Golden Knowledge Language School

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GK Language School
 UNIT 1: HUMAN NATURE

• Adjectives showing courage

an adventurous person looks for adventure.
A brave one is self-confident in the presence of danger and ready to suffer pain.
A chivalrous man puts himself in danger for the protection of others.
A bold one stands out and faces danger bravely.
A daring one defies any dangers. A fearless person shows no fear.
An intrepid person possesses unshakable nerves.
A courageous person is more than brave, adding a moral element to his/her deeds.
An audacious person exhibits a fearless spirit, defiant even of law or decorum.
A gallant man is brave in a dashing and showy way.
A valiant person not only faces great dangers successfully but also achieves great results.

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adolescent /ˌædəˈlesnt/(n): thiếu niên

• Stop acting like an adolescent!

characteristic /ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪk/(a): đặc tính

• Personal characteristics, such as age and sex are taken into account.

trait /treɪt/(n): đặc tính

➔ Awareness of class is a typically British trait.

apprehensive/ˌæprɪˈhensɪv/ (a): e sợ, thông minh

• I was a little apprehensive about the effects of what I had said.

assertive /əˈsɜːrtɪv/(a): quả quyết

• You should try and be more assertive.

clumsy/ˈklʌmzi/ (a): vụng về

• His clumsy fingers couldn't untie the knot.

cynical /ˈsɪnɪkl/(a): hoài nghi

• Do you have to be so cynical about everything?

desirable /dɪˈzaɪərəbl/(a): thèm khát, mong muốn

• It is no longer desirable for such young children to take formal written tests.

eccentric /ɪkˈsentrɪk/(a): khác lạ, độc lạ

➔ eccentric behavior/clothes

egotistical /ˌeɡəˈtɪstɪk/,/ˌiːɡəˈtɪstɪk/(a): tự cao tự đại

• By contrast, his brother was vain, selfish, and egoistic.

gullible/ˈɡʌləbl/ (a): cả tin, đánh lừa

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 • The advertisement is aimed at gullible young women worried about their weight.

idealize /aɪˈdiːəlaɪz/(v): lý tưởng hóa

• It is tempting to idealize the past.

precede /prɪˈsiːd/(v): đi trước

• His resignation was preceded by weeks of speculation.

• She preceded me in the job.

inconsiderate /ˌɪnkənˈsɪdərət/(a): vô tâm

• It was inconsiderate of you not to call.

indecisive /ˌɪndɪˈsaɪsɪv/(a): lưỡng lự, ko quả quyết

• Some blame indecisive leadership for the party’s failure at the polls.

self-assured /ˌself əˈʃɔːd/,/ˌself əˈʃʊrd/(a): tự tin

• He grew more self-assured as he got older.

• She looks very self-assured.

self-absorbed /ˌself əbˈzɔːrbd/(a): chỉ quan tâm bản thân hoặc chỉ thích thú với chính bản thân mình

• He watched the joggers with their self-absorbed faces.

• The girls sat sulky and self-absorbed.

self-centred/ˌself ˈsentərd/ (a): ích kỷ/ xem mình là trung tâm

• She's completely self-centered.

self-congratulatory /ˌself kənˈɡrætʃələtɔːri/(a): tự luyến= arrogant(a): ngạo mạn

• The winners gave themselves a self-congratulatory round of applause.

self-deprecating/ˌself ˈdeprəkeɪtɪŋ/ (a): tự hạ thấp (thành tựu) bản thân

• He gave a self-deprecating shrug.

self-important/ˌself ɪmˈpɔːrtnt/ (a):tự cao

• He was a self-important little man.

• She was not at all the self-important celebrity I’d read about.

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well-adjusted /ˌwel əˈdʒʌstɪd/(a): biết điều, biết đối nhân xử thế

• The school aims to produce well-adjusted members of society.

tactful/ˈtæktfl/ (a): khéo léo trong ứng xử hoặc lời nói

• That wasn't a very tactful thing to say!

• I tried to find a tactful way of telling her the truth.

well-bred/ˌwel ˈbred/ (a): có giáo dục

• She was too well-bred to show her disappointment.

well-dressed/ˌwel ˈdrest/ (a): biết cách ăn mặc

• This is what today's well-dressed man is wearing.

• She was always well dressed.

well-liked (a): được yêu mến

UNIT 2: TIME FOR A CHANGE

tremendous /trəˈmendəs/(a): to lớn

• A tremendous amount of work has gone into the project.

turbulent/ˈtɜːrbjələnt/(a): hỗn loạn, bất ổn

➔ a short and turbulent career in politics

➔ a turbulent part of the world
➔ turbulent emotions

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remnant /ˈremnənt/(n): tàn dư/ tàn tích

• The woods are remnants of a huge forest that once covered the whole area.
• Many of the traditions are remnants of a time when most people worked on the land.

retrospect/ˈretrəspekt/ (n): sự hồi tưởng

• In retrospect, I think that I was wrong.

• The decision seems extremely odd, in retrospect.

status quo/ˌstætəs ˈkwəʊ/(n): the situation as it is now, or as it was before a recent change

• They wanted a return to the status quo before the war.

transition /trænˈzɪʃn/(n): sự chuyển giao

• He has not met with the transition team members.

• The company was slow to make the transition from paper to computer.

rapid /ˈræpɪd/(a): nhanh

• We try hard to provide a rapid response to requests.

• Rapid economic growth pushed unemployment to relatively low levels.

typical /ˈtɪpɪkl/(a) điển hình

• This is a typical example of Roman pottery.

• Judy is a typical American teenager.

behavior/bɪˈheɪvjər/(n): hành vi

• She began to exhibit violent behavior.

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 • I noticed a change in his behavior.

demographics /ˌdeməˈɡræfɪks/(n): nhân khẩu học

➔ the demographics of radio listeners

heritage /ˈherɪtɪdʒ/(n): di sản

• The building is part of our national heritage.

interaction/ˌɪntərˈækʃn/ (n): tương tác

➔ the interaction between performers and their audience

pioneer/ˌpaɪəˈnɪr/ (n): người tiên phong

➔ a pioneer in the field of microsurgery

➔ a computer pioneer

minority /maɪˈnɔːrəti/(n): số nhỏ, ít

• Only a small minority of students is/are interested in politics these days.

evolution/ˌiːvəˈluːʃn/, /ˌevəˈluːʃn/ (n): sự tiến hóa

• Finally, it was legal to teach evolution everywhere in America.

segment/ˈseɡmənt/ (n) : bộ phận

• The changes will affect only a small segment of the population.

• They divided the bone into equal segments.

status/ˈsteɪtəs/, /ˈstætəs/ (n): tình trạng

• The company investigated the immigration status of its workers.

trend/trend/ (n): xu thế

• There has been an upward trend in the number of accidents reported.

abrupt /əˈbrʌpt/(a): bất ngờ

• The accident brought his career to an abrupt end.

prehistoric /ˌpriːhɪˈstɔːrɪk/ (a): tiền sử

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 ➔ in prehistoric times

→ prehistoric man/remains/animals/burial sites

profound/prəˈfaʊnd/ (a): thâm thúy

• My father's death had a profound effect on us all.

• The news came as a profound shock.

have time on your hands: không có gì để làm, free (a)

in next to no time: tức khắc, immediately (adv)

excavate/ˈekskəveɪt/ (v): khai quật

• The site has been excavated by archaeologists.

UNIT3: NO MAN IS AN ISLAND

norm/nɔːrm/ (n): quy tắc định mức

• The new design is a departure from the norm.

• Older parents seem to be the norm rather than the exception nowadays.

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pressure /ˈpreʃər/(n): áp lực

• We are determined to keep up the pressure on the other member states.

standard/ˈstændərd/ (n): tiêu chuẩn

• There has been a fall in living standards.

era /ˈɪrə/, /ˈerə/(n):thời kỳ

• This is the start of a new era of peace and prosperity.

anti-social /ˌæntiˈsəʊʃl/, /ˌæntaɪˈsəʊʃl/(a): chống phá xã hội

→antisocial behavior

→antisocial tendencies/activities/habits

conservative/kənˈsɜːrvətɪv/ (a): bảo thủ

• music that is accessible to an audience with extremely conservative tastes

• The southern state's inhabitants tend to be socially conservative.
• Her style of dress was never conservative.

conventional /kənˈvenʃənl/(a): quen thuộc/ thuộc truyền thống

unconventional (a): lạ, khác thường

• She's very conventional in her views.

harmonious /hɑːrˈməʊniəs/(a): ôn hòa

➔ a harmonious alliance between management and workers

influential/ˌɪnfluˈenʃl/ (a): có ảnh hưởng

• The committee was influential in formulating government policy on employment.

multicultural /ˌmʌltiˈkʌltʃərəl/, /ˌmʌltaɪˈkʌltʃərəl/(a): đa văn hóa

• We live in a multicultural society.

suburban /səˈbɜːrbən/(n): ngoại ô

➔ suburban areas
➔ a suburban street
➔ life in suburban London

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moderate /ˈmɑːdərət/(a): vừa phải/ điều độ

• Even moderate amounts of the drug can be fatal.

• The team enjoyed only moderate success last season.

infinitesimal /ˌɪnfɪnɪˈtesɪml/(a): vô hạn

➔ infinitesimal traces of poison

➔ an infinitesimal risk

follow accepted behavior: noi gương tốt

periodic /ˌpɪəriˈɒdɪkl/,/ˌpɪriˈɑːdɪkl/(a): định kỳ

• Periodic checks are carried out on the equipment.

• He makes periodic visits to all the shops that stock his products.

conform /kənˈfɔːrm/(v): tuân thủ, nghe theo

• He refused to conform to the local customs.

exclude /ɪkˈskluːd/ (v): loại trừ

• The cost of borrowing has been excluded from the inflation figures.
• Try excluding fat from your diet.
• Buses run every hour, Sundays excluded.

flaunt/flɔːnt/ (a): phô trương

• He did not believe in flaunting his wealth.

• She openly flaunted her affair with the senator.

obey /əˈbeɪ/(v): vâng lời

• He was arrested when he failed to obey a police instruction to stop.

• He has turned into an efficient soldier, blindly obeying orders (= without questioning them).

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skew /skjuː/(v) xuyên qua

• The ball skewed off at a right angle.

UNIT 4: SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY

capsule/ˈkæpsuːl/ (n): viên con nhộng, hình con nhộng/ viên nang

• The medicine can be taken in tablet or capsule form.

carbon dioxide /ˌkɑːrbən daɪˈɑːksaɪd/: CO2

• Trees absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.

compound /ˈkɑːmpaʊnd/(n): hợp chất

• The air smelled like a compound of diesel and petrol fumes.

consequence/ˈkɑːnsɪkwens/ (n): hệ quả

• Reform often produces unintended consequences.

• They must be prepared to accept the consequences of their actions.

dose/dəʊs/ (n): liều thuốc

• I always take my daily dose of vitamin C.

exposure /ɪkˈspəʊʒər/(n): sự phơi nhiễm, phơi bày

• At high exposures, the chemical can affect the liver and kidneys.

food chain /ˈfuːd tʃeɪn/(n): chuỗi thức ăn

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 • Pesticides work their way up the food chain from plants, through insects and birds to humans.

interaction/ˌɪntərˈækʃn/ (n); sự tương tác

➔ the interaction between performers and their audience

pesticide/ˈpestɪsaɪd/ (n): thuốc trừ sâu

➔ Vegetables are grown without the use of pesticides.

➔ crops sprayed with pesticide

protein/ˈprəʊtiːn/ (n): chất đạm

• Peas, beans, and lentils are a good source of vegetable protein.

• Gluten is a protein found in wheat and other grains.

reaction /riˈækʃn/(n): sự phản ứng

• The decision provoked an angry reaction from local residents.

• I tried shaking him but there was no reaction.

side effect/ˈsaɪd ɪfekt/ (n): tác dụng phụ

• The drug has few side effects.

• Side effects include skin rashes and nausea.

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contaminate/kənˈtæmɪneɪt/(v): gây ô nhiễm

contaminated /kənˈtæmɪneɪtid/(a): bị ô nhiễm

• These substances can contaminate groundwater.

controversial/ˌkɑːntrəˈvɜːrʃl/ (a): gây tranh cãi

• A controversial plan to build a new road has met with protests.

• Winston Churchill and Richard Nixon were both controversial figures.

natural /ˈnætʃrəl/(a): tự nhiên

• All the materials used are natural.

• My hair soon grew back to its natural color

UNIT 5: STRIVING TO ACHIEVE

bacterial/bækˈtɪriəl/ (a): thuộc về vi khuẩn

➔ bacterial infections/growth

contagious/kənˈteɪdʒəs/ (a): dễ truyền nhiễm/ dễ lây lan/ dễ gây ảnh hưởng

• Scarlet fever is highly contagious.

• (figurative) His enthusiasm was contagious (= spread quickly to other people).
• The new disease proved contagious.

crucial /ˈkruːʃl/(a): quan trọng

• Private security cameras can prove crucial in some investigations.

• Parents play a crucial role in preparing their children for school.

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essential/ɪˈsenʃl/ (a): cần thiết

• Vitamins play an essential role in many body processes.

organic /ɔːrˈɡænɪk/(a): thuộc về hữu cơ

• The farm went fully organic in 1996.

petrochemicals /ˌpetrəʊˈkemɪkl/(n): dầu hóa chất (vd: plastic, soaps)

➔ the petrochemical industry

apprenticeship /əˈprentɪʃɪp/(n): thử việc, học việc

• She was in the second year of her apprenticeship as a carpenter.

• He had served his apprenticeship as a plumber.
• Apprenticeships were becoming more difficult to find.

conceptualize /kənˈseptʃuəlaɪz/ (v): khái niệm hóa

• The ability to conceptualize is one of the most likely indicators of who will be a successful manager.

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 UNIT 6: POWERS OF PERSUASION

consistency /kənˈsɪstənsi/(n): ổn định, giữ vững

• She has played with great consistency all season.

• We need to ensure the consistency of service to our customers.

establishment/ɪˈstæblɪʃmənt/ (n): thiết lập

• She's now running a small government research establishment.

