Name Date August 30, 2022

Subject Plate No: 1

Instructo Page No:
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THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER TERMINOLOGIES

1. Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is a science that deals with the relationship between heat, work, temperature, and
other forms of energy. Thermodynamics describe how the energy transfer from one place to another,
from one form to another, or how the energy changes in a system.

2. Open System
An open system is a type of thermodynamic system where both energy and matter/mass are
allowed to be transferred from the system to the surroundings or surroundings to the system.

3. Closed System
A closed system is a thermodynamic system where mass is not allowed to cross the system
boundaries but the energy is still allowed to enter or exit the system.

4. Isolated system
An isolated system is a type of thermodynamic system where the exchange or transfer of mass and
energy across the boundaries of the system are not allowed. It can be said that there are no interactions
between the system and its surroundings.

5. Control volume
In thermodynamics, control volume is known as the study of mass and energy balance for flowing
system. The control volume has boundaries that are well defined and has finite dimensions.

6. Adiabatic System
It occurs when there is no energy exchanged by heat between a thermodynamic system and its
surroundings.

7. Microscopic description
Microscopic description describes or determine the behavior of the system through the events
happening at the molecular level.

8. Macroscopic description
Macroscopic description focuses on certain quantity of matter without concerning on the events
happening at the molecular level. This approach determines the properties such as pressure, volume
and temperature that is affected by the interaction of the system and its surroundings.

9. Homogenous system
In a homogenous system, the properties of the system are uniform and has only one phase
throughout the entire system.

10. Heterogenous system

In heterogenous system, the properties change within the system and has more than one phase.
11. Intensive property
Intensive property is a thermodynamic property where the value is independent on the amount of
mass or extent of a system.

12. Extensive property

Extensive property is a property whose value is dependent on the amount of mass present or the
size of a system.

13. Path
Path refers to a sequence of conditional changes that a system passes through a method. It is the
route taken to get from one state to another.

14. Process
An alteration to a system's thermodynamic state is referred to as a thermodynamic process. Process
is the path connecting the change of states of the system.

15. Non-flow process

In thermodynamics, non-flow process is a process in which heat or energy are allowed to be
transferred from or into the surroundings but masses are prohibited to be exchange.

16. Flow process

Flow process is a thermodynamic process that happen in an open system, permitting mass
interaction across the system boundary.

17. Quasi-static process

Quasi-static process is a process that occurs slowly to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium
throughout the process.

18. Reversible process

Reversible process means both system and surroundings can return to their initial states at the end
of the reverse process with no other change anywhere else in the universe.

19. Irreversible process

It is a thermodynamic process in which the system and surroundings do not return to their original
condition once process is initiated.

20. Adiabatic Process

Adiabatic process is a thermodynamic process in which there is no heat transferred into or out of the
system.

21. Isothermal Process

Isothermal process is a thermodynamic process in which the temperature remains constant.

22. Isobaric process

Isobaric process is a thermodynamic process in which the pressure remains constant.

23. Isochoric process

Isochoric process is a thermodynamic process in which the volume remains constant.

24. Isentropic process

Isentropic process is a thermodynamic process in which the entropy of the fluid or gas remains
constant.
25. Isenthalpic process
Isenthalpic process is a thermodynamic process in which the enthalpy remains constant.

26. Thermodynamic cycle

A thermodynamic cycle is made up of several thermodynamic processes that transfer heat and
energy while varying pressure, temperature, and other state variables, ultimately bringing the system
back to its initial state.

27. Intrinsic Properties

Intrinsic property is a property are those property which are independent of the mass of system.
These properties are inherent and do not depend on the mass of the system.

28. Extrinsic Properties

Extrinsic properties are those which are dependent on mass of the system. The value of extrinsic
properties increases with increase in mass of the system.

29. Thermodynamic Equilibrium

Thermodynamic equilibrium is a condition of a physical system in which it is in mechanical, chemical,
and thermal equilibrium and has no tendency to change on its own.

30. Thermal Equilibrium

When a permeable barrier connects two objects and there is no net energy flow between them, that
situation is referred to as thermal equilibrium.

31. Mechanical Equilibrium

When no mechanical work is performed by one part of the system on any other part of the system,
or when the mechanical properties are constant throughout the system, the system is said to be in
mechanical equilibrium. In classical mechanics, a particle is in mechanical equilibrium if there is no net
force acting on it.

