II o. Example:
Treatments that do not involve cutting the body have made plastic
surgery more widespread.
Both the number of people taking cosmetic surgery and media
E itingJ
1.
---
coverage have been
I 111
2.
have a problem with the way they look. l\faDY consider animal experimentation necessary for scientific
/111 I 3. / The preoccupation with one's looks causes progress. H~wever: some are co?cerned about the rights of animals
and find usmg ammals for testmg purposes inexcusable. Write an
essay (ca. 300 words) in which you consider the following:
4. / It is not possible to get rid of problems caused by dysmorphic
disorder • why animals are used for experimentation (e.g. medical advancement,
product safety, science)
• alternatives for animal testing (e.g. cell cultures, artificial human skin,
5. administering small doses on humans, computer models)
• expenses of animal testing (e.g. buying, keeping, feeding and treating test
increase the need for cosmetic surgery because people are obsessed animals)
with celebrities. • introducing a total ban or restrictions and regulations on animal testing
II 6. I Reports on famous people having several SO pant
-
make some people feel unsure about their looks.
7. I Semiology gives a possible explanation for the addiction to plastic
surgery by making a difference between
1i' You have received an email from your friend who lives in a very
8. I People tend to associate plastic surgery with traditional society. He/she is interested in whether the attitudes of
people in your country towards the traditional family structure have
changed, and if so, what changes have occurred. Write an email (ca.
9. I One of the widespread problems of modern culture is the emphasis 300 words) in which you discuss the following:
people place on
• the age of people getting married / whether more people choose to stay
single. Why?
10. I The only cure for plastic surgery addiction is • work-life balance of families
• different family structures (e.g. same sex families, voluntary childless
couples, one-parent households, patchwork families)
• the revival of multigenerational households
10 pant SO pant
75
74
Listening
fJ The popularity ?f n_ewspapers is ... .
A decreasmg m Scandinavian .
. ..
B great er on an md1v1dua1 levelcountries
1. . .
C increasing the fastest in Ho Kn Scandinavia than in Asia
ng ong
0 circulation revenue accounts for of gl b
Partl • , A a little more than 50% ... o a1newspaper revenues.
Track22-23
B somewhat less than a half
C an increasingly smaller proportion
You will hear a talk about the role of newspapers in the 21st century .
Listen to the interview and choose the correct answer. Give you~ f) Advertising revenue of newspapers has fallen because ... .
answers in the grid below. There is an example already done for you. A fewer people respond to advertisements
B it is cheaper to advertise online
· C the number of readers has fallen
Example:
0 Tablet users in the United States ... .
Ii) Newspapers are ... . A do not read newspapers in the printed form any more
A doing very well despite the newer media B have increased the time they spend reading news on tablets
B fast becoming redundant due to technological advances C spend more time reading news on tablets than in newspapers
© not struggling as much as many people would think
~--;___._'__!,.~ IJ Online content of newspapers can be accessed ....
8 A main reason why people still read newspapers is that they ....
A by paying for all, some or none of it
B through subscribing to the printed form
A want to get information they trust to be accurate C free of charge in most cases
B believe that newspapers are influential
C do not watch news programs any more f.D The most important focus of newspapers should be on ... .
A diversifying and upgrading content .
8 Newspapers are relying on technological advances because they want B transforming into multimedia enterprises
to ... .
c matching their products to the demand
A increase the number of their readers
B cut the production costs while keeping their distribution
C maintain their credibility in the modern world [ o. 11. I 2. I 3. 14. I 5.16. I 7. I 8. I 9. \ 10. I
& Sunday and weekly newspapers are .. .. C I I I I I I I
A not as popular and reliable as daily newspapers 10 pant
B considered entertainment media rather than news media
C not included in the number of newspaper readers
C, In China and India ... .
A the internet is not popular because it is hard to access
B the newspaper industry is one of the biggest growth industries
C the growth of newspaper circulation has been the fastest
77
76
......
ORALEXAM
Track 24-25 9_ 1
What training can be useful in a catastrophe?
Part2
··········· ······························· .. ···········.. ....................................................................
,,
You are going to hear an interview with Adam Phersson, who i 10. I How can individuals help the victims of disasters?
specialized in the effects of natural disasters and well-known fo s
his charity work. While listening, answer the questions below. Us r
maximum seven words. There is an example already done for you. e 10 pant
II
11
1
o. Example:
Which dramatic events, like floods or earthquakes, do not count as
natural disasters?
events that occur in unpopulated areas I events that don't involve people
a Orfilexam )
1. Give two examples of data that are used to assess the impact of a
natural disaster Introduction (3-5 minutes approximately) - is not to be assessed.