• The hotel is a comfortable and well-run establishment.

formulation /ˌfɔːrmjuˈleɪʃn/(n): công thức

➔ the formulation of new policies

➔ new formulations of existing drugs

hypothesis /haɪˈpɑːθəsɪs/(n): giả thuyết

• There is little evidence to support these hypotheses.

inconsistency/ˌɪnkənˈsɪstənsi/ (n): bất ổn

• There are some inconsistencies with Baldwin's account.

insignificance /ˌɪnsɪɡˈnɪfɪkəns/(n): sự nhỏ nhặt

• Her own problems paled into insignificance beside this terrible news.
• Success took him from insignificance to wealth and fame.

interpretation /ɪnˌtɜːrprəˈteɪʃn/(n): phiên dịch

• Her evidence suggests a different interpretation of the events.

• It is not possible for everyone to put their own interpretation on the law.
• Dreams are open to interpretation (= they can be explained in different ways).

technician /tekˈnɪʃn/, /tekˈnɪʃn/(n): thợ kỹ thuật máy tính phần mềm

➔ → a computer support technician

theorist /ˈθɪrɪst/(also theoretician) (n): giả thuyết gia, người đặt ra giả thuyết

➔ a political theorist

vocation/vəʊˈkeɪʃn/(n): nghề nghiệp như mong muốn

• Nursing is not just a job—it's a vocation.

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 • She believes that she has found her true vocation in life.
• You missed your vocation—you should have been an actor.

analytical/ˌænəˈlɪtɪkl/ (a): phân tích

• She has a clear analytical mind.

blue-collar /ˌbluː ˈkɑːlər/(worker) (n): người làm việc tay chân

conceptual /kənˈseptʃuəl/(a): thuộc về khái niệm

➔ a conceptual framework within which children’s needs are assessed

hypothetical /ˌhaɪpəˈθetɪkl/(a): thuộc về giả thuyết

• Let us take the hypothetical case of Sheila, a mother of two…

• I wasn't asking about anybody in particular—it was a purely hypothetical question.

indicative/ɪnˈdɪkətɪv/ (a): có biểu hiện/ dấu hiệu

• Their failure to act is indicative of their lack of interest.

• The rise in unemployment is seen as indicative of a new economic recession.

a process of trial (n): quá trình thử nghiệm

error/ˈerər/(n): lỗi

• The report contains some factual errors that must be corrected.

• They committed the fatal error of misjudging the weather conditions.

set yourself a goal set :tự đặt ra mục tiêu cho mình

billboard/ˈbɪlbɔːrd/(n): hạng mục xếp hạng

branding/ˈbrændɪŋ/ (v): đóng mộc, nhãn hàng

• He sees contemporary branding as ‘service with personality’.

• This marketing campaign is the most remarkable branding exercise of all time.

distributor /dɪˈstrɪbjətər/(n): nhà phân phối

• They are Japan's largest software distributor.

flyer/ˈflaɪər/ (n): tờ rơi/…

➔ to hand out flyers for a new club

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gimmick/ˈɡɪmɪk/ (n): lừa đảo

• The promise of lower taxation may have been just an election gimmick to gain votes.

manufacturer/ˌmænjuˈfæktʃərər/ (n): nhà sản xuất

• Always follow the manufacturer's instructions.

• Faulty goods should be returned to the manufacturers.

marketing /ˈmɑːrkɪtɪŋ/: quảng cáo

• They hope to create a buzz through viral marketing.

• She works in sales and marketing.

retailer/ˈriːteɪlər/ (n): nhà bản lẻ

• one of the country’s largest food retailers

ploy /plɔɪ/(n): mưu đồ/ lời nói hay hành động có ý đồ

• It was all a ploy to distract attention from his real aims.

rebate /ˈriːbeɪt/(v): hạ giá

• She's claiming a 100% tax rebate.

sales/ˈseɪlz/ (n): doanh thu

representative/ˌreprɪˈzentətɪv/(n): người đại diện

• The actor's legal representatives have strongly denied the allegations.

• He was the Queen's representative at the ceremony.

slogan/ˈsləʊɡən/(n): khẩu ngữ quảng cáo

• The crowd began chanting anti-government slogans.

telemarketing /ˈtelimɑːrkɪtɪŋ/(n): quảng cáo qua điện thoại

vendor /ˈvendər/(n): cửa hàng bán lẻ

• Jewellery, leather, and clothes are offered by street vendors at every corner.

catchy /ˈkætʃi/, /ˈketʃi/(a): dễ nghe dễ hiểu dễ nhớ

➔ a catchy tune/slogan

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compelling /kəmˈpelɪŋ/(a): hấp dẫn

• Her latest book makes compelling reading.

• His eyes were strangely compelling.

distracting /dɪˈstræktɪŋ/(a): làm mất tập trung

➔ a distracting noise.

disturbing /dɪˈstɜːrbɪŋ/(a): làm khó chịu/ gây sốc

➔ a disturbing piece of news

➔ a profoundly disturbing experience

infuriating/ɪnˈfjʊrieɪtɪŋ/ (a): gây tức giận

• It is infuriating to talk to someone who just looks out of the window.

invasive/ɪnˈveɪsɪv/ (a): xâm lấn

➔ invasive cancer

irritating /ˈɪrɪteɪtɪŋ/(a): gây khó chịu

• I found her extremely irritating.

monetary /ˈmʌnɪtri//ˈmɑːnɪteri/ (a): thuộc về tiền tệ

➔ monetary policy/growth
➔ an item of little monetary value
➔ closer European political, monetary, and economic union

persuasive/pərˈsweɪsɪv/ (a): rất thuyết phục

• There are several persuasive arguments in favor of the move.

• He can be very persuasive.

promotional/prəˈməʊʃənl/ (a): quảng cáo, mời gọi

repetitive /rɪˈpetətɪv/(a) lặp lại

➔ a repetitive task

slick /slɪk/(n): bóng bẩy

• You had to admire the slick presentation of last night’s awards ceremony.

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ubiquitous /juːˈbɪkwɪtəs/(a): phổ cập, ở đâu cũng có

➔ the ubiquitous bicycles of university towns

➔ the ubiquitous movie star, Tom Hanks

unavoidable/ˌʌnəˈvɔɪdəbl/ (a): ko thể tránh né

• Recession at the time seemed unavoidable.

assure/əˈʃʊə(r)/, /əˈʃɔː(r)/ (v): chắc chắn rằng

• Let me assure you that I will try to help you.

• We were assured that everything possible was being done.

entice/ɪnˈtaɪs/ (n): lời chào gọi

• The bargain prices are expected to entice customers away from other stores.

induce /ɪnˈdjuːs/,/ɪnˈduːs/(v): khiến

• Nothing would induce me to take the job.

oblige /əˈblaɪdʒ/(v) bắt buộc

• He suffered a serious injury that obliged him to give up work.

reassure /ˌriːəˈʃʊə(r)/, /ˌriːəˈʃɔː(r)/(v): trấn an

The doctor reassured him that there was nothing seriously wrong.

urge/ɜːrdʒ/ (v): thúc giục

• Police are urging anyone who saw the accident to contact them immediately.
• She urged him to stay.

UNIT 7: WAYS AND MEANS

breathtaking/ˈbreθteɪkɪŋ/ (a): tuyệt vời

• The scene was one of breathtaking beauty.

charming /ˈtʃɑːrmɪŋ/(a): hấp dẫn

• The cottage is tiny, but it's charming.

• She's a charming person.

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 • What a charming name.

comfortable /ˈkʌmftəbl/ (a): thoải mái

• These new shoes are not very comfortable.

magnificent/mæɡˈnɪfɪsnt/ (a): tuyệt vời

• The Taj Mahal is a magnificent building.

• She looked magnificent in her wedding dress.
• You've all done a magnificent job.

dramatic /drəˈmætɪk/(a): kịch tính

• The announcement had a dramatic effect on house prices.

• Climate change will have a dramatic impact on the health of the planet.

memorable/ˈmemərəbl/ (a): dễ nhớ

• Her novels are full of memorable characters.

• Olivier gives a memorable performance as Hamlet.

mountainous /ˈmaʊntənəs/(a): núi, vùng cao

➔ a mountainous region/terrain

remote /rɪˈməʊt/(a): xa xôi

• The area is remote, mountainous, and roadless.

rustic /ˈrʌstɪk/(a): mộc mạc, chất phác

➔ an old cottage full of rustic charm

spectacular /spekˈtækjələr/(a): tuyệt vời

• The coastal road has spectacular scenery.

• Messi scored a spectacular goal.

stunning /ˈstʌnɪŋ/(a): ấn tượng/ đẹp đến choáng ngợp

• His performance was simply stunning.

attract/əˈtrækt/ (v): thu hút

• What first attracted me to her was her sense of humor.

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 • She finds herself increasingly attracted to them and their lifestyle.

damage/ˈdæmɪdʒ/ (v): gây ra thiệt hại

• The accident caused no permanent damage.

• She suffered minor brain damage at birth.

outweigh /ˌaʊtˈweɪ/(v) có ảnh hưởng hơn

• The risks are vastly outweighed by the potential benefits.

• The advantages of this scheme more than outweigh the costs

UNIT 8: STATE CONTROL

bureaucrat /ˈbjʊrəkræt/(n): cục, bưu cục

• He was just another faceless bureaucrat.

• We got caught up in the endless red tape of local bureaucrats.

civil servant/ˌsɪvl ˈsɜːrvənt/ (n): công chức

• He’s a 35-year-old civil servant with two young children.

community/kəˈmjuːnəti/ (n): cộng đồng

• It is hoped that the campaign will encourage members of the community to get active.

healthcare/ˈhelθ keə(r)/,/ˈhelθ ker/ (n): chăm sóc sức khỏe

➔ the costs of healthcare for the elderly

➔ community healthcare
➔ healthcare workers/professionals

mayor/meə(r)/,/ˈmeɪər/ (n): thị trưởng

member of: thành viên của tổ chức nào đó

parliament /ˈpɑːrləmənt/(n): nghị viện

• The Scottish parliament is expected to vote in favor of a ban.

military /ˈmɪləteri/(n): quân đội

• The authorities controlled the people through military force.

• In 1289 he took part in military operations against Arezzo and Pisa.

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notion /ˈnəʊʃn/(n): khái niệm

• She had only a vague notion of what might happen.

• He has no notion of the difficulty of the problem.
• The author challenges preconceived notions of storytelling.
• She dismissed the very notion of compromise.

old-age pension/ˌəʊld eɪdʒ ˈpenʃn/ (n): lương hưu

social services /ˌsəʊʃl ˈsɜːrvɪsɪz(n): dịch vụ xã hội

➔ a leaflet on the range of social services available

➔ the local social services department

state/steɪt/(n): chính phủ

unemployment/ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪmənt/ (n): thất nghiệp

• It was a time of mass unemployment.

• Government schemes to combat youth unemployment

benefit /ˈbenɪfɪt/(n): lợi ích

• The industry will be one of the first to enjoy the benefits of the recovery.

leader /ˈliːdər/ (n): người đứng đầu

• He was elected as leader of the Democratic Party.

• She became the leader of the campaign group.

opposition /ˌɑːpəˈzɪʃn/(n): sự phản đối

• There was widespread opposition to the war.

lose control of: mất kiểm soát

means-test/ˈmiːnz test/(n) an official check of somebody’s wealth or income to decide if they are poor enough
to receive money from the government, etc. for a particular purpose

means-tested/ˈmiːnz testɪd/(a): được đánh giá về tình hình tài chính để được nhận tiền trợ cấp

social welfare/ˈwelfeə(r)/: phúc lợi xã hội

well-being/ˈwel biːɪŋ/(n): general health and happiness

• We try to ensure the well-being of our employees.

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miscalculate/ˌmɪsˈkælkjuleɪt/(v): tính toán sai, nhầm lẫn

• He had miscalculated how long the trip would take.

misinform/ˌmɪsɪnˈfɔːrm/ (v): báo tin sai

• The parents had been misinformed about the incident.

misdiagnose /mɪsˈdaɪəɡnəʊz/(v): chẩn đoán sai

• He was misdiagnosed with cancer.

mismanage /ˌmɪsˈmænɪdʒ/(v): quản lý sai

• The department’s budget was badly mismanaged.

misunderstand /ˌmɪsʌndərˈstænd/(v): hiểu sai

• She must have misunderstood what I was trying to say.

misinterpret /ˌmɪsɪnˈtɜːrprət/(v): dịch sai, hiểu sai

• His comments were misinterpreted as a criticism of the project.

• She deliberately misinterpreted the question.

mislead /ˌmɪsˈliːd/(v): hiểu sai

• He deliberately misled us about the nature of their relationship.

• Statistics taken on their own are liable to mislead.
• Misleading the court in a trial is a serious offense.

misjudge/ˌmɪsˈdʒʌdʒ/ (v): đánh giá sai

• She now realizes that she misjudged him.

• It is difficult to understand how they could have misjudged the mood of the workforce so badly.

subsidise /ˈsʌbsɪdaɪz/(v): trợ cấp

• The housing projects are subsidized by the government.

• She's not prepared to subsidize his gambling any longer.

UNIT 9: NATURAL HISTORY

burrow/ˈbʌrəʊ/,/ˈbɜːrəʊ/(v): đào, chui xuống đất

• The rodent burrowed its way into the sand.

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 • Earthworms burrow deep into the soil.

colony /ˈkɑːləni/(n): thuộc địa/ tổ (kiến/ mối)/ bầy đàn

• the Declaration of Independence of the 13 colonies and the creation of the United States

deforestation/ˌdiːˌfɔːrɪˈsteɪʃn/ (n): nạn phá rừng

degradation (n): sự xuống cấp

➔ environmental degradation

demise /dɪˈmaɪz/(n): cái chết

• He praised the union's aims but predicted its early demise.

devastation/ˌdevəˈsteɪʃn/ (n): sự hủy diệt

• The bomb caused widespread devastation.

• The cost of the devastation could run to £6 million.

Habitat /ˈhæbɪtæt/ (n): môi trường sống

• The panda's natural habitat is the bamboo forest.