32. Chemical Equilibrium

Chemical equilibrium describes the condition of a system when the concentration of the reactant
and the concentration of the product do not change over time and the system does not exhibit any
additional changes in properties.

33. Density
In thermodynamics, the density of a substance is the total mass of that substance divided by the
total volume occupied by that substance.

34. Specific Volume

In thermodynamics, specific volume is a physical property of a substance that is the ratio of its
volume to its mass.

35. Specific Weight

Specific weight is a weight of a unit volume of a substance and is determined from product of the
local gravity and the substance density.

36. Specific gravity

It is the ratio of a substance's specific weight to the density of water at a particular temperature.
37. Temperature
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules in the system.

38. Pyrometers
A pyrometer is a type of remote-sensing thermometer used to measure the temperature of distant
objects and detect the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the object.

39. Absolute temperature

Absolute temperature measured using the Kelvin scale where zero is absolute zero. The zero point is
the temperature at which particles of matter have their minimum motion and can become no colder.

40. Triple point

Triple point is the condition of temperature and pressure under which the gaseous, liquid, and solid
phases of a substance can exist in equilibrium.

41. Boiling point

Boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the pressure
surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into vapor.

42. Melting point

The melting point is the temperature at which given solid material changes from s solid state to a
liquid, or melts.

43. Pressure
Pressure is a measure of the force exerted per unit area on the boundaries of a substance or
systems.

44. Gauge pressure

Gauge pressure is the pressure relative to atmospheric pressure. It is positive for pressures above
atmospheric pressure, and negative for pressure that are below atmospheric pressure. Gauge pressure
is also defined as the difference between absolute pressure and atmospheric pressure.

45. Absolute pressure

Absolute pressure refers to the total pressure in a fluid equaling the sum of the gauge and the
atmospheric pressures.

46. Atmospheric pressure

It is a pressure caused by the mass of our gaseous atmosphere. 101325 Pa is the standard
atmospheric pressure.

47. Pure substance

A pure substance has a homogeneous or made up of only one kind of particle and fixed chemical
composition.

48. P-T diagram’

P-T diagram’ also known as phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a
substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure.

49. Sublimation curve

Sublimation curve is used to show when both solid and gas can exist.

50. Fusion curve

Fusion curve represents the equilibrium between solid and liquid.
51. Vaporization curve
Vaporization curve is used to show the gas and liquid are in equilibrium.

52. Gas
Gas is a type of matter that has no defined shape or volume.

53. Critical point

In thermodynamics, critical point is defined as the end point of a phase equilibrium curve.

54. Critical pressure

A substance's critical pressure is the amount of pressure required to cause it to liquefy at its critical
temperature.

55. Compresses liquid

It is a fluid that is forced into liquid state by mechanical or thermodynamic forces. A liquid that is
compressed is one that is not about to evaporate.

56. Subcooled liquid

It refers to that phase of a substance where it exists in liquid form at a temperature below its boiling
point at the system pressure.

57. Saturation Temperature

The temperature at which a liquid begins to boil into its vapor phase is known as the saturation
temperature.

58. Saturation Pressure

Saturation pressure refers to the pressure at which vaporization starts to occur for a given
temperature.

59. Saturated Liquid

A liquid whose temperature and pressure are such that any decrease in pressure without change in
temperature causes it to boil.

60. Saturated Vapor

A vapor whose temperature and pressure are such that any compression of its volume at constant
temperature results in its condensation into a liquid at a rate fast enough to keep the pressure
constant.

61. Superheated Vapor

Superheated vapor is solvent vapor heated to and beyond its normal boiling point at atmospheric
pressure.

62. Dry Saturated vapor

A vapor that doesn’t contain water droplets, but which is at saturation temperature.

63. Wet Vapor

A vapor that is produce when saturated vapor and water molecules are combined.

64. Degrees Superheat

The degree of superheat is the difference in temperature between superheated vapor and
saturation temperature as a result of the given pressure.
65. Degrees Subcooling
The difference between the liquid's saturation temperature and its actual temperature is known as
the degree of subcooling.

66. Vaporization
Vaporization is the process by which a liquid transform into a vapor. The kinetic energy of the
molecules increases as temperature rises. The force of attraction between the molecules weakens as
kinetic energy increases.