·············································································································································
What events have had far-reaching consequences on the ecosystem The main purpose of this part of the test is to put the candidates at
2. their ease and to familiarize them with the exam situation, that is, the
ofan area?
,,
············································································································································· viewpoints. In this part of the exam, one of the candidates picks a
3. What possible consequences does the melting of glaciers have?
···········································································································································"
4. What disease can insects breeding in waterlogged areas spread?
.. ...........................................................................................................................................
1/ 5. What mental problems can a natural disaster cause? Guided conversation (5-8 minutes)
.. ........................................................................................................................................... The interviewer initiates a conversation based on the topic determined
6. Which natural disasters lead to loss of agricultural supplies? by the number the examinee has picked and, by asking questions,
............................................................................................................................................. examinees should be able to ask and answer questions, express and
7. Which natural disasters are the easiest to forecast? argue for their opinions.
............................................................................................................................................. Topic: Current issues - Crime
8. What items are needed to provide us shelter after a disaster? Possible questions:
• What are the different forms of crime?
..
··················································································································""''' ....................
• What forms of crime cause the biggest problems these days?
79
78
i 1. I
,.
READING
• What are the penalties for these crimes? 7. FELADATSOR
• What can be done against crime? /What are some efficient ways of
II preventing, reducing or stopping crime?
• Do you think your country/ town is a safe place to live? Why or why not?
• What crimes do you think will decrease or increase in the future?
• Why do you think certain types of crime are more prevalent in some E dmg)
societies than in others?
IIl l
111 I
Part2
.. -
y0 u are going to read an article about breeding and training guide
dogs, Find ~he right p~rt to each blank space (from 1 to 10). There are
In this part of the exam, the candidates, one after the other, talk more possible pai:s given than you need. Give your answers in the
about a topic with the help of some pictures. They are not expected grid below. There 1s an example already done for you.
suggested by the pictures. Guide dogs are more than just companions. They form a special bond with
their owners, a proper partnership, which gives them the confidence to live
Topic: Place ofliving (0) .................., fulfilling life, so it is essential to provide access to them.
- ~- -·· -= ,~ -~-
. ,. . - f - - •
I-::"::-·
•\ '"-"Jo ·•~· -• J.."' .. : ~ _J.·
ll_i '• •."..:.~·-•·
lll!m
In Leamington Spa at the Guide Dogs National Breeding Centre there is
II • -··=
~ ~;
: ,A
- -:-··'-ct_. •·· ,_,_ _____ ,;...,:
I ,~ ~- a laboratory where they not only improve conception rates, (1)
and match dogs for breeding; but also provide the happy couple with a
i- . -:-· 1·-- ·-,. ......... J, J,
·-""""""'
j11JU;11
9.1,..JL,.
~ •·. l - - -·. . \ ' I
'dating room' complete with piped-in music to get them 'in the mood' . Once
-· -.._,,
I I,.. "
pregnant, the dogs are returned to their volunteer carers' homes where
I
_r
•_. a
-, ....,, ,_,#.,,.
.· --'.'
.· • ,._,l~~j·
•-
[T liJI .-·--'-"-";;,.,.. -~
.•
the puppies will be born. Then, at between six and seven weeks old, the
=1,
.~ ·t0"f~_'f:,.:._-~ : ~ ~ ,.{ ~ -. I - - ~•··'
puppies come back to the Breeding Centre to receive their first (2)
i_.
_;.;~~;, .~ii~Z;:_~~Jr:.ti!t~.
I ~ . .( • • ., . ·"'
. :,1
11' I •,'~,..- microchip. Here they are health checked and monitored while contin~ing
with their specialist socialisation in a large 'nursery' by a team of tramed
!• staff and volunteers.
Not all puppies grow up to make perfect guide dogs though. This is why
. . . ed to regularly assess the
~--. r.
working dog orgamsations (3) .................. ne . k · 1
•'a
behaviour of the dogs they breed for training. To help th eir wor ,damma
. . . f N tfngham have develope a new
behav1our experts at the Umve:sity O O 's likelihood of successfully
Adi'"
/~f;Y, '
1 ;,1' · /
_// I
tool which can be used to predict a young og
!!.- ·__.--~ \
C • •
1,111 ! l1J l' I
_, .-, ~ -. ;. completing guide dog training.
--
r i :_.- /
A !~ - J - _.-- - _- •I-
. • esearch project (4) .................., th e
"' ..., -:
' •.· .