• The marshes provide a rich habitat for water plants.

harm /hɑːrm/(n): sự gây hại

• The treatment they gave him did him more harm than good.
• He would never frighten anyone or cause them any harm.
• The accused clearly intended to inflict harm on him.

herd/hɜːrd/ (n): đàn gia súc trâu bò

➔ a herd of cows/deer/elephants
➔ a beef/dairy herd

lifespan /ˈlaɪfspæn/(n): tuổi thọ

• Worms have a lifespan of a few months.

pack/pæk/ (n): thu xếp hành lí

• I packed my bags and left.

parasite /ˈpærəsaɪt/(n): ký sinh trùng

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 ➔ fleas, lice, and other parasites
➔ an intestinal parasite of cattle

prey /preɪ/(n): con mồi

• The lion will often stalk its prey for hours.

prey on/upon somebody/something: to hunt and kill another animal for food

• Hawks prey on rodents and small birds.

appalling /əˈpɔːlɪŋ/(a): kinh khủng/ tồi tệ

• The prisoners were living in appalling conditions.

aquatic/əˈkwɑːtɪk/ (a): thuộc về biển/ liên quan tới nước

➔ aquatic sports

hypocritical/ˌhɪpəˈkrɪtɪkl/ (a): đạo đức giả

• It would be hypocritical of me to have a church wedding when I don't believe in God.

impartial/ɪmˈpɑːrʃl/ (a): không thiên vị

• As chairman, I must remain impartial.

irresponsible/ˌɪrɪˈspɑːnsəbl/ (a): vô trách nhiệm

• It would be irresponsible to ignore the situation.

nocturnal /nɑːkˈtɜːrnl/(a): sống về đêm

• These animals are strictly nocturnal.

• These insects are largely nocturnal.

outrageous/aʊtˈreɪdʒəs/ (a): không thể chấp nhận được, mang tính chất đối đầu/ phản kháng

→outrageous behaviour

threshold/ˈθreʃhəʊld/ (n): ngưỡng cửa, bản ngã

She stood hesitating on the threshold.

• risky/ˈrɪski/ (a): rủi roLife as an aid worker can be a risky business (= dangerous).
• Even a very good company can be a risky investment if it is overvalued.

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 • It's far too risky to generalize from one set of results.

venomous/ˈvenəməs/ (a): có độc

➔ a highly venomous snake

flourish /ˈflɜːrɪʃ/(a): nảy nở/ sinh sôi/ phát triển

• Few businesses are flourishing in the present economic climate.

• The arts began to flourish at that time.
• There was a flourishing black market.

forage/ˈfɔːrɪdʒ/ (n): đi tìm thức ăn

• The female only leaves the young when she forages for food.
• The pigs are allowed to forage around in a large orchard.

hibernate/ˈhaɪbərneɪt/ (v): ngủ đông

poach/pəʊtʃ/ (v): săn trộm

• The elephants are poached for their tusks.

poacher/ˈpəʊtʃər/ (n): kẻ săn trộm

• The measures are designed to protect the fish from poachers.

thrive /θraɪv/(v): trỗi dậy

• New businesses thrive in this area.

• These animals rarely thrive in captivity.

U10: ROCKET SCIENCE

condensation/ˌkɑːndenˈseɪʃn/ (n): sự cô đặc

• The window was steamed up with condensation.

• Not all roofing problems are caused by leaks; condensation may also be a problem.

debris /ˈdebriː/, /ˈdeɪbriː/,/dəˈbriː/(n): mảnh vụn

• Emergency teams are still clearing the debris from the plane crash.
• Several people were injured by flying debris in the explosion.

eclipse(n): nhật/nguyệt thực → an eclipse of the sun/moon

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evaporation ɪˌvæpəˈreɪʃn/(n): sự bốc hơi

• Snow cover prevents the evaporation of water from the soil.

Gravity /ˈɡrævəti/ (n): trọng lực

➔ Newton’s law of gravity

harbor/ˈhɑːrbər/(n) cảng

• She felt as though she'd reached a safe harbor after sailing in a vast, unfriendly sea.

light year /ˈlaɪt jɪə(r)/, /ˈlaɪt jɜː(r)/,/ˈlaɪt jɪr/(n): năm ánh sáng/ the distance that light travels in one year,
9.4607 × 1012 kilometers/ a very long time

• The nearest star to earth is about 4 light years away.

• Full employment still seems light years away.
• The new range puts us light years ahead of the competition.

astronomical /ˌæstrəˈnɑːmɪkl/(a): thiên văn học/very large

→ astronomical observations

→ the astronomical price of land for building

• The figures are astronomical.

Climatic /klaɪˈmætɪk/ (a): khí hậu

➔ climatic changes/conditions: những điều kiện khí hậu

colossal/kəˈlɑːsl/ (a): khổng lồ

• The singer earns a colossal amount of money.

• The variety of wines available is colossal.
• They have spent a colossal amount of money on construction.

fascinating /ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ/(a): thú vị

• I fail to see what women find so fascinating about him.

• Your trip to Alaska sounds fascinating

fleeting/ˈfliːtɪŋ/ (n): ngắn ngủi/ như 1 giấc mộng

➔ a fleeting moment of happiness

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 • We paid a fleeting visit to Paris.

immeasurable /ɪˈmeʒərəbl/(a): không thể đo đếm

• Her contribution was of immeasurable importance.

immense /ɪˈmens/(a): bao la

• To my immense relief, he didn’t notice my mistake.

Imperceptible /ˌɪmpərˈseptəbl/ (a): ko thể nhận ra

• The differences were imperceptible to all but the most trained eye.

infinitesimal/ˌɪnfɪnɪˈtesɪml/ (a): cực nhỏ

➔ infinitesimal traces of poison

➔ an infinitesimal risk

magnetic /mæɡˈnetɪk/(a): có tính từ

• The block becomes magnetic when the current is switched on.

minuscule /ˈmɪnəskjuːl/(a): cỡ nhỏ

• The newsroom was minuscule, not much more than a cubbyhole.

transient/ˈtrænʃnt/ (a): tạm thời, ngắn ngủi

• the transient nature of speech

vast /vɑːst/,/væst/ (a): bao la

• In the vast majority of cases, this should not be a problem.

• They sell a vast array of products.

absorb /əbˈzɔːrb/(v): hấp thụ

• Let the rice cook until it has absorbed all the water.

burst /bɜːrst/(v): nổ tung

• The dam burst under the weight of water.

• Shells were bursting (= exploding) all around us.

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 • (figurative) He felt he would burst with anger and shame.

collide /kəˈlaɪd/(v) va chạm

• The car and the van collided head-on in thick fog.

• Two trains collided head-on.

dissolve /dɪˈzɑːlv/(v): tan

• alt dissolves in water.

• Heat gently until the sugar dissolves.

penetrate /ˈpenətreɪt/(v): xuyên qua

• The knife had penetrated his chest.

pierce/pɪrs/ (v) xuyên qua

• The arrow pierced his shoulder.

reflect/rɪˈflekt/(v) phản chiếu

• She looked into the water and saw her face reflected there.
• She could see herself reflected in his eyes

release/rɪˈliːs/ (v) thải ra/ giải phóng

• The hostages were released unharmed.

• He was released without charge after questioning by police.

repel /rɪˈpel/(v): chống lại

• The reptile's prickly skin repels nearly all of its predators.

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solidify/səˈlɪdɪfaɪ/ (v) rắn lại

• The mixture will solidify into toffee.

• The paint had solidified in the tray.

UNIT 11: PROGRESS + UNIT 12: THE LATEST THING

cyberspace/ˈsaɪbərspeɪs/ (n): không gian mạng

• Many more business functions will move into cyberspace.

expense /ɪkˈspens/(n): chi phí

• He's arranged everything, no expense spared.

• She always travels first-class regardless of expense.
• The results are well worth the expense.

fabric /ˈfæbrɪk/(v): vải, sợi

• They sell a wide variety of printed cotton fabric.

fiber/ˈfaɪbər/ (n): chất sơ, thớ thịt, sợi vải

• He has been advised to increase his fiber intake.

Foam /fəʊm/(n): bọt, giấy foam (1 loại bìa cứng làm mô hình kiến trúc hoặc để đóng gói)

• The breaking waves left the beach covered with foam.

log/lɒɡ//lɔːɡ/ (n): khúc gỗ

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marble /ˈmɑːrbl/(n): đá hoa cương

• The statue of Cupid is carved in black marble.

patent/ˈpeɪtnt/ /ˈpætnt/(n): bằng sáng chế/ (a) có bằng sáng chế/ (v) lxin được cấp bằng sáng chế

pillar /ˈpɪlər/(n): cột, hình trụ

One Pillar Pagoda

plank /plæŋk/(n): tấm ván

• a wooden plank

polyester /ˌpɒliˈestə(r)//ˈpɑːliestər/(n): nhóm polyme

prop/prɑːp/(n): vật chống đỡ

• Rescuers used props to stop the roof of the tunnel from collapsing.

technique /tekˈniːk/(n): kỹ thuật/ thủ thuật

• Researchers used advanced techniques to analyze the brain scans.

timber /ˈtɪmbər/(n): gỗ (xây nhà)

cutting-edge/ˌkʌtɪŋ ˈedʒ/ (a): mới nhất

• We are working at the cutting-edge of computer technology

futuristic /ˌfjuːtʃəˈrɪstɪk/(a): thuộc tương lai/ extremely modern and unusual in appearance, as if belonging to a
future time

• futuristic design

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demolish/dɪˈmɑːlɪʃ/ (v): phá hủy

• The factory is due to be demolished next year.

dye /daɪ/(v): nhuộm

• She dyed her hair blonde.

innovate/ˈɪnəveɪt/ (v): cải tiến

• We must constantly adapt and innovate to ensure success in a growing market.

revolve/rɪˈvɑːlv/ (v): xoay quanh

• The fan revolved slowly.

• The earth revolves on its axis.

rotate /ˈrəʊteɪt/(v): xoay

• Stay well away from the helicopter when its blades start to rotate!

strike/straɪk/ (v): va chạm

• The ship struck a rock.

• The child ran into the road and was struck by a car.

Archive /ˈɑːrkaɪv/ (n): kho lưu trữ

• The BBC's archives are bulging with the material.

acquisitiveness /əˈkwɪzətɪvnəs/(n): sự tiếp thu

• We rejected the acquisitiveness of our parent’s generation.

stockpile /ˈstɑːkpaɪl/(n): kho hàng

• How large is the world's stockpile of nuclear weapons?

drab/dræb/ (a): buồn tẻ/ tẻ nhạt

• She longed to be out of the cold, drab little office.

mundane /mʌnˈdeɪn/(a): chẳng mấy thú vị

• I lead a pretty mundane existence.

• On a more mundane level, can we talk about the timetable for next week?

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sophisticated /səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/(a): tinh tế

• Medical techniques are becoming more sophisticated all the time.

a must-have item: món hàng mới nhất, cần có, hấp dẫn

a passing trend (noun phrase): xu hướng giảm dần

casual dress (noun phrase): đồ bình dân

conspicuous /kənˈspɪkjuəs/(a): hiển nhiên dễ thấy

• Mary's red hair always made her conspicuous at school.

• I felt very conspicuous in my new car.
• The advertisements were all posted in a conspicuous place.

label /ˈleɪbl/(n): nhãn hiệu

The washing instructions are on the label.

disposable income (n): thu nhập khả dụng, sau khi đã trừ thuế

accessory/əkˈsesəri/(n): phụ kiện

• We stock a large range of bicycle accessories.

get rid of: vứt bỏ

vogue /vəʊɡ/ (n): thịnh hành

• Sixties music has come back into vogue.

• This novel had a great vogue ten years ago.

personal /ˈpɜːrsənl/(a): thuộc về cá nhân

• I take personal responsibility for the incident.

spending patterns: xu hướng tiêu dùng

the latest trend: xu hướng mới nhất

traditional dress: đồ truyền thống

abandon /əˈbændən/(v): từ bỏ

• People often simply abandon their pets when they go abroad.

conserve/kənˈsɜːrv/ (v): bảo tồn

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 • New laws to conserve wildlife in the area have been adopted.

consume /kənˈsuːm/(v) tiêu dùng

• The electricity industry consumes large amounts of fossil fuels.

eradicate/ɪˈrædɪkeɪt/(v): tiêu hủy/ xoá bỏ

• We are determined to eradicate racism.

hoard /hɔːrd/(n): tiền tích trữ

• They dug up a hoard of Roman coins.

maintain /meɪnˈteɪn/(v): duy trì

• The two countries have always maintained close relations.

preserve /prɪˈzɜːrv/(v): bảo quản

• She managed to preserve her sense of humor under very trying circumstances.

retain /rɪˈteɪn/(v): lưu giữ

• He struggled to retain control of the situation.

• The house retains much of its original charm.
• She retained her tennis title for the third year.

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 UNIT 13: URBAN JUNGLE

concrete /ˈkɑːnkriːt/ (n): xi măng

→ a concrete floor

opportunity /ˌɑːpərˈtuːnəti/(n): cơ hội

• The conference offers a unique opportunity for professionals to meet each other.

garbage (n): rác = trash = waste = rubbish

high-rise /ˈhaɪ raɪz/(n): nhà cao tầng

• I would like to live in a high-rise.

housing /ˈhaʊzɪŋ/(n): nhà dân

• There is an urgent need to build more affordable housing.

estate /ɪˈsteɪt/(n): bất động sản

• She lives in a tower block on an estate in London.

inner-city/ˌɪnər ˈsɪti/: nội thành

• There are huge problems in our inner cities.

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slum/slʌm/ (n): khu nhà nghèo

• She was brought up in the slums of Leeds.

noise /nɔɪz/ (n): tiếng ồn

• There was a rattling noise coming from the back of the car.

Pollution /pəluːʃn/ (n): sự ô nhiễm = contamination (n)

• Light pollution: the existence of too much artificial light in the environment, for example from street
lights, which makes it difficult to see the stars

suburbs /ˈsʌbɜːrb/(n): ngoại ô

• They live in the suburbs.

sewage /ˈsuːɪdʒ/ (n): chất thải

➔ sewage disposal (compound noun) sự xả thải

system /ˈsɪstəm/ (n): hệ thống

• Systems are in place for dealing with complaints.

(traffic) congestion /kənˈdʒestʃən/(n): sự ùn tắc (giao thông)

sprawl/sprɔːl/ (n): a large area covered with buildings that spreads from the city into the countryside in an ugly
way

• They are working hard in an attempt to control the fast-growing urban sprawl

isolated /ˈaɪsəleɪtɪd/(a): bị cách ly/ biệt lập

• It seems to me that very a few people like living in isolated rural areas.

overpopulated/ˌəʊvərˈpɑːpjuleɪtɪd/ (a): đông dân

migrate/ˈmaɪɡreɪt/ (v): di cư

• Swallows migrate south in winter.