67. Evaporation
Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs when a substance changes phase from liquid to gas
at a temperature lower than its boiling point. Evaporation occurs when molecules in a substance's liquid
phase gain enough kinetic energy, usually from sunlight, to separate and enter the atmosphere as a gas.

68. Boiling
Boiling is the application of heat to convert a liquid at its saturation temperature into vapor. When
the pressure on a hot liquid is reduced, a similar process takes place.

69. Steam
Steam is an invisible gas made up of vaporized water that is produced when water boils.

70. Dryness fraction

The dryness fraction is the mass of the dry steam present divided by the overall mass of steam.

71. Sublimation
Sublimation, also known as volatization, is the process of transitioning directly from a solid to a
gaseous state without first forming a liquid.

72. Enthalpy of wet steam

Steam's enthalpy is the amount of energy released when it is formed from a liquid. The enthalpy of
wet steam is proportional to the dryness fraction, the mass of water, and the mass of steam.

73. Sensible Heat of Water

It is described as the amount of heat that 1 kilogram of water absorbs during the process of being
heated from the freezing point to the boiling point.

74. Latent Heat of Water

It is a type of heat energy that must be achieved in order for a phase change to occur in a substance.
It is measured in energy per unit of mass.

75. Latent Heat of fusion

The heat absorbed or released when matter melts, changing phase from solid to liquid at a constant
temperature, is known as latent heat of fusion.

76. Latent Heat of vaporization

The heat absorbed or released when matter vaporizes, changing phase from liquid to gas at a
constant temperature, is referred to as the latent heat of vaporization.

77. Quality of Steam

The amount of saturated steam that coexists with its condensate in a given system is regarded as
steam quality. Divide the mass of steam by the total mass of steam and condensate to calculate it.
78. Energy
Energy can be described as the capacity or power to perform work.

79. Kinetic energy

Kinetic energy is the energy that propels motion, which can be seen in the movement of a particle,
an object, or a set of particles. Kinetic energy is the energy used by moving objects.

80. Radiant energy

The physical energy that results from electromagnetic radiation is known as radiant energy, and it is
typically seen radiating from a source into the environment.

81. Potential energy

A type of energy that is stored in objects and has the potential to be released due to their position,
making them position relative.

82. Thermal energy

Thermal energy is the energy contained within a system that controls or responsible in its
temperature.

83. Internal energy

Internal energy is the sum of the system's potential energy and kinetic energy.

84. Mechanical energy

Mechanical energy is the energy that an object possesses as a result of its motion or position.
Mechanical energy can take the form of either kinetic or potential energy.

85. Heat
Heat is defined in thermodynamics as energy transferred to or from a thermodynamic system
through mechanisms other than thermodynamic work or matter transfer.

86. Work
Work performed by a system is defined in thermodynamics as energy transferred by the system to
its surroundings via a mechanism that allows the system to spontaneously exert macroscopic forces on
its surroundings.

87. Electrical work

Electrical work involves any labor or material used in installing, altering, maintaining, or extending an
electrical wiring system, as well as any appurtenances, apparatus, or equipment used in connection
with the use of electrical energy in, on, outside, or attached to a building, residence, structure,
property, or premises.

88. Mechanical work

Mechanical work is a form of work that involves the energy required to move a physical body.

89. Moving boundary work

Boundary work is done when the boundary of the system moves, causing either compression or
expansion of the system.

90. Flow work

Flow work is defined as the work required to maintain a continuous flow through a control volume.
91. Gravitational work
Gravitational work is defined as the force on a body measured in a gravitational field. The work is
said to be done when a body is raised through a certain height against the gravitational field.

92. Acceleration work

It is a unit of force that produces a unit of acceleration in a unit mass body.

93. Shaft work

Shaft work is any mechanical energy that is not required for flow. This usually necessitates the use of
a stirrer or turbine.

94. Spring work

If a spring is compressed or stretched it stores energy equal to the work performed to compress or
stretch it.

95. Power
Power is defined as the rate at which work is done in a given amount of time. It is the same as the
rate of energy transfer. Power is measured in units of energy per unit time.

96. Ideal gas

The ideal gas law is a well-defined approximation of many gases' behavior under various conditions.

97. Boyle’s law

Boyle's law is a gas law stating that the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional.
When the temperature remains constant, volume increases while pressure decreases and vice versa.

98. Charle’s law

Charles law is a gas law stating that the volume of an ideal gas at constant pressure is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature. The law also states that when the pressure on a dry gas
sample is held constant, the Kelvin temperature and volume will be in direct proportion.