·.' - -~-:-,: ;.
. ~J . :.--, ,... :.,
.
•
. .
!,_· .'
-
; .
f
As part of a wider £S~Ok ~p1dem101ogy V terinary Medicine and Science
researchers in the Umvers1ty's School O otwhich could help trainers from
Osszesen: 25 pant have created and tested a (5) ....... to
81
80
illlL.i ...
READING
\\I
Guide Dogs to monitor and evaluate their dogs' behaviour. The tool was
found to successfully predict training outcomes in 16.9% of young dogs of
r possible missing parts:
0 time-consuming and costly
5 to 12 months old to an accuracy of 84%. It is called the Puppy Training
Supervisor Questionnaire (PTSQ). @ develop pre~anc~ care
(t in collaboration with the charity Guide Dogs
The aim of the questionnaire is to identify dogs who are not suitable for a
guiding role early, before they enter (6) .................. formal training. The PTSQ a,a-more in~eprnrlent
is also intended to improve the understanding of a young dog's behaviour f and the wider research project
,II which Guide Dogs will use to inform their future training processes to giv~ (t like the charity Guide Dogs
the best chances of success. The full study has been published in the journal 0 and other service animals
PLOSONE.
111 0 to organisations
Lead researcher on the project Dr Naomi Harvey said, "Predicting working • questionnaire-style decision-making
dog suitability in puppies has been a huge challenge (7) .................. for many O with users who are blind
years. If you've ever owned dogs, you will know that every dog is different.
They have their own character and personality, which are heavily influenced 8 vaccination and
by their life experiences. We were really pleased that this questionnaire- and feedback
style behaviour assessment was able to effectively identify the dogs who 41 other health problems
were most, and least, suitable for guiding work, from a young age, and help over the three age ranges
to highlight those in between dogs who were at risk of failing training."
II
Chris Muldoon, Guide Dogs Research Development Manager, further
explained that the Puppy Training Supervisor Questionnaire was part of a
suite of tools developed by the University of Nottingham for Guide Dogs and
that the tool (8) .................. expanded our understanding of dog behaviour
o.
D
1. E9 3. •. I s. I •. I 7. I •. I •.
1
1.. I
and temperament to make informed decisions that will shape and improve 10 pont
our training processes.
-
The new behaviour assessment has been designed to be completed by training
supervisors of young dogs at the age of 5, 8 and 12 months old. Questions
were sourced from previously published literature as well as created from
suggestions from Guide Dogs staff surveys (9) ................... This large study
eventually revealed seven reliable and interpretable character scores for
measurement by the questionnaire, namely, adaptability, body sensitivity, y~~are going to read an article about a festival for twins. On the basis
distractibility, excitability, general anxiety, trainability and stair anxiety. ~h e ~ext, answer the questions below. Use maximum seven words.
ere ts an example done for you.
The research also evaluated aspects of the questionnaire's reliability and
accuracy. The results of the questionnaires completed by the training
supervisors, 1,401 in total, showed consistency of individual dogs' scores Twinsburg
(10) ................... Of the dogs included in the study, 58% went on to qualify Tamara and Elizabeth Miller both donned their "twindividual" shirts
as guide dogs, 27% were behaviourally unsuited to guiding work and the before heading out for their first night here. They do everything together.
remainder were unsuited for health reasons. Within this number there were !hey often speak in unison. And in Gainesville, F~a., where they share an
also dogs with exceptional character and temperament who were selected Partment, they're used to turning heads. In their town everyone knows
for breeding. th em as 'The Twins.' Not here.
83
82
..........
ld twins drove nearly 1,000 miles to Twin b
These identical 30-year-o anted to meet other people who get Urgfor :h
the weekend because th ~~:ins Days festival, there's plenty of ch at their
. s _ at Twins Days in 1991. The brothers later proposed to the women
twinhe twins Day ~tag~ the next year, and the two couples decided to get
life is like. At the annt ·ns triplets, and quadruplets coming to ~~ces fat on t . d at the festival m 1993. They now all live together in Moscow, Idaho.
!!larne
that, with 1,520 sets O ~w:argest such gathering in the world. is srnau h'storically high population of twins has been great for researchers.