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settle /ˈsetl/(v): ổn định/ làm mọi chuyện trở nên êm xuôi

• It's time you settled your differences with your father.

• The company has agreed to settle out of court (= agree without going to court).
• Many cases are settled through negotiation.

tranquil (v): yên tĩnh

UNIT 14: TACKLING ISSUES

catastrophe /kəˈtæstrəfi/(n): tai hoạ ≈disaster

• Early warnings of rising water levels prevented another major catastrophe.

catastrophic/ˌkætəˈstrɑːfɪk/ (a): kinh khủng≈ disastrous

➔ a catastrophic earthquake/flood/wildfire

clone/kləʊn/ (v): nhân giống

• A team from the UK was the first to successfully clone an animal.

controversy /ˈkɑːntrəvɜːrsi/(n): sự tranh cãi

• The controversy surrounding his latest movie continues.

crisis /ˈkraɪsɪs/(n): khủng hoảng

• The government is attempting to solve the debt crisis through spending cuts.

dilemma/dɪˈlemə/, /daɪˈlemə/ (n): tình trạng khó xử

• The digital era brings new ethical dilemmas for journalists.

hurdle/ˈhɜːrdl/ (n): hàng rào

• His horse fell at the final hurdle.

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obstacle/ˈɑːbstəkl/ (n): chướng ngại vật

• The huge distances involved have proved an obstacle to communication between villages.

Adversity /ədˈvɜːrsəti/(n): nghịch cảnh

• He overcame many personal adversities.

hindrance /ˈhɪndrəns/(n): chướng ngại vật

• The high price is a major hindrance to potential buyers.

• The new regulations are actually a great hindrance to teachers.

predicament/prɪˈdɪkəmənt/ (n): a difficult or an unpleasant situation

• I'm in a terrible predicament.

quandary /ˈkwɑːndəri/(n): the state of not being able to decide what to do in a difficult situation

• This placed the government in something of a quandary.

setback/ˈsetbæk/ (n): a difficulty or problem that delays or prevents something, or makes a situation worse

• The breakdown in talks represents a temporary setback in the peace process.

daunting /ˈdɔːntɪŋ/(a): làm lo lắng /làm nản lòng

• Starting a new job can be a daunting prospect.

insurmountable /ˌɪnsərˈmaʊntəbl/ (n) không thể vượt qua

• They were now faced with seemingly insurmountable technical problems.

ongoing /ˈɑːnɡəʊɪŋ/ (a): tiếp tục

• The police investigation is ongoing.

• Training is part of our ongoing career development program.

pervasive /pərˈveɪsɪv/(a): thấm vào/ ảnh hưởng tới/ thấm nhuần …

• Her influence is all-pervasive (= it affects everyone and everything).

• A sense of social change is pervasive in her novels.

problematic /ˌprɑːbləˈmætɪkl/(a): có vấn đề

• The situation is more problematic than we first thought.

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 • Which are the most problematic countries in the world for journalists?

do more harm than good: lợi bất cập hại

dwell on: to think or talk a lot about something, especially something it would be better to forget.

• So you made a mistake, but there's no need to dwell on it.

energy crisis (compound noun): khủng hoảng năng lượng

gain insight(s): tiếp thu thông tin/ tri thức

• gene /dʒiːn/(n): gen

➔ genes that code for the colour of the eyes

genetic /dʒəˈnetɪk/(a): thuộc về gen/ di truyền

• There are about 4 000 inherited human genetic diseases.

genetically /dʒəˈnetɪkli/ (adv): thuộc về gene (mã gene)

➔ genetically engineered crops

genetically modified food (n): đồ ăn biến đổi gen

take stock: chiếm lĩnh thị trường

aggravate /ˈæɡrəveɪt/ (v): làm trầm trọng thêm = worsen

• Military intervention will only aggravate the conflict even further.

exacerbate /ɪɡˈzæsərbeɪt/(v): làm cho sự việc nghiêm trọng thêm

• His aggressive reaction only exacerbated the situation.

hinder /ˈhɪndər/(v): đằng sau, cản trở

• An injury was hindering him from playing his best.

ignore /ɪɡˈnɔːr/(v): lơ đi, bỏ mặc

• I made a suggestion but they chose to ignore it.

mitigate /ˈmɪtɪɡeɪt/(v): giảm nhẹ= alleviate /əˈliːvieɪt/ (v) to make something less severe

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 • Soil erosion was mitigated by the planting of trees.

• Several ofof measures were taken to alleviate the problem.

rectify /ˈrektɪfaɪ/ (v): uốn nắn = correct/kəˈrekt/ (v)

• We must take steps to rectify the situation.

UNIT 15: THIS EARTH

acid rain/ˌæsɪd ˈreɪn/ (n): mưa axit

• Sulphur, falling as acid rain, is killing fish in the Great Lakes.

aftershock /ˈæftərʃɑːk/ (n): dư chấn

• The area suffered a series of aftershocks measuring up to 6.3 on the Richter scale.

agriculture /ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃə(r)/ (n): nông nghiệp

• 50% of the country’s population depends on agriculture.

cattle /ˈkætl/(n): gia súc

• The prisoners were herded into trucks like cattle.

Coast /kəʊst/ (n): bờ biển

• We walked along the coast for five miles.

Deforestation /ˌdiːˌfɔːrɪˈsteɪʃn/(n): nạn phá rừng

• Land erosion is caused by widespread deforestation.

desalination /ˌdiːˌsælɪˈneɪʃn/(n): quá trình khử muối

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 • Seawater desalination is the removal of salt and impurities from seawater to produce fresh water

draft /drɑːft//dræft/(n): bản thảo

• The final published version differs from earlier drafts in many key details.

erosion /ɪˈrəʊʒn/(n): sự ăn mòn

• Soil erosion is caused by deforestation.

Flooding/ˈflʌdɪŋ/ (n): sự ngập lụt

• There will be heavy rain with flooding in some areas.

Fungus /ˈfʌŋɡəs/(singular countable noun): nấm → fungi /ˈfʌŋɡiː/, /ˈfʌŋɡaɪ/, /ˈfʌndʒaɪ/(plural countable noun)

• The logs were covered with bright fungus.

• Farmed fish often get fungus.

herbivore /ˈɜːrbɪvɔːr/, /ˈhɜːrbɪvɔːr/(n): động vật ăn cỏ

carnivore /ˈkɑːrnɪvɔːr/(n): động vật ăn thịt

omnivore /ˈɑːmnɪvɔːr/(n): động vật ăn tạp

insectivore (n) động vật ăn côn trùng

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lava/ˈlɑːvə/(n): dung nham

petal /ˈpetl/(n): cánh hoa

productivity /ˌprɒdʌkˈtɪvəti/,/ˌprəʊdʌkˈtɪvəti/, /ˌprɑːdʌkˈtɪvəti/(n): khả năng sản xuất

• Wage rates depend on levels of productivity.

puddle /ˈpʌdl/ (n): vũng

reservoir /ˈrezərvwɑːr/(n): hồ chứa nước

The water content of the country's reservoirs had fallen to less than 50% of their capacity.

shore /ʃɔːr/(n): bờ biển

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Rubbish of all sorts is washed up on the shore.

species /ˈspiːʃiːz/(n): giốngloài

• Nearly 850 species of birds have been identified within the country's borders.

resolve /rɪˈzɑːlv/(v): giải quyết

• Attempts are being made to resolve the problem of security in schools.

stem /stem/(n): thân cây (v) ngăn chặn

• When the bush has finished flowering, cut back all the stems.
• The cut was bandaged to stem the bleeding.

tide /taɪd/(n): thuỷ triều

• Is the tide coming in or going out?

tremor /ˈtremər/(n) sợ rung chuyển

• The scandal sent tremors through the political establishment.

current (n): dòng (nước/ điện)

>< follow the crowd

Dense /dens/ (a): dày đặt

• HCM City has a dense network of streets.

long-term (a): dài hạn

native(a): bản xứ

resistant(a): kháng cự

be snowed under: vùi lấp

every cloud has a silver lining: trong cái rủi có cái may

in the cold light of day (idiom): trong ánh sáng lạnh lẽo của ban ngày -> (khi) cân nhắc/ xem xét sự việc một
cách bình tĩnh, vô tư, bỏ qua cảm xúc

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know which way: biết lối/ cách nào

tropical /ˈtrɑːpɪkl/ (a): nhiệt đới

• an area afflicted by malaria and other tropical diseases

torrential/təˈrenʃl/ (a): chảy mạnh, cuồn cuộn

➔ torrential rain

know which way the wind is blowing: biết gió thổi hướng nào

not have the foggiest idea: không biết gì cả

the calm before the storm: sự yên tĩnh trước 1 việc lớn xảy ra

not a cloud in the sky: trời trong xanh

vicious circle /ˌvɪʃəs ˈsɜːrkl/: vòng luẩn quẩn

• She can't see any way to break out of this vicious circle.
• Stress and fatigue can create a vicious circle.

breed/briːd/ (v): phối giống

➔ the first panda to be bred in captivity

cultivate /ˈkʌltɪveɪt/(v): cày cấy

• The land around here has never been cultivated.

flow /fləʊ/ (v): chảy (n) dòng chảy

• the electric currents flowing through the cables

• Exercise increases blood flow to the brain.

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 UNIT 16: ENERGY EFFICIENT

biofuel/ˈbaɪəʊfjuːəl/ (n): nhiên liệu sinh học

carbon footprint /ˌkɑːrbən ˈfʊtprɪnt/(n): lượng carbon

• Flying is the biggest contribution to my carbon footprint.

• An analysis of the carbon footprints of leading
companies.
• Companies are measuring their carbon footprints.

consumption /kənˈsʌmpʃn/ (n): sự tiêu thụ

• Gas and oil consumption always increases in cold

weather.

emission /ɪˈmɪʃn/(n): khí thải

• We need to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

furnace /ˈfɜːrnɪs/(n): lò nung

• It's like a furnace (= very hot) in here!

greenhouse gas /ˌɡriːnhaʊs ˈɡæs/(n): khí thải nhà kính

• We need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

neutral/ˈnjuːtrəl//ˈnuːtrəl/(a): trung lập

• Journalists are supposed to be politically neutral.

• I didn't take my father's or my mother's side; I tried to remain neutral.

eco-friendly/ˌiːkəʊ ˈfrendli/ (a): thân thiện với môi trường

• I am keen on using eco-friendly products.

rechargeable /ˌriːˈtʃɑːrdʒəbl/ (a): có thể sạc lại

• We need to have more rechargeable batteries

recyclable /ˌriːˈsaɪkləbl/(a): có thể tái chế

• Glass products are completely recyclable.

• Paper is easily recyclable.

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renewable /rɪˈnuːəbl//rɪˈnjuːəbl/(a): có thể tái sử dụng

• It is highly advisable to make good use of renewable sources of energy such as wind and solar power.

precious /ˈpreʃəs/(a): quý báu

• The crown was set with precious jewels—diamonds, rubies, and emeralds

sustainable /səˈsteɪnəbl/(a): có thể duy trì được

• This type of farming is simply not sustainable anymore.

lead /liːd/(v) dẫn dắt / (n) chì, sự dẫn dầu

• She took the lead in the second lap.

• The lead car is now three minutes ahead of the rest of the field.

unleaded /ˌʌnˈledɪd/(a): ko chứa chì

capture /ˈkæptʃər/(v): bắt, chinh phục

• The animals are captured in nets and sold to local zoos.

conserve/kənˈsɜːrv/ (v): bảo tồn

• The government has just adopted new laws to conserve wildlife in the area.

curb (v): kiểm soát, (n): yếu tố kiểm soát

• He needs to learn to curb his temper.

• A new law was designed to curb harmful emissions from factories.

• Many companies have imposed curbs on smoking in the workplace.
• We are in favor of strict curbs on government spending.

discard /dɪˈskɑːrd/(v): loại bỏ

• The room was littered with discarded newspapers.

emit/iˈmɪt/ (v): thải khí ra ngoài

• The metal container began to emit a clicking sound.

• Sulphur gases were emitted by the volcano.

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harness/ˈhɑːrnɪs/ (n) dây cương, dây nịt(v): chinh phục

• She fastened the safety harness tightly around her waist before starting the descent.

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 UNIT 17: GETTING DOWN TO BUSINESS

bankruptcy /ˈbæŋkrʌptsi/(n): sự phá sản

• There could be further bankruptcies among small farmers.

bottom line /ˌbɑːtəm ˈlaɪn/: chung quy, ý chính

• The bottom line is that we have to make a decision today.

budget /ˈbʌdʒɪt/(n): kinh phí

• Many families struggle to balance the household budget.

• We decorated the house on a tight budget.

client /ˈklaɪənt/(n): khách hàng

• She's a well-known lawyer with many famous clients.

• It is our job to act on behalf of the client.
• We will advise the client on the best way to solve the problem.

credit rating/ˈkredɪt reɪtɪŋ/: sự đánh giá tài chính

• He has a bad credit rating.

cutback /ˈkʌtbæk/(n):sự cắt giảm

• There have been substantial staff cutbacks to save money.

earnings /ˈɜːrnɪŋz/(n): tiền kiếm được

• She is claiming compensation for loss of earnings.

equity /ˈekwəti/ (n): vốn chủ sở hữu

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 • He plans to raise the company’s return on equity to 15%.

household name /ˌhaʊshəʊld ˈneɪm/(n) (also less frequent household word): tên nổi tiếng

• She became a household name in the 1960s.

• His name has become a household word since he first appeared in the series

luxury goods (compound noun): hàng hóa xa xỉ

bankrupt /ˈbæŋkrʌpt/(a) phá sản

hands-on: thực hành

managerial /ˌmænəˈdʒɪriəl/(a): thuộc về quản lý

• Does she have any managerial experience?

a calculated risk (noun phrase): rủi ro được tính toán (trước)

chair a meeting: họp hội đồng quản trị
golden opportunity: cơ hội ngàn vàng
keep track of: theo dõi
make a name for: đặt tên cho
win-win situation: trường hợp đôi bên có lợi
amalgamate /əˈmælɡəmeɪt/(v): hợp nhất

• Several colleges have amalgamated to form the new university.

• The two companies were amalgamated into one.

