MATH 2073: DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

LECTURE 2:
MATERIAL BALANCE WITHOUT
CHEMICAL REACTION
Introduction

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Introduction

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Thermodynamic Preliminaries

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Thermodynamic Preliminaries

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System and Process

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ΔM can either be positive, negative, or equal to zero

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Conservation of Total Mass

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Steady-State
▷ In systems theory, a system or a process is in a steady
state if the variables (called state variables) which
define the behavior of the system or the process are
unchanging in time
▷ In chemistry, a steady state is a situation in which all
state variables are constant in spite of ongoing
processes that strive to change them.

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Steady-State

▷ For more info:

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 Chemical Equilibrium

▷ In a chemical reaction, chemical equilibrium is the state in which both the

reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no
further tendency to change with time, so that there is no observable
change in the properties of the system
▷ This state results when the forward reaction proceeds at the same rate as
the reverse reaction. The reaction rates of the forward and backward
reactions are generally not zero, but they are equal
▷ There are no net changes in the concentrations of the reactants and
products
▷ Such a state is known as dynamic equilibrium
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Chemical Equilibrium

▷ For more info:

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Total Mass Balance

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Steps in Solving Material Balance Problems

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Degrees of Freedom

▷ Refers to the maximum number of logically

independent values, which are values that
have the freedom to vary, in the data
sample
▷ The number of variables in which the value
can be changed independently

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Degrees of Freedom

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DF Analysis

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DF Analysis

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DF can either be positive, negative, or equal to zero

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Process Variables: Mass and Volume

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Process Variables: Mass and Volume

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Temperature and Density:
Consider Mercury

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Process Variables: Pressure

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Process Variables: Pressure

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Process Variables: Pressure

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Absolute vs Relative Pressure

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Material (Mass) Balance

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General Mass Balance Equation

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For the Material Balance Without Chemical
Reactions (Non-Reactive)

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Answer the following questions in at least five (5)
Development
sentences each. Do not forget to cite your references. Activity 2
1. Is hydrostatic pressure affected by the shape of the Submit you answers in this
container holding the fluid? form. Scan the QR code.

2. Differentiate absolute, gauge, and relative pressure?

3. What are the applications of the degrees of freedom?
4. What assumptions can we used if we assume that a
system is operating at steady-state?
5. What is the Law of Conservation of Mass and what
are its applications in ChE?
6. What are the parts of the system? Differentiate
closed and open systems and provide examples.
7. Differentiate Integral and Differential Mass Balances.
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