Midwestern town fort e .. 'fh_e :•sts from hospitals, government agencies and large companies set up
. ke of the many charms, odd1t1es and irritati
The Miller twins sp~ and many twins nearby nodded sympatin~that scien
0 \ Twins Days each year to administer surveys, collect DNA samples
sh P a ruit study subjects. Identical twins are of particular interest because
~:~n~~~nr:~iit ~hat would happe~,ifwe were~'t to~ether, if so~~~lly. and reiare the same genetic make-up, giving researchers the opportunity to
h literally start crymg, Tamara said. Singletons_ ng
happened }o er, Itw1·ns - i·ust don't understand. Code at theY s •ne what behaviours
determ1 . or health risks are a factor of their environments
the event 1or non- rather than inherited DNA.
. b rg's name is no coincidence.
. About
, d25 miles'd southeast . of Cleve1anct
Tw ms u was named for two of its
.
th e tow n . 1oun
h ers, i ent1cal
. . 11 twms Moses anct, o. I Example: . . .
Aaron Wilcox, who owned proper~ m w at was ongma y called Millsville How many times have the Miller twms been to the Twinsburg
They donated six acres. for a pubhc ,square ·and tcash· forI · a public sch001· festival?
Ahistorical presentat10n for the town s sesqmcen enrna , m 1967, recou t ·
· · b" tit! h nect this is thefirst time
stories about the twins commumcatmg y men a e epat y" and standin
in for each other on dates. g 1. I How many participants are going to the Twins Days festival this
The Wilcox brothers wed pair of sisters, h_ad an equal number of children year?
- none twms - and later died of the same disease. They also rest in eternity
together, having been buried in the same grave at the Locust Grav
Cemetery near the city's main square. On Saturday, there were red rose: 2.
on each side of the twins' gravestone and two bouquets of red flowers at its
head. Twinsburg also bears homage to their image - two silhouetted male
faces - on its flag. 3. I How did the founders of Twinsburg support their town?
The town of about 19,000 residents is filled with pastel-coloured Colonial
homes and sits among rolling green hills. Celebrating its 200th anniversary
this year, Twinsburg fashioned itself the centre of gravity for the nation's 4. Allegedly, how were original Twinsburg twins able to communicate
twins and multiples, revelling in its founders' quirks. Twins Days has been with each other?
celebrated here since 1976, when 37 sets of twins made it to the first event.
The festival now draws thousands of twins each year.
5. What shows that Twinsburg still remembers its founders?
Twins have also long been popular culturally, and the fact that celebrity
couples - mcluding Beyonce and Jay-Z and George and Amal Clooney-
recently wel~omed twins into their families has only boosted their cachet. 6. What is the architecture like in Twinsburg?
Unusual st0 nes about twins, triplets and other multiple births tend to make
t~ail~~~s, such as when six sets of twins recently graduated from Rockport
St ·gL oms. opoltkn Rockport, Mass., or when Park Nicollet Methodist Hospital in
ar Minn d 1·
7. What has increased the reputation of twins?
' ·• e ivered 13 sets of twins in July 2016.
But it's mostly singleto th dhis
identical brother Dou n!o at do the gawking, said Philip Malm. He an ·cal
' g, 'mettheir wives Jena and Jill 50 - also idenll
...
84 I I
85
d
LISTENING
When did the Malm brothers meet their future wives?
8.
----- ·1
r friend 1s ' to marry a ~
P anmng -
,ore1gner. However, he/she feels
9.
Why do researchers visit Twins Days? (2 reasons) foU3 there might be obstacles he/she is unaware of and asks for your
adVI~ce· Write an email (ca. 300 words) where you discuss the following:
tb
10. I Why are identical twins especially important to the studies of age barrier and its effect on communication
researchers? • lanterns that might arise from a different cultural background (e.g.
• ~;ditions, habi_ts, food, humo~r)
osing in which country to hve
10 pont •1 ra1s1
ch_o•ng children (which culture, which language, which religion, what
kinds of schools, etc.)
50 pont
Writing )
- Listening )
Partl
- ~ Track26-27
A survey is being conducted in your country about what people
consider the effects of modern technology on health. Write an essay
(ca. 300 words) and mention the following:
You are going to hear ten entrepreneurs talking about their hobbies.
Listen to the speakers and choose the correct answer. Give your
• advances in medical science, more efficient prevention and curing of answers in the grid below. There is an example already done for you.
illnesses
• advances in food industry, e.g. eating processed food and additives
• getting less exercise, e.g. going by car instead of walking Example:
• increased stress because of faster communication and constant
availability through technology 8 Speakerl
50 pont A He founded his company alone.
B He spends lots of free time with his child.
_ © He got married not long ago.
87
86
L.....___
-v -
r,, ·
LISTENING
fiJ speaker 8
e Speakerl . . . . .
A He started his hobbies while hvmg m the Pac1~c Northwest. A The Dutch are good at sailing.