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 UNIT 18: LAW ENFORCEMENT

capital punishment /ˌkæpɪtl ˈpʌnɪʃmənt/: tử hình

• Public opinion was in favor of bringing back capital punishment.

community service /kəˌmjuːnəti ˈsɜːrvɪs/(compound noun): lao động công ích

life sentence /ˌlaɪf ˈsentəns/(compound noun): chung thân

• He’s currently serving a life sentence for murder.

organized crime (noun phrase): tội ác có tổ chức

pressure/ˈpreʃər/: áp lực

• The pressure for change continued to mount.

• There is intense pressure on her to resign.
• The company is facing increasing pressure from shareholders

petty crime (noun phrase): tội nhẹ

robbery /ˈrɑːbəri/(n): vụ cướp

→armed robbery (= using a gun, knife, etc.)

• He already had a conviction for armed robbery.

vandalism /ˈvændəlɪzəm/ (n): sự phá hoại tài sản

• Police condemned the damage as an act of mindless vandalism.

violence /ˈvaɪələns/ (n): bạo lực

• Police do not think this killing was a random act of violence.

• Violence broke out inside the prison last night.
• Violence erupted between police and demonstrators.
• Our organization works with victims of violence.

lenient /ˈliːniənt/(n): nhân hậu

• The judge was far too lenient with him.

accept the consequences: of chấp nhận kết quả, hệ quả của việc gì đó

accuse someone of: kết tội, buộc tội

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 arrest someone for: bắt giam ai đó

be (held) responsible for: chịu trách nhiệm cho việc gì đó

be a victim of: là nạn nhân của

convicted criminal(noun phrase): tội phạm bị kết án

criminal activity(noun phrase): hành vi xấu
criminal offense(noun phrase): tội danh
criminal record(noun phrase): tiền án
hardened criminal(noun phrase): tội phạm có nhiều tiền án
juvenile crime(noun phrase): tội phạm còn nhỏ (vị thành niên)
underlying cause(s)(noun phrase): nguyên nhân chính
jail /dʒeɪl/(n): nhà tù

• She spent a year in jail.

punish /ˈpʌnɪʃ/(v): phạt
• Those responsible for this crime will be severely punished.
• My parents used to punish me by not letting me watch TV.

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 UNIT 19: THE MEDIA

bias /ˈbaɪəs/(n): sự thiên vị

• Employers must consider all candidates impartially and without bias.

• Some institutions still have a strong bias against women.
• The article examines gender bias in our schools.

broadcaster /ˈbrɔːdkæstər/(n): nhà phát thanh

• She is a writer and broadcaster on environmental matters.

headline /ˈhedlaɪn/(n): tiêu đề

• The scandal was in the headlines for several days.

paparazzi/ˌpɑːpəˈrɑːtsəʊ/ (n): nhà chụp ảnh (từ thiếu tôn trọng)

press/pres/ (n): báo chí (v): ấn

• The event is bound to attract wide press coverage (= it will be written about in many newspapers).
• According to French press reports, three people have been killed.

viewer /ˈvjuːər/(n): người xem

• Her performance has grabbed the attention of 100 million YouTube viewers.

eminent/ˈemɪnənt/ (a): nổi tiếng và được tôn trọng

➔ an eminent architect
➔ an eminent scientist/artist/painter/poet/writer/historian/philosopher/scholar/professor.

impartial/ɪmˈpɑːrʃl/ (a): công bình = neutral/ˈnjuːtrəl//ˈnuːtrəl/, unbiased/ʌnˈbaɪəst/

• As chairman, I must remain impartial.

influential /ˌɪnfluˈenʃl/(a): có ảnh hưởng

• The committee was influential in formulating government policy on employment.
Prejudiced /ˈpredʒədɪst/(a) thành kiến

• They are prejudiced against older applicants.

prominent /ˈprɑːmɪnənt/(a): nổi bật

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 • He played a prominent part in the campaign.
• She was prominent in the fashion industry.
• Last month a group of prominent citizens of the town formed themselves into a committee to deal with
the issue.

subjective /səbˈdʒektɪv/(a): chủ quan >< objective/əbˈdʒektɪv/ (a)

• Everyone's opinion is bound to be subjective.

Tabloid /ˈtæblɔɪd/(n): báo lá cải

• The story made the front page in all the tabloids.

• I despair when I read what passes for news in some of the tabloids.
• You shouldn’t believe everything you read in the tabloids.

broadcast/ˈbrɔːdkæst/ (v) phát tin

• The event will be broadcast over the internet

• He broadcasts his Saturday morning show on the station.

speculate /ˈspekjuleɪt/(v) suy đoán

• We can speculate that the stone circles were used in some sort of pagan ceremony.

UNIT 20: A MATTER OF TASTE

animation /ˌænɪˈmeɪʃn/(n) hoạt hình

➔ computer/cartoon animation

culture/ˈkʌltʃər/(n): văn hóa

• He is no longer in touch with youth culture.

• The film examines the culture clash between the generations.

drama/ˈdrɑːmə/(n): kịch

➔ a costume/period/courtroom/crime drama
➔ a powerful television drama about city life
➔ a drama series set in an American dance academy

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echo/ˈekəʊ/(v)(n): (tiếng) vang vọng

• Her footsteps echoed in the empty room.

• The gunshot echoed through the forest.

engraving/ɪnˈɡreɪvɪŋ/(n): tranh điêu khắc

engrave /ɪnˈɡreɪv/(v): điêu khắc
• His name was engraved on the silver cup.
fiction/ˈfɪkʃn/(n): viễn tưởng

➔ a work of popular fiction

➔ historical/romantic/crime fiction
➔ to write/read fiction
➔ a crime fiction writer

fictional/ˈfɪkʃənl/(a): hư cấu

• The names of the characters are entirely fictional.

imagination/ɪˌmædʒɪˈneɪʃn/(n): trí tưởng tượng

• Don't let your imagination run away with you (= don't use too much imagination).
• The new policies appear to have captured the imagination of the public (= they find them interesting and
exciting)

inspiration/ˌɪnspəˈreɪʃn/(n): nguồn cảm hứng

• Both poets drew their inspiration from the countryside.

• Her work lacks inspiration (= it does not contain any exciting new ideas).

inspirational/ˌɪnspəˈreɪʃənl/(a): đầy cảm hứng

➔ an inspirational leader

abominable /əˈbɑːmɪnəbl/ (a): gớm ghiếc

• The judge described the attack as an abominable crime.

• We were served the most abominable coffee.
• I think you are utterly selfish and your behaviour has been abominable.

abysmal/əˈbɪzməl/(n): tệ/ kinh khủng = terrible (a)

• His manners are abysmal.

• The council has an abysmal record on education.

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dismal/ˈdɪzməl/(a): ảm đạm

• Christmas will be dismal without the children.

figurative/ˈfɪɡjərətɪv/(a): theo nghĩa bóng

• ‘He exploded with rage’ shows a figurative use of the verb ‘explode’.
hilarious/hɪˈleriəs/(a): vui vẻ

• Lynn found the whole situation hilarious.

• Do you know Pete? He's hilarious.

petrified/ˈpetrɪfaɪd/(a): cực kì hoảng loạn = frightened /ˈfraɪtnd/(a) = terrified /ˈterɪfaɪd/(a)

• She was petrified that the police would burst in at any moment.
spectacular/spekˈtækjələr/(a): hùng vĩ

• The special effects were quite spectacular.

spine-chilling/ˈspaɪn tʃɪlɪŋ/(a): lạnh sống lưng

➔ A spine-chilling book/ movie/…
talented/ˈtæləntɪd/(a): có tài

• Some of these young musicians are incredibly talented.

tedious/ˈtiːdiəs/(a): tẻ nhạt

• The journey soon became tedious.

• We had to listen to the tedious details of his operation.

thrilling/ˈθrɪlɪŋ/ (a): kịch tính

➔ a thrilling experience/finish

taste /teɪst/ (n) vị, (+in) (n): gu, (v): có vị/ nếm

• This dish has an unusual combination of tastes and textures.

• The soup has very little taste.
• He has very good taste in music.

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Word Pronunciation Meaning Example

• He had attempted to abduct the two

abduct (v) /əbˈdʌkt/ bắt cóc children.

• Grandpa’s becoming quite absent-

absent-minded (a)
/ˌæbsəntˈmaɪndɪd/ lơ đãng minded.
= forgetful

• Chess can be an extremely absorbing

absorbing(a) /əbˈzɔːbɪŋ/ cuốn hút game.

• The research shows that pre-school

children are capable of thinking in
abstract(a) /ˈæbstrækt/ trừu tượng abstract terms.

• That uniform makes the guards look

absurd(a) /əbˈsɜːd/ ngớ ngẩn absurd.

• This book has been widely acclaimed as a

hoan modern classic.
acclaimed(a) /əˈkleɪmd/
nghênh

• The jury acquitted him of murder.

• Both defendants were acquitted.
• She was acquitted on all charges.
acquit(v) /əˈkwɪt/ tha bổng • He was acquitted on the grounds of
insufficient evidence.

• Don’t you just adore that dress!

adore(v) /əˈdɔː/ yêu thích

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 • I have a great affection for New York.
affection(n) /əˈfekʃən/ tình cảm

• He is very affectionate towards his

affectionate(a) /əˈfekʃənət/ trìu mến children.

sự kích • Dot arrived in a state of great agitation.

agitation(n) /ˌædʒɪˈteɪʃən/
động

• He had to be rescued from the water

phản tác when the stunt backfired disastrously.
backfire(n) /ˌbækˈfaɪə/
dụng

• The airline was saved by a government

bailout(n) /ˈbeɪlaυt/ sự cứu trợ bailout.

➔ a bewitching girl/smile
bewitching(a) /bɪˈwɪtʃɪŋ/ mê hoặc ➔ a bewitching performance

hai lần một ➔ a biannual meeting

biannual(a) /baɪˈænjuəl/
năm

lưỡi/ phiến • The machine comes with a plastic guard

blade(n) /bleɪd/ (đá)/ cánh over the blade to protect the operator.
(quạt)

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bland(a) /blænd/
nhạt ➔ bland background music
= nondescript /ˈnɑːndɪskrɪpt/
nhẻo
= dull /dʌl/

• They blasted a huge crater in the runway.

• They had to blast a tunnel through the
mountain.
blast(v)(n) /blɑːst/ (vụ) nổ • 27 schoolchildren were injured in the blast.
• The blast ripped through the building.

khắc • The city is characterized by tall modern

characterize(v) /ˈkærəktəraɪz/ hoạ đặc buildings in steel and glass.
điểm

childminder(n) /ˈtʃaɪldˌmaɪndə/ người • I can't find a babysitter for tonight.

= babysitter /ˈbeɪbisɪtər/ trông trẻ

kêu • I heard the clock chime.

vang • Eight o'clock had already chimed.
chime(n) /tʃaɪm/
(tiếng
chuông)

kêu • He dropped the knife and it clattered on the

vang stone floor.
clatter(n) /ˈklætə/ (tiếng • Her cup clattered in the saucer.
nòi
xoong)

• The two parties governed in coalition for four

years.
liên • They didn't rule out coalition with the Social
coalition(n) /kəυəˈlɪʃən/
minh Democrats.

➔ coarse hands
coarse(a) /kɔːs/ thô ráp

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 ><smooth, soft

➔ an international congress of trades

congress(n) /ˈkɒŋɡres/ quốc hội unions

• She did not regain consciousness and died the

nhận next day.
consciousness(n) /ˈkɒntʃəsnɪs/
thức

• They must be prepared to accept

the consequences of their actions.
• A White House spokesman said that civilian
consequence(n) /ˈkɒntsɪkwənts/ kết quả casualties were an inevitable consequence of
war.

• This poses a threat to agriculture and the food

chain, and consequently to human health.
hậu quả • She failed her exams and was consequently
consequently(adv) /ˈkɒntsɪkwəntli/
là unable to start her studies at college.

• Road development in the area has been limited

sự bảo by conservation programmes.
conservation(n) /ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃən/
tồn

• The southern state's inhabitants tend to

be socially conservative.
conservative(a) /kənˈsɜːvətɪv/ bảo hữu • Her style of dress was never conservative.
• They were deeply conservative in their outlook.

• With this new movie he

has consolidated his position as the country's
consolidate(v) /kənˈsɒlɪdeɪt/ củng cố leading director.
• Italy consolidated their lead with a second goal.

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 • I think that's my cue to explain why I'm here.
cue(n) /kjuː/ gợi ý

• The organization changed its cumbersome title

to something easier to remember.
cumbersome(a)= cồng • Bulky items will be collected separately.
/ˈkʌmbəsəm/ • The key felt bulky in his pocket.
bulky (a) kềnh
• She laid two bulky files on the table.

• He was as cunning as a fox.

• That cunning old rogue is up to something, I'm
cunning(a) /ˈkʌnɪŋ/ gian xảo sure.

thú vị/ • It was a delightful little fishing village.

➔ a delightful book/restaurant/town
delightful(a) /dɪˈlaɪtfəl/ làm say ➔ a delightful child
=charming /ˈtʃɑːrmɪŋ/ • The cottage is tiny, but it's charming.
mê

➔ parliamentary democracy
democracy(n) /dɪˈmɒkrəsi/ dân chủ ➔ the principles of democracy

vải bền ➔ a denim jacket

denim(n) /ˈdenɪm/
(jeans)

• The back of the car was badly dented in the

(làm)sứt collision.
• The car was quite badly dented on one side.
dent(v)(n) /dent/ • The impact of the stones made little dents in the
mẻ
metal.

trật • He dislocated his shoulder in the accident.

dislocate(v) /ˈdɪsləυkeɪt/
khớp

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 • She brought her horse to a halt and
dismounted.
xuống • The cyclists were made to dismount and show
dismount(n) /dɪˈsmaυnt/
xe their documents.

• He was diagnosed with an anxiety disorder.

sự rối • This is a rare disorder of the liver.
disorder(n) /dɪˈsɔːdə/ • help for people with alcohol use disorder
loạn

sự háo • I couldn't hide my eagerness to get back home.

eagerness(n) /ˈiːɡənɪs/
hức

➔ eccentric behaviour/clothes
eccentric(a) /ɪkˈsentrɪk/ kỳ dị ➔ an eccentric aunt

• We risk upsetting the ecological balance of the

ecological(a) /ˌiːkəˈlɒdʒɪkəl/ sinh thái area.

• It would be more economical to buy the bigger

economical(a) /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪkəl/ tiết kiệm size.

