Li-ion batteries

• Positive electrode: Lithiated form of a transition metal oxide (lithium cobalt

oxide-LiCoO2 or lithium manganese oxide LiMn2O4)

• Negative electrode: Carbon (C),

usually graphite (C6)

• Electrolyte: solid lithium-salt electrolytes

(LiPF6, LiBF4, or LiClO4)
and organic solvents (ether)

http://www.fer.hr/_download/repository/Li-ION.pdf

1 © Alexis Kwasinski, 2012

 Li-ion batteries
• Chemical reaction (discharge)

• Positive electrode LiCoO2 Li1-xCoO2 + xLi+ + xe-

Through electrolyte

Through load
• Negative electrode xLi+ + xe- + 6C LixC6

•Overall LiCoO2 + C6 Li1-xCoO2 + C6Lx

• In the above reaction x can be 1 or 0

• With discharge the Co is oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+. The reverse process
(reduction) occurs when the battery is being charged.

2 © Alexis Kwasinski, 2012

 Ni-MH batteries

• Negative electrode: Metal Hydride such as

AB2 (A=titanium and/or vanadium, B=
zirconium or nickel, modified with chromium,
cobalt, iron, and/or manganese) or AB5
(A=rare earth mixture of lanthanum, cerium,
neodymium, praseodymium, B=nickel,
cobalt, manganese, and/or aluminum)

• Positive electrode: nickel oxyhydroxide

(NiO(OH))

• Electrolyte: Potassium hydroxide (KOH)

Cobasys batteries

3 © Alexis Kwasinski, 2012

 Ni-MH batteries
• Chemical reaction (discharge)

• Positive electrode NiO(OH) + H2O + e- Ni(OH)2 + OH-

Through electrolyte Through load

•Negative electrode MH + OH- M + H2O + e-

•Overall NiO(OH) + MH Ni(OH)2 + M

• The electrolyte is not affected because it does not participate in the reaction.

4 © Alexis Kwasinski, 2012

 Ni-Cd batteries

• Negative electrode: Cadmium (Cd) – instead of the MH in Ni-MH batteries

• Positive electrode: nickel oxyhydroxide (NiO(OH)) – the same than in Ni-MH

batteries

• Electrolyte: Potassium hydroxide

(KOH) solution

Saft batteries

5 © Alexis Kwasinski, 2012

 Ni-Cd batteries
• Chemical reaction (discharge)

• Positive electrode 2NiO(OH) + 2H2O + 2e- 2Ni(OH)2 + 2OH-

Through electrolyte
Through load
• Negative electrode Cd + 2OH- Cd(OH)2 + 2e-

•Overall 2NiO(OH) + Cd + 2H2O 2Ni(OH)2 + Cd(OH)2

• The electrolyte is not affected because it does not participate in the reaction.

6 © Alexis Kwasinski, 2012