B His hobbies include rock climbing, yo~a, flyfishmg and travelling B Sailing is compared to establishing and managing a company.
C He feels more en~rgetic and determined at work when he finct~ c He advises people to deal with rather than avoid difficult
situations.
time for his hobbies.
e speaker9
8 Speaker2
A He took up photography because he wanted to take pictures of A Software engineers often develop friendships through playing
I Frisbee.
his dog, Parker. B He recruits new staff from professional Frisbee players.
B When he bought a good camera, he started to dedicate more
,1 time to photography.
c He was surprised to learn that lots of software engineers play
C He has almost 15 thousand followers on Instagram.
Frisbee.
€Ii) speakerlO
8 Speaker3 A According to her, establishing a small business is so demanding
A He has climbed Mt Everest and Machu Picchu.
B He is available for his business partners even when he is hiking. that it's essential to have a hobby too.
C He has already hiked on mountains in 70 countries. B Having a hobby makes you forget about your responsibilities at
work.
C Meditation skills are required if you want to be really good at
0 Speaker4 : baking.
A On Mondays there used to be a meeting for the senior managers
of the company where he worked.
B He started to do stand-up to be more professional at work.
C He thinks that doing stand-up is similar to giving presentations
at work.
[ I '· I z. I ,. I •- I s. I •- I I •- I •- I I 1· 10·
10 pant
8 Speakers
A He is expert at all kinds of water sports.
--
B If you want to be good at paddle boarding, you must also be
very good at swimming. Track 28-29
C Paddle boarding is a high-intensity workout where the main
muscle groups are being activated.
You will hear an interview with Amy, an animal shelter volunteer.
0 Speaker6 While listening, finish the sentences with short phrases. There is an
A He used to work as a stuntman but now works in an office. example already done for you. Use maximum six words.
B He goes hunting for alligators.
C He encounters lots of unexpected situations during his work. 0. Example:
People working at animal shelters aim to better the lives ofthe animals
8 Speaker7 they are taking care of.
A You can use your phone while kite boarding.
B Kite boarding makes you forget about all your responsibilities. 1. At animal shelters volunteers can get to know people who
C Once you try it, you're bound to be hooked to kite boarding for
life. - ·············································································································································
89
88
r""{_
ORALEXAM
2. I Amy has started to Jove
3.
······················································
I Sometimes volunteers have to get
: :J • ~exan0
used to human company.
,I ~ tion (3-5 minutes approximately) - is not to be assessed.
4. Animals'
I h main purpose of this part of the test is to put the candidates at
I have to be cleaned.
'f \ ease and to familiarize them with the exam situation, that is, the
Before starting to work as a volunteer, candidates often have to
Ill 5. we~dates engage in conversation, initiating and reacting to different
c~wpoints. In this part of the exam, one of the candidates picks a
I 6.
\Tie
nuIDber that gives the topics for the other two parts.
I
may need to accompany young volunteers.
7.
8.
I Cleaning animals' dishes helps both

···········································•"""'"'""'''""'''
I Amy was surprised at the amount of - Guided conversation (5-8 minutes)
9. I Some people cannot physically visit a shelter because of (2 reasons)
by th~ number the examinee has picked and, by asking questions,
10.
are among welcome gifts at animal shelters.
Topic: Culture - Traditions
10 pant Possible questions:
• Why are traditions important? . .. . ?
• What do you think are the most important trad1t10ns m your country .
Why? h . h
• What national traditions are you most proud of? Why? I W at is_t ;
tradition that you would definitely like to pass on to the next generatiOn.
• How is keeping traditions promoted in your country? h d Of?
• What traditions of minorities living in your country havedyof?u ear •
. d·t·ons you have hear o .
• What are some strange foreign tra 11 d t?
• What foreign tradition would you like your country to a op ·
91
90
....:..:...
8. FELADATSOR
Part2
Individual presentation ofa topic based on visual stimuli (5-8 minut es)
fEeadi~
In this part of the exam, the candidates, one after the other t 1
about a topic with the help of some pictures. They are not exp~c: k
to describe the pictures but to present their ideas related to the to ~d
Topic: Current questions on economy
Pie ,,..
I
y0 u are ~oing to _read an article about a Dutch experiment in road
safety. Fmd t~e nght P~ to each blank space (from 1 to 10). There
are more possible parts given than you need. Give your answers in the
grid below. There is an example already done for you.