• The vegetables were old but still looked edible.

edible(a) /ˈedɪbəl/ ăn được

➔ an engrossing problem
engrossing(a) /ɪnˈɡrəυsɪŋ/ hấp dẫn

• There are plans to extend the children's play

area.
extend(v) /ɪkˈstend/ mở rộng • The Democratic candidate extended
her early lead in the polls.

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 ➔ the political fallout of the current crisis
fallout(n) /ˈfɔːlaυt/ hậu quả

chùn • The economy shows no signs of faltering.

• Her courage never faltered.
bước/ • The economy is beginning to falter.
falter(n) /ˈfɔːltə/
chững • The team’s performance faltered badly after the
break.
lại

➔ a severe famine
➔ disasters such as floods and famine
➔ the threat of widespread famine in the
famine(n) /ˈfæmɪn/ nạn đói area
➔ to raise money for famine relief

➔ fanatical ideologues
➔ a fanatical cult
fanatical(a) ➔ fanatical views
/fəˈnætɪkəl/ cuồng
=extremist(a) (n) • The problem lies with the extremist elements in
/ɪkˈstriːmɪst/ tín the party.
• He was assassinated by extremists.

• Children travel (at) half fare.

fare(n) /feə/ giá vé • When do they start paying full fare?

• The whole story sounds very far-fetched.

far-fetched(a) /ˌfɑːˈfetʃt/ xa vời

thời • She works flextime.

flextime(n) /ˈflekstaɪm/ gian linh
hoạt

• The lights flickered and went out.

nhấp • the flickering screen of the television
flicker(n) /ˈflɪkə/
nháy

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 • He looks after a flock of 500 sheep.
bầy đàn/ • These birds fly in huge flocks.
flock(n) (v) /flɒk/ lũ lượt • Thousands of people flocked to the beach this
kéo đến weekend.

mong • Be careful not to drop it; it’s very fragile.

fragile(a) /ˈfrædʒaɪl/ manh/
dễ vỡ

• The bath oil comes in various fragrances.

hương • The flowers are chosen for their delicate
fragrance(n) /ˈfreɪɡrəns/ fragrance.
thơm

• The air was fragrant with scents from the sea

and the hills.
fragrant(a) /ˈfreɪɡrənt/ thơm • Swallows swooped through the fragrant
evening air.

• He was very frank about his relationship with

the actress.
thẳng • To be frank with you, I think your son has
frank(a) + (ly) (adv) /fræŋk/
thắn little chance of passing the exam.

• She was charged with credit card fraud.

sự lừa • It was said that the property had been obtained
fraud(n) /frɔːd/ đảo/gian by fraud.
lận • He helped prevent a $100 million fraud.

• *Definition:
a slow-moving mass or river of ice,
sông formed from snow on mountains or near the
glacier(n) /ˈɡlæsiə/ North Pole or South Pole.
băng

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 • glamorous movie stars
hào • a glamorous job
glamorous(a) /ˈɡlæmərəs/
nhoáng

• She glanced at her watch.

nhìn • He glanced around the room.
glance(n) (at sth/sb) /ɡlɑːnts/ • I glanced up quickly to see who had come in.
lướt qua

Nhìn

một
• He didn't shout, he just glared at me silently.
cách • I looked at her and she glared furiously back.
• For a moment she was blinded by the harsh
giận dữ/ glare of the sun.
glare(v)(n) /ɡleə/ • The rabbit was caught in the glare of the car's
sự/ ánh headlights.
• These sunglasses are designed to reduce glare.
sáng gây

chói mắt

• I came up on deck to get my first glimpse of the

cái nhìn island.
glimpse(n) /ɡlɪmps/ thoáng • Fans crowded the street outside waiting for a
qua glimpse of their hero.

• The ceiling of the cathedral glittered with gold.

long • The water glittered in the sunlight.
glitter(n) /ˈɡlɪtə/
lanh

• His clothes lay in a heap on the floor.

nhiều • Worn-out car tyres were stacked in heaps.
heaps(adv) /hiːps/

• There was open hostility between the two

hostility(n) /hɒsˈtɪləti/ thù địch schools.

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 • There was a barely veiled hostility in her tone.

• I cannot forget the hurtful things he said.

• She made some very hurtful remarks.
• The bad reviews of her new book were very
hurtful(a) /ˈhɜːtfəl/ đau đớn hurtful to her.
• What he said was deeply hurtful to me.

*Definition: a technique of growing plants

thủy
hydroponics /ˌhaɪdrəυˈpɒnɪks/ (without soil) in water containing dissolved
canh
nutrients

không • His signature is totally illegible.

illegible(a) /ɪˈledʒəbəl/ thể đọc
được

• A large percentage of the rural population was

illiterate(a) /ɪˈlɪtərət/ mù chữ illiterate.

ill-mannered(a) /ˌɪlˈmænəd/ xấu tính *Definition: socially incorrect in behavior

• adj. incapable of being avoided or

preventedIt was an inevitable consequence of
chắc the decision.
inevitable(a) /ɪˈnevɪtəbəl/
chắn • it is inevitable that It was inevitable that
= unavoidable /ˌʌnəˈvɔɪdəbl/ there would be job losses.
xảy ra
• A rise in the interest rates seems inevitable.

• Don't be so inquisitive. It's none of your

inquisitive(a) /ɪnˈkwɪzətɪv/ tò mò business!

chất ➔ chemical irritants

irritant(n) /ˈɪrɪtənt/
kích ứng

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 ➔ jagged rocks/peaks/edges
jagged(a) /ˈdʒæɡɪd/ răng cưa

• Pull the lever towards you to adjust the speed.

lever(n) /ˈliːvə/ đòn bẩy

• You will be liable for any damage caused.

chịu • The court ruled he could not be held personally
liable(a) /ˈlaɪəbəl/ trách liable for his wife's debts.
nhiệm

➔ literary criticism/theory
literary(a) /ˈlɪtərəri/ văn học

• There will be fines for people who drop litter.

litter(n) /ˈlɪtə/ xả rác

• I loathe modern art.

không • They loathe each other.
loathe(v) /ləυð/
ưa

• She spent ages braiding her horse's mane.

bờm sư • The horse's mane streamed in the wind.
mane(n) /meɪn/
tủ, tóc

• The story will only be of marginal interest to

our readers.
marginal(a) /ˈmɑːdʒɪnəl/ nhỏ • The difference between the two estimates is
marginal.

• Leave the cake to cool completely. Meanwhile,

make the topping.
trong • The storm is expected to move north today.
meanwhile(adv) /ˌmiːnˈhwaɪl/ Concerns are mounting meanwhile for a
khi đó
missing surfer.

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 • A molecule of water consists of two atoms of
molecule(n) /ˈmɒlɪkjuːl/ phân tử hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.

• The accident was the result of a momentary

lapse of concentration.
momentary(a) /ˈməυməntəri/ tạm thời • The announcement caused momentary
confusion among the passengers.

• The Spartan constitution was mixed,

chế độ containing elements of monarchy, oligarchy
monarchy(n) /ˈmɒnəki/ quân and democracy.
chủ

• He's been having trouble keeping up with his

mortgage(n) /ˈmɔːɡɪdʒ/ thế chấp monthly mortgage repayments.

➔ a muggy August day

muggy(a) /ˈmʌɡi/ nóng ẩm

➔ multilingual
đa ngôn translators/communities/societies
multilingual(a) /ˌmʌltiˈlɪŋɡwəl/ ➔ a multilingual classroom
ngữ

• I can't believe you were so naive as to trust

naive(a) /naɪˈiːv/ ngây thơ him!

• Isn’t he rather old to be still in nappies?

nappy(a) /ˈnæpi/ tã lót

➔ a narrow-minded attitude
➔ a narrow-minded nationalist
narrow-minded(a) /ˌnærəυˈmaɪndɪd/ hẹp hòi
• Don't be so narrow-minded!

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 • How do you navigate your way through a
điều forest?
navigate(v) /ˈnævɪɡeɪt/
hướng

• He'll end up in the nick.

nick(n) /nɪk/ cắt • She was questioned at the local nick.

➔ opaque glass
opaque(a) /əυˈpeɪk/ mờ mịt ➔ opaque tights

nhà điều ➔ a computer/machine operator

operator(n) /ˈɒpəreɪtə/
hành

• The regime is accused of oppressing religious

minorities.
oppress(a) /əˈpres/ đàn áp • Throughout history, our people have been
oppressed and exploited.

sự áp • They have freed themselves from oppression.

oppression(n) /əˈpreʃən/
bức

• They had survived a terrifying ordeal.

• The interview was less of an ordeal than she'd
thử expected.
ordeal(n) /ɔːˈdiːl/ • The hostages spoke openly about the terrible
thách
ordeal they had been through.

• Today it will be dull and overcast.

• The sky was overcast and we needed to use
overcast(a) /ˈəυvəkɑːst/ u ám artificial light.

➔ pacifist beliefs
pacifist(a) /ˈpæsɪfɪst/ hòa bình

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 chèo • Let's go for a paddle.
paddle(n) /ˈpædəl/
thuyền

• Beads of perspiration stood out on his

mồ hôi forehead.
perspiration(n) /ˌpɜːspərˈeɪʃən/ • Her skin was damp with perspiration.
trộm

đẹp như ➔ a picturesque cottage/setting/village

picturesque(a) /ˌpɪktʃərˈesk/
tranh vẽ

• It is probable that the disease has a genetic

có thể element.
probable(a) /ˈprɒbəbəl/
xảy ra

• Her parents were never pushy although they

encouraged her acting ambitions from an early
pushy(a) /ˈpυʃi/ cố chấp age.

• I pulled back from the stench of his putrid

putrid(a) /ˈpjuːtrɪd/ hư, mốc breath.

• When he drinks too much he becomes moody

gây and quarrelsome.
quarrelsome(a) /ˈkwɒrəlsəm/
tranh cãi

nhanh ➔ a quick-witted student/response

quick-witted(a) /ˌkwɪkˈwɪtɪd/
trí

• He has refrained from criticizing the

refrain(v) /rɪˈfreɪn/ ngưng government in public.

• There has been a steady flow of refugees from

người tị the war zone.
refugee(n) /ˌrefjυˈdʒiː/
nạn

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 khu dân ➔ a tranquil residential area
residential /ˌrezɪˈdentʃəl/
cư

(sự) thi • Students are only allowed one resit.

resit(v)(n) /ˌriːˈsɪt/
lại

• She made a resolution to visit her relatives

quyết more often.
resolution(n) /ˌrezəˈluːʃən/
định

➔ funeral rites
nghi ➔ initiation rites
rite(n) /raɪt/
thức

• As usual, she gave a riveting performance.

• It was hardly the most riveting of lectures, was
it?
riveting(a) /ˈrɪvətɪŋ/ thu hút • Life in a little Norfolk village was hardly
riveting.
• The play was absolutely riveting!

➔ a time of scarcity
sự khan ➔ a scarcity of resources
scarcity(n) /ˈskeəsəti/
hiếm

• Monkeys were screeching in the trees.

• The wind screeched in his ears.
screech(n) /skriːtʃ/ tiếng kít • screeching brakes
• He screeched with pain.

*Definition. having cooking facilities available

so that you can cook meals for yourself rather
tự phục than having them provided for you
self-catering(a) /ˌselfˈkeɪtərɪŋ/
vụ
➔ self-catering accommodation

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 • Her father was a quiet, self-contained man.
self-contained(a) /ˌselfkənˈteɪnd/ khép kín

➔ a semicircular driveway

hình bán
semicircular(a) /ˌsemiˈsɜːkjələ/
nguyệt

*Definition. a house that is semi-detached is

one that is joined to another similar house on
only one side

nhà nằm
kế một
semi-detached(a) /ˌsemidɪˈtætʃt/
căn nhà
khác

• The game will be broadcast simultaneously on

TV and radio.
đồng • The slowdown of the US economy occurred
simultaneously(adv) /ˌsɪməlˈteɪniəsli/
thời simultaneously with a downturn in Europe.

➔ dressed in sombre shades of grey and

sombre(a) /ˈsɒmbə/ âm u black

*Definition. a measuring instrument that sends

out an acoustic pulse in water and measures
sonar(n) /ˈsəυnɑː/ siêu âm
distances in terms of the time for the echo of
the pulse to return

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 • Vegetation becomes sparse higher up the
thưa mountains.
sparse(a) /spɑːs/ thớt/ • The information available on the subject is
hiếm sparse.

• The volcano spurted clouds of steam and ash

spurt(n) /spɜːt/ phun ra high into the air.

• He joined the army as a squaddie in 1964.

squaddie(n) /ˈskwɒdi/ lính

• She was barely able to stammer out a

nói lắp description of her attacker.
stammer(n) /ˈstæmə/
bắp

ngột • ‘It's stifling in here—can we open a window?’

stifling(a) /ˈstaɪflɪŋ/
ngạt

chắc ➔ a stocky figure/build/body

stocky(a) /ˈstɒki/
nịch

• stodgy puddings
stodgy(a) /ˈstɒdʒi/ khó tiêu

• The vehicle is sturdy enough to withstand

cứng rough terrain.
sturdy(a) /ˈstɜːdi/
cáp

lời nói
stutter(n) /ˈstʌtə/ • ‘W-w-what?’ he stuttered.
lắp

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 có vị

ngọt/ ➔ sugary snacks

➔ a sugary smile
sugary /ˈʃυɡəri/ ➔ sugary pop songs
ngọt

ngào

cháy ➔ a suntanned face

suntanned(a) /ˈsʌntænd/
nắng

• I had a sore throat and it hurt to swallow.

swallow(n) /ˈswɒləυ/ nuốt

• They danced rhythmically, swaying their hips

sway(n) /sweɪ/ lắc lư to the music.

• I couldn't resist the temptation to open the

letter.
sự cám • Don't put temptation in his way by offering
temptation(n) /tempˈteɪʃən/
dỗ him cookies.

• They had evicted their tenants for non-

người payment of rent.
tenant(n) /ˈtenənt/ • The decorating was done by a previous tenant.
thuê nhà

dãy nhà *Definition. a row of houses built in a similar

terrace(n) /ˈterɪs/ cùng style and having common dividing walls (or
kiến trúc the street on which they face)

(sự) ấm • I could feel my ears and toes start to thaw out.

lên/ (sự) • The country was slowly thawing out after the
thaw(v)(n) /θɔː/ tan chảy long cold winter.
(băng)/ • Leave the meat to thaw completely before
rã đông/ cooking.

