Remove Watermark Wondershare

PDFelement
 Remove Watermark Wondershare
PDFelement

DEFINITIONS
 Analytical Chemistry – branch of
chemistry involved with the
characterization of matter. A
chemical characterization consists
of all the methods, measurement
and techniques which are employed
to gain information about the
structure and composition of
matter.
 Remove Watermark Wondershare
PDFelement

DEFINITIONS
 Qualitative Analysis – involves
detection or identification of the
constituents which comprise the
sample being analyzed.
 It answers the question: “What is
the sample made of?”
 Results are expressed in words,
names or symbols of particular
chemical species.
 Remove Watermark Wondershare
PDFelement

DEFINITIONS
 Quantitative Analysis – determines
the absolute or relative amounts of
one or more of the constituents.
 It answers the Question: “How
much of a particular constituent is
present?”
 Results are expressed in terms of
numbers and units.
 Remove Watermark Wondershare
PDFelement

THE ANALYTICAL
METHODS
 Remove Watermark Wondershare
PDFelement

I. CLASSICAL METHODS
1.1 Gravimetry - involves isolation
and/or conversion of a sought-for
substance into pure form that can
be weighed directly or indirectly.
Examples: Volatilization
Methods; Extraction Methods;
Precipitation Methods
 Remove Watermark Wondershare
PDFelement

I. CLASSICAL METHODS
1.2 Volumetry - employs direct or
indirect measurement of volume.
Examples:
 Neutralization Methods
(Acidimetry and Alkalimetry)
 Oxidation-Reduction Methods
Oxidimetry (Permanganimetry,
Iodimetry, Dichromate, Ceric, etc)
Reductimetry (Iodometry, Iron
(II), Chromium (II) method, etc.)
 Remove Watermark Wondershare
PDFelement

II. Instrumental or Modern Method

– uses instrument as principal
measuring device other than those
employed in conventional
gravimetric or volumetric analyses.
 Remove Watermark Wondershare
PDFelement

Types of Instrumental Methods

1. Electrochemical Method – involves
measurement of current, potential
or conductivity accompanying
chemical reactions.
 Examples: Voltammetry;
Polarography; Potentiometry;
Amperometry; Coulometry;
Conductometry; etc.
 Remove Watermark Wondershare
PDFelement

Types of Instrumental Methods

2. Spectroscopic Method - utilizes interaction
of matter with electromagnetic radiation by
measuring the nature and degree of
absorption or emission of light.
 Examples: Ultraviolet and Visible
Spectroscopy (UV-Vis); Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance(NMR) Spectroscopy; Infrared and
Raman Spectroscopy; Molecular Fluorescence
and Phosphorescence; Flame Emission;
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS); X-ray
Spectrometry; Mass Spectrometry, etc.
 Remove Watermark Wondershare
PDFelement

Types of Instrumental Methods

3. Chromatographic Methods -
involves separation of sample
components.
 Examples: Paper and Thin-Layer
Chromatography; High
Performance Liquid
Chromatography (HPLC); Ion
Chromatography (IC); Gas
Chromatography (GC); etc.
 Remove Watermark Wondershare
PDFelement

Types of Instrumental Methods

4. Thermoanalytical Method -
involves manipulation of
temperature to produce the
measured parameter.\
Examples: Calorimetry;
Thermogravimetry (TG);
Differential Thermal Analysis
(DTA); etc.
 Remove Watermark Wondershare
PDFelement

Types of Instrumental Methods

5. Coupled Method - combines two
or more instrumental methods to
enhance analytical performance.
 Examples: Gas Chromatography
with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS);
High Performance Liquid
Chromatography with
Electrochemical Detection (HPLC-
EC), etc.
 Remove Watermark Wondershare
PDFelement

Classification of Analytical Methods

1. According to Sample Size
Method Sample Mass Sample Volume
 macro > 100 mg > 100 μL
 semimicro 10-100 mg 50-100 μL
 micro 1-10 mg < 50 μL
 ultramicro < 1 mg
 Remove Watermark Wondershare
PDFelement

Classification of Analytical Methods

2. According to Sample Constituents
major > 1%
minor 0.01 – 1%
trace 0.001 – 0.01%
ultra-trace < 0.001%
 Remove Watermark Wondershare
PDFelement

Classification of Analytical Methods

3. Other Classifications
Complete (or ultimate) and
Partial Elemental and Molecular
 Remove Watermark Wondershare
PDFelement

Steps Common to All Analytical

Methods

STEPS COMMON TO ALL

ANALYTICAL METHODS.docx