In a complete swi~ch from received wisdom on congestion (0) ..................,
transport experts m the Netherlands have found that where pedestrians,
bikes and cars peacefully coexist without any (1) .................. official roadway
technology, traffic is safer and quicker. It appears that taking away traffic
controls prevents drivers from crowding together into a bottleneck and
speeding because it makes them slow down and take better care.
The basis of the unusual traffic arrangements is that motorists are forced
to rely heavily on eye contact with each other, (2) .................. and bus drivers
instead of letting road signs and red lights dictate their driving. When
drivers are compelled to keep an eye out for (3) .................. accidents because
there are no lines, traffic lights or lane markings, they automatically slow
down to below 20mph - a speed where a child who is knocked down is five
times more likely to live as one who is hit at more than 30mph.
In many Dutch towns, traffic lights have been removed, (4) .................. and
there are no speed limits, so cars and bicycles weave in and out of each
other. Even blind people can just step safely out into the street because
Osszesen: 25 pont traffic is moving so slowly that it can react quickly to any obstacle.
Research has shown that where all vehicles slow down to around 18 mph
t:affic flows more freely and is safer than with stop-start between traffic
hghts, where motorists are tempted to speed (5) ...................
Besides crossings, streets themselves have also been transformed
originates from a Dutch
(6) ··················· The idea called "shared space"
92 93
......___
concept named woonerf, or Jiving street. At present, there are about 6,000
official woonerf in the Netherlands, most often in residential areas where
households can use the streets (7) .................. when there are no cars around. ,,--- ,
This kind of street has also been embraced by many countries in mainly you are gomg to read an article b
Europe, Asia and South America as a way to (8) .................. help convert "'assage. On the basis of the text a out a new therapy, Lava Shell
i•• • d , answer the .
some of the real estate usually devoted to cars into multi-modal walkable Jlla1dmum mne war s. There is an ex I questions below. Use
amp e done for you.
bikeable, driveable zones that all can use. '
The concept of"shared space" has been proven to yield saferneighbourhoods. Lava shell Massage
The radical design of the street itself gives cues to all its users to slow Nature provides massage therapists with . .
down and pay attention. A "shared space" will add narrower lanes essential oils to hot stones. Now therapis~ ~anety of practice aids, from
(9) .................. and a unique paving texture extending the sidewalk across th~ delivers heated massage, courtesy of the sea. ave a new natural tool that
entire roadway to signify to drivers that this street is different.
Instead of wide lanes focusing on maximizing the volume of cars that direct =
1 ,,va Shells were created by Dan Young a career ,·nv
h. d' h · ' entor WI.th more than 55
atents to 1s ere It. T e idea of using shells for massage b •
pedestrians and bikes to the fringes, no one mode of traffic is given specific P , 9 ld . egan to germmate
when Youngs -year-a daughter . . . received a o•oift basket conta·mmg· a ti.ger_
real estate on the street itself. This compels each mode to be highly aware of stripe d c1a~s he11 · In th e Ph11ippmes, Young had watched islanders discard
the others. The shared space allows participants to (10) .................. navigate these beaut1tul shells after scooping meat from them. His inventive mind
the street in the safest and most respectful way for all. saw the makings of a natural massage tool.
Possible missing parts: "They're the right size to fit comfortably in the therapist's hand and they
0 cyclists are not given cycle lanes polish down_to a perfectly smooth surface ideal for working on the skin,"
Young exp lamed. "They're extremely durable and beautiful," and since they
0 pedestrians, cyclists are nonporous, they are easy to clean and sanitize, he added.
(9 posted regulations or
The shells are hand-selected for size and structural integrity, and then
0 as recreational space sanded down so no rough or jagged edges remain. They then undergo a
4) make way to bonding process whereby a flexible, industrial epoxy designed to expand
4) for short distances as the shell heats and contract as it cools is applied to the edges of the
0 make cities healthier and shell, sealing them together. Finally, a hole is drilled into the top so the Lava
4D and read crashes Charge - a gel mix and salt-water solution - can be inserted.
G make eye contact and To provide a thermal source, Young combined ingredients, including natural
0 in the Netherlands minerals, black lava, algae and dried sea kelp, to c~eate the patented, ~elf-
0 for lorries and trucks heating Lava Gel. When this mixture is combined with a salt-water solut10n,
. , potential obstacles and the result is controlled heat.
landscaping in the centres, ALava Shell Massage only uses four shells, as opposed~o doz~;s ~::;~:~j
all of which have to be sanitized aft~r th: tr~at~;c°~~ok~~,fi~~d with water.
there is no need to heat up the stones ma ig e ec
o. 1. 2. 3. 4. I s. I •. 7. I 8. I 9. I 1"] .. n all-natural heat that is achieved
ALava Shell massage tre~tment u~ihzes : ter This is done by exposing a
H 1 by combining organic minerals with sa ;~e l~va gel sachets are available
1
10 pant lava gel sachet to an activator or charge.