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 (sự) bớt • Relations between the two countries thawed a
căng little after the talks.
thẳng

• She married at 17 and gave birth to her first

thereafter(adv) /ˌðeəˈrɑːftə/ kể từ đó child shortly thereafter.

top-notch(a) /ˌtɒpˈnɒtʃ/ đỉnh cao *Definition. excellent,of the highest quality

• The notice read: ‘Trespassers will be

kẻ xâm prosecuted.’
trespasser(n) /ˈtrespəsə/
phạm

• She will stand trial/go on trial for fraud.

• He should have been arrested and put on trial.
xét xử/
• He was facing trial on a murder charge.
trial(n) /ˈtraɪəl/ cuộc thử
nghiệm ➔ a clinical/field/randomized/controlled
trial

• I know it sounds trivial, but I'm worried about

it.
tầm • I'll try to fix it—but it's not trivial (= it may be
trivial(a) /ˈtrɪviəl/
thường difficult to fix).

• It is important not to trivialize children’s

worries.
xem • The magazine has been accused of trivializing
trivialize(v) /ˈtrɪviəlaɪz/
thường serious issues.

không
• Mere words, unaccompanied by any violence,
unaccompanied(a) /ˌʌnəˈkʌmpənid/ có cannot amount to an assault.
người/

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 yếu tố
phụ đi
kèm

thoải • He could be fun if he’d unbend a little.

unbend(v) /ʌnˈbend/
mái

không • She saw him as an unprincipled opportunist.

unprincipled(a) /ʌnˈprɪntsəpəld/
đạo đức

chưa
unripe(a) /ʌnˈraɪp/ • Definition. not fully ripe
chín

• The law is in urgent need of reform.

• They’ve called an urgent meeting for this
urgent(a) /ɜːdʒnt/ cấp bách evening.

• We're so utterly different from each other.

hoàn • She utterly failed to convince them.
utterly(adv) /ˈʌtəli/
toàn

➔ the velocity of light

➔ to gain/lose velocity
velocity(n) /vɪˈlɒsəti/ vận tốc ➔ a high-velocity rifle

nơi diễn
ra sự • The band will be playing at 20 different venues
venue(n) /ˈvenjuː/ kiện on their UK tour.
theo kế
hoạch

• The coroner recorded a verdict of accidental

verdict(n) /ˈvɜːdɪkt/ bản án death.

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 • He gave a vivid account of his life as a fighter
sống pilot.
vivid(a) /ˈvɪvɪd/
động

• She whined that she'd been cheated.

whine(n) /waɪn/ rên rỉ

• There's no point in getting worked-up about

buồn it.
worked-up(a) /wɜːkt ʌp/ • What are you so worked-up about?
bực

mệt • She got absolutely worn out looking after the

mỏi/ children.
worn-out(a) /ˌwɔːnˈaυt/ • These shoes are worn out.
sờn/
rách

• There was a yearning look in his eyes.

• She yearned for children of her own.
khao • She yearned to escape from her office job.
yearn (for)(v) /jɜːn fɔː/
khát • I’ve always yearned to go stock car racing.

• Exposure to the sun can accelerate the

accelerate(v) /əkˈseləreɪt/ Tăng tốc ageing process.

• He does not acknowledge that he has

acknowledge(v) /əkˈnɒlɪdʒ/ công nhận done anything wrong.

• I bumped into an old acquaintance on the

acquaintance(n) /əˈkweɪntəns/ người quen train

adherence(n) /ədˈhɪərəns/ sự tuân thủ ➔ strict adherence to the rules

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 ➔ strict adherence to a diet

• They stayed in adjoining rooms.

• We'll have more space if we knock down
adjoining(a) /əˈdʒɔɪnɪŋ/ liền kề the adjoining wall (= the wall between
two rooms).

• He gazed at her with pure adoration.

• The painting is called ‘Adoration of the
adoration(n) /ˌædəˈreɪʃən/ yêu mến Infant Christ’

• Sam was born in the country and had a

deep affinity with nature.
affinity(n) /əˈfɪnəti/ sự hấ p dẩn • Humans have a special affinity for
dolphins.

• The 1950s were an age of affluence in

affluence(n) /ˈæfluəns/ sung túc America.

• Celebrities and politicians vie for prime-

thời gian time television and radio airtime.
airtime(n) /ˈeətaɪm/ • They are calling for more airtime for jazz.
phát sóng

• The committee has made serious

allegation(n) /ˌælɪˈgeɪʃən/ sự cáo buộc allegations about interference in its work.

• Do you get an allowance for clothing?

allowance(n) /əˈlaυəns/ trợ cấp ➔ an allowance of $20 a day

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 • Portugal is a traditional ally of England.
ally(n) (plural allies) /ˈælaɪ/ đồng minh

• She struggled to articulate her thoughts.

nói rành • It is the school’s duty to articulate its
articulate(a) /ɑːˈtɪkjələt/ practices to parents.
mạch

• Paris was besieged for four months and

forced to surrender.
besiege(v) /bɪˈsiːdʒ/ bao vây • (figurative) Fans besieged the box office
to try and get tickets for the concert.

➔ a mass breakout from a top security

breakout /ˈbreɪkaυt/ trốn thoát prison

• His legs were covered in bruises.

bruise(n) /bruːz/ vết bầm tím • She suffered only minor cuts and bruises.

hỗ trợ tài • The school has received a large grant to

bursary(n)
/ˈbɜːsəri/ chính (từ improve its buildings.
=grant (n) chính phủ)

• She had to have an emergency cesarean.

cesarean(a) /sɪˈzeəriən/ sinh mổ • The baby was born by cesarean.

• His latest work cannot be categorized as

categorize(v) /ˈkætəgəraɪz/ phân loại either a novel or an autobiography.

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 sự đình
• Observers have reported serious
chiến/ ngừng violations of the ceasefire.
ceasefire(n) /ˈsiːsfaɪə/
bắn

mang tính kỷ ➔ a celebratory drink/dinner

celebratory(a) /ˌseləˈbreɪtəri/
niệm

➔ a comprehensive list of addresses

➔ a comprehensive study
comprehensive(a) /ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv/ toàn diện ➔ comprehensive insurance (=
covering all risks)

• Congress delegates rejected the proposals.

delegate(n) /ˈdelɪgeɪt/ đại biểu

• Babies have very delicate skin.

• I admired your delicate handling of the
mong manh/ situation.
delicate(a) /ˈdelɪkət/ • The delicate surgical operation took five
tinh tế
hours.

• The staff have specialist training in

sự sa sút trí dementia care.
dementia(n) /dɪˈmenʃə/
tuệ

• The car had skidded across the road and

demolished part of the wall.
demolish(v) /dɪˈmɒlɪʃ/ phá hủy • Tornadoes demolished trailers and blew
roofs off houses.

*Definition. feeling less interested in and

demotivated(a) /ˌdiːˈməυtɪveɪtɪd/ mất động lực
enthusiastic about your work

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 ➔ The artist had depicted her lying on
depict(v) /dɪˈpɪkt/ miêu tả a bed.

• Food supplies were severely depleted.

giảm số • Supplies are depleting fast.
deplete(v) /dɪˈpliːt/
lượng lớn

➔ homelessness and destitution

destitution(n) /ˌdestɪˈtʃuːʃən/ cơ cực

➔ a diligent student/worker
diligent(a) /ˈdɪlɪdʒənt/ siêng năng

• The paint can be diluted with water to

dilute(a) /daɪˈluːt/ pha loãng make a lighter shade.

• He gave an ecstatic sigh of happiness.

ecstatic(a) /ɪkˈstætɪk/ ngây ngất

• He was effusive in his praise.

effusive(a) /ɪˈfjuːsɪv/ phô trương

• She was found guilty of embezzlement.

embezzlement(n) /ɪmˈbezəlmənt/ tham ô

• The public bombarded the company with

complaints in an endeavor to have the
endeavor(n) /ɪnˈdevə/ nỗ lực price increases revoked.

• I wholeheartedly endorse his remarks.

• Members of all parties endorsed a ban on
endorse(v) /ɪnˈdɔːs/ chứng thực land mines.

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envisage(v) /ɪnˈvɪzɪdʒ/ hình dung It is difficult to envisage how people will react.

• The fighting qualities of the team are

epitomized by the captain.
biểu tượng • These movies seem to epitomize the
epitomize(v) /ɪˈpɪtəmaɪz/
hóa 1950s.

• Don Quixote, eponymous hero of the great

eponymous(a) /ɪˈpɒnɪməs/ cùng tên novel by Cervantes

• Irrigation measures will be necessary in

erratic(a) /ɪˈrætɪk/ thất thường areas of erratic rainfall.

• The fighting escalated into a full-scale

war.
escalate(v) /ˈeskəleɪt/ leo thang • We do not want to escalate the war.

thường xanh ➔ evergreen shrubs

evergreen(a) /ˈevəgriːn/
quanh năm

➔ Her new book is wonderfully

evocative(a) /ɪˈvɒkətɪv/ gợi lên evocative of village life.

• Her wedding dress was absolutely

exquisite(a) /ɪkˈskwɪzɪt/ tinh tế exquisite.

• The book includes an extensive

extensive(a) /ɪkˈstensɪv/ sâu rộng bibliography of books and articles.

• We paid a fleeting visit to Paris.

fleeting(a) /fliːtɪŋ/ phù du

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 chuyển động • She fluttered her eyelashes at him (=

nhẹ và tried to attract him in order to persuade

flutter(n) /ˈflʌtə/ him to do something).
nhanh

• The monks lead a frugal existence in their

isolated monastery.
frugal(a) /ˈfruːgəl/ thanh đạm • He has always been hard-working and
frugal.

• Official manuals can be a potentially

fruitful source of information.
có quả, • The research has proved extremely
fruitful(a) /ˈfruːtfəl/
thành công fruitful.

➔ a strange shapeless garment that

had once been a jacket
garment(n) /ˈgɑːmənt/ quần áo ➔ woollen/winter/outer garments

• The normally garrulous commentator had

Nói nhiều về nothing to say.
garrulous(a) /ˈgærələs/ điều không • a garrulous neighbour
quan trọng • He is garrulous and inquisitive.

*Definition an estimate that combines

guesstimate(n) /ˈgestɪmeɪt/ phỏng đoán reasoning with guessing; verb estimate
based on a calculation

• It’s a hassle having to travel with so many

bags.
hassle(n) /ˈhæsəl/ rắc rối • Send them an email—it's a lot less hassle
than phoning.

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 • The debate simply revived old hatreds.
hatred(n) /ˈheɪtrɪd/ sự thù ghét

• He replied with haughty disdain.

haughty(a) /ˈhɔːti/ kiêu căng • She threw him a look of haughty disdain.

➔ a heartfelt apology/plea/sigh
heartfelt(a) /ˈhɑːtfelt/ chân thành ➔ heartfelt sympathy/thanks

• The party has lost seats in its traditional

vùng trọng heartland of southern Thailand.
heartland(n) /ˈhɑːtlænd/
tâm

• Her written English is impeccable.

chưa đạt yêu • He was dressed in a suit and an
immoderate(a) /ɪˈmɒdərət/ impeccable white shirt.
cầu

• Her written English is impeccable.

• He was dressed in a suit and an
impeccable(a) /ɪmˈpekəbəl/ hoàn hảo impeccable white shirt.

• Work on the building was impeded by

severe weather.
• A number of practical difficulties impeded
impede(v) /ɪmˈpiːd/ cản trở the process.
• In what ways did economic factors
impede progress?

• The level of inflation is a serious

impediment to economic recovery.
• Their boycott of the talks constitutes a
impediment(n) /ɪmˈpedɪmənt/ trở ngại serious impediment to peace negotiations.
• There are no legal impediments to their
appealing against the decision.

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 ➔ an impenetrable jungle
không thể ➔ impenetrable darkness
impenetrable(a) /ɪmˈpenɪtrəbəl/
xuyên qua

➔ an impetuous young woman

impetuous(a) /ɪmˈpetʃuəs/ hung hăng ➔ an impetuous decision

• She remained implacable (= she would

not change her feelings and opinions).
không thể
implacable(a) /ɪmˈplækəbəl/
thay đổi ➔ implacable hatred

➔ impoverished peasants
impoverished(a) /ɪmˈpɒvərɪʃt/ bần cùng ➔ the impoverished areas of the city

• Incidentally, have you heard the news

incidentally(adv) /ˌɪnsɪˈdentəli/ tình cờ about Sue?

trong thời ➔ signs of incipient unrest

incipient(a) /ɪnˈsɪpiənt/
gian đầu

không tin • ‘Here?’ said Kate, incredulous.

incredulous(a) /ɪnˈkredʒələs/ • an incredulous look
được

• The substance was heated in small

temperature increments.
increment(n) /ˈɪŋkrəmənt/ sự tăng ➔ a salary of £25 K with annual
increments

• Try to avoid using too much technical

jargon(n) /ˈdʒɑːgən/ biệt ngữ jargon.

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 • He had a jaundiced view of life.
• She looked on politicians with a
jaundiced(a) /ˈdʒɔːndɪst/ vàng da jaundiced eye.

• The fans were in jubilant mood after the

jubilant(a) /ˈdʒuːbɪlənt/ hân hoan victory.

• Her success had justified the faith her

justify(v) /ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪ/ biện minh teachers had put in her.

người lao ➔ an agricultural labourer

labourer(n) /ˈleɪbərə/
công

• We lost our way in the labyrinth of

labyrinth(n) /ˈlæbərɪnθ/ mê cung streets.

• In the poem, he laments the destruction of

the countryside.
lament(n) /ləˈment/ than thở • She sat alone weeping, lamenting her fate.

• New legislation on the sale of drugs will

be introduced next year.
legislation(n) /ˌledʒɪˈsleɪʃən/ pháp luật • They are calling for tough legislation to
tackle this problem.