99. Gay-Lussac’s Law

Gay-Lussac Law is an Ideal Gas Law that states that when mass and volume are held constant, the
pressure of a fixed mass of a gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature.

100. Law of conservation of energy

The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can only
be converted from one form to another. This means that unless energy is added from outside, a system
will always have the same amount of energy.

101. First law of thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in
form. Energy transfer is associated with mass crossing the control boundary, external work, or heat
transfer across the boundary for any system.

102. Condenser
A condenser is a heat transfer device that converts a thermodynamic fluid from its vapor phase to its
liquid phase. A condenser's primary function is to receive exhausted steam from a steam engine or
turbine and condense it.
103. Evaporator
An evaporator is a device that converts a chemical substance's liquid form, such as water, into its
gaseous form, vapor, thereby changing the substance's state of matter. The liquid is evaporated or
vaporized during this process.

104. Boiler
A boiler is a closed vessel that heats water or another fluid under pressure. Following that, the steam
or hot fluid is circulated out of the boiler for use in various process or heating applications.

105. Throttling process

Throttling is the process of converting a high-pressure fluid to a low-pressure fluid by using a throttle
valve. The enthalpy remains constant and the work done is zero during a throttling process.

106. Second Law of thermodynamics

The Second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of the entire universe, as an isolated
system, will always increase over time. The second law also states that changes in entropy in the
universe can never be negative.

107. Carnot cycle

The Carnot Cycle describes the most efficient heat engine possible, which includes two isothermal
and two adiabatic processes. It is the most efficient heat engine that is physically possible.

108. Rankine cycle

The Rankine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that converts heat into mechanical energy. It is also
known as the Rankine vapor cycle.

109. Reheat Cycle

Reheat cycle is a method of reducing moisture content by reheating gas or steam after partial
isentropic expansion.

110. Regenerative cycle

A cycle in which the condensate or feed water is heated to a much higher temperature than that
corresponding to saturation at the exhaust pressure using steam bled from the turbine at points
intermediate between the throttle and exhaust.

111. Binary Vapor Cycle

The binary vapor cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that converts thermal energy into mechanical
energy. It is made up of two sub-cycles that use two different working fluids. The most common
applications involve serial coupling of sub-cycles, but a parallel configuration is also possible.

112. Otto Cycle

The Otto Cycle describes how heat engines generate motion from gasoline. This cycle, like other
thermodynamic cycles, converts chemical energy into thermal energy and then into motion. The Otto
cycle describes the operation of internal combustion engines, such as automobiles and lawn mowers.

113. Diesel Cycle

An internal combustion engine's reciprocating combustion process is known as the Diesel cycle. Its
combustion chamber, into which fuel is pumped, produces heat that ignites fuel by the compression of
air.
114. Dual Cycle
A thermodynamic cycle that combines the Diesel cycle and the Otto cycle is known as a dual cycle, or
limited pressure cycle. When combustion takes place in a dual cycle, it does so in equal parts at
constant pressure and constant volume. Internal combustion engines fall under its umbrella.
115. Ericsson Cycle
Ericsson developed the Ericsson Cycle, which consists of two processes that are isothermal and two
processes that are under continual pressure. A regenerator's operation causes it to become
thermodynamically reversible.

116. Stirling Cycle

The Stirling cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that describes the Stirling device class as a whole.

117. Brayton cycle

A thermodynamic cycle used in some heat engines is the Brayton cycle. The cycle entails
compressing ambient air, mixing it with fuel, and then igniting the mixture, which expands and
performs work.

118. Heat Transfer

The movement of heat from one substance or material to another is known as heat transfer.
Conduction, radiation, and convection are the three main heat transfer mechanisms.

119. Conduction
Conduction is the transfer of energy through a solid material. When two bodies come into direct
contact, their energy is transferred across the interface.

120. Convection
Convection is the movement of fluid that causes heat to be transferred from one location to
another. Molecules in a gas or liquid that come into contact with a solid body transmit or absorb heat to
or from the solid body and then move away, allowing other molecules of the fluid to move into place
and repeat the process.

121. Radiation
Radiation is energy that travels through space at the speed of light from a source. This energy is
associated with an electric and magnetic field, and it has wave-like properties. Radiation is also known
as "electromagnetic waves."