95
94
A.
For eJCaIDP lee~ grapefruit
warms andoil is recognized for its detoxifying properties while
stimulates.
in mild, moderate or high heat. The therapist simply inserts a sachet of
blaCkpePP
minerals, dried sea kelp and algae into a hole in the shell, adds sea-water
and plugs it up again. The chemical interaction between the ingredients
creates heat inside the shell that lasts one to two hours.
Lava stones heated to a temperature of 50 - 60°C are placed on the energy
----
o. Example: What examples are given that
work these days?
-
massage th erapists apply in their
centres of the body, which they heat, thus releasing and agitating energy in
the energy lines, the so-called meridians. The accumulated heat, together essential oils and hot stones
with the energetic vibrations of the lava stones, releases the blocked i---
Why can Dan Young be considered anmventor?
.
energy lines resulting in the balancing and harmonization of energy in the 1,
body. Subsequent massage with hot smooth lava stones agitates the blood
circulation and lymphatic system. They heat and relax the muscles and i-- big are the clamshells? ...................
boost the metabolism. After this, the body is strongly detoxified. 2.
There are several benefits to heated treatments in general including an .. ·····•········ .......................................................................
increase in extension of soft tissues, removal of toxins from cells, enhanced i.--
Why are shells ideal for use on the skin?
3.
blood flow; increased function of tissue cells, relaxation of sore, stiff muscles,
and relief of painful arthritic joints. Lava Stone Massage is highly effective
against pain like back, neck, head, joints, muscles and cramps. It relaxes all
stress, physical and mental. If you have stress, worries, or concerns, you
- 4. Why is it easy to disinfect the shells?
···············································································
will feel all these thoughts drift away while you're being worked on. There ·············································"·······································
are also pleasant aromas from the oil and minerals used with the shells. This
will get your senses working and create a soothing and calming atmosphere s. Why is an industrial epoxy used on the edges of the shell?
and feeling as you breathe in and out. The whole experience will leave you ············· ..........................................................................................................................
feeling relaxed, balanced, happy and very content.
6. What generates heat in the shells?
Thanks to rapid detoxification, Lava Stone Massage has a slimming effect
and significantly reduces cellulite. The warm body perfectly absorbs the ····················································"·········"''""''"""""''"'''""""''''""•"·'''"""'"'''······•"""•""''·'·'''"''""'
essential nutrient oil with deep action so the skin remains supple, hydrated, Why are lava shells put on the energy centres of the body?
7.
velvety and tender. In addition to the heat, the anatomy of the shells
creates an effective implement for deep tissue massage, which will assist in I ·······································································"'''''''''''''·''""''"'''''"'''''''"''"''""'''"'"''''''''"''' ...
improving the breakdown of fatty cells and help the body's own metabolism What skin problem can be treated with a lava shell massage?
8.
eliminate waste deposits.
................................................................................................................
The anti-cellulite Lava Shell protocol was specifically designed to focus
.
on cellulite tissues, using skilful and vigorous movements with the Lava 9. What is deep tissue massage good for?
Shell. A briskly paced deep tissue massage incorporating strokes such as
kneading, knuckling or scraping, and wringing, assists in eliminating waste ................................................................................................ ...........
by-products and breaking up fatty deposits. The heat of the shell has a 10. How can the efficiency of the lava shell treatment be increased?
penetrating effect into the deeper layers of tissue, which can reduce the
appearance of existing cellulite. ·•·····•·················•··•·······•···················································
lO pont
To give this treatment an added boost it can be complemented with an
essential oil that is known for diuretic, purifying or lymphatic properties.
97
96
..............
LISTENING
Writing) E nmc)
Traclc30-31
Partl
111 1 I ' bear a talk about the Eisteddfod, a festival to celebrate Welsh
An internet site is asking for people's opinions about what m foU e Listen to the talk and choose the correct answer. Give your
should be invested in to best improve society. Write a blog enU:~ey :=!r~ in the grid below. There is an example already done for you.
!11 1 300 words) in which you consider the following: ca.
EJSIIIPle:
• education and culture
• transport and communications IC!) The national Eisteddfod ....
• support for the underprivileged ' A is held at biannually changing locations
• maintaining law and order B is held every year in North Wales
SO pant LI- - ©- is held annually at a different location
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ .
8 The first Eisteddfod was ... .
A organised to honour Lord Rhys
Part2 B celebrated at a castle
1:1. I C held more than a thousand years ago
.I Your friend is asking for advice whether to persuade his/her young 8 The origin of the festival is connected with ....
child to start doing some kind of sport. He/she is uncertain about A sponsoring of artists in the fields of poetry and music
whether this is a good idea, and wants you to give him/her your B awarding a chair to the best poet or musician
I' I opinion. Write an email (ca. 300 words) in which you mention the C a competition between a poet and a musician
possible effects on the child's:
8 The colour of the Druids' costumes ....
• psychological development A varies according to the field they represent
• health and fitness B depends on their status and position
• social skills C has remained unchanged since 1176
• having a way to enjoy himself/herself in a meaningful way
SO pant I) The Archdruid ... .
A is responsible for all the events of Eist~ddfod
B is elected among the best poets
C is nominated triennially
99
98
....._
,r
Ill LISTENING
8 At the three Gorsedd ceremonies ... •
A poets using different metres are awarded Track 32-33
B the most valuable prize is the Prose Medal
II c there are no awards for outstanding musicians
----;; going to hear Miranda Clark giving her account of growing
foU ~th a father who works as a pilot. While listening, answer the
0 Gorsedd ceremonies ... . llPe:ions below. Use maximum nine words. There is an example
A end with a fanfare of a trumpet qu dy done for you.
B are organized by the Archdruid atrea
1 c involve traditional costumes and recitals
111 1 ;
o. Example:
8 Ayoung married woman ... as a part of the Gorsedd ceremonies. As a child, why was Miranda sad when she saw her father leave early
1 morning?
Ainvites the Archdruid to drink a glass of nectar
11111 B hands a Horn of Plenty over to the Arch druid He left for work for a week. I She didn't see him for a week.
C gives the Arch druid a basket of local flowers
Why did Miranda ignore her father for a time after his return?
1.
0 The dance at the Gorsedd ceremonies .... .........................................................................................
A imitates the collection of flowers from the meadows
B is based on the pattern of the local flowers
2. 1 How did Miranda benefit from her father being a pilot?
C is performed by people dressed in floral costumes ---·· ··· ···· · ········ ···· ····· ·•" "'' ' ' " ' '' ' '''''' '' '''' ' ' ' ' ''' ' ' ''' ''''' ' '"' ' ""''''' -
G The Eisteddfod Field ... . 3, I Whose messages could Miranda hear when she was with her father
A targets wider audiences on the plane?
B features bilingual live music
············································································.. = ·················•"''''''''''' -
C offers mainly theatre and music
II I 4. I What were Miranda's father's sleeping habits like?
€Ii) The Thursday welcoming ceremony ....
A is attended by local Welsh people only
I B is popular with people from different countries 5. I Why does Miranda know now that the absence of her father must
C takes place on a stage have been difficult for her mother too?
1' I
I •. I 10. j
················································•"'''"'''"'"'''"'"''"
I 1. I 2. I ,. I 4. I s. I •. I 7. I 8. 6. I What does Miranda do?
1
10 pont 7. I Why did Miranda's father like his last job?
8· I What interesting cargo did Miranda's father carry?
······························••"''''''''''''''"""''"' -
101
100
111111111
.. studying and Work: Career opportunities in the 21st century
foptC,
How did Miranda's father say goodbye to the plane after his 1 le questions:
9. flight? ast passIb
do people choose their careers?
• fIO~ bjobs are popular in your country nowadays?
10. I How does her father enjoy spending his retirement? (Give one
• Whl~ are the best-known ways of seeking employment?
• W}la t are some benefits and drawbacks of working abroad?
example.) , Wh:t is meant by the brai~ dr~in?
,, Wh
What makes lifelong learnmg important?
10 pant
a Oralexam )
-
, ndividual presentation of a topic based on visual stimuli (5-8 minutes)
Introduction (3-5 minutes approximately) - is not to be assessed.
Topic:Arts
The main purpose of this part of the test is to put the candidates at !
candidates engage in conversation, initiating and reacting to different ~. -
·-~
.
viewpoints. In this part of the exam, one of the candidates picks a C. - i ·,
1r...-:--., --........ ' ."' ,'
-~ ·,
. ·.""':--:..
Part1
',
.,..
- ' -
~~,,
._.
..'fr
~ ··
·~.,·
·•
•.. .,,~
-~--
, .---
...,..
;; '"" / ' ·•
- ,, •
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tisszesen: 25 pant
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102

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