*Definition. (linguistics) all the words and

phrases used in a particular language or subject; all
the words and phrases used and known by a
từ vựng particular person or group of people
lexicon(n) /ˈleksɪkən/ (chuyên
môn) ➔ the lexicon of finance and economics
➔ a lexicon of technical scientific terms

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 *Definition. the act of liberating someone
or something; the attempt to achieve
equal rights or status; the termination of
someone’s employment (leaving them
free to depart)
liberation(n) /ˌlɪbərˈeɪʃən/ giải phóng
➔ the struggle for women’s liberation
during the 1970s
➔ liberation from poverty

➔ a painful and lingering death

➔ a last lingering look
lingering(n) /ˈlɪŋgərɪŋ/ kéo dài ➔ lingering doubts
➔ a lingering smell of machine oil

➔ linguistic and cultural barriers

➔ a child’s innate linguistic ability
linguistic(a) /lɪŋˈgwɪstɪk/ ngôn ngữ ➔ new developments in linguistic
theory

*Definition. of or relating to the

marsupials; noun mammals of which the
marsupial(a) /mɑːˈsuːpiəl/ thú có túi females have a pouch (the marsupium)
containing the teats where the young are
fed and carried

• The stream meanders slowly down to the

sea.
meander(v) /miˈændə/ quanh co • The road meanders along the valley floor.

• The body's metabolism is slowed down by

sự trao đổi extreme cold.
metabolism(n) /məˈtæb.əl.ɪ.zəm/
chất

*Definition. A word or phrase used to

metaphor(n) /ˈmetəfə/ phép ẩn dụ describe somebody/something else, in a

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 way that is different from its normal use,
in order to show that the two things have
the same qualities and to make the
description more powerful

For example: She has a heart of stone; the

use of such words and phrases

• He moistened his lips before he spoke.

• Moisten the tape with water before use.
moisten(v) /ˈmɔɪsən/ làm ẩm • Wash the wound gently with a piece of
moistened cotton wool.

➔ monochrome
illustrations/images
monochrome(a) /ˈmɒnəkrəυm/ đơn sắc ➔ (figurative) a dull monochrome life

• New secretaries came and went

đơn điệu/ with monotonous regularity.
monotonous(a) /məˈnɒtənəs/
chóng vánh

• I muttered something about needing to

mutter(n) /ˈmʌtə/ lẩm bẩm get back to work.

• She felt dizzy and nauseous.

nauseous(a) /ˈnɔːziəs/ buồn nôn

➔ Notwithstanding some major

financial problems, the school has had a
successful year.
notwithstanding(adv) /ˌnɒtwɪθˈstændɪŋ/ mặc dù ➔ The bad weather notwithstanding,
the event was a great success.

nutritious(a) /njuːˈtrɪʃəs/ bổ dưỡng ➔ tasty and nutritious meals

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 ➔ an obituary column/notice
obituary(n) /əυˈbɪtʃυəri/ cáo phó

• It is obligatory for all employees to wear

obligatory(a) /əˈblɪgətəri/ bắt buộc protective clothing.

• They were very obliging and offered to

sẵn lòng wait for us.
obliging(a) /əˈblaɪdʒɪŋ/
giúp

• The movie is loud and obnoxious.

obnoxious(a) /əbˈnɒkʃəs/ khó ưa • I find her really obnoxious.

• The waiters came hurrying forward with

obsequious smiles on their faces.
obsequious(a) /əbˈsiːkwiəs/ khúm núm • The service in the restaurant was
attentive without being obsequious.

• With technological changes, many

obsolete(a) /ˈɒbsəliːt/ lỗi thời traditional skills have become obsolete.

bác sĩ sản • Definition. a physician specializing in

obstetrician(n) /ˌɒbstəˈtrɪʃən/
khoa obstetrics

• Their position remains one of obstinate

obstinate(a) /ˈɒbstɪnət/ cố chấp denial, even in face of the new evidence.

• Of course, she can do it. She's just being

deliberately obstructive.
obstructive(a) /əbˈstrʌktɪv/ cản trở • He proved to be an obstinate and
obstructive defendant.

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 • The car was badly damaged but the
occupants were unhurt.
người ở • All outstanding bills will be paid by the
occupant(n) /ˈɒkjəpənt/
trong previous occupants.

• Vandalism used to be a rare

sự việc xảy occurrence here.
occurrence(n) /əˈkʌrəns/ • The program counts the number of
ra occurrences of any word within the text.

bác sĩ nhi *Definition. a specialist in the care of

paediatrician(n) /ˌpiːdiəˈtrɪʃən/
khoa babies

• They blamed the ailing state education

chi li, bủn system on a series of parsimonious
parsimonious(a) /ˌpɑːsɪˈməυniəs/ governments.
xỉn, keo kiệt

• The tax changes are good news for

người hưu pensioners.
pensioner(n) /ˈpenʃənə/
trí

căn hộ áp *Definition. an apartment located on the

penthouse(n) /ˈpenthaυs/
mái top floors of a building

• He died in penury.
cảnh nghèo • They were reduced to penury.
penury(n) /ˈpenjəri/
túng

• They were widely perceived to have been

perceive(v) /pəˈsiːv/ nhận thức unlucky.

• Thousands perished at the hands of the

perish(v) /ˈperɪʃ/ hư mất invading forces.

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 người khai *Definition. a person who deliberately
perjurer(n) /ˈpɜːdʒərə/
gian gives false testimony

• The defence witnesses were found guilty

perjury(n) /ˈpɜːdʒəri/ khai man of perjury.

• Perks offered by the firm include a car

and free health insurance.
perk(n) /pɜːk/ thù lao thêm • (figurative) Not having to get up early is
just one of the perks of being retired.

• Comics tend to perpetuate the myth that

làm cho lâu ‘boys don't cry’.
perpetuate(v) /pəˈpetʃueɪt/
dài

• They fled to Europe to escape persecution.

persecution(n) /ˌpɜːsɪˈkjuːʃən/ áp bức

• She can be very persistent when she wants

persistent(a) /pəˈsɪstənt/ kiên trì something.

*Definition. the vascular structure in the

uterus of most mammals providing
oxygen and nutrients for and transferring
placenta(n) /pləˈsentə/ nhau thai
wastes from the developing fetus; that
part of the ovary of a flowering plant
where the ovules form

dịu dàng/ • The cattle are placid, so easy to work

placid(a) /ˈplæsɪd/ with.
hiền hoà

• There were accusations of plagiarism.

plagiarism(n) /ˈpleɪdʒərɪzəm/ đạo văn

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 • Our assistants will be happy to answer
your queries.
query(n) /ˈkwɪəri/ truy vấn • If you have a query about your insurance
policy, contact our helpline.

• We spent the summer rambling in Ireland.

• You can ramble through some beautiful
ramble(n) /ˈræmbəl/ lang thang countryside in the area.

• There was little rapport between the two

women.
rapport(n) /ræpˈɔː/ mối quan hệ • She felt an instant rapport between them.

• I woke up covered in a rash.

• I come out in a rash (= a rash appears
on my skin) if I eat chocolate.
rash(a) /ræʃ/ phát ban • The sun brought her out in (=
caused) an itchy rash.

• They grew more and more raucous as the

raucous(a) /ˈrɔːkəs/ khàn khàn evening went on.

➔ a reactionary government
reactionary(a) /riˈækʃənəri/ phản động ➔ reactionary politics

• As an author, she has a small but loyal

readership(n) /ˈriːdəʃɪp/ độc giả readership.

• She eventually convinced her mother to

công thức share the recipe.
recipe(n) /ˈresɪpi/ • This recipe calls for 120g of butter.
ẩm thực

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 • She threw herself into the game
reckless(a) /ˈrekləs/ liều lĩnh with reckless abandon.

• The government has reiterated its

reiterate(v) /riˈɪtəreɪt/ nhắc lại commitment to economic reform.

• We spent a happy evening reminiscing

reminisce(v) /ˌremɪˈnɪs/ hồi tưởng about the past.

• They remonstrated with the official about

remonstrate(v) /ˈremənstreɪt/ đánh giá lại the decision.

• He was filled with remorse for not

remorse(n) /rɪˈmɔːs/ hối hận believing her.

*Definition. the period of European

history at the close of the Middle Ages
thời phục and the rise of the modern world; a
Renaissance(n) /rəˈneɪsəns/
hưng cultural rebirth from the 14th through
the middle of the 17th centuries; the
revival of learning and culture

(xe) đủ an
toàn để *Definition. (of vehicles) fit to be driven
roadworthy(a) /ˈrəυdˌwɜːði/
đi trên on the open road
đường

mặn (có • What’s in the pastry? Is it sweet or

savoury(a) /ˈseɪvəri/ savoury? (bánh ngọt hay bánh mặn)
đạm)

• He was scornful of such ‘female’ activities as

scornful(a) /ˈskɔːnfəl/ khinh bỉ cooking.

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 • The receptionist scowled at me.
scowl(n) /skaυl/ cau có

verb examine carefully for accuracy with

xem xét kỹ the intent of verification; to look at
scrutinise(a) /ˈskruːtɪnaɪz/
lưỡng critically or searchingly, or in minute
detail

• She said goodbye and scurried back to

work.
• Ants scurried around the pile of rotting
scurry(n) /ˈskʌri/ nhốn nháo food.
• The shots sent everyone scurrying for
cover.

dáng đi hấp • She scuttled off when she heard the sound
tấp of his voice.
scuttle(n) /ˈskʌtl/ sự chạy trốn • He held his breath as a rat scuttled past.
vội vã; sự ra • The rain sent everyone scuttling for cover.
đi hối hả

• She is a shrewd judge of character.

• Paul was too shrewd to be taken in by this
shrewd(a) /ʃruːd/ thông minh argument.

• The hot weather had shrivelled the

shrivel(v) /ˈʃrɪvəl/ co rút grapes in every vineyard.

• The siege was finally lifted (=

ended) after six months.
• The police placed the city centre under a
siege(n) /siːdʒ/ bao vây virtual state of siege (= it was hard to
get in or out).

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 • Sift the flour into a bowl.
sift(v) /sɪft/ sàng lọc • I need you to sift information right away.

bủn xỉn, keo

kiệt • a skimpy dress
skimpy(a) /ˈskɪmpi/
thiếu, không
đủ, kiệm vải

không có • I can’t go out tonight—I’m skint.

skint(a) /skɪnt/ đồng tiền
nào, kiết xác

sự nói xấu,
sự gièm pha; • She had drunk too much and her speech
lời gièm was slurred.
slur(n) /slɜː/
pha, lời vu
khống; vết
bẩn, vết nhơ

• You sly old devil! How long have you

known?
sly(a) /slaɪ/ ranh mãnh • She’s a sly one—never lets on what she’s
thinking.

tiếng kêu
lạch cạch/ • He only has a smattering of French.
smattering(n) /ˈsmætərɪŋ/
khả năng nói
bập bẹ

Peter: ‘Sugar?’
smidgen(n) /ˈsmɪdʒən/ một chút Katy: ‘Just a smidgen.’

smirk(n) /smɜːk/ nhếch mép • It was hard not to smirk.

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 • He smirked unpleasantly when we told
him the bad news.
• She smirked to herself as she walked
away.
• What are you smirking at?

• attempts to reduce smog caused by traffic

smog(n) /smɒg/ khói bụi fumes

làm thủng, • I snagged my sweater on the wire fence.

làm rách; • There is just one small snag—where is the
làm vướng money coming from?
snag(v)(n) /snæg/
cọc, làm • Let me know if you run into any snags.
toạc/ khó
khăn

• to squeeze the trigger of a gun (= to fire

it)
squeak(n) /skwiːk/ tiếng rít • He squeezed her hand and smiled at her.
• Just take hold of the tube and squeeze.

• to squeeze the trigger of a gun (= to fire

it)
squeeze(n) /skwiːz/ vắt • He squeezed her hand and smiled at her.
• Just take hold of the tube and squeeze.

• The children were squirming restlessly in

their seats.
squirm(n) /skwɜːm/ vặn vẹo • Someone grabbed him but he managed to
squirm free.

trầ m lặng/ • a taciturn and serious young man

taciturn(a) /ˈtæsɪtɜːn/
mặc

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 • The manager discussed tactics with his
team.
• Confrontation is not always the best
tactic(n) /ˈtæktɪk/ chiến thuật tactic.
• It's time to try a change of tactic.

• It was tactless of you to comment on his

không khéo hair!
tactless(a) /ˈtæktləs/
léo

• It took a couple of hours for the two-mile

tailback to clear.
• There are five-mile tailbacks on the M25
nối đuôi this morning.
tailback(n) /ˈteɪlbæk/
nhau • There are reports of severe tailbacks in
both directions.

• If he resigned, it would be tantamount to

tantamount(a) /ˈtæntəmaυnt/ tương đương admitting that he was guilty.

không uống • He's strictly teetotal.

teetotal(a) /ˌtiːˈtəυtl/
rượu

• His head throbbed painfully.

• My feet were throbbing after the long
throb(n) /θrɒb/ nhói lên walk home.

tạm thời/
diễn ra trong • the transient nature of speech
transient(a) /ˈtrænziənt/ khoảng thời
gian ngắn
ngủi

• The insect's wings are almost transparent.

transparent(a) /trænˈspærənt/ trong suốt

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 • Divorce can be traumatic for everyone
traumatic(a) /trɔːˈmætɪk/ đau thương involved.

• Under the terms of the treaty, La

treaty(n) /ˈtriːti/ hiệp ước Rochelle was ceded to the English.

• The children were unwashed and

unkempt(a) /ʌnˈkempt/ nhếch nhác unkempt.

• There is growing unrest in the south of

unrest (n) /ʌnˈrest/ bất ổn the country.

• The hotel enjoys an unrivalled position

unrivaled(a) /ʌnˈraɪvəld/
vô song overlooking the lake.
=unsurpassed /ˌʌnsərˈpæst/

• Her friends are all pretty unsavoury

không có characters.
unsavory(a) /ʌnˈseɪvəri/
mùi vị

• In his desire for power, he has become

completely unscrupulous.
vô lương • The new law will give unscrupulous
unscrupulous(a) /ʌnˈskruːpjələs/ landlords an easy way of getting rid of
tâm
people.

• Much academic language is obscure and

verbose.
• The editors received streams of verbose
dài dòng/ lê articles from young hopeful journalists.
verbose(a) /vɜːˈbəυs/
thê • The man was smartly dressed, verbose,
and seriously agitated.

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 • It was clean wholesome fun.
lành mạnh/ • fresh, wholesome food
wholesome(a) /ˈhəυlsəm/
tốt

• She gave him a withering look.

không nói • He treated the club directors with
withering(a) /ˈwɪðərɪŋ/ nên lờ i / khô withering contempt.